CONTENTS:
1.- Characteristics of living beings.
2.- Vital functions: nutrition, interaction, reproduction.
3.- Cell: parts. Animal cell / plant cell.
4.- Unicellular and multicellular organisms. . - Cell, tissue, organ, system.
5.- Kingdoms: monera, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia
1.– CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING BEINGS. In nature we can find two types of things: non-living things (stones, rocks, minerals) and living beings (animals, plants…). These living beings have two characteristics: they carry out three vital functions and they are formed by cells.
2.– VITAL FUNCTIONS. These vital functions are nutrition, interactionand reproduction.
NUTRITION is the process in which living beings get oxygen and nutrients, that they use to get energy and grow. Later they expel waste products.
There are three kinds of beings depending on the way they get their food:
A.- Producers (plants): (autotrophs)
They produce their own nutrients.
B.- Consumers (animals): (heterotrophs)
They get nutrients from other living beings, (plants or another animals).
C.- Decomposers (bacteria, fungi, worms…): They get their food from dead organisms.
INTERACTION is the process in which living beings get information from the environment and produce different reactions to it.
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. – Animals have sense organs to get information, a nervous system to coordinate reactions, and locomotor system to move haven’t got sense organs, nervous sytem or locomotor system. They only react to light or water when they grow.
Interaction in animals and plants.
REPRODUCTION is the process in which living beings produce more beings similar to themselves.
There are two types of reproduction:
. – Asexual reproduction: When only one individual produces a new living being.
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– Sexual reproduction: when a male and a female produce a new living being.
3.– THE CELL.
- Cells are the smallest components of living beings.
. - They are very small, we need a microscope to watch them.
. - Cells carry out all vital functions (they get food, they interact with the environment, and they reproduce themselves).
- All cells have a similar structure.
A CELL is the smallest component of a living being (they are microscopic).
Cells have different forms.
3.1.– PARTS OF A CELL.
Cells have different parts:
. - Membrane: is a biological wall that separates the interior of the cell from the outside. It protects the cell from outside conditions.
. – Cytoplasm: is a thick liquid inside the cell membrane. It is formed by water and other substances.
. – Organelles: are small parts with different functions (mitochondria, vacuoles, ribosomes …).
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– Nucleus: controls the activities of the cell, and it has the genetic material.
PARTS OF A CELL are membrane, cytoplasm, organelles and nucleus
TYPES:
. - Eukaryotic cells: they have a nucleus.
. - Prokaryotic cells: they don’t have a nucleus.
3.2.– ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL.
(The genetic material is in the nucleus).
(The genetic material is floating in the cytoplasm).
Cells from plants have a polygonal shape, a cell wall (hard cover around the membrane to protect and give structure to plants), and they also have chloroplasts with chlorophyll to do the photosynthesis.
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USEFUL WORDS:
– polygonal-shaped . - membrane
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Main parts of a plant cell
environment .
. – cytoplasm
organelles
. – eukaryotic cell
. – prokaryotic cell . – cell wall
. – nucleus
. – photosynthesis
chloroplast
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4.– UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS.
Cells are very small and you only can see them through a microscope. There are two types of organisms:
. - Unicellular organisms: are living beings composed only by one cell.
. – Multicellular organisms: are living beings formed by lots of cells.
In a human body there are more than ten trillion of cells.
. – Cells form tissues.
. - A tissue is a group of similar cells that makes a specific function, (muscle cells produce movement). Tissues build organs.
An organ is formed by tissues that makes a task, (heart pumps blood to the body).
Organs form systems.
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A system is composed by different organs that work together to make a common function (circulatory system transport blood to all parts of the body).
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A multicellular organism is formed by lots of systems working together (a mouse).
Cells form tissues.
Tissues form organs. Organs form systems. Systems form multicelular organisms.
Living beings organization
5.– CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING BEINGS.
We call biodiversity to the variety of living beings that we can find in our planet. We can classify all living beings in five big groups or five kingdoms. Each kingdom is formed by living beings with similar characteristics.
FIVE KINGDOMS are: monera (or bacteria), protist, fungi, plants, and animals
5.1.– MONERA KINGDOM (or bacteria) are microscopic unicellular organisms (without nucleus) that can live everywhere, even inside our bodies.
There are helpful bacterias (in our intestine…) and harmful bacterias that produce many infections and diseases.
USEFUL WORDS:
. – unicellular organism . – tissue .
-multicellular organisms . – organ
. – system . – to carry out
. – biodiversity . – five kingdoms
. – monera or bacteria . – helpful . – harmful . – diseases
Unicellular organisms are composed only by one cell. Multicellular organisms are composed by lots of cells.
Amoeba: unicelular organism
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5.2.
KINGDOM is formed by unicellular living beings with a nucleus, so they are eukaryotic. Examples: amoebas, protozoa There are also multicellular organisms like algae. They live in the water in colonies. Algae make their own food like plants.
5.3.
- Fungi cells have a nucleus (eukaryotic) and cell wall like plants.
They are unicellular (yeast), or multicellular like mouldand mushrooms.
– They do not have roots, leaves or flowers.
– They do not have chlorophyll, so don’t produce their own food (heterotrophic).
- They are decomposers, so they grow on dead living beings.
. – Plants contain chlorophyll to produce their own food through the photosynthesis (autotrophic).
- They can’t move from the soil.
. - They are multicellular with a nucleus.
There are two groups: .
Without flowers like moss and fern (they reproduce themselves by spores).
With flowers, like lemon, orange, almond trees, rose bush…
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They are multicellular with a nucleus (eukaryotic).
. – They can’t produce their own food (heterotrophic).
– They can move around.
. - There are two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates.
USEFUL WORDS:
