civicus | #4

ivnisi 2015

#4

civicus

02 | CIVICUS#4

sarCevi 03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

04 Cartistuli moZraoba sandro tabataZe

09 winaaRmdegobis moZraoba "TeTri vardi" mariam guliaSvili

12 hipebi rogorc socialuri moZraoba qeTi sarTania

16 60-iani wlebis studenturi moZraobebi germaniaSi goCa surgulaZe

20 socialuri moZraobebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi: kanadis gamocdileba Tornike CivaZe

24 socialuri moZraobebi saqarTveloSi: 1905 wlis guria da baxvis manifesti levan lorTqifaniZe

28 socialuri moZraoba kinoSi: "germanuli Semodgoma" da "puri da vardebi" aleqsandre gabelia

03 | CIVICUS#4

redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

albaT, nebismieri moswavle fiqrobs xolme romelime sayovelTaod cnobil moRvaweze, romlis gamocdilebis gaziarebac sanukvar natvrad miaCnia. cota xnis win mec Cveulebrivi moswavle gaxldiT da gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT vakvirdebodi cnobil istoriul figuraTa ganvlil gzas. ilia WavWavaZec da golda meiric, akaki Cxenkelic da vili brandtic odesRac sxvadasxva gavlenian gamocemas warmoadgendnen an samoqalaqo presis redaqtorebi iyvnen. dRes me mxvda wilad pativi da axali, magram Zalian ambiciuri Jurnalis redaqtori gaxlavarT. natvris umciresi nawili amisrulda. Tavs Zalian komfortulad vgrZnob, radgan giorgi lolaSvilis mier mowesrigebuli saqmis gagrZeleba miwevs. Sevecdebi, rom winamorbedisa da Jurnalis imedebi ar gavacruo.

"Civicus" axali nomeri socialur moZraobebs eZRvnebaT. erT-erT klasikur Teoriul saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT: "socialuri moZraoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc koleqtiuri mcdeloba, gaRvivdes saerTo interesi an dacul iqnas saerTo mizani, dadgenili institutebis sazRvrebs miRma ganxorcielebuli koleqtiuri qmedebiT." ukve ramdenime saukunea socialuri moZraobebi civilizebuli samyarosaTvis iseTive damaxasiaTebelni arian, rogorc saxelmwifo institutebi da formaluri biurokratiuli struqturebi. sayovelTao

solidarobis safuZvelze dawyebulma koleqtiurma qmedebebma araerTxel moaxerxes istoriuli procesisaTvis kalapotis Secvla. winamdebare nomerSi Tqven SegiZliaT waikiTxoT "Cartistebis" Taobaze, romlebmac Tanamedrove saarCevno sistemebs Cauyares safuZveli. aqve waikiTxavT mariam guliaSvilis statias imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri moZraobis sawarmoeblad milionobiT adamianis mobilizeba ar aris aucilebeli. gaecnobiT rudi duCkesa da hipebis Tavgadasavlebs. JurnalSi ibeWdeba cnobili memarcxene aqtivistis, Tornike CivaZis blogi ocdameerTe saukunis aTian wlebSi daarsebuli winaaRmdegobis naxevradformaluri organizaciis Sesaxeb. saubedurod, saqarTveloSi bevrma araferi icis Cvens qveyanaSi dafuZnebuli socialuri moZraobebisa da maTi warmatebebis Sesaxeb. Cven demokratiisTvis brZolis qarTul magaliTebsac gauwyebT. didi madloba minda gadavuxado axalbeda kinomcodnes, aleqsandre gabelias, romelmac gamosaqveyneblad ori SesaniSnavi filmis specialuri wardgineba SemogvTavaza. bolo gverdis gadafurcvlis Semdeg, albaT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT, rom studentobisa da axalgazrdobis monawileobis gareSe demokratiisaTvis sasargeblo nabijebis gadadgma SeuZlebelia.

04 | CIVICUS#4

Cartistuli moZraoba sandro tabataZe Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti

foto, wyaro: https://intimesgoneby.wordpress.com

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ratom Camoyalibda Cartistuli moZraoba? did britaneTSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi farTod gavrcelda industrializaciis procesi. industriul sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulebisgan axali socialuri klasi Camoyalibda. maT interess ar iTvaliswinebdnen sawarmoos mflobelebi da parlamentis wevrebi. Sedegad, muSaTa klasi ukmayofilo iyo arsebuli socialuri wesrigiT. maTi protesti gaxldaT ukureaqcia industrializaciis procesisgan gamomdinare Sedegebze. isini aprotestebdnen politikur, ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas: maRal gadasaxadebs, dabal xelfasebs, umZimes samuSao pirobebs, socialur uTansworobas mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, arsebul saarCevno sistemas. sawarmoebSi momuSave moqalaqeebs ar hqondaT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba qonebrivi cenzis arsebobis gamo, rac, faqtobrivad, maT politikur Tanamonawileobas gamoricxavda. maSin, roca, maTi raodenoba mosaxleobis Zalian did nawils Seadgenda. aseve XIX saukunis 20-30ian wlebSi finansur krizisebs Sedegad mohyva umuSevrobis donis aweva, ramac gavlena moaxdina Cartistuli moZraobis Camoyalibebaze.

ratom gaxda Cartistuli moZraoba masobrivi? me-19 saukunis 30-iani wlebis protestma seriozuli cvilebebi ver gamoiwvia, amas daemata isic, rom 1834 wels TemTa palatam gaauqma "elizabedis RaribTa kanoni". Sesabamisad, saWiro gaxda moZraoba ufro masobrivi gamxdariyo da axali gegmis SemuSavebac dRis wesrigSi dadga.

1836 wels daarsda londonis muSaTa asociacia, xolo 1 wlis Segdeg britaneTis sakanonmdeblo organos warudgines "saxalxo qartiis" (The Charter) kanonproeqti. swored aqedan modis im periodis saprotesto moZraobis monawileTa, Cartistebis (Chartists) saxelwodeba. socialuri moZraoba warmatebulad iyenebda politikuri komunikaciis meTodebs. maT moaxerxes milioniani peticiebis Segroveba, xSirad awyobdnen masobriv Sekrebebs, sadac sajaro ganxilvebs iwyebdnen da ayalibebdnen mTavar gegmebsa da miznebs. gazeTebis sayovelTao gavrcelebam ki protesti umZlavresi gaxada. aqedan gamomdinare, Cartistulma moZraobam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. ra miznebi hqondaT Cartistebs?

Tanabari socialuri da politikuri uflebebi yvela socialur fenas-es CartistTa mTavari mizani gaxldaT. maT "saxalxo qartiaSi" Camoayalibes 6 ZiriTadi reforma, rac arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzas warmoadgenda.

- saarCevno qonebrivi cenzis gauqmeba; - arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba yvela mamakacs,romelsac 21 weli Seusrulda; - Tanabari zomis saarCevno olqebi; - faruli kenWisyra;

sandro tabataZe | Cartistuli moZraoba

socialuri moZraoba es aris adamianTa koleqtikuri gaerTianeba, romelic socialur cvlilebebs uWers mxars. mas didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia ara mxolod erovnul, aramed regionul da saerTaSoriso doneze. Sesabamisad, saintereso iqneba evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi saprotesto kampaniis - Cartistuli moZraobis ZiriTadi niSnebis gamokveTa da dRevandeli perspeqtividan mis mniSvelobaze saubari.

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- yovelwliuri saparlamento arCvnebi; - parlamentis wevrTa anazRaureba. rogorc vxedavT, Cartistebi politikuri sistemis reformas uWerdnen mxars, magram cvilebebis mTavari mizezi social-ekonomikuri viTarebidan gamomdinareobda da asaxavda muSaTa klasis Cagrul mdgomareobas. miuxedavad amisa, parlamentma ar gaiTvaliswina maTi uflebebi da masobrivi demonstraciebi Zalismieri meTodebiT CaaxSo. ra SedegiT dasrulda Cartistuli moZraoba? samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutis maxasiaTeblis mqone Cartistuli moZraobis meore faza XIX saukunis 40ian wlebSi daiwyo,magram mas revoluciuri xasiaTi hqonda. britaneTis mTavrobam

Cartistebis SexvedraTa saxlis gaxsna, mxatvari hari raTerfordi

kvlav daaCxo saprotesto talRa. Cartistebma socialuri moZraobis procesSi ver miaRwies TavianT miznebs. SesaZlebelia ramdenime mizezis gamoyofa. jer erTi, maTi moTxovnebi ar gaiTvaliswines britaneTis parlamentSi da xelisuflebam Zalismieri meTodebiT CaaxSo politikuri da socialuri uflebebisTvis mebrZoli moqalaqeebi. aseve, maT mxari ar dauWira saSualo fenam, romelmac status quo-s SenarCuneba amjobina. da bolos, CartistTa rigebidan bevri moqalaqe sxvadasxva socialuri reformis mxardamWer jgufSi gadavida. marTalia, Cartistulma moZraobam saprotesto kampaniis dros miznebs ver miaRwia, magram gaizarda informirebuloba socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, gauqmda

foto, wya

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puris damatebiTi begara gaWirvebulebisTvis, dawesda 10 saaTiani samuSao dRe bavSvebisa da qalebisaTvis. XX saukunis dasawyisSi ki britaneTSi sayovelTao xmis micemis ufleba amoqmedda. ra mniSveloba hqonda Cartistul moZraobas?

Cartisebis mTavari mizani arsebuli socialuri wesrigis Secvla iyo,isini cdilobdnen politikuri,ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis dacvas. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom es saprotesto kampania samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damkvidrebisTvis ibZroda.

Cartizmma biZgi misca pirvel masobriv muSaTa klasis politikuri partiis Camoyalibebas da memarcxene Zalebis gaZlierebas. dResdRe-

aro: http://www.learn-ict.org.uk/archive/resources/kellyeye/chtist04.htm

obiT maTi 6 moTxovnidan yvela dakmayofilebulia da britanuli sazogadoeba erTxmad Tanxmdeba maT mniSvnelobaze. am socialurma moZraobam safuZveli Cauyara britanuli samoqalaqo kulturis ganviTarebas, iseTi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas rogorebicaa: solidaroba, Tanasworoba da adamianis uflebebis dacva. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia, vamtkicoT, rom socialur moZraobebs didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT politikur sistemasa da sazogadoebis cnobierebaze. marTalia, Cartistebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi saprotesto talRis procesSi ar gamoCnda, magram maTi brZola socialuri da politikuri uflebebisTvis britanuli samoqalaqo kulturis safuZvlad iqca.

08 | CIVICUS#3

die Weiße Rose

09 | CIVICUS#4

winaaRmdegobis moZraoba "TeTri vardi"" mariam guliaSvili

totalitaruli saxelmwifo samanqano danadgaria, romelic erTnairi SefuTvis mqone produqtebs amzadebs, magram xom SeiZleba erTxel es manqanac Secdes da ramdenime produqti gansxvavebuli SefuTviT daamzados?! ase daemarTa nacistur germanias, rodesac totalitarizmis zeobis xanaSi ramdenime studenti nacisturi propagandis winaaRmdeg ganawyo. warmoidgineT 1943 weli, universitetis iubileze stumrad misuli germaniis erT-erTi federaluri miwis premier-ministri, nacisturi salamis molodinSi xedavs, rom studentebi saprotesto aqciiT egebebian, es xom namdvili Tavganwirvaa, roca ici, rom dinebis sapirispirod svla bolos giliotinamde migiyvans. am saprotesto aqciis maprovocirebeli winaaRmdegobis organizacia "TeTri vardi" iyo. qristianuli morali da humanisturi principebi gaxda ori germaneli studentis hans Solisa da aleqsander SmorelisTvis moZraobis wamowyebis mizezi. pirveli nabijebi swored am ori axalgazrdis mier gamoqveynebul oTx mowodebis furcels ukavSirdeba, romliTac maT germaneli sazogadoebis winaSe dagmes nacional-socialisturi partiis saqmianoba. rogorc Cans Soli ojaxis erTaderTi ajanyebuli wevri ar aRmoCnda da maleve moZraobas misi da sofi Soli SeuerTda,

aseve axalgazrdebis Sexedulebebi daufaravad gaiziares maTma megobrebma kristof probstim da vili grafma. es xuTi axalgazrda holokostis sisxlianma mimdinareobam da usamarTlo anisemitizmis damarcxebis survilma gaaerTiana, maT surdaT germaneli xalxi gamoefxizlebinaT da maTSi CaecxroT nacional -socialisturi partiis didi ZalisxmeviT Camoyalibebuli araadamianuri suliskveTeba, daemtkicebinaT rasistuli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis borotebasTan kavSiri da SeeCerebinaT wamyvani partiis saqmianoba. maT Rrmad swamdaT, rom hitleri oms ver moigebda da surdaT daufaravi mowodebebis meSveobiT daemtkicebinaT TavianTi simarTle germanuli sazogadoebisTvis. miuxedavad maTi axalgazrduli suliskveTebisa, SemarTebisa da simamacisa albaT maTi saqmianoba aseTi masStaburi ver iqneboda, maT samsaxurSi rom ar Camdgariyo maTive mentori, filosofiis profesori kurt huberi.

SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom humanisturi moZRvrebisadmi rwmena swored man gaaRviva am axalgazrdebSi. huberis gamoCenas ukavSirdeba "TeTri vardis" yvelaze masStaburi qmedeba. studentebma antifaSisturi proklamaciis 15 000mde egzemplari dabeWdes. furclebi gaavrceles ara mxolod miunxenSi, aramed venaSi, Stutgartsa da lincSi. albaT TqvenTvis moulodneli ar

qeTi qurcikiZe | interviu daviT kldiaSvilTan

Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti

iqneba Tuki ambis Txrobas dramatulad gavagrZeleb da arc is iqneba gasakviri Tuki getyviT, rom prokmalaciebis gavrceleba gestapos yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila. 1943 wlis TebervalSi gestapos specialuri qvedanayofic ki Seiqmna am mowodebis furclebis warmomavlobis dasadgenad. rodesac moqalaqeTa umravlesoba aseTi homogenuria, arc ise Znelia maTSi ramdenime gamorCeulis moZebna. gestaposac didi Zalisxmeva ar dasWirvebia axalgazrdebis sapovnelad.

1943 wlis 18 Tebervals universitetSi proklamaciebis dayrisas SeniSnes da-Zma hans da sofi Solebi, ra Tqma unda, orive maTgani dauyovnebliv daapatimres, organizacia arc ise mravalricxovani iyo, ase rom sxva wevrebis kvalis migneba gestapos ar gasWirvebia. dakavebul hans Sols aRmouCines kristof probstis xelwerili warweriT "hitleri da misi reJimi unda daeces, amiT germania gadarCeba". es werili, ra Tqma unda, reJimis RalatSi mis amosacnobad sakmarisi aRmoCnda da probsti TebervalSive daakaves. dakavebulTa sasamarTlo 22 Teber-

miuxedavad am dramatuli movlenebisa, "TeTri vardi" saxecvlili formiT, magram mainc ganagrZobda saqmianobas hamburgSi. ZiriTadad mis maprovocirebel Zalas Solisa da Smorelis megobari gogona, traute lafrenci warmoadgenda . reJimis sawinaaaRmdego mowodebebis axali talRa man Tavis skolis megobar hainc kuxarskisTan erTad aagora. Tumca, gestapom 1945 wlis 17 aprils kuxarskisac miagno. sabednierod, misi sikvdiliT dasja ver moxerxda. ingliselebis mier ganxorcielebuli Setevisas man gaqceva moaxerxa. traute lafrenci reJims gadaurCa da dResac cocxalia.

"TeTri vardis" wevrebi antinacisturi germaniis simboloebad iqcnen, gansakuTrebiT didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda sofi Soli. omis dasrulebis Semdeg "TeTri vardis" saqmianoba imdenad popularul da

saamayo istorid gadaiqca germaniaSi, rom zogierTi gamoCenili adamiani sicruesac ar erideboda. magaliTad, kompozitori karl orfi amtkicebda, rom SmorelTan axlo kavSiri hqonda da Tavad iyo am moZraobis damaarsebeli. o O rfis mosazreba faqtebiT ar dasturdeba. aleqsander Smoreli 2012 wels wmindanad Seracxa marTlmadideblurma eklesiam. "TeTri vardis" proklamaciebis TvalsaCino simbolo dRes ludvig maqsimilianis saxelobis miunxenis universitetis win SegiZliaT ixiloT. universitetis ezoSi proklameciebis formis bareliefia ganTavsebuli. bareliefi universitetis RirsSesaniSnavi warsulis demonstrirebaa.

"TeTri vardis" saqmianobis istoria, dRes didi inspiraciaa im adamianebisTvis, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom maTi Zala ar aris sakmarisi didi borotebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. gaxsovdeT, rom ar arsebobs uZleveli broteba, mas an dro moereva , an bed-iRbali an kidev sul mcire raodenobiT sikeTe.

mariam guliaSvili | winaaRmdegobis moZraoba "TeTri vardi"

vals gaimarTa, roland fraisleris TavmjdomareobiT, meamboxeebs sikvdili miusajes da maleve aiyvanes modernizebul giliotinaze. organizaciis danarCeni wevrebic mokle xanSi daakaves da 1943 wlis 19 aprils gaasamarTles.

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hipebi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba qeTi sarTania

warmodigineT 16 wlis mozardi, simaRleSi 170 sm, 80 kg. wona, grZeli TmiTa da grZeli wveriT. is ar misdevs sezonur modas, mas ubralod acvia lurji jinsi, flanelis perangi an mokle maisuri zafxulSi. usmens provokaciuli teqstebis mqone musikalur jgufebs, eweva marixuanas, emxroba Tavisufal seqss da akritikebs mSoblebis Taobis cxovrebis standartebs. es aris im adamianis aRwera, romelic ekuTvnoda 1960-iani wlebis dros dawyebul hipebis moZraobas. dResac xSirad saubroben hipebze, rogorc modis an subkulturis nawilze, Tumca am stereotipebis miRma rCeba is, rac moZraobis mTavar miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos - es aris fiqris dawyeba mSvidobaze da omis winaaRmdeg.

sityva hipi ZiriTadad asocirdeba 1960-ian wlebTan, fsiqodeliur narkotikebTan, xmamaRal musikasTan da ukmayofilo, grZelTmian axalgazrdebTan ucnauri CacmulobiT. Tumca garegnul niSnebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba mxolod amxels sazogadoebis konservatiul bunebas da siaxlisadmi negatiur damokidebulebas. hipebi, rogorc socialuri moZraoba odnav ufro meti iyo, vidre ubralod mSvidobismoyvare, ucnaurad Cacmul melomanTa erToba. moZraobam, garda kulturuli normebis cvilelbisa, mSvidobisa da omis cnebis win wamoweviT gamokveTa Tavisi istoriuli roli socialur moZraobaTa Soris.

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Tu moZraoba Tavidan viwro lokalur konteqstze iyo koncentrirebuli, akritikebda arsebul konservatiul institutebs, saSualo klasis Rirebulebebs, mogvianebiT maT daiwyes sazogadobaSi arsebuli usamarTlobis gaprotesteba da moZraobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg gamoxatuli saprotsto gamosvlebi iyo, rac mogvianebiT zogadad omis

sawinaaRmdgo, samSvidobo aqciebsa da moTxovnebSi gadaizarda. moZraoba aprotestebda socialur da politikur orTodoqsias, xolo protestis paralelurad yalibdeboda hipebis filosofia, romelic nasazdroebi iyo siyvarulis, individualuri Tavisuflebisa da emanipaciis ideiT. es iyo mcdeloba sakuTari Tavis, cnobierebis gaTavisufleba sazogadoebrivi winaRobebisgan fsiqodeliuri narkotikebis, mravalferovani seqsualuri gamocdilebisa da musikis gamoyenebiT, rac ikiTxeba rogorc reaqcia, sazogadoebaSi miRbuli standartebis winaaRmdeg. hipebis moZraoba daiwyo amerikaSi, gasuli saukunis adreul 60-ian wlebSi, san franciskoSi, kaliforniaSi da gavrcelda mTel amerikaSi, kanadasa da evropis nawilSi. seqsi, narkotikebi da rokenroli iyo is erT-erTi berketi, riTac hipebi cdilobdnen amerikis da zogadad, samyaros Secvlas. maTTvis es iyo araZalaodbrivi brZolis erTerTi forma. protestis swored am gansxvavebuli meTodis gamo gaxda hipebis moZraoba aRqmuli, rogorc mxolod kulturuli moZraoba, asakobrivi niSniT, axalgazrduli energiiT Sekrebil adamianTa erToba, romelTa prostestic iyo droebiTi da araseriozuli. Tumca am silaRis, yvavilebisa da musikis miRma imaleboda is mTavari, ramac moZraobas istoriuli mniSvneloba SesZina - es iyo lokaluri problemebis farTo WrilSi danaxva. stereotipebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT socialuri siaxleebis Sesaxeb, swored rom konservatoruli bunebis maxasiaTebelia. 1960-70-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi hipebze, maTi moZraobis Sinaarsis reducireba dRemde gvxvdeba, rogorc am moZrao-

qeTi sartania | hipebi rogorc socialuri moZraoba

hipebi iyvnen 15-dan 25 wlamde axalgazrdebi. isini miekuTvnebodnen TeTrkanianTa saSualo klass da gaerTiandnen sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg. jgufis wevrebisTvis moZvelebuli iyo iseTi socialuri instituti, rogoric aris ojaxi. bevrma axalgarzrdam datova saxli da SeurTda sxvadasxva komunas. Tumca, RirebulebaTa msxvrevis paralelurad, mimdinareobda axal SexedulebaTa Camoyalibeba Tavisuflebis, siyvarulisa da mSvidobis ideiT, rac erTiani saxiT realizda musikalur mimdinareoba rokenrolSi. hipebi gaucxoebulebi iyvnen saSualo klasis sazogadoebisgan, romlebsac isini xedavdnen, rogorc gabatonebuls. amis sapirispirod, moZraobis wevrebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen grZel Tmasa da "fsiqodeliuri feris" tasacmels, sandlebsa da ferad mZivebs. ikvebebodnen vegetarianuli sakvebiT. moZraobis wevrebi advilad iRebdnen adgilobrivi komunebis ornametebs da aqsesuarebs, rac maTTvis Tavisuflebis simbolosTan asocirdeboda, radgan akeTebdnen iseT rames, rac maT sazogadoebaSi naklbad iyo miRebuli. magaliTad, Zveli Taoba Tvlida, rom grZeli wveri upativcemloba iyo arsebuli socialuri konvenciebisa da Cveulebebis mimarT.

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bis gaazreba da Sefaseba. cxadia, rTulia omis, tyviebis da bombebis winaaRmdeg yvavilebiT, musikiTa da siyvaruliT ibrZolo, Tumca am simboloebma drois xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina da dRes, es niSnebi, TiTqos gvaxseneben im utopiur ideas, romelic adamianTa garkveuli jgufisTvis cxovrebis mizans warmoadgenda. hipebis saxelwodebis wamomavlobaze uamravi versia arsebobs. erT-erTis Tanaxmad, hipebi arian admaianebi, romelbic ar aRiareben tradiciul socialur standartebs da mxars uWeren liberalur damokidebulebebs, cxovrebis wess. Phoebe tomsoni wers, rom "iyo hipi, aris filosofiuri arCevani".moZraobis saxels ukavSireben aseve 1950-iani wlebis biTebs (beats)- jek keruaks, alen ginsbergs, romelbic hipebis winamorbedebad moiazrebian. hipebi emxrobodnen araZaldobriv aqtebs. popularuli fraza iyo "dakavdi siyvaruliT da ara omiT", risTvisac maT uwodebdnen "yvavilebis bavSvebs". isini axdendnen Riaobis, tolerantobisa da siyvarulis popularizebas, rogorc alternativas saSualo klasis SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg. hipebi xSirad axdendnen Ria seqsualuri urTierTobebis praqtikas da cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva tipis ojaxur jgufebSi. isini aseve cdilobednen sxvadasxva religiebis kombinaciiT cxovrebis axali wesebis Seqmnas, aseve popularuli iyo astrologia da hipebis moZraobis periods, merwyulis epoqad moixseineben xolme. saxalxo Sekrebebi, musikaluri festivalebi da protesti iyo hipebis moZraobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. erT-erTi aseTi Sekreba iyo vudstoki, 3-dRiani musikaluri festivali. es aqcia-koncerti daexmara moZraobas sazogadoebamde mietana TavianTi idea. meTodi efeqturi aRmoCnda, vinaidan festivalis saxeli moZraobis virtualur sinonimad iqca.

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1970-iani wlebidan moZraoba Sesustda, 80-ian wlebSi ki TiTqmis gaqra, Tumca dasabami misca axal jgufebs da axali tipis xedvebs sazogadoebaSi. hipebis filosofia efuZneboda pirad bednierebas da maTi erT-erTi popularuli slogani iyo "Tu mogwons, unda gaakeTo". maT SeSfoTebas iwvevda mSoblebis mier agebuli samyaro - socialuri da ekonomikuri sistema. hipebi amgvar institutebs uwodebdnen istebliSments, did Zmas, kacs. maT swamdaT, rom dominanti kultura iyo korumpirebuli da yalbi, xolo TavianTi cxovrebis wesiT cdilobdnen SeecvalaT is. bob dilanis simRera The Times They are a Changin 1960-iani wlbis adamians amcnobda, rom socialuri rutinebi da Cvevebi icvleboda da Tu mSoblebis Taoba darCeboda Zveli Rirebulebebisa da cxovrebis wesis mimarT mkacrad erTguli, cvlilbebi gadaaWarbebda maT. Riaoba axali cxovrebis wesebis mimarT iyo erTaderTi gza droSi darCenisa da gadarCenis. damokidebuleba da Sefaseba, rac hipebis, rogorc socialuri moZraobis mimarT gaCnda, SeiZleba aixsnas maTi moqmedebis meTodebisa da strategiis SinaarsiT. radikaluri simboloebis urTierTdapirispireba, rogoric aris yvavilebi bombebis winaaRmdeg, ar iwvevda seriozul gancdebs. SesaZloa 1960-iani wlebis sazogadoebaSi ufro meti rwmena Zaladobivi meTodebis mimarT arsebobda, Tumca, dRes, roca maTi ideebi isev arsebobs da uamravi socialuri moZraoba iziarebs sayovelTao mSvidobis ideas, SesaZloa gadaixedos moZraobis gavlena da axaleburad Sefasdes is, radgan hipebma araTu kulturuli, aramed politikuri da socialuri Sinaarsi SesZines iseT simboloebs, rogoric aris magaliTad yvavili. socialuri moZraobis maxasiaTebeli ki swored problemebis gaazreba, maTi gavrceleba da socialuri cxovrebis dRis wesrigSi dayenebaa, rac "yvavilebis bavSvebma" namdvilad moaxerxes.

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60-iani wlebis studenturi moZraobebi ge goCa surgulaZe Tsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis magistranti

II msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg germania or - aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilad gaiyo. aRmosavleTiT germaniis demokratiuli respublika, xolo dasavleTiT germaniis federaciuli respublika daarsda. am or warmonaqmns, erTis mxriv sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo meore mxriv amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, TavianTi fsevdokomunisturi da kapitalisturi ideebiT marTavdnen. orive saxelmwifos ganzraxva imperialisturi gaxldaT da Tavis

TavSi gavlenis sferoebis gafarToebas isaxavda miznad, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis xarjze xdeboda. germaniis demokratiuli respublika imdenad avtoritaruli da represiuli saxelmwifo iyo, rom nebismieri winaaRmdegobrivi socialuri moZraoba, arsebuli socio-ekonomikuri da politikuri fonis Sesacvlelad, CanasaxSive kvdeboda. gdr-sgan

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ermaniaSi

gansxvavebiT, germaniis federaciuli respublika gansxvavebuli politikuri sistema gaxldaT. is aSS-sa da misi mokavSire qveynebisaTvis erTgvari fari iyo, fsevdokomunisturi sabWoTa kavSiris SesaCereblad. yvelaferi 1966 wels daiwyo, rodesac saxelmwifos marTvis sadave orma gaerTianebam, social da qristian demokratiulma partiebma gaiyves (koaliciuri mTavroba Camoayalibes). qristian-demokratiuli partiis lideri, yofili nacisti kurt georg kisingeri ki gfr-s kancleri gaxda. movlena germanelma kritikosebma Seafases, rogorc erTgvari kohabitacia hitleris reJimis warmomadgenlebTan. kisingeris administraciis pirveli antidemokratiuli qmedeba, presaze cenzuris daweseba iyo. (gazeTis meSveobiT gaxmaurebul iqna nato-s saidumlo manevris Sesaxeb informacia, ris gamoc misi avtori daapatimres). mTavrobam Zalovani uwyebebis moqmedebaTa gasamartiveblad da gasazrdelad axali kanonebi SeimuSava, raTa sagangebo situaciebSi maT ufro gabedulad emoqmedaT. es kanonebi mTavrobas uxsnida gzas politikuri represiisTvis. magram yvelaze dramatuli mainc umaRles saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi dagegmili reformebi aRmoCnda. maT miznad daisaxes swavlis sruli periodis zusti gansazRvra da studentTa raodenobis Semcireba.

studentebi maleve mixvdnen Canafiqrs. mTavroba Seecada saganmanaTleblo sivrce sabazro ekonomikis relsebze gadaewyo. es ki niSnavda politikuri procesebis mimarT gaucxoebul studentebs, romelTa kvlavwarmoebac ekonomikuri gegmis Sesabamisad moxdeboda. amas ki studentebi ar Seurigdebodnen.

1966 wlis 22 ivnis, berlinis Tavisufali universitetis 3000-ma studentma universitetis senatis fanjris qvemoT gamarTa mjdomare aqcia, sadac universitetis reqtori, profesorebi da administraciis wevrebi ganixilavden mTavrobis mier inicirebul winadadebas universitetSi studentTa kvotirebisa (limitebis gansazRvris) da administraciis uflebamosilebis (studentTa garicxvis) gazrdis Sesaxeb. studentebs ori mTavari moTxovna hqondaT studentTa warmomadgenlobis CarTva senatSi da mimdinare procesebis meti gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa. studentebma amis Semdeg sauniversiteto sistemis da zogadad sazogadoebis demokratizaciisTvisac miiRes rezolucia. es moZraoba warmatebuli aRmoCnda, radgan berlinis saxelmwifo universitetma ar miiRo studentTa kvotirebis (Semcirebis) gadawyvetileba. es iyo pirveli gamarjveba saxelmwifo aparatis winaaRmdeg. germanel socialist studentTa kavSiri (SDBS) iyo erT-erTi lideri

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studenturi moZraoba, romelic saTaveSi edga 22 ivnisis mjdomare aqcias. germanuli studenturi moZraobebi jer kidev ar iyvnen SekavSirebuli saerTo xedvis irgvliv, manam, sanam 1967 wels germaniis federaciul respublikas ar estumra iranis Sahi. iranis Sahi, mohamed reza fehlevi iyo tirani da axorcielebda mZime represiebs qveyanaSi. mTavrobis msgavsma keTilganwyobam da mxardaWeram Sahis mimarT, gaanawyena progresulad moazrovne studentebi. protestis niSnad, SDBS-ma 2 ivniss, berlinSi, operis saxlis win mSvidobian msvlelobas gaukeTa organizeba, romelic policiam uflebamosilebis gadametebiT daSala. uflebamosilebis gadametebis gamo aTobiT adamiani daSavda, erTi axalgazrda ki gardaicvala. policiis oficerma ganzrax gasroliT 26 wlis studenti, beno ohnesorgi gamoasalama sicocxles. amas ki mohyva Semdgomi mRelvare protesti gfr-is sxvadasxva qalaqSi, sadac aTasobiT adamiani mdumare manifestaciebs marTavda. studentTa gaerTianebaSi didi

roli iTamaSa rudi duCkes pirovnebam, romelic gaxldaT germaniis socialist studentTa kavSiris Tavjdomare, gfr-s axalgzrduli arasaparlamento opoziciis damfuZnebeli da anti-vietnamuri kongresis organizatori. is sxva liderebs ar hgavda. masze didi gavlena iqonia frankfurtis skolam, antonio gramSisa da roza luqsemburgis Sexedulebebma. rudi Tavis erTerT gamosvlaSi saubrobda gfr-Si socialuri moZraobis ZiriTad ideaze da acxadebda, rom arsebuli socio-ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gardaqmna gardauvali aucilebloba gaxldaT. es procesi unda yofiliyo aramxolod germanelebis, aramed sxva xalxTa emansipaciis dasawyisi. rudi emxroboda usisxlo, araZaladobriv protests da nebayoflobiT revolucias. is aRiarebda, rom, mas ar hqonda pasuxi kiTxvaze: "ra unda gaakeTos xalxma revoluciisTvis ???". swored es Tvisebebi da midgomebi xels uwyobda studentebTan kavSiris gamyarebas da ndobis mopovebas sazogadoebaSi.

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1967 wlis Semodgomaze SDBS-ma berlinis Tavisufal universitetSi daarsa "kritikuli universiteti", romelic sauniversiteto sivrceSi daamuSavebda SemoTavazebuli "umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformis" alternatiul variants. berlinis Semdeg aRniSnuli praqtika sxva universitetebSi gavrcelda. isini ikavebdnen auditoriebs da awyobdnen Ria seminarebs gansxvavebuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis Sesaxeb. maT gabedul nabijebs xSirad policia upirispirdeboda da axalgazrdul Tavyrilobebs arbevda xolme.

SDBS-ma saerTaSoriso aRiareba 1968 wels moipova. maSin saxelmwifo uSiSroebis neonacistma agentma, germaniis socialist studentTa kavSiris liders, rudi duCkes sasikvdilo Wriloba miayena. duCkes iozef baxmanma TavSi esrola. es iyo dasawyisi dasasrulisa. duCke iyo wyalgamyofi mSvidobian da Zaladobriv qmedebebs Soris, romelic saxelmwifo ZalmomreobiTma sistemam erTi tyviis gasroliT waSala. duCkes mkvlelobis mcdelobis Semdeg memarcxene

moZraobebma radikaluri qmedebebs mimarTes, romelic germaniis federaciuli respublikis istoriaSi yvelaze sisxliani aRmoCnda. studentebi ikavebdnen da wvavdnen sxvadasxva Senobebs, awyobdnen teroristul aqtebs, itacebdnen da klavdnen elCebs, biznesmenebs da zogadad yofil nacistebsa da maT mxardamWerebs. qaosi mxolod 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dasrulda. dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebis didma nawilma araferi icis germaniis studenturi moZraobis Sesaxeb. moZraobam gardamtexi roli iTamaSa imperialisturi da avtoritaruli ideebis winaaRmdeg brZolasa da erTiani evropuli demokratiis SeqmnaSi. studentTa moTxovnebi, momxdariyo tiraniasTan Seurigebeli brZola, studentTa CarTuloba sauniversiteto sivrcis formirebaSi da zogadad sazogadobriv saqmianobaSi, dRes dasavleTis erT-erT yvelaze saamayo miRwevad iTvleba. es ufleba studentebma sakuTari sisxlis fasad, "gaxrwnil saxelmwifo aparatTan" Seurigebeli brZoliT moipoves.

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socialuri moZraobebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi:

kanadis gamocdileba Tornike CivaZEe Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti, studentTa TviTorganizebis qseli

rodesac vsaubrobT Tanamedrove studentur moZraobebze, ver gaveqceviT 2012 wels ganviTarebul movlenebs kanadis provincia kvebekSi. studenturi sindikalizmis mniSvneloba warmoudgenlad izrdeba neoliberaluri wesrigis dros, ganaTlebis sistema da masze mibmuli finansuri kapitali cdiloben farTo socialuri jgufebis atomizacias, socialuri problemebis privatul sivrceSi gadmotanas (magaliTad valis aRebis sistema - erTi SexedviT gvevlineba rogorc individs piradi arCevani da piradi problema, rodesac vali sinamdvileSi struqturuli aucileblobaa neoliberaluri politikis SigniT).

2012 wlis TebervalSi kvebekSi daiwyo studentebis sayovelTao ulimito gaficva, premier Jan Sares mier ganxorcielebuli reformis winaaRmdeg, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebis safasurs 72 %-iT zrdida, gaficva grZeldeboda eqvs Tveze mets da reformis damarcxebiT dasrulda. aucilebelia visaubroT am movlenis warmatebis mizezebze, organizaciul sakiTxebze, am saxis politikuri brZolis aqtualobasa da ramodenime aspeqtze, romelic relevanturia qarTuli realobisTvis. sayovelTao gaficvas saTaveSi edga

sami studenturi organizacia, romelTaganac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa organizaciam "klase". "klase" 2001 wels, anti-globalisturi protestidan warmoiSva, organizacias gaaCnia TviTmarTvelobiTi organoebi 18 universitetSi. klase 44 aTasamde students aerTianebs. organizacia Sedgeba federaciebisgan, gadawyetilebis miRebis procesi pirdapiri demokratiisa da federaciul principebzea dafuZnebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1968 wlis kvebekis studenturi gaficvebis dros, TiTqmis yvelgan moxda oficialuri studenturi TviTmmarTvelobebis gandgureba da studenturi sindikatebiT Canacvleba, romlebmac aRiareba mxolod 1984 wlidan moipoves. 2012 wlis gaficvebSi ki studentTa mobilizacia yvelaze metad im universtetebSi gaWirda, sadac TviTmmarTvelobebis msgavsi reprezentaciuli saxis organizaciebi kvlav moqmedebdnen. "klase" Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda studentebis mcire organizacias, romelic uerTdeboda internacionalur antikapitalistur moZraobebs da awarmoebda Tematur propagandas lokalur doneze. 2003 wels, organizaciam scada sayovelTao gaficvis organizeba swavlis gadasaxadis gazrdis sawinaaRmde-

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god, Tumca gaficva Cavarda. 2004 wels, saxelmwifom swavlis dafinansebisTvis gamoyofili 103 milioni dolari valad gamoacxada. amis Semdeg "klase" iwyebs erTiani platformis Seqmnas, romelic SeewinaaRmdegeba am reformas, rac 2005 wlis TebervalSi 70 000 studentis gaficviT sruldeba. gaficvam mxolod xuT kviras gastana, radgan sxva studenturi organizaciebi gamoeTiSnen process moTxovnebis nawilobrivi dakmayofilebis gamo.

2012 wels ki, xelaxla ewyoba sxvadasxva studenturi organizaciebis mier organizebuli sayovelTao gaficva, romelSic avangardad "klase" gvevlineba. sainteresoa organizaciis politika, romelsac es moZraoba atarebs:

eskalaciis taqtika eskalaciis taqtikis strategia gulisxmobs im moqmedebebis proeqtirebas, romlebic Semdgom progresulad radikalizdebian - Tavdapirvelad, martivi da mimzidveli moqmedebebis warmoebas, romlebSi monawileobac martivia : "peticiebis" Sedgena, politikur fleSmobebi, an generalur asambleaze CarTva. ra Tqma unda, es moqmedebebi TavisTavad ar axdens gavlenas problemis mogvarebaze, Tumca isini efeqturia moZraobis gazrdisa da studentebis TandaTanobiT politizirebisaTvis. amis paralelurad, mimdinareobs kvlevebis warmoeba da propaganda, informaciuli da saprotesto aqciebi. rogorc klasses wevrebi acxadeben, swored CarTulobis zrdam da axali Taobebis inkluziam miiyvana organizacia pirdapir moqmedebasa da sayovelTao gaficvamde.

msgavsi midgoma xels uwyobs Sida legitimaciis zrdas, wevrebis motivirebul moqmedebas. reprezentaciis maqsimalurad Semcireba da horizontaluri modelis struqturirebuli muSaoba uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetilebebis efeqtur da mobilizebul ganxorcielebas. pirdapiri demokratiis da taqtikis eskalaciis kombinirebam organizaciis wevrebis TqmiT, organizaciaSi Zlieri Sida legitimaciis agebas Seuwyo xeli: gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiulma principma da masSi mzardi CarTulobis xarisxma gamoavlina, rom studenturi kavSiri realurad warmoadgens studentebis didi umravlesobis nebas. saboloo jamSi, generalur asambleaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba, miuxedavad misi kanonieri Tu kanons gareT myofi SinaarsiT, aRiarebuli da legitimirebuli iyo studentebis mier. gaficva warmoadgens saukeTeso magaliTs - gaficvis magaliTidan Cans, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar gaaCnia legaluri bazisi da studentebma ician, rom is araa kanonierad gamoxatuli, metic, piketireba da Senobebis blokereba ukanonoa, piketis xazebi xeluxlebeli rCeba swored internaluri legitimaciis gamo. studenturi gaficva ar eqceva legalur badeSi, da is arc ukanonoa, arc kanonieri. "es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cven ar unda davelodoT saxelmwifos an universitetis mier Cveni organizaciis, Cveni generaluri asambleisa da Cveni demokratiuli gadawyvetilebis oficialurad cnobas. avtonomiuri organizacia saSualebas gvaZlevs, avagoT iseTi Zlieri legitimaciis struqtura, romelsac SeuZlia kanonis da sxva regulaciis formebis ganadgureba" alan sevardi (klasse).

•sayovelTao ulimito gaficva •pirdapiri demokratia organizacia pirdapiri demokratiis meqanizmiT muSaobs.

aucilebelia studenturi gaficvis gacnobiereba da misi politikuri mniSvnelobis gaazreba. studen-

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turi demonstraciebi ZiriTadad uZluria fundamenuri skiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. studentur demonstraciebs, sanam isini informaciuli xasiaTis arian, SeuZliaT mxolod problemis dafiqsireba, sazogadoebamde mitana da aqtualizeba. saerTo studenturi gaficva ki warmoadgens realur politikur nabijs, romelic uSualod problemis gadaWrazea orientirebuli. Tumca, es warmoadgens urTules process, romlis ganxorcielebasac win unda uswrebdes Zlieri organizaciuli moqmedebebi, studenturi profkavSirebis arseboba da muSaoba Tu wlebis manZilze gatarebuli mizanmimarTuli politika, rac moicavs rogorc legalur,ise aralegalur brZolas (peticiebis Segrovebas, kvlevebis warmoebas, saprotesto aqciebs an Tundac mcire maStabiani gaficvebis Catarebas). farTo maStabiani studenturi gaficvebi orientirebulia ZiriTadad swavlis dafinansebis sakiTxebis, valebis gauqmebis an ufaso ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis mogvarebaze. sayovelTao ulimito gaficva iwvevs saganmanaTleblo sistemis paralizebas, iqamde, sanam gaficvis moTxovnebi ar dakmayofildeba. imisTvis, rom gaficvebi ar Sewydes aucilebelia, rogorc jgufis Sida, Sinagani, ise garegani legitimacia.

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socialuri moZraobebi saqarTveloSi: 1905 wlis guria da baxvis manifesti levan lorTqifaniZe

socialur moZraobebs saqarTvelos istoriaSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi guriaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis axal etaps Cauyares safuZveli da qarTuli sazogadoebis demokratiuli kulturis ganviTarebas Seuwyves xeli. 1905 wels guriaSi adgilobrivma ajanyebulebma da socialuri moZraobis aqtivistebma daumorCilebloba gamoucxades rusul carizms. 1905 wels dasavleT saqarTvelos patara regionSi mosaxleobam namdvili TviTmmarTvelobis damyareba scada. aTasobiT adamiani erT moZraobaSi ramdenime mizezma gaaerTiana. upirveles yovlisa, guriaSi socialuri moZraobis dawyeba baTumis warumatebelma gaficvebma ganapirobes. 1900-1902 wlebSi baTumeli muSebi intensiurad upirispirdebodnen qalaqis msxvili sawarmoebis mflobelebs. saprotesto demonstraciebis mizani muSaTa socialuri mdgomareobis gamumjobeseba da sawarmoTa marTvaSi Tanamonawileobis uflebis mopoveba gaxldaT. samwuxarod, baTumel mSromelTa

brZola gamarjvebiT ar dasrulebula. uamravi sisxliani darbevis Semdeg, olqis xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxda, rom dasaqmebulebi qalaqidan gaesaxlebina. mravalwlian revoluciur brZolaSi gamocdilma, araformalur wreebSi ganaTleba miRebulma muSebma sanavsadguro qalaqidan mSobliur mxareSi, guriaSi gadainacvles da winaaRmdegobis moZraobis agitatorebi gaxdnen. isini sofel-sofel dadiodnen da moqalaqeebs saijaro, saxelmwifo, saeklesio gadasaxadebis gauqmebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb esaubrebodnen. propagandistebi mosaxleobas wylisa da tyis Tavisufali sargeblobis uflebis moTxovniT gamosvliskenac mouwodebdnen. gurulebis socialur moZraobaSi gaerTianebas xeli Seuwyo maTma umZimesma uflebrivma mdgomareobamac. maSindel saqarTveloSi soflisa da Temis doneze saTaTbiro organoebi faqtobrivad ar arsebobdnen. soflis uxucesebi, administraciuli moxeleebi da Tavadebi ukontrolo uzurpatorebad iyvnen Camoyalibebulni. isini mxolod maTTvis sasargeblo gadawyvetile-

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bebs iRebdnen da gaWirvebuli miwaTmoqmedebis xarjze sakuTari Semosavlebis gaorkecebas cdilobdnen. adgilobrivebi socialur Cagvras legaluri warmomadgenlobiTi berketebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT ver upirispirdebodnen. dasavleT saqarTveloSi socialuri moZraobis agorebis winapiroba adgilobrivTa ganaTlebis maRali donec iyo. memarcxene aqtivistebis mondomebiT ozurgeTis mazris TiTqmis yvela sofelSi moewyo saxalxo samkiTxvelo. mazra gamoirCeoda skolebisa da moswavleebis gasakvirad soliduri raodenobiT. TiTqmis yvela did dasaxlebaSi moqmedebda safosto sadguri, romelic intensiurad maragdeboda adgilobrivi da saimperio gazeTebiT. baTumelma muSebma soflebSic danergis maTTvis nacnobi praqtika da araformaluri revoluciuri ganaTlebis wreebs Cauyares safuZveli. maSasadame, 1905 wlisTvis regionis mosaxleobam ukve SesaniSnavad icoda progresuli da demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. caristuli TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg socialuri moZraobis wamowyeba kidev erT faqtors SegviZlia davukavSiroT. kerZod, mecxramete sukunis meore naaxevridanve guriaSi ukve gaCndnen e.w. "firalebi", romlebic Tavad-aznaurTa mier dawesebul kanonebs ar emorCilebodnen, tyeebSi ixiznebodnen da partizanuli TavdasxmebiT cdilobdnen Tavis rCenasac da protestis gamoxatvasac. partizanebis arseboba socialur moZraobas met mxneobasa da gambedaobas matebda. cxadia, gurul glexTa winaaRmdegobis Camoyalibebis winapiroba 1901-1903 wlebis cudi mosavlianoba da ruseT-iaponiis omis gamo

gamowveuli ekonomikuri ryevebic gaxldaT. 1905 wlisTvis guriaSi socialurma moZraobam piks miaRwia. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam TviTorganizebis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina. maT yvela TemSi TviTneburad, mefisnacvlis daukiTxavad safuZveli Cauyares pirdapiri demokratiis faqtobriv organoebs - sasoflo krebebs. krebebma ki saglexo sasamarTloebi da Temis xelmZRvaneli pirebi Tu sxva moxeleebi airCies. yvela krebam sakuTar sapolicio razmsac Cauyara safuZveli. mTelma regionma ki carizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad saerTo revoluciuri komiteti airCia. albaT, yvelas gainteresebT, Tu ra moTxovnebi aerTianebdaT socialuri moZraobis monawileebs? ozurgeTis mazraSi gamocxadebuli TviTvmmarTvelobis gamo SeSfoTebulma mTavarmarTebelma aTi aTaskaciani sadamsjelo razmi Sekriba da dasavleT saqarTvelos gzas gauyena. sadamsjelo razmis guriaSi Sesvlamde regions rusuli administraciis gavleniani liberali warmomadgeneli, sulTan krim-girei ewvia. man TiTqmis yvela sofeli Semoiara. moxele socialuri moZraobis wevrTa mier organizebul saTemo krebebSi monawileobda. yvela dasaxleba imperiuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenels erTi da imave manifestiT daxvda. yvelaze didi Sexvedra, romelsac aTasze meti moqalaqe eswreboda, sofel baxvSi Sedga. aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri moZraobis mier mazris yvela TemSi SemuSavebul dokuments simbolurad erTi soflis saxeli mieniWa. a b o u t g u r i a . b l o g s p o t . c o m - ze "baxvis manifestis" Tanamedroved struqturirebuli variantis xilva SegiZliaT:

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Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba - wodebaTa gauqmeba - sityvis krebis, kavSirebis da gaficvis Tavisufleba - pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba - politpatimrebis gaTavisufleba - daxuruli samkiTxveloebis dauyovnebliv gaxsna (informaciis Tavisufleba) administraciuli da saxelisuflebo reforma - glexTa komitetebis daarseba soflad - saxalxo sasamarTლos SemoReba - mudmivi jaris gauqmeba da saxalxo miliciis SemoReba - damfuZnebeli krebis arCeva sayovelTao, faruli da pirdapiri arCevnebiT sagadasaxado reforma - sabatono, saeklesio da saxelmwifo begaris gauqmeba; - yvela arapirdapiri gadasaxadis gauqmeba - dramis gadasaxadis gauqmeba - progresirebadi dabegvris SemoReba - yvela im glexis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadisgan, romelTa Semosavali ar aRemateba 500 maneTs (daubegravi minimumi)

miwis reforma - saufliswulo, saeklesio samonastro miwebis konfiskacia da maTi gadacema glexobisTvis usasyidlod - sanadelo miwebis gadacema glexobisTvis usasyidlod - sanadelo miwebSi gadaxdili valis ukan dabruneba glexobisTvis

ganaTlebis reforma - orive sqesisTvis 16 wlamde ufaso sayovelTao swavlebis SemoReba - soflebSi saswavleblebis arseboba - skolebSi qarTul enaze swavlebis SemoReba - saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gauqmeba

bunebrivia, caristulma reJimma ar daakmayofila manifestis arc erTi moTxovna. ozurgeTis mazra 1906 wlemde uTanasworo omSi winaaRmdegobas uwevda imperiul razmebs. sabolood, xelisuflebam sisxlSi CaaxSo saqarTveloSi warmoSobili erT-erTi pirveli socialuri moZraoba. "baxvis manifesti" qarTuli demokratiis erT-erTi pirveli furceli gaxlavT. Sesabamisad, igi akademiuri da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul yuradRebasa da pativiscemas unda imsaxurebdes. samwuxarod, erT-erTi mTavari qarTuli demokratiuli da socialuri moZraobis Sesaxeb CvenTan bevrma araferi icis, viRacebi uniWo xumrobebis sagnad miiCneven ozurgeTis mazraSi warmoebul kampanias.

Cveni demokratiuli brZolebis ukeT Seswavlis dro dadga!

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socialuri moZraoba kinoSi:

germanuli Semodg

aleqsandre gabelia ilias universitetis studenti

"puri da vardebi" britaneli reJisoris, ken louCis mSromelebisadmi miZRvnili socialur-ekonomikuri realizmia. saTauri exmianeba 1912 wels masaCusetSi muSaTa gaficvis Temas. filmi usamarTlo sistemazea, romlis demokratiluroba da keTildReoba xSirad dauokebel eqspluataciaze idga da dgas, miuxedavad "amerikuli ocnebisa". maia (pilar padila) ukanono meqsikeli emigrantia, romelic qalaqSi Cadis damlageblis vakansiis gamo. maleve ikveTeba politikuri gulgriloba, romelic warmoadgens rogorc aunazRaurebel Sromas, aseve "susti sqesis" trefikingisa da faruli prostituciis Sirmas. louCi cdilobs kompleqsurad daupirispiros

erTmaneTs Sroma da kapitali da dagvanaxos realuri xalxi. dagvanaxos saSineli uTanaswoba or klass Soris - adamianebs Soris, romlebic qalaqis ofisebSi muSaoben da adamianebs Soris, romlebic maT dasvril oTaxebs alageben. maT dasakargi aRaraferi aqvT da mSvidobiani samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT eWqveS ayeneben kanonebs. ajanyebas da sisxlisRvrasac ar moeridebodnen, radgan elitarul wreebs maTi sisxlis gamowova bolomde surdaT. am SemTxvevaSi erTaderT barikadad "Zala saukeTeso argumentias" qveteqsti SeiZleba miviCnioT. am yvelafris winaaRmdegni ki xSirad Tavisuflebis moyvaruli liberalebi arian. Tumca maTi Tavisufleba maias

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goma

da

puri da vardebi

gmiris Tavisuflebis ideas Sordeba. maT xSirad brazi axrCobT, roca memarcxeneebi Tanaswor msoflioze vsaubrobT da vakritikebT velur konkurencias. maT cinikur SekiTxvas "rogor SeiZleba yvelani Tanasworebi viyoT?" Cven da louCi vpasuxobT, rom dadgeba dro da es SekiTxva Sizofreniis simptomad CaiTvleba. "purs da vardebs" rom davubrundeT, gardamtexi scenaa, roca mSromelebsa da maias, misi da uRalatebs. isini or sxvadasxva banakSi aRmoCndebian. es scena ki dramaturgiulad kravs films da emociur fons aZlierebs. sabolood ki louCi uars ambobs zRaprul da-

sasrulze da saboloo gamarjvebaze.

Tumca filmis finali mainc optimisturia. es brZola aucileblad gagrZeldeba; Cvens dRevandelobaSi rom gadmovinacvloT, CvenTan Camoyalibebuli demokratiuli modeli daxuruli wrea, romelSic Cagruli adamianebis xma ver aRwevs da mTeli sistema adamianebis privilegirebul jgufs emsaxureba. am neoliberaluri midgomis gamo sazogadoebas brZolis unari CamorTmeuli aqvs da empaTiis ararseboba mmarTvel klass Cagvris politikis daxvewas uadvilebs. dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare, kapitalizmis mTavari monapovari mdgomareobs imaSi, rom "monas" sakuTari Tavisufleba daajeros. realurad es "demokratia" adamians ara Tavisuflebas, aramed mudmivad maRaroelis rolSi yofnas sTavazobs, romelic sistematiuri zewolis qveS aris da ar icis rogor Secvalos sakuTari cxovreba. analogiur mdgomareobaSia soflebSi myofi glexebis umravlesoba,radgan realurad ar arsebobs regionebis ganviTarebis gegma,rac Sromis gadanawilebasa da meurneobis gamdidrebas uSlis xels. amis gamo sofeli garesamyarosaa mowyvetili. sazogadoebis didi nawili Sromobs gadarCenisTvis, elituri wre ki tribunebidan da ambionebidan mis keTildReobaze da Tanasworobaze saubrobs. aseve aRsaniSnavia qalisa da Sromis urTierTmimarTeba, romelic SeiZleba kulturis paradigmad miviCnioT. samarcvino monur anazRaurebas xSirad Tan erTvis damatebiTi SromiTi, ojaxuri Tu sazogadoebrivi Cagvra, romelsac qarTuli "qalis kultis" fenomeni ver Svelis.

axla ki gadavideT germanul axal talRaze, romlisTvisac ar aris ucxo socialuri moZraobebis, ajanyebebisa da axali realobis Seqmnis sakiTxebi. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom saqme gvaqvs "axalgazrda germanelebTan", romlebic e.w. "umamoTa Taobas" warmoadgenen. maT meore msoflio omis Semdgom krizisul germaniaSi mouxdaT moRvaweoba. mamebis Taoba ganadgurda, aseve unda ganadgurebuliyo Zveli germaluri kino.

1977 wlis germaniis movlenebi trialebs martin Sleieris motacebasa da mkvlelobis irgvliv. is iyo biznesmeni da germanuli mSromelTa partiis prezidenti. moTxovna iyo aTeulobiT teroristis ganTavisufleba cixeebidan. termini "germanuli Semodgoma" aRmocenda kolaboraciul dokumentur filmSi,sadac gamoCnda germanuli memarcxene wiTeli armiis socialuri atmosfero. usisxlo teraqtebi realuriT Seicvala. 1977-78 wels ebrZodnen ara mxolod maT, aramed maT yvela Tanamzraxvels. radikalebi ki cdilobdnen maqsimaluri winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT sistemisTvis. maT mokles iurgon ponto (drezden-bankis xelmZRvaneli) da gaitaces Sleieri, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo ara mSromelTa uflebebi, aramed

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mdidari investorebi. movlenebi dRiTidRe iZabeboda. cixis saknebSi maleve daxoces wiTeli armiis wevrebi, rasac maleve "omis" dasruleba moyva. ase damTavrda "germanuli Semodgoma". uSiSroebis organoebma memarcxene radikalebsa da xalxs Soris bzari gaaCines da yvela vinc dakavSirebuli iqneboda maTTan policiis mudmivi zewolisa da Cagvris obieqti gaxdeboda. rac Seexeba films "axalgazrda germanelebi" saubroben am movlenebze da mis gamomwvev mizezebze. filmi winaaRmdegobrivia da gvanaxebs, rom teroristuli aqtebis mizezi erTi SexedviT bundovania, magram calmx-

rivi. Sedegze pasuxismgebloba ki pirvel rigSi Zaladobriv sistemas da elitebs ekisrebaT. maT sindiszea TiToeuli adamianis sikvdili. filmi erTi fraziT iwyeba da mTavrdeba: "rodesac Zaladoba garkveul wertils aRwevs, ukve sul erTia, vin wamoiwyo is. is unda SeCerdes."

Cven ki vifiqroT samarTlian moZraobebze da gaficvis politikis mniSvnelobaze. manamde ki yvela partiis politikul moRvawes gavuCinoT SiSi , rom parikisa da makiaJis gareSe restoranSic ver Sevidnen. iq, sadac devid greberis TqmiT , maT xalxma saWmeli unda esrolos.

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociacia www.cela.ge

am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier. masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.

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civicus #4

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ivnisi 2015

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