Civicus #13

ivnisi 2017

# 13

civicus

sarCevi 03 redaqtoris sveti mariam guliaSvili

04 socialuri xelSekrulebis Teoriebi da maTi mniSvneloba mariam TofCiSvili

08 konstitucia ''"'erTxel da samudamod'' ekaterine abaSiZe

12 saarCevno sistemis dilema- blokebi, arCevis wesi da mandatebis ganawileba TaTia vaxtangaZe

16 ''gamarjvebulis bonusi'' saqarTveloSi saarCevno sistemis moqmedi da sakonstitucio cvlilebis proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli tipebis mixedviT SoTa narsia

20 unitarizmi VS federalizmi Tamar CiTinaSvili

24 erTpalatiani parlamenti VS orpalatiani parlamenti saba elizbaraSvili

30 saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis fsevdo Seruli modeli saqarTvelos konstituciaSi da namdvili Sereuli mmarTvelobis upiratesobebi qarTul konteqstSi kote CaCibaia

36 saqarTvelos konstituciis ganviTarebis etapebi da adamianis uflebebi anano ziraqaZe

40 eserTa konstitucia redaqtori; ilia nucubiZe gazeTi ''Sroma''

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redaqtoris sveti

mariam guliaSvili civicus-is Tanaredaqtori

''yovel kanonsa da savaldebulo dadgenilebas mxolod maSin aqvs Zala, ukeTu gamocxadebulia saTanado wesiT.'' es 1921 wels miRebuli, saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis me-5 muxlia. axla 2017 welia da Cveni 99 wlis respublika meore konstituciis mexuTe Casworebis misaRebad emzadeba. saqarTvelos istorias rom vwerde 2017 wlis gazafxuls sakonstitucio aurzauris saxeliT movixseniebdi. sivikusis me-13 nomeri swored konstitucias da masTan dakavSirebul dialogebs exeba. sayovelTao ganxilvebi sulac ar moiTxovs didi sakoncerto darbazebis Sevsebas. konstitucia yvelasia, Sesabamisad, mis naklsa Tu upiratesobebze msjeloba nebismieri tipis sivrceSia SesaZlebeli. Cveni axalbeda da ucvleli avtorebis mizani iyo, SeexsenebinaT sazogadoebisTvis konstituciis istoria da mniSvneloba. maTTvis vinc ver moaxerxa yvela sajaro ganxilvis sivrcisTvis edevnebina Tvalyuri, Cven SevTavazebT maT sakonstitucio komisiis mier momzadebuli cvlilebebis mokle prezentacias.

Cven erTad davsvamT SekiTxvebs: ra upiratesobebi da safrTxeebi SeiZleba axldes Tan axal redaqcias? ramdenad marTebulia savaldebulo dadgenilebis miRebis dRevandeli pirobebi da sad aris saWiro Cveni, sazogadoebis yuradRebis gamaxvileba? konstituciis dabadebis Sesaxeb uamravi legendaa Seqmnili, zogierT maTgans dRes politikuri filosofiis nimuSebad movixseniebT. mas martivad ganmartaven rogorc dokuments, romlis umTavres funqcias sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulireba warmoadens. sinamdvileSi,

konstitucia metad saSiSi meqanizmia. masSi iSviaTad SevxvdebiT ganmartebas Tu vin warmoadgens mis mflobel sazogadoebas, an Tundac im meTodebis usafrTxoebis garantiebs, romelsac politikuri da iuridiuli leqsikonis mixedviT regulaciebs vuwodebT. konstituciis mTavari daniSnuleba xelisuflebis SezRudvaa, Tumca, umetesoba maTgans rom gadavxedoT, aRmovaCenT rom, piriqiT, xelisufleba zRudavs mas. es Cveni Jurnalis me-13 mcelobaa sazogadoebis samoqalaqo funqciebis gamoRviebisa. 12 epizodis ganmavlobaSi vcdilobiT yvela tipis avtorisTvis gveCuqebina Tavisufali kalami. vfiqrob am nomris Tematikas, yvelaze metad sWirdeba ara mxolod kalmis, aramed azrovnebis, saubrisa da moqmedebis Tavisufleba. konstituciaSi CamoTvlili muxlebi,mxolod iuridiul terminologiaTa uxeSi raxa-ruxi rodia, am sityvebis kanonebad qcevisTvis saukuneebis ganavlobaSi ukompromisod ibrZodnen sajaro da samoqalaqo moxeleebi, socialuri moZraobebi, revolucionerebi da maTi ideologebi. dRes Cven unda movopovoT, Cvenive saWiroebebis kanonebad qcevis ufleba. maS ase, pirvelad, Jurnalis saredaqcio svetis avtoris ampluaSi giTmobT sivrces ukompromiso, Tavisufali sityvis xmamaRla warmosaTqmelad.

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socialuri xelSekrulebis

Teoriebi da maTi mniSvneloba

mariam TofCiSvili

a damianTa

umravlesoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela etapze sxvadasxva tipis garigebebsa Tu xelSekrulebebs debs. Cven xelSekrulebas vdebT maSin, rodesac maRaziaSi raime produqts vyidulobT, viwyebT swavlas axal saswavlebelSi, muSaobas axal samsaxurSi, an ubralod vregistrirdebiT onlain platformaze. Tumca, xSirad gvaviwydeba, rom am yovelivesTan erTad, Cven varT yvelaze ufro didi xelSekurelebis Tanamonawileni. xelSekrulebis, romelic yvela

sxva tipis garigebis Sesrulebis garantia da romelsac socialuri xelSekruleba ewodeba. socialuri xelSekruleba esaa garigeba, romlis erT mxares individi meore mxares ki saxelmwifo warmoadgens. es hipoTeturi SeTanxmeba gvexmareba gavigoT Tu ratom da rogor ayalibeben adamianebi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebrvi wesrigs. socialuri xelSekrulebis (kontraqtis) Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis nawilia da mas

1. saxelmwifos definicias xelSekurlebaze dayrdnobiT antikuri xanis moazrovneebis naSromebSic vxvdebiT mag.epikure, Tumca socialuri kontrqtis maTeuli axsna arasistemuri da bundovania.

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pirvelad holandieli moazrovnis hugo grociusis (1583-1645) naSromebSi vxvdebiT. 1 grociusis azriT, adamiani bunebiT keTilSobili, humanuri arsebaa da sazogadoebisken, sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisken aqvs midrekileba. es midrekileba ganpirobebulia gamocdilebiT, romlis Sedegadac adamiani mixvda, rom garemoSi Seqmnili problemebis winaaRmdeg marto brZola xSirad Znelia da did ZalisxmevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. grociusis Tanaxmad, adamianebs gauCndaT moTxovnileba xelSekrulebaze dafuZnebuli iseTi organizmis Seqmnisa, romelic daicavda maT, daexmareboda problemebis mogvarebaSi da daaregulrebda individebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. aseT organizms saxelmwifo warmoadgens da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, grociusiseuli msjelobis Tanaxmad, gamodis, rom saxelmwifo adaminTa dasacavad da maT Soris urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad Seqmnili organizmia. grociusi sakuTar naSromSi ''omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb'' aseve gvTavazobs bunebiTi samarTlis definicias, romlis Tanaxmad yvelaferi bunebis arsidan gamomdinare xdeba, amitom yvela individis bunebiTi uflebebi imdenad Sors vrceldeba, ramdensac swvdeba misi rogorc individis Zala. aRniSnuli msjelobis Sedegad, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom adamianTa interesebisa da Zalebis gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi, didia Sansi imisa, rom isini erTmaneTs daupirispirdebian. es koncefcia Zalian hgavs ingliseli

filosofosis Tomas hobsi mier Seqminil Teorias, romelic aRwerilia missave naSromSi ''leviaTani''. upivelesad, hobsi mjelobas iwyebs adamianis arsis Sesaxeb da ewinaaRmdegeba mis aristoteleseul definicias. amtkicebs rom adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos ''politikuri cxoveli'', radgan mas ar aqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis unari. hobsi, eTanxmeba grociuss da ar uaryofs, rom adaminebi gaerTianebisaken miiswrafvian, Tumca, is ambobs rom samoqalaqo gaerTianeba aris ara adamianTa ubralo erToba, aramed kavSiri, romelic dafuZnebulia xelSekrulebaze da romlis miRwevisTvis aucilebelia gaazrebul SeTanxmebaTa mTeli wyeba. hobsi aqve aRniSnavs, rom yvela adamiani, ZiriTadad ki gaunaTlebeli masebi ver xvdebian am xelSekurelebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa arss. hobsi amtkicebs, rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiT ki ar aris sazogadoebis wevri aramed, codnia da ganaTleba aqcevs mas sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad. sxva sakiTxia Tu ratom unda ganaTlebul adamians sazogadoebis Seqmna da misi wevroba. hobsis azriT, sazogadoebis yvela wevri ibrZvis raime tipis sargeblis misaRebad. yovelive es siamisa da saimayis grZnobas warmoSobs adamianSi da radganac am siameTa mopoveba gacilebiT advilia sxvebze batonobisas, vidre maTTan kavSiris dros, SesaaZloa davaskvnaT, rom adamianebi eswrafvian ufro batonobas vidre gaerTianebas. swored am debulebas mivyavarT Tomas hobsis

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Teoriis amosaval postulatamde, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani bunebiT egoisti, Zaladobisaken miderekili arsebaa. mas axasiaTebs mudmivi undobloba, mtroba, TviTgadarCenis survili da jibri sxva adamianebis mimarT, rac ayenebs ''omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg'' warmoSobis saSiSroebas. swored es, mudmivad safrTxismomaswavlebeli garemo warmoadgens adamianis bunebiriv mdgomareobas.

Tumca, unda aRniSnios isic, rom adamianebi sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT miiswrafvian am safrTxismomcveli mdgomareobidan gamosvlisaken. sabolood ki amgvari miswrafebebis Sedegad bunebiTi mdgomareoba adgils uTmobs bunebiT kanons, romelis Tanaxmadac adamians ekrZaleba gaakeTos is rac damRupvelia misi cxovrebisTvis. swored am etapze xdeba aqtualuri saxelmwifos cneba, radgan mxolod bunebriv kanonebs ar ZaluZT iqcnen adamianTa usafrTxoebis garantiebad. saxelmwifo ki aris is erTaderTi organizmi, romelsac bunebiTi kanonebis dacvis garantireba SeuZlia. swored am garantiisaTvis iqmneba socialuri xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac individebi sakuTari survereninetis nawils saxelmwifos gadascemen, usafrTxoebisa da daculobis sanacvlod. e.i saxelmwifo iqmneba adamianTa dasacavad. aqve unda aRiniSos isic, rom hobsi saxelmwifos marTvisas absolituri Zalauflebis momxrea da ufro metic, swored erT pirovnebaSi gerTianebul mraval adamians uwodebs is saxelmwifos,

uZlevel leviaTans, romlisganac Cven mSvidobiTa da daculobiT varT davalebulni. unda ganvixiloT sacialuri kontraqtis lokiseuli gagebac. lokis azriT, adamianebs Soris dapirispireba wamoiSoba maSin, rodesac erTi adamiani meores mTlianad damorCilebas cdilobs.

Sesabamisad, lokic hobsis msgavsad, aRiarebs, rom aseTi mdgomareobis warmoSobis riski didia da saWiroa bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gamosvla, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs kanoni romelic adamianebs amgvari situaciisagan daicvda. magram, loki hobsisagan gansxvavebiT ar emxroba absolitur Zalauflebas da miiCnevs, rom is SesaZloa bunebriv mdgomareobaze ufro saSiSi gaxdes adaminisTvis. loki mxars uWers xelisuflebas, romelic saTanadod daicavs adamianis sicocxles, sakuTrebasa da Tavisuflebas. am valdebulebis ver Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi ki, igi momxrea xelisuflebis daTxovnisa.

Jan-Jak rusos sul sxva safexurze ahyavs socialuri kontraqtis Teoria da warmogvidgens mas, rogorc safuZvels sazogadoebis uflebisa, TviTon ganagos sakuTari socialurpolitikuri bedi. rusos azriT, saxelmwifo swored sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegia. Sesabamisad saxelmwifos farglebSi adamianebi qmnian erTianobas sadac TiToeuli maTgani mTelis ganuyofeli nawilia. saerTo neba-survilis Semoqmedic swored es mTeli-sazogadoebaa. saxelmwifo da xelisufleba ki

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mxolod sazogadoebrivi nebis ganxorcielebebisaTvisaa saWiro. amdagvarad, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli SegviZlia gamovyoT: 1. saxelmwifo aris is, vinc flobs uzenaes xelisuflebas. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc erTi piri aseve adamianaTa jgufi, Tumca es ar aZlevs mas TviTnebobis saSualebas. saxelmwifom yvela moqalaqis neba erTian nebad unda aqcios. Ee.i misi yvela qmedeba koordinaciaSi unda iyos saerTo sazogadoebriv nebasTan; 2. saxelmwifo valdebulia daicvas adamianTa usafrTxoeba da Seuqmnas maT cxovrebisTvis mSvidi pirobebi; 3. saxelmwifo valdebulia Tanabari pirobebi Seuqmnas mosaxelobas, vinaidan socialuri kontraqtis monawilea yvela individi, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesisa da a.S 4. saxelmwifosTan erTad valdebulebebi aqvT individebsac, radganac isini socialur xelSekrulebaSi CarTul erT-erT mxares wamoadgenen. maSasadame, individi valdebulia: akontrolos, rom saxelmwifos yoveli moqmedeba individTa uerTierTSeTanxmebuli mosazrebis gamovlineba iyos da daawesos sanqciebi saxelmwifos mxridan ganxorcielebul Tavnebobebze. aseve, iyos pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifos qmedebebsa da gadawyvetilebebze. aq SesaZlebelia gaCndes ramdenime kiTxva imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu rogor gavzomoT saxelmwifos legitimacia? sadamde SuZlia mas moqmedeba

moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT? da a.S. TiToeul am kiTxvaze gansxvavebul pasuxs gagvcemda yvela zemoT CamoTvlili moazrovne, maT mier Seqmnili Toriebis ZiriTadi postulatebidan gamomdinare, amitom maTze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. rac Seexeba socialuri kontraqtis mniSvnelobas dRes, vfiqrob, es sakmaod mniSvnelovani da aqtualuri sakiTxia. saqarTveloSi mosaxelobam daiviwya, rom isini socialuri kontraqtis erT-erT monawile mxares warmodagenen, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom moqalaeebi aqtiurad ar monawileoben saxelmwifoebriv procesebSi, ar aqvT mudmivi koordinacia xelisuflebasTan da arc cdiloben mis kontrols. erTi mxriv, es warsuli, sabWoTa gamocdilebis brali SeiZleba iyos, romelmac sazogadoebis politikuri gazarmaceba moitana Sedegad, meore mxriv ki es gviCvenebs, rom dRevandelma mosaxelobam cota ram icis socialuri kontraqtis arsebobisa da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. adamianebma daiviwyes is, rom saxelmwifo mosaxelobis Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze Seqmnili organizmia, romlis mesveurebsac legitimacias xalxi aniWebs.

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2017 wlis

22 aprils sakonstitucio komisiam sakonstitucio cvlilebebis proeqti daamtkica, 5 maiss ki misi sayovelTao saxalxo ganxilvebi daiwyo. upirveles yovlisa, sainteresoa, saidan momdinareobs konstituciis gadaxedvis iniciativa. rogorc sakonstitucio komisiis xelmZRvaneli da saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare, irakli kobaxiZe acxadebs, moqmedi konstitucia ewinaaRmdegeba Tanamedrove, fundamentur demokratiul principebs, agreTve, masSi ar aris daculi xelisuflebis danawilebis principi. misi azriT, mniSvnelovania erTxel da samudamod Seiqmnas iseTi konstitucia, romelic saxelmZRvanelo iqneba yvelasTvis. gadaxedvis procesSi monawile pirebi amboben, rom Cven miviRebT konstitucias ''erTxel da samudamod''. magram konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis procesi bolo 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi ukve meoTxejer mimdinareobs. qveynis mTavari kanonis gadasinjvis wesi arc ise martivia - mas saqarTvelos parlamentis or Tanamimdevrul sesiaze, sul cota, sami Tvis intervaliT, mxari unda dauWiros sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb samma meoTxedma. am debulebis moyvanac ki ar aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom gavixsenoT, saqarTvelos parlamenti yovelTvis erTi partiis didi umravlesobiT kompleqtdeba, rac konstituciis cvlilebas yovel jerze amartivebs, xolo saamiso sababi yovelTvis moiZebneba... rac Seexeba konstituciis cvlilebebis saWiroebis amJamad dasaxelebul mizezebs, maT Sesaxeb bevri kiTxvis niSani SeiZleba daisvas. pirveli, Tu problema isaa, rom moqmedi konstitucia ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiis principebs, unda SemuSavdes ufro demokratiuli konstitucia. amitom bunebrivia SekiTxva, miviRebT Tu ara aseT ZiriTad kanonebs SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad?

konsti ''erTxel da

cvlilebebis mixedviT, ZiriTad kanonSi ganisazRvreba qorwineba, rogorc qalisa da mamakacis kavSiri ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT. cxadia, mocemuli cvlileba xelisuflebisTvis momgebiania mxardaWeris gasazrdelad an SesanarCuneblad. cvlileba ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rac demokratiis erTerTi umTavresi principia. igi moicavs umravlesobisTvis upiratesobis miniWebas umciresobis xarjze. iseve, rogorc 17 maiss, homofobiasTan da transfobiasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso dRes gamocxadebulma ''ojaxis siwmindis'' dRem ubiZga agresiis gaZlierebas, es

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tucia samudamod''

ekaterine abaSiZe

debulebac SesaZloa, sazogadoebaSi davis gamomwvevad gadaiqces. rTulia, am damatebis mqone konstitucia ufro demokratiulad CaTvaloT, vidre misi winamorbedi, romelic adamianebs ojaxis ganmartebas ar karnaxobda. konstituciis gadaxedvis meore mizezad, xelisuflebis gadanawilebis principis xarvezebi daasaxeles, rasac agreTve eWvis TvaliT unda SevxedoT. prezidentisa da premieris bolo wlebis ''Widilidan'' gamomdinare Cans, rom Zalaufleba konstituciis ukanaskneli SesworebebiT saTanadod ar iyo ganawilebuli da es dabneulobas da Zalauflebis ''gadafarvas'' iwvevda

(magaliTad, ori delegaciiT, prezidentisa da premieris, gamgzavreba sagareo politikis sakiTxebis mosagvareblad da a.S.). magram, swored axali cvlilebebi ar uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis Tanabrad gadanawilebas sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris. isedac susti uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili prezidenti ufro izRudeba, magaliTad, mosamarTleebis wardgena-daniSvnisas misi uflebebi mcirdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, mxolod nominalur datvirTvas inarCunebs. prezidents irCevs 300 xmosani, aqedan 150 parlamentari. e.i. mis vinaobas didwilad ganapirobebs parlamentis neba. Sesabamisad, masTan SedarebiT, parlamenti upiratesia. cvlilebebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos generalur prokurors 6 wlis vadiT sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT irCevs parlamenti, maSin, rodesac moqmedi konstituciiT, prokuraturis organoebis saerTo xelmZRvanelobas axorcielebs iusticiis ministri. anu prokuraturac parlamentis kontrolis sfero xdeba. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wardginebiT, aseve sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT irCevs parlamenti. SenarCunebulia saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa gamosacdeli vada. maSin roca arsebul konstituciaSi Cawerilia, rom ''SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnas mosamarTlis ganweseba gansazRvruli vadiT, magram ara umetes 3 wlisa''. proeqtis mixedviT, es debuleba ufro mkacrad gamoiyureba: ''mosamarTle Tanamdebobaze ganwesdeba 3 wlis gamosacdeli vadiT''. es ki safrTxes uqmnis rogorc demokratias, ise xelisuflebis danawilebis princips. pirveli 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebiT advilia mosamarTleebze gavlenis moxdena, radgan maT aqvT raRac dasakargi... yvelaze didi diskusia sazogadoebaSi saparlamento arCevnebis kanonis

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cvlilebam gamoiwvia. aqamde maJoritaruli da proporciuli wesis Sereuli saarCevno sistema moqmedebda, axla 150-ve mandati proporciulad, siebis mixedviT ganawildeba. erTi SexedviT, es cvlileba demokratiuli TvalsazrisiT, winsvlad miiCneva, radgan Seamcirebs personifikacias, agreTve maJoritaruli wesis uaryofiT mxares - erTi partiis didi raodenobiT kandidatebis arCevas. Tumca, rogorc aRmoCnda, proporciuli wesis ''erTi naxviT Seyvareba'' gvatyuebs - misTvis formis micema ise xdeba, rom ar Tavisufldeba Sereuli sistemis mankierebisgan, rac, wesiT, misi mTavari mizani unda yofiliyo. rCeba 5%-iani barieri da pirvel adgilze gasuli partia miiRebs damatebiT mandatebs bariergadaulaxavi partiebis procentebis dajamebiT. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia xalxis azri. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, amomrCevelma xma misces partias, romelic ver gadalaxavs bariers, magram sulac ar undodes, misi xma arCevnebSi gamarjvebul partias CaeTvalos. 5%-iani barieri bevr qveyanaSi moqmedebs, magram Cvens SemTxvevaSi is zedmetad maRalia, parlamentSi partiebis SezRuduli raodenobis moxvedras ganapirobebs da pirvel adgilze gasuls metismetad bevr mandats ''sCuqnis''. raRa mniSvneloba aqvs proporciul sistemas, Tu igi iseTive Sedegs mogvcems, rogorsac Sereuli? am yvelafridan Cans, rom prezidentTan (aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan) da sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT, parlaments aqvs upiratesoba, is akontrolebs mTavrobis dakompleqtebasac. SeiZleba visaubroT wina konstituciis arademokratiulobasa da xelisuflebis gadanawilebis problemaze, magram konstituciis axali versia ufro amZimebs am ori mimarTulebiT mdgomareobas Zalauflebis yvelaze did nawils ara marto parlaments, aramed partias aniWebs. yvela Stos uflebamosilebebis mniSvnelovani nawili sakanonmdeblo

Stos yvelaze didi erTeulis xelSi koncentrirdeba. konstituciis proeqtis mixedviT, partia, romelic parlamentSi umravlesobad ''Sekowiwdeba'', sulac ar iqneba umravlesoba sazogadoebis nebis Sesabamisad. Sedegad ki viRebT defeqtian demokratias, romelic umravlesobis tiraniaSi ki ara, albaT, cru umravlesobis tiraniaSi SeiZleba gadaizardos. is, rom parlamentis mdebareoba konstituciaSi aRar aris gansazRvruli rac mis TbilisSi dabrunebis perspeqtivas realurs xdis, aRniSnul TemebTan SedarebiT, naklebad mniSvnelovani Cans. an ratom aRar xdeba sayovelTao saxalxo, Tavisufali da faruli arCevnebiT prezidentis arCeva?- esec mmarTveli partiis interesebidan gamomdinareobs. erTi mxriv, imis gamo, rom maT ar hyavT gamorCeuli kandidati prezidentobisTvis, xolo meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia, saqarTvelos meoTxe prezidentTan daZabulobac yofiliyo amis ganmapirobebeli mizezi. rac Seexeba proeqtis sayovelTao saxalxo ganxilvebs, es, rogorc Cans, ubralod sazogadoebis kiTxvebze pasuxis an cru pasuxis gacemis asparezia, romelic komisias daTmobebisken ar ubiZgebs. ubralod rom vTqvaT, arafris momcemi msjeloba gamodis. proeqtSi dadebiT Sesworebebsac vxvdebiT: gaCnda Canaweri evropul da evroatlantikur srtruqturebSi integraciis Sesaxeb; yuradReba gamaxvilda uflebriv garantiebze arsebiT Tanasworobaze mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris; ufleba internetis xelmisawvdomobaze; gaizarda/gaCnda iseTi institutebis damoukideblobis garantiebi, rogorebicaa: sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli, prokuratura- aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan damoukidebeli organo. ganisazRvra, rom mosamarTle SeirCeva iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos dasabuTebuli gadwyvetilebiT, Ria kenWisyriT, keTilsindisierebisa

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da kompetenturobis niSniT. dadginda iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos saqmianobis fundamenturi mimarTuleba- sasamarTloebis damoukideblobisa da efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofa. gaZlierda saparlamento kontrolis meqanizmi, kerZod, moqmedi kanonmdeblobisgan gansxvavebiT, dadginda sagamoZiebo komisiis SeqmnisTvis saWiro dabali kvorumi, gadawyvetileba miiReba parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamedis mxardaWeriT. dadebiTi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, yvelaze didi problema albaT is aris, rom yovel jerze, konstituciis gadaxedvis procesisTvis legitimaciis miniWeba ucxouri principebis gadmotaniT xdeba, magram procesi damaxinjebuli formiT mimdinareobs. cxadia, ar arsebobs sistema, romelsac idealurad moergeba sxva sistemis maxasiaTeblebi, miT umetes, Tu misi Secvla im mizniT xdeba, rom xelisuflebam moqmedebis vada gaixangrZlivos rac SeiZleba didi xniT. ramdenime welSi saqarTvelo respublika saprezidento mmarTvelobidan mTlianad saparlamento mmarTvelobisken gadaixara, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ukanaskneli ufro saxifaTo SeiZleba aRmoCndes, vinaidan premier-ministri airCeva saparlamento umravlesobis mier da misi uflebamosilebis vada, prezidentisgan gansxvavebiT, dadgenili ar aris. Sesabamisad, im pirobebSi, romelic ganapirobebs ramdenjerme erTi da igive partiis mier saparlamento umravlesobis dakompleqtebas, arsebobs safrTxe, rom aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas saTaveSi gaurkveveli droiT eyoleba erTi premier-ministri an, sxva SemTxvevaSi, erTi partiis sxvadasxva warmomadgeneli. umjobesi iqneba, saqarTveloSi Seiqmnas iseTi konstitucia, romelic ganapirobebs rogorc de faqto, ise de iure Zalauflebis gadanawilebas saxelmwifos sam Stos Soris, sxvadasxva partiis SesaZleblobas, miuwvdebodes

xeli gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da kanonebis SemuSavebis procesze, agreTve, xalxis xmebi ar miewerebodes im Zalas, romelic mas ar aurCevia. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakonstitucio cvlilebebi miRebuli unda iqnas xalxis sayovelTao Tanxmobis safuZvelze, rasac mimdinare procesebze ver vityviT. referendumi da plebisciti swored imitom iqna gamogonili, rom pirdapir demokratiuli instrumentebis meSveobiT mivceT xalxs ufleba, Tavad gadawyvitos sistemisTvis aseTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi. Tumca, maTi Catareba did gambedaobas moiTxovs, vinaidan amgvari gamokiTxvis iniciatori sakuTar Tavs riskis qveS ayenebs, magaliTad ki SegviZlia britaneTis premierministri, devid kameroni da italiis premieri, mateo renci moviyvanoT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi referendumis Tema evrokavSiridan gamosvlas exeboda, xolo kameroni imitom gadadga, rom is evrokavSirSi darCenas uWerda mxars, xalxma ki gasvla gadawyvita. italiis premierma konstituciuri cvlilebebis miReba ganizraxa, rac italielebma xmis micemiT uaryves, da rencic gadadga. swored is, rom saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi arsebobs moTxovna plebiscitis Catarebaze mainc, da am moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba, cxadyofs xalxis Tanxmobaze imedis uqonlobas sakonstitucio cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli problemebis da am ukanaskneli faqtoris gamo, Secvlili konstituciis legitimaciac kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. Zlieri parlamentisa da qmediTi mTavrobis miReba - cvlilebebis erTerTi mTavari mizania, magram es mis naklovanebas ver amarTlebs, radgan mTavroba avtokratiul reJimebSic qmediTia, metic, am ukanasknelSi is yvelaze ufro qmediTad gamoiyureba.

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saarCevno sistemis dilema – blokebi, arCevis wesi da mandatebis ganawileba

TaTia vaxtangaZe

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s

aarCevno sistema saxelmwifos demokratiulobis Sefasebis erTerTi obieqturi indikatoria. Tavis mxriv, demokratiuli saarCevno sistema unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg Svid kriteriums: sayovelTaooba, faruloba, Tavisufleba, Riaoba, angariSvaldebuleba, samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba. ukanaskneli princi pi – arCevnebis Tanasworoba – gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela xmas unda hqondes Tanabari Zala da erTianobaSi qmnides Tanaswor warmomadgenlobas. es sakiTxi ukanasknel periodSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda saqarTveloSic, radgan sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom samarTliani

saarCevno sistemis arsebobas safrTxe emuqreba da es safrTxe saTaves axlad inicirebuli konstituciis kanonproeqtSi Setanil cvlilebebSi iRebs. konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis wardgenisa da saerTo saxalxo ganxilvebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba hpova cvlilebebma parlamentis arCevis wesisa da mandatebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, axali konstituciis 37-e muxlis meore punqtis Tanaxmad, parlamentis arCevis aqamde arsebuli Sereuli (proporciuli da maJoritaruli) sistema icvleba proporciuli sistemiT. rac Seexeba mandatebis ganawilebis axal wess, konstituciis amave muxlis me-6 punqtis mixedviT, “Tu politikuri partiebis mier miRebuli mandatebis raodenobaTa jami 150-ze naklebia, gaunawilebel mandatebs miiRebs politikuri partia, romelmac yvelaze meti xma miiRo”, e.i. im partiebis mier dagrovebuli saarCevno xmebi, romlebmac 5%-iani barieri ver gadalaxes, avtomaturad gamarjvebul politikur partias daemateba. zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebidan pirveli - proporciuli saarCevno sistemis SemoReba – politikuri partiebis, mosaxleobisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis didma nawilma dadebiTad Seafasa gansxvavebiT meore, mandatebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebisgan. arasamTavrobo seqtoris gancxadebiT, saparlamento mandatebis ganawilebis axali wesi ver uzrunvelyofs mravalpartiuli sistemis damkvidrebasa da parlamentSi politikuri partiebis proporciul warmomadgenlobas, ris Sedegadac irRveva demokratiis erT-erTi fundamenturi - arCevnebis Tanasworobis princi pi. problemas amwvavebs isic, rom axali

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konstituciiT ikrZaleba saarCevno blokebis Seqmna, rac, savaraudod, gazrdis bariergadaulaxavi partiebis dakarguli xmebis ricxvs, ris Sedegadac, SesaZloa, gamarjvebulma partiam saparlamento mandatebis usamarTlod didi raodenoba moi povos. magaliTad, sami partia, romelmac 5%-iani zRvari gadalaxa da jamSi xmebis 50%-ze meti miiRo, mTavrobas ver daakompleqtebs, radgan pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri gaerTianeba saarCevno wesis mixedviT, soliduri raodenobis bonusmandatebs daimatebs da mTavrobis dasakompleqteblad aucilebel umravlesobas moi povebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tavdapirveli SedegebiT meore adgilze gasuli partia gamarjvebuls xmebis umniSvnelo raodenobiT CamorCeboda. yovelive zemoxsenebuli, cxadia, zians miayenebs politikur pluralizms da xels Seuwyobs erTi partiis xelSi Zalauflebis xangrZliv koncentracias. am ukanasknel mosazrebasTan erTad saintereso iqneba, mimovixiloT bolo ramdenime saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebi da hi poTeturad visaubroT im gansxvavebul suraTze, romelsac axali wesis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT. 1995-2016 wlebSi Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebze dakarguli xmebis saSualo wili 20% iyo. Sesabamisad, axali wesiT, gamarjvebul partias, (misTvis) “saukeTeso” SemTxvevaSi, 92 damatebiTi mandatis mopovebis SesaZlebloba eqneboda.

2016 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze barieri samma politikurima partiam gadalaxa. maT mier miRebuli xmebi jamSi saerTo raodenobis 80.8%-s Seadgenda. Sesabamisad, axali wesiT, xmaTa dakargul 19.2%-s (30 mandats)

bonusad miiRebda gamarjvebuli partia “qarTuli ocneba”. 150 wevrian parlamentSi 30 bonus-mandati ki, cxadia, ar aris mcire raodenoba.

2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi gamarjvebul partias, axali wesiT, bonusad mxolod 5.3% (8 mandati) daemateboda. 2008 wlis arCevnebSi ki – 8.7% (13 mandati). gansxvavebuli viTareba iqneboda 2004 wels, rodesac gamarjvebul partias dakarguli xmebis (26.6%) ganawilebis Sedegad daemateboda gacilebiT meti, 40 mandati. (ix. cxrili) saboloo jamSi, rasakvirvelia, misasalmebelia arCevnebis pro-porciuli sistemis SemoReba, Tumca imaves ver vityviT blokebis Seqmnis akrZalvasa da mandatebis ganawilebis axal wesze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom 5%iani barieris arsebobis pirobebSi 2016 wels amomrCevelTa xmebis daaxloebiT 20% daikarga, arsebobs Sansi, rom momavalSi dakarguli xmebis raodenoba gacilebiT didi iyos da gamarjvebulma partiam aTeulobiT mandati ara mosaxleobis arCevnis, aramed Tavad saarCevno sistemis xarvezuli Taviseburebebis gamo moi povos.

SesaZloa, zemoaRniSnuli ori cvlileba rig SemTxvevebSi did safrTxes ar warmoadgendes demokratiisTvis, Tumca orive erTad, gasakuTrebiT, maSin, roca saarCevno barieri 5%-ia da opoziciuri partiebis umravlesoba ver axerxebs mis gadalaxvas, izrdeba erTi partiis xelSi Zalauflebis xangrZlivi droiT koncentraciis SesaZlebloba da Cndeba arademokratiuli procesebis ganviTarebis safrTxe, rac, rasakvirvelia, arasasurvelia da gadaxedvas saWiroebs.

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sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlis Semdeg postsabWoTa qveynebi dadgnen saarCevno sistemebs Soris arCevanis ganxorcielebis winaSe. imisaTvis, rom maJoritaruli da proporciuli sistemebis naklovanebebi aRmofxvriliyo, ZiriTadad, arCevani Sereul saarCevno sistemaze SeCerda, Tumca rogorc robert dali aRniSnavda, am qveynebma orive saarCevno sistemis naklovanebebi ufro aiTvises, vidre maTi Zlieri mxareebi. ase moxda saqarTveloSic. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom aq saarCevno sistemam arCevnebis Sedegebis araproporciulobis Zalian maRali done gamoavlina. arsebuli saarCevno sistema momgebiani aRmoCnda saxelisuflo partiebisaTvis, ris gamoc yvela xelisufleba Tavs ikavebda misi Secvlisagan. arCevnebis Sedegebis proporciuloba

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''gamarjvebulis bonusi''''” saqarTveloSi saarCevno

sistemis

moqmedi

da

sakonstitucio cvlilebis proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli tipebis mixedviT

SoTa narsia

zomavs, Tu ra Sesabamisobaa partiebis mier miRebuli xmebis wilsa da maT mier mopovebuli adgilebis wils Soris. saarCevno sistemebis cnobili mkvlevris, pi pa norisis, mixedviT, proporciulobis erT-erTi yvelaze martivi da daxvewili sazomi arCevnebis Sedegebidan udidesi gadaxraa, romelsac norisi „gamarjvebulis bonuss“ (“Winner’s bonus”) uwodebs. arCevnebis Sedegebidan gadaxra gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni procentiT aRemateba gamarjvebuli partiis mier mopovebuli mandatebis wili arCevnebze miRebuli xmebis procentul raodenobas. aRniSnuli gadaxra yvela saarCevno sistemaSi gamoiyofa, Tumca gansxvavdeba udidesi gadaxris punqtis maCveneblebi. norisis mixedviT, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis pirobebSi udidesi gadaxra („gamarjvebulis bonusi“) 12,5%-ia. Sereul saarCevno sistemaSi

aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 7,4%-ian punqts Seadgens, xolo proporciuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi 5,7%-s ar aRemateba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amomrCeveli qveynis masStabiT dayofilia sam an oTx partias Soris, saarCevno sistemis araproporciuloba mniSvnelovnad azaralebs meore, mesame da Semdgom adgilebze myof partiebs (Norris, 1997). saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedi redaqciiT, “saqarTvelos parlamenti Sedgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT, 4 wlis vadiT, proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli 77 da maJoritaruli sistemiT arCeuli 73 parlamentis wevrisagan“ (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 49). miuxedavad imisa, rom maJoritaruli wesiT parlamentSi deputatTa sruli Semadgenlobis naxevarze naklebi irCeva, aseT dros amomrCevelTa xmebis

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mniSvnelovani raodenoba ikargeba. gamarjvebuli partia iRebs mandatebis iseT raodenobas, romelic mniSvnelovnad aRemateba mis mier proporciuli sistemiT miRebul Sedegebs. amis sapirispirod ki arCevnebSi monawile sxva partiebi maT mier mopovebul mxardaWeraze gacilebiT nakleb mandats iReben. saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisiis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos parlamentis 2008 wlis arCevnebze „erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam“ amomrCevelTa xmebis 59,18% miiRo, xolo, iqidan gamomdinare, rom maJoritaruli sistemiT 75 deputatidan 71 mandati moi pova, parlamentSi jamSi 119 deputatiT Sevida, rac 150 deputatisagan Semdgari umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos sruli Semadgenlobis 79,33%-s udris. am sistemis wyalobiT enm-m parlamentSi sakonstitucio umravlesoba moi pova. “gamarjvebulis bonusma” 20,15% Seadgina.

2016 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze ki, proporciuli sistemiT, partiam - „qarTuli ocneba - demokratiuli saqarTvelo“ amomrCevelTa xmebis 48,68% moi pova. maJoritaruli sistemiT mandatebis ganawilebisaTvis erTmandatiani saarCevno olqebis did nawilSi saWiro gaxda me-2 turis gamarTva. sabolood, 73 maJoritaruli mandatidan 71 „qarTulma ocnebam“ moi pova. jamSi ki parlamentSi sakonstitucio umravlesobiT, 115 deputatiT, Sevida. “gamarjvebulis bonusma” 27,99% Seadgina, rac TiTqmis 4-jer aRemateba Sereuli sistemisaTvis gansazRvruli maqsimaluri gadaxris maCvenebels. erTaderTi gamonaklisi saqarTvelos saarCevno istoriaSi, rodesac orive saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze mandatebi arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebze praqtikulad erTnairad ganawilda,

2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi iyo. “gamarjvebulis bonusma” maSin mxolod 1,77% Seadgina, rac Sereuli saarCevno sistemis pirobebSi Zalian dabali maCvenebelia. Tumca, aseT SemTxvevebi saqarTveloSi xSirad ar xdeba da umeteswilad mandatebis ganawilebaSi araproporciuloba fiqsirdeba. saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris 2016 wlis 15 dekembris N65-Is dadgenilebiT, Seiqmna saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia, romelmac konstituciis gadasinjvis proeqtis redaqcia SeimuSava. aRniSnuli proeqtis mixedviT, icvleba saarCevno sistema da saqarTvelos parlamenti, Sereuli sistemis nacvlad, srulad proporciuli sistemiT airCeva. proeqtis redaqciis mixedviT, „parlamenti Sedgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT 4 wlis vadiT erTian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqSi proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli 150 parlamentis wevrisagan (konstituciis gadasinjvis proeqtis redaqcia, muxli 37)“. Tumca, icvleba proporciuli sistemis safuZvelze mandatebis ganawilebis wesi. Tuki manamde im partiebisa da blokebis mier miRebuli xmebi, romlebmac saarCevno barieri ver gadalaxes, yvela partiaze/blokze nawildeboda, SemoTavazebuli proeqtis mixedviT, am xmebs ukve pirvel adgilze gasuli partia waiRebs. saparlamento arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba aRar SeeZlebaT saarCevno blokebs. saarCevno barieri ki isev 5 % iqneba. proporciul sistemaze srulad gadasvlis miuxedavad, mandatebis ganawilebis SemoTavazebuli wesis gamo, rodesac pirvel adgilze gasuli partia gaunawilebel mandatebs miisakuTrebs, arCevnebis Sedegebis

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araproporciulobis maRali done kvlav SenarCundeba. sainteresoa, Tu rogor ganawildeboda parlamentSi mandatebi 2016 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT da ramdeni procenti iqneboda “gamarjvebulis bonusi”, Tu arCevnebi sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemoTavazebuli proeqtis safuZvelze Catardeboda. am SemTxvevaSi parlamentSi mandatebi ase ganawildeboda: „saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansi“ miiRebda 8 mandats, enm - 41 mandats, „qarTuli ocneba“ ki mis kuTvnil 73 mandatTan erTad, miiRebda damatebiT 28 mandatsac, radgan im saarCevno subieqtebis mier jamSi miRebuli xmebis raodenobam, romlebmac barieri ver gadalaxes, 19,2% Seadgina. amdenad, pirvel adgilze gasul partias 101 mandati unda moepovebina. “gamarjvebulis bonusi” ki 18,65% iqneboda. zemoT aRweril mandatebis hi poTetur ganawilebas Tu ganvixilavT saarCevno blokebis akrZalvis gaTvaliswinebiTac, kidev ufro didi gadaxris mqone Sedegebs miviRebT. mesame adgilze gasuli saarCevno subieqti - „daviT Tarxan-mouravi, irma inaSvili - saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansi, gaerTianebuli opozicia“ warmoadgenda eqvsi partiisagan Semdgar saarCevno bloks, romelmac 5%-iani barieris gadalaxva mxolod 0,01%-iT SeZlo. amdenad, am partiebs arCevnebSi monawileoba cal-calke rom mieRoT, saarCevno bariers vercerTi maTgani ver gadalaxavda, maT Soris verc „saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansi“, romelic aRniSnul blokSi umTavres partias warmoadgenda. maT mier miRebul xmebs ki pirvel adgilze gasuli partia waiRebda.

Sesabamisad, gamarjvebulis bonusi ufro maRali iqneboda. „qarTuli ocneba“ parlamentSi 109 deputatiT Sevidoda, rac mxolod 4-iT naklebia

sakonstitucio umravlesobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi “gamarjvebulis bonusi” 23,99% iqneboda. amrigad, „gamarjvebulis bonusi“ saqarTveloSi 20%-dan 30%-mde meryeobs, rac Sereuli sistemisaTvis gansazRvrul udides gadaxras 3-4jer aRemateba. mmarTveli politikuri Zala flobs berkets, rom Tundac 50%-ze qveda niSnuliani mxardaWeriT parlamentSi sakonstitucio umravlesoba moi povos. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis mixedviT, uaxlesi saparlamento arCevnebi (2020 w.) ukve proporciuli sistemiT unda Catardes, mandatebis ganawilebis SemoTavazebuli wesi pirvel adgilze gasuli partiis mier mopovebuli mandatebis wilis gadaxras mis mier miRebuli xmebis procentuli raodenobidan kvlav maRal doneze datovebs. 5%-iani saarCevno barieris arsebobisa da blokebis Seqmnis akrZalvis pirobebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT maRali iqneba, vidre proporciuli sistemis udidesi gadaxraa (5,4 %).

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saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis

aRdgenis problema, rac dro gadis, sul ufro mniSvnelovani da mtkivneuli xdeba qarTul sinamdvileSi. faqtobrivad, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenaa is sawyisi, razec dafuZnebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis rigi normebis amoqmedebis sakiTxi. rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba konstitucionalizmis erT-erT yvelaze problemur da amavdroulad, aqtualur sakiTxs warmoadgens. saxelmwifos TeoriaSi ''saxelmwifos formis cnebaSi'' swored saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriuli organizaciis sqemas gulisxmoben, romelic, aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT, SeiZleba eyrdnobodes, rogorc teritoriul, ise eTnikur da Tundac lingvistur safuZvlebs.

Tanamedrove samarTlis TeoriaSi gamoiyofa teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis sami ZiriTadi forma,

esenia: unitaruli, regionalisturi da federaciuli. am sam formas Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ki decentralizaciis xarisxsa da teritoriuli erTeulebis avtonomiurobaSi mdgomareobs. unitaruli saxelmwifo erTiani, ganuyofeli saxelmwifoa, sadac erTiani politikuri xelisufleba xorcieldeba da romelic erTaderTi umaRlesi xelisuflebaa mTeli qveynis masStabiT. aseT qveynebSi moqmedebs saerTo konstitucia da kanonmdebloba, politikuri xelisuflebis erTiani centralizebuli sistema, administraciul - teritoriul erTeulebs ar gaaCniaT raime politikuri damoukidebloba, isini erTiani samarTlebrivi statusiT sargebloben da gaaCniaT Tanaswori damokidebuleba centraluri organoebisadmi. rac Seexeba regionalistur saxelmwifos, aq SesaZloa, rom calkeul teritoriul erTeulebs, sxvebTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebuli konstiuciur samarTlebrivi

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unitarizmi vs federalizmi Tamar CiTinaSvili statusi hqondeT, anu zogierT erTeuls, Tavisi specifikidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ufro farTo TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba mieces. maTi specifika ki xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoxatulia erovnul, eTnikur, istoriul da sxva faqtorebSi. federaciuli saxelmwifo rTuli sakavSiro saxelmwifoa, romelSic gaerTianebulia rigi yofili saxelmwifoebi an saxelmwifos msgavsi warmonaqmnebi, romlebic federaciis subieqtebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. saerTo federalur doneze saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba orpalatiani sakavSiro warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier, romlis zeda palatac swored federaciis subieqtebis interesebs gamoxatavs. aseT qveynebSi saxelmwifos teritoriul erTeulebs saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTadi elementebi gaaCniaT: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba, saxelmwifo aparati, finansuri damoukidebloba da sxva. federacia SeiZleba iyos simetriuli da asimetriuli. simetriuli federaciis qveynebSi federaciis subieqtebi Tanabari uflebamosilebebiT arian aRWurvilni, asimetriuli federaciis dros ki saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilebs gansxvavebuli konstituciur samarTlebrivi statusi aqvT, amasTanave, aseT qveynebSi Tanabari uflebebis mqone subieqtTa garda arseboben federaciis sxva teritoriuli erTeulebic. federacia, teritoriuli organizaciis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro progresul da demokratiul formadaa miCneuli. teritoriuli organizaciis sakiTxi sakmaod preblemurad gamoiyureba

saqarTvelos magaliTze. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtSi naTqvamia, rom ''saqarTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba ganisazRvreba konstituciuri kanoniT uflebamosilebaTa gamijnvis principis safuZvelze qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis srulad aRdgenis Semdeg.'' aq garkveulia, Tu ra princips daeyrdnoba momavali konstituciuri kanoni qveynis ama Tu im modelis damkvidrebisas, magram gaurkvevelia, Tu ra principiT moxdeba teritoriuli organizeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro metad arTulebs sakiTxs.saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriuli warsuli da dRevandeli sazogadoebriv ''politikuri viTareba, samwuxarod, ar aRmoCnda is realoba, roca SesaZlebeli iqneboda mogvarebuliyo qveynis teritoriuli organizaciis sakiTxi da igi asaxuliyo moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi. marTalia, saqarTvelos konstitucia ver gvawvdis sul patara miniSnebasac ki, raTa davaxasiaToT saqarTvelo ama Tu im formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis Sesabamisad, magram calkeul debulebaTa mixedviT SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT misi mdgomareoba am formaTa mixedviT da SevarCioT yvelaze optimaluri varianti. albaT, ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom Cveni politikuri elitisa da sazogadoebis didi nawili ''unitaristebi'' arian. maT miaCniaT, rom qveynis federaluri mowyoba xels Seuwyobs separatistuli ganwyobilebis zrdas calkeul mxareebSi, ris istoriul magaliTad yovelTvis iSvelieben ''sam samefod da xuT samTavrod'' daqucmacebul saqarTvelos, xolo Tanamedrove pirobebSi memkvidreobiT

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gadmocemuli avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis centridan gandgomis aSkarad gamokveTil tendencias. aqedan gamomdinare, isini darwmunebulni arian, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo unitarizmis principis gareSe ganwirulia marcxisaTvis. samxedro- politikuri TvalsazrisiT, igi iqneba iseTi susti qveyana, romelic uZluri iqneba saTanado pasuxi gasces Sinaur Tu gareSe mtrebs da amitom misi saxelmwifoebrivi arseboba da ganviTareba yovelTvis eWvis qveS iqneba. qveynis uSiSrebas da stabilur sazogadoebrivekonomikur ganviTarebas mxolod unitarizmi da masze dafuZnebuli qveynis mkacri centralizebuli marTva-gamgeoba uzrunvelyofs _ aseTia maTi poziciis arsi. mis sapirispirod, arsebobs diametriulad gansxvavebuli pozicia, romlis momxreebi qveynis federaluri mowyobis momxreni arian. maT miaCniaT, rom mxareTa farTo adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaze dafuZnebuli federaciuli (regionuli) mmarTveloba Seadgens saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli mowyobis politikur strategias. maTi argumentacia efuZneba rogorc istoriul-erovnul 98 memkidreobas, ise Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso gamocdilebasac. marTlac, Tu gadavxedavT msoflioSi arsebul TiTqmis ori aseuli saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis struqturas, maT did umravlesobaSi federalizmisa da decentralizmis principebi sWarbobs.

TviT wminda unitarul qveynebSic ki (italia, safrangeTi, avstria, noregia, TurqeTi, pakistani da a.S.) sul ufro metad SeimCneva regionuli TviTmmarTvelobisken swrafvis aSkara tendencia da federalizmis principebis damkvidreba mocemuli qveynis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. Tu aviRebT saqarTvelos istoriasac, XI-XII saukuneebis qarTul saxelmwifos politologiuri analizic imas gviCenebs, rom ''nikofsiidan darubandamde da ovseTidan aregawamde''

saqarTvelo misi mTisa da baris calkeul mxareTa farTo federaluri TviTmmarTvelobis da amasTan, Zlieri cetraluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze imarTeboda. ise rom, momavali qarTuli saxelmwifoc federalizmis principze dafuZnebuli mxareTa farTo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis safuZvelze unda warmoiSvas da ganviTardes - aseTia meore poziciis momxreTa poziciis arsi. romeli pozicia aris swori da WeSmariti Cveni qveynis momavali ganviTarebiaTvis? _ ai, problema, romlis gadawyveta qarTuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi mecnierebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanad rCeba. saqarTvelosaTvis klasikuri unitaruli formis gansazRvra, vfiqrob, ar iqneba marTebuli. unitarizmi iswrafvis gaerTianebisken, amodis mTlianobisa da erTianobis principebidan da ayalibebs iseT politikur erTobas, romlis wevric arc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis partnoiria da arc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis subieqti.

TavisTavad is faqti, rom saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ori avtonomiuri respublikaa - aWaris da afxazeTis, aseve samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, ver iqneba garanti imisa, rom saqarTvelo SeZlebs wlobiT gadauWreli problemebis mogvarebas afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan da teritoriuli mowyobis formad unitarizms daamkvidrebs. regionalizmis principi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda misaRebi unda iyos saqarTvelosaTvis, magram avtonomiebisTvis gansxvavebuli statusisa da uflebamosilebebis miniWebam SesaZlebelia ufro metad gaarTulos situacia rogorc TviT avtonomiebs Soris, aseve centrsa da avtonomiebs Soris. aseve ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aseTma dapirispirebam ufro metad daZabos situacia da kidev erTi samoqalaqo omis dawyebis saSiSroebis winaSe dagvayenos. aqedan gamomdinare, Cemi azriT, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba federalizmisken unda gadaixaros.

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rogorc ukve aRiniSna, federaciis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs federaciuli sistemis erTian principze ageba. federaciis subieqtebs ar gaaCniaT sruli suvereniteti, Tumca zogierT sakiTxebs centraluri xelisuflebis Caurevlad wyveten: sameurneo da socialurkulturuli sakiTxebi da sxv. amasTanave, federalizmi gulisxmobs teritoriuli erTeulebis gaerTianebs im principiT, rom aucileblad iqneba daculi maTi damoukidebloba. federaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes niSans warmoadgens aseve ormagi moqalaqeoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom yoveli moqalaqe iTvleba federaciis da federaciis Sesabamisi subieqtis moqalaqed. federaciuli modelis saxelmwifoSi gamoiyeneba gadasaxadebis orarxiani sistema: federaluri da federaciis subieqtTa gadasaxadebi. akrefili gadasaxadebi saerTo federalur xazinaSi Sedis da Semdeg maTi nawili gadaecema federaciis subieqts. finansuri damokidebuleba ki kidev erTi erTgvari berketia centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis, romlis meSveobiTac igi akontrolebs federaciis subieqts. federaciul saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs samarTlis sistema, romelic agebulia centralizaciis, erTianobis principze, magram amavdroulad federaciis subieqtebsac SeuZliaT Seqmnan TavianTi samarTlebrivi sistema. xSir SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT ufleba miiRon sakuTari konstitucia (romelic, Tavis mxriv, unda Seesabamabodes sakavSiro konstitucias). federaciis umTavresi sakiTxia, aseve kompetenciaTa (xelisuflebaTa) gamijnva centralur (sakavSiro) xelisuflebasa da federaciis subieqtTa Soris, rac am subieqtTa iuridiul mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. sazogadod aRiarebulia, rom federaciis arseboba SesaZlebelia iq, sadac xalxSi gamomuSavebulia movaleobis grZnoba, valdebulebebis Sesrulebis da xelSekrulebebisadmi erTguleba,

SeTanxmebis xelovneba da politikuri kompromisebi. danamdvilebiT imis Tqma, qarTvel xalxSi ramdenad aris gamomuSavebuli aq CamoTvlili Tvisebebi, Znelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifos aseTi modeli saqarTveloSi arsebuli realobisa gaTvaliswinebiT CemTvis yvelaze misaRebia, imdenad, ramdenadac afxazeTi da oseTi dResdReobiT saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias ar eqvemdebarebian; da Tu isini Tundac avtonomiuri respublikebis statusiT Semovlen Cveni qveynis SemadgenlobaSi, albaT gacilebiT kargi da misaRebi iqneba yvelasaTvis, vidre dRevandeli gaurkveveli mdgomareoba. garda imisa, rom afxazeTisa da oseTis avtonomiur respublikebs eqnebaT federaciis subieqtTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uflebamosilebebi (socialuri uzrunvelyofa, ganaTleba, mecniereba, sporti, Sidarespublikuri tele da radio kavSiri, transporti da a.S.), maT SeiZleba mieceT aseve sagareo urTierTobebSi monawileobis, ucxo qveynebTan kulturul-samecniero, savaWro-ekonomikuri, saganmanaTleblo, turizmis sferoebSi SeTanxmebis dadebis ufleba, aseve sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis mizniT, sakuTari oficialuri politikuri formirebis Seqmnis ufleba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aseve am avtonomiebs SesaZloa mivaniWoT ufleba isargeblon finansuri avtonomiiT. afxazeTis da oseTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebis teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi pirebi, ra Tqma unda, arian am respublikebis moqalaqeebi da federaciis Seqmnis Sedegad isini avtomaturad gaxdebian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebic, Sesabamisad iqnebian Tanasworuflebiannic. aq CamoTvlili pirobebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, sruliad SesaZlebeli iqneba erTiani saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmna.

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erTpalatiani parlamenti v saba elizbaraSvili

msoflio sazogadoeba araerTxel damdgara didi arCevanis winaSe, didi mniSvnelobis dilemad Tavisuflad SegviZlia miviCnioT or da erT palatian parlamentTa Soris upiratesobis gansazRvris sakiTxi, romlis mimarTac iuristebs Soris araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobs. bunebrivia, TiToeuli sistema moicavs rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT niSan-Tvisebebs. aqedan gamomdinare,Cemi azriT, SeuZlebeli Teoriul doneze dabejiTebiT gaesvas xazi romelime maTganis upiratesobas, ramdenadac TiToeulis aRmatebuleba meoris mimarT konkretul saxelmwifoSi misi qmediTobis gaanalizebis Sedegad unda dadgindes.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi parlamentTa nawili monokamerulia (erTi palatisgan Sedgeba) nawili ki bikameruli (Sesabamisad maTSi ori palata funqcionirebs). dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos, rom parlamentarizmis istoria icnobs mravalpalatian parlamentebsac, rogoric iyo boliviis 1826 wlis konstituciiT gansazRvruli sampalatiani sistema (romelic uSualod simon bolivaris TaosnobiT iqmneboda), andac parlamentis rekorduli – xuTi palata, romelic iugoslaviis prezidentis iosi p broz titos droindeli 1974 wlis konstituciiT iyo dadgenili.

Tumca,bunebrivia, aRniSnul sistemebs msoflios saxelmwifoTa aRtaceba ar gamouwvevia da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msgavsma Canawerebma konstituciis teqstebidan mtvrian Taroebze maleve gadainacvles. orpalatiani parlamentebi ZiriTadad federaciuli mowyobis saxelmwifoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca parlamentis ori palatis konstituciuroba arafederaciul qveynebSic ar aris sakamaTo. parlamentis dayofa sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebas awonasworebs da kanonproeqtis mravaljeradi wakiTxvis msgavsad, sifrTxilesa da dakvirvebulobas uwyobs xels. garda amisa, dayofiT naCqarevi

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vs orpalatiani parlamenti

gadawyvetilebis albaToba mcirdeba1. წsafrangeTis 37-e premier-ministri leon gambeta meore palatas "parlamenturi mmarTvelobis safuZvelsac" ki uwodebda, radganac swored meore palata uSlida xels warmomadgenelTa palatis mier naCqarevi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. andraS Saios Tu davujerebT, konstitucionalizmi gamocdilebiT, maT Soris warumatebeli gamocdilebiT, savse skivria, magram igi ar aris mza receptebis koleqcia. mas ar SeuZlia romelime konstituciis da masSi Caqsovili saxelmwifo praqtikis

Sesaxeb mza rekomendaciebis mowodeba, Sesabamisad, konkretuli midgomis(am SemTxvevaSi parlamentis palataTa odenobis) SerCevisas kanonmdebels ar sWirdeba gamomgoneblis rolis morgeba da saxelmwifos eqsperimentis obieqtad qceva, aramed sakmarisia, man ubralod dainaxos da sworad gaaanalizos qveyanaSi arsebuli socialur-politikuri da samarTlebrivi realoba da Sesabamisad, „skivrSi“ dagrovili msoflio konstitucionalizmis gamocdilebis racionalurad gamoyenebis gziT saTanadod gaumklavdes mis winaSe mdgar gamowvevebs. Sesabamisad, maT Soris parlamentis palataTa odenobis gansazRvra konkretul saxelmwifoSi unda moxdes ukve arsebuli msoflio praqtikisa da qveyanaSi arsebuli politikur-samarTlebrivi garemos erToblivi gaanalizebis Sedegad. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis me-4 muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis Semdeg saqarTvelos parlamentis SemadgenlobaSi iqneba ori palata: respublikis sabWo da senati. respub-likis sabWo Sedgeba proporciuli wesiT arCeuli wevrebisagan. senati Sedgeba afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi, aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi da saqarTvelos sxva teritoriul erTeulebSi arCeuli wevrebisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis mier daniSnuli 5 wevrisagan. analogiur daTqmas iziarebs

1 . andraS Saio, xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, gv.188

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2017wlis sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemuSavebuli konstituciis gadasinjvis kanonproeqtis 37-e muxlis 1-li nawilic (im gansxvavebiT, rom Tuki konstituciis moqmedi redaqcia orpalatiani parlamentis amoqmedebas or pirobas ukavSirebs: saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnasa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebas, SemuSavebul kanonproeqtSi es ukanaskneli aRaraa moxseniebuli, gamomdinare iqidan,rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

reforma ukve ganxorcielda). imis gaanalizebas,rom aRniSnuli daTqma jer kidev 1995 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos konstituciis uryevi nawilia, mivyavarT daskvnamde,rom saxelmwifoSi orpalatiani parlamentis arseboba kanonmdeblis mudmivi, istoriuli miswrafebaa, romlis ganxorcielebac, miuxedavad didi survilisa, politikuri nebis ararsebobis gamo jer-jerobiT verc erTi sakonstiticio reformis farglebSi ver moxerxda. arasworad mimaCnia orpalatiani

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parlamentis SemoRebis sakiTxis pirdapiri dakavSireba qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTan (rasac, rogorc wesi, moiazreben xolme „qveynis mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnis“ cnebaSi). samwuxaroa, Tumca faqtia, rom axlovadian perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis aRdgena okupirebul teritoriebze naklebsavaraudoa, swored aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, konstituciis zemoaRniSnuli daTqma ar unda vaqcioT qveynis saparlamento

sistemis ganviTarebis Semaferxebel normad, ramdenadac, Tundac igive okupirebul teritoriebze saxelmwifo iurisdiqciis aRdgenis mTavar winapirobas saxelmwifos gaZliereba, saxelmwifos gaZlierebis safuZvels ki upirveles yovlisa institutebis simyare warmoadgens.

Sesabamisad kanonmdeblis ZiriTadi mizanic swored yovelive amis uzrunvelyofa unda iyos. saqarTveloSi orpalatiani parlamentis damkvidrebis skeptikosebs xSirad mohyavT daniisa da SvedeTis

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mier Sesabamisad 1954 da 1971 wlebSi meore palataTa gauqmebis magaliTi, amiT isini cdiloben xazi gausvan, rom zemoT dasaxelebulTa msgavsi ganviTarebis mqone saxelmwifoebic ki uars amboben bikamerul sistemaze da ubrundebian monokameralizms. Tumca maT aviwydebaT is, rom istoriuli tradiciebidan gamomdinare, am qveynebs naklebad aSinebT Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba da maTSi socialdemokratiuli Rirebulebebi Zalian Zlieria. Tumca sakiTxavia, ramdenad axlos dgas am mxriv saqarTvelo zemodasaxelebul qveynebTan... swored dRes, saqarTveloSi, konstituciis axali da winamorbedi kanonproeqtebis safuzvelze prezidentis uflebamosilebebis Semcirebisa da maT Soris misi pirdapiri wesiT arCevis gauqmebis fonze, faqtobrivad aRar rCeba arcerTi saxelisuflebo rgoli, romelic gaakontrolebs parlamentis saqmianobas. saqarTvelo uaxlovdeba realobas, sadac didi albaTobiT absoluturad erTi politikuri Zalis xelSi moiyris Tavs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela mmarTveli rgoli, maT Soris prezidentis instituti. aqedan gamomdinare, swored axla, ise rogorc arasdros, qarTul politikur da samarTlebriv realobaSi ikveTeba parlamentis meore palatis arsebobis praqtikuli aucilebloba, raTa man konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT realuri kontroli ganaxorcielos qveda palatis saqmianobaze da amgvarad xeli Seuwyos mTlianad sakanonmdeblo organos saqmianobis efeqtianobis zrdas. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom parlamentis orpalatianoba amcirebs partiebis gadaWarbebul gavlenas sakanonmdeblo

organoze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca palatebis wevrebs ori sxvadasxva sistemiT irCeven. palatebis wevrTa saqmianobis vadebi unda gansxvavdebodes, raTa erT palataSi romelime partiis dominirebas meore palataSi sxva partiis dominireba daupirispirdes, rac federaciul saxelmwifoebSic ki parlamentis or palatad dayofis erT-erTi mTavari mizania. oriode sityviT aucilebelia aRiniSnos, Tu ra formiT aris saqarTveloSi SesaZlebeli meore palatis formireba. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom 2003 wels Catarebuli referendumis safuZvelze sazogadoebis udidesi nawilis gadawyvetilebiT parlamentis Semadgenloba ganisazRvra araumetes 150 deputatis odenobiT (maSin, roca referendumis Catarebis momentSi maTi ricxvi 235-s aRwevda), Sesabamisad meore palatis SemoReba gamoiwvevs ara dRes arsebul deputatTa odenobis zrdas (rac referendaluri aqtis Zalidan da mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare SeuZlebelia), aramed moxdeba arsebul mandatTa gadanawileba senatsa da respublikis sabWos Soris (qarTul samecniero wreebSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, optimaluri iqneba 100(qveda) da 50(zeda) mandatian palataTa SemoReba).

Sesabamisad, skeptikosTa apelireba imaze, rom meore palatis SemoReba sagrZnoblad gazrdis saparlamento xarjebs, araswori mgonia. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom Tundac erTpalatiani parlamentis pirobebSi saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organo saqmianobas axorcielebs or - Tbilisisa da quTaisis ofisebSi, Sesabamisad saparlamento xarji

2. saubaria 2017wels mimdinare da 2009-10 wlebSi ganxorcielebul sakonstitucio reformebze

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xelovnurad isedac gazrdilia, bikameruli sistemis SemoRebis Sedegad ki SesaZloa moxdes am or erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel SenobaSi palataTa ganTavseba da rogorc ukve aRvniSne, dResdReobiT isedac gaweuli xarjebis SedarebiT racionaluri miznebisTvis gamoyeneba.

Sejamebis saxiT Sevecdebi, mokled Camovayalibo bikameruli sistemis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. kerZod, orpalatiani parlamentis SemoReba: xels Seuwyobs parlamentis warmomadgenlobiTi xarisxis zrdas, masSi uzrunvelyofili iqneba sazogadoebriv intertesTa ufro rTuli, mravalferovani da dabalansebuli warmomadgenloba; xels Seuwyobs kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisa da miRebis ufro daxvewili procesis damkvidrebas, Semcirdeba naCqarevad kanonis miRebis albaToba, palatebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba, gamoasworon erTmaneTis SesaZlo Secdomebi; parlamentis orpalatianoba garkveulwilad Seamcirebs partiebis zedmet, koniunkturul gavlenas parlamentis saqmianobaze da sxva. rogorc ucxour literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven, meore palatis arseboba agreTve amcirebs erTi palatis saparlamento umravlesobis mier erTgvari „tiraniisa“ da „despotizmis“ damyarebis SesaZleblobas. rac Seexeba mis uaryofiT mxares, aseTad umeteswilad saparlamento saqmianobis droSi gawelilobas asaxeleben xolme. Tumca, gana sworia, roca sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebaze saubrisas xelisuflis prioriteti ara kanonmdeblobis srulyofa, misi xarisxis daxvewa, aramed normaTa damuSaveba/miRebis tempebis daCqarebaa?! bunebrivia, sakanonmdeblo organos moqniloba da siswrafe misi efeqtianobis ganmsazRvreli erT-

erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia, Tumca gana Rirs am yvelafris miRweva xarveziani, naCqarevi, daufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis xarjze?! yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mimaCnia, rom mimdinare sakonstitucio reformis WrilSi swori iqneboda momxdariyo mecnierTa nawilis mier (maT Soris avTandil demetraSvilis, vaxuSti menabdisa da sxvaTa) orpalatiani parlamentis SemoRebis Taobaze mxardaWeril iniciativaze msjeloba, Tumca, samwuxarod, aRniSnulma SeTavazebam verc amjerad daimsaxura komisiis wevrTa umravlesobis mxardaWera.

Sesabamisad, isRa dagvrCenia, ukeTesi momavlis imediT davelodoT Semdgom, cvlilebebiT savse sakonstitucio reformas, manamde ki vimedovnoT, rom moberebuli Cak norisis, spaidermenisa da manCester iunaitedisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos erTpalatiani parlamenti mainc SeZlebs fexze myarad dgomas. gamoyenebuli literatura: herman Svarci, Jurnali “sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva”N1 –konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi; avTandil demetraSvili, Jurnali “sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva”N3 – konstitucionalizmis paradigmebi saqarTveloSi; andraS Saio, xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva; avtorTa koleqtivi, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, mesame gamocema http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100314504/what-arethe-merits-a-demerits-of-bicameralism.html https://getrevising.co.uk/grids/advantages_and_disadvantages_ of_bicameral_system

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saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis fsevdo Seruli modeli saqarTvelos konstituciaSi da namdvili Sereuli mmarTvelobis upiratesobebi qarTul konteqstSi 2004 w l i s

kote CaCibaia

6 Tebervlis konstituciuri kanoniT “ saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb”, saqarTvelos konstituciis maSindel redaqciaSi mravali cvlileba Sevida. am cvlilebebis gacxadebuli mizani iyo saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis saprezidento formis nacvlad Sereuli formis damkvidreba, romlis etalonad safrangeTis mexuTe respublika miiCneva. imis ganxilvamde, Tu ramdenad acda 2004 wlis reforma winaswar gacxadebul mizans da ra ti pis mmarTvelobis modeli miviReT realurad, upriani iqneba zogadad Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis Taviseburebebis mimoxilva.

Sereuli mmarTvelobis modeli (Tavisi klasikuri formiT) gulisxmobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis danawilebas da misi erTi piris xelSi koncentraciis Tavidan acilebas. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebas axorcielebs kolegiaruli organo – mTavroba/ ministrTa kabineti, romelsac Tavmjdomareobs premier-ministri.

Ppremier-ministrs Tavis mxriv niSnavs prezidenti, Tumca es

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daniSvna SeTanxmebulia saparlameto umravlesobasTan, vinaidan swored parlamenti amtkicebs rogorc premiers, aseve mTavrobas. mTavroba angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe, romelsac SeuZlia misTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba. rac Seexeba prezidentis uflebamosilebebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi pirdapiri wesiT arCeulia da formalurad farTo uflebamosilebebiTac sargeblobs, misi qmedebebi SezRudulia. SezRudva ganapirobebulia erTi mxriv imiT, rom prezidentis mTeli rigi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba saWiroebs premieris an romelime ministris Tanaxelmoweras, xolo meore mxriv, marTalia prezidents SeuZlia politikurad misTvis arasasurveli parlamentis daTxovna, Tumca parlamentis da prezidentis arCevis vadebis sxvaobis gamo (es vadebi am droáƒ˜áƒĄTvis saqarTveloSi gansxvavebulia, aseve bolo sakonstitucio cvlilebamde aRniSnuli vadebi gansxvavebuli iyo safrangeTSic) prezidentma amgvari arCevanis gakeTebamde winaswar didi albaTobiT icis savaraudo Sedegebi. vinaidan, Tu prezidenti axalarCeulia, bunebrivia igulisxmeba, rom mas aqvs mosaxleobis mxardaWera. Tu misi da sapalamento umravleosobis (da aqedan gamomdinare mTavrobis) politikuri xedva gansxvavebulia, igi aRar daelodeba parlamentis mier Tavisi vadis bolomde amowurvas da daiTxovs parlaments im imediT, rom momaval parlamentSi umravlesobas moi poveben misTvis sasurveli politikuri Zalebi da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac dakompleqtdeba prezidentisTvis misaRebi politikosebisgan. A am SemTxvevaSi prezidenti, pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli

saxelmwifos meTauri, erTgvarad dominantis da xelmZRvanelis rolSi gvevlineba arapirdapiri wesiT SerCeuli da mis mierve daniSnuli premieris mimarT. am viTarebas aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis vertikalur ganawilebas uwodeben1, roca prezidenti aqtiurad monawileobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi, eswreba da Tavmjdomareobs mTavrobis gafarToebul sxdomebs.

Bbunebrivia mis mier SemuSavebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis damtkicebas da ZalaSi Sesvlas misive politikuri ideebis gamaziarebeli premierisa da ministrebis Tanaxelmowera barierad aRar eRobeba. gansxvavebulia SemTxveva, roca ukve prezidentis uflebamosilebis amowurvisas airCeva axali parlamenti, romelic prezidentisgan gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis umravlesobiTaa dakompleqtebuli da mTavrobac Sesabamisad prezidentisgan gansxvavebul politikur kurss axorcilebs. am SemTxvevaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis horizontaluri ganawilebis momswreni varT, roca prezidentis nebismieri aqtiuroba, idea saWiroebs mTavrobis mxardaWeras da rogorc wesi, aseT situaciaSi politikuri xedvis sxvaobis gamo es mxardaWera prezidentisTvis miuRwevelia.

Ggamosavlad kvlav parlamentis daTxovna moCans, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom parlamenti isedac axali arCeulia, rTuli warmosadgenia, rom mokle droSi mosaxleobis politikuri gemovneba radikalurad, prezidentisTvis sasurvelad Secvliliyo. amitomac mas isRa darCenia Seeguos da vadis amowurvamde SeZlebisdagvarad iTanamSromlos

1 Ppakte p., melen-sukramaniani f. ''konstituciuri samarTali'', 2012, 649.

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gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo organoebTan. am periods Tanacxovrebas (kohabitacias) uwodeben, rac CvenSi salanZRav sityvad iqca, Tumca obieqturad am movlenaSi dasaZraxi araferia. saqarTveloSic safiqrebelia, rom uSualod Tanacxovrebis periodi ki ar iyo problemuri, aramed eqsprezidentis figura, romelic sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis kategoriulad miuRebeli iyo. Tumca demokratiuli, samarTliani gziT arCeuli prezidenti da amave gziT arCeuli parlamenti rogorc wesi axerxeben xolme qveynis interesebis sasargeblod TanamSromlobas. ra Tqma unda SeuZlebelia qveynis konstituciuri mowyoba davamyaroT im gulubryvilo imedze, rom qveynis mmarTvelebi iqnebian keTilgonierebiT, keTilsindisierebiTa da kanonmorCilebiT gamorCeuli adamianebi. Eamis molodini didi miamitoba iqneboda gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi, sadac 25 welia xelisufalTa udides warmatebas warmoadgens swored amis sapirispiro mosazrebaSi mosaxleobis darwmuneba. magram amasTanave SeuZlebelia konstituciiT absoluturad gamovricxoT xelisuflTa TviTneboba. Sesabamisi xelsayreli viTarebis da survilis arsebobisas xelisuflebas metnaklebi warmatebiT SeuZlia moirgos saxelmwifo mowyobis nebismier modeli. aRniSnuli TviTnebobis gamoricxvis yvelaze xelsayrel gzad swored Sereuli modeli moCans, radgan igi mowodebulia daabalansos saparlamento mmarTvelobis modelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTavrobis arastabiluroba da mcire mxardaWeris mqone partiebis Tavneboba, rac ZiriTadad susti partiebis mier Seqmnili myife samTavrobo

koaliciebis xSiri Seqmna-daSliT gamoixateba. Ees safrTxe savsebiT realuri iqneba saparlamento mowyobis saqarTveloSic, sadac politikuri partiebis muSaoba veranair kritikas ver uZlebs ideologiuri Tu Sida administraciuli mowyobis TvalsazrisiT. sayovelTaod cnobili da AaRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi ori mTavari politikuri partia konkretuli adamianebis irgvlivaa gaerTianebuli da maTi arseboba mTlianad am adamianebis politikur aqtiurobazea damokidebuli. ramdenime kvalificiuri partiac imave Targzea gamoWrili, xolo met-naklebad ideologiuri bazisis mqone, Tu populisturi partiebi ver axerxeben mTavrobis dasakompleqteblad aucilebeli mxardaWeris mobilizebas da arc maTi reitingis gansakuTrebuli zrda SeimCneva nebismieri sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis Sedegad.

Tanamedrove qarTuli viTarebisTvis Sereuli modelis upiratesobis maCvenebelia isic, rom am modelis SemuSavebis erT-erTi mizani Tavis droze aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erTi piris xelSi konsolidaciis gamoricxvac iyo. Ees mizani gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis. A Sereuli modelis pirobebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ara mxolod parlamentis winaSea pasuxismgebeli, aramed erTgvari meTvalyures rols asrulebs prezidentic maSin, roca is gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebisaa. Pgansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis mqone prezidentis pozitiuri roli vlindeba imiTac, rom mas SeuZlia kanonproeqtis xelmoweramde (rac misi amoqmedebis, kanonad qcevis aucilebeli winapirobaa) parlaments

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kvlav mimarTos aRniSnuli sakiTxze xelaxla msjelobis gamarTvisTvis. saqarTvelos konstituciis dRes moqmed redaqciaSic gaTvaliswinebulia prezidentis mier parlamentisTvis kanonproetis SeniSvnebiT dabrunebis uflebamosileba2 da saqarTvelos prezidenti sakmaod xSirad iyenebda kidec mas.

Aam gziT SesaZlebeli xdeba kanonproeqtis ufro xangZlivi, ufro skurpliozuri ganxilva da Sesabamisad mosaxleobis ukeT informirebac advildeba. kanonproeqtis miRebis procedurebis xangZlivobisa da maqsimalurad bevri socialuri jgufis interesebis kanonSemeqmedebiT procesSi asaxvis mniSvnelovani berketia safrangeTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli orpalatiani parlamenti3. Oorpalatiani parlamentis arsebobas saTanado pirobebis dadgomis Semdeg (teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena) saqarTvelos amJamindeli konstituciac iTvaliswinebs. 4 Oorpalatiani parlamentis dadebiT mxares Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis pirobebSi ganapirobebs isic, rom ufro xangZlivi vadiT arCeuli zeda palata (safrangeTis SemTxveva) rogorc wesi ufro konservatorulia da axali mTavrobisa da parlamentis qveda palataSi umravlesobiT mosuli partiisTvis naCqarevi da daufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan erTgvar Semakavebel rols asrulebs5. radgan ukve moxazulia Sereuli

modelis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi (am modelis yvela dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxaris detaluri ganxilva statiis moculobis gamo verc moxerxdeba da SesaZloa farTo mkiTxvelisTvis interess moklebulic iyos), SesaZlebelia gamoiyos is ZiriTadi gadacdomebi, raze dayrdnobiTac damtkicebadia, rom 2004 wlis konstituciuri reformis Sedegad saqarTveloSi ar damkvidrebula saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sereuli modeli da Sesabamisad saqarTvelosTvis jerac ucnobia am modelis avkargianobis praqtikuli mxare. umTavresi ucnauroba, ris gamoc SeuZlebelia 2004 wlis sakonstitucio reforma Sereul modelis damyarebisken mimarTulad miviCnioT, es aris konstituciis Tanaxmad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rogorc parlamentis, aseve prezidentis winaSe pasuxismgebloba. amitomac mTavrobis rogorc damoukidebeli aRmasrulebeli organos arseboba da misgan prezidentis distancireba mxolod formalur kazuistikad mogvevlina da ara praqtikul mocemulobad6.

Sereuli modelisgan gadaxvevas warmoadgens aseve Tanaxelmoweris (kontrasignaciis) proceduris ar arseboba, 7 riTac Tavad kontrasignaciis arsidan gamomdinare gamoricxa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebisa da kompetenciebis

2 saqarTvelos konstituciis 731 muxlis me-4 punqtis ''b'' qvepunqti.

3 eremaZe q. ''bikameralizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi'', Jur. ''adamiani da k onstitucia'' N1, 2005, 24 4 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-4 muxli.

5 yuraSvili k., Cokoraia k., buCukuri a. ''bikameralizmis dilemebi'' , 2011, 9-10.

6 gelantia l. '' saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobis sistemisa da prezidentis institutisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi Taviseburebebi'' Jur. marTmsajuleba da kanoni NN 4, 2009, 77.

7 deisaZe S. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis urTierToba sakonstitucio reformis Semdeg'' Jur. ''marTmsajuleba da kanoni'' NN1, 2009. 108.

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gamijvna8. AaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisa da kontrolis ori umniSvnelovanesi berketis kvlav prezidentis mier miTviseba adasturebs, rom 2004 wlis sakonstitucio reformas realurad ar Seucvlia manamade arsebuli mmarTvelobis saprezidento modeli da premier-ministri da mTavroba am SemTxvevaSi prezidentis absoluturi aRmasrulebeli mmarTvelobis konstituciur Sirmas warmoadgendnen.

Nnamdvil, realur Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis damkvidrebas ki ara erTi kuTxiT eqneba dadebiTi efeqti saqarTvelosTvis: 1) maqsimalurad daiyofa da ganawildeba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, rac misi erTi piris mier miTvisebis damabrkolebeli barieri iqneba, riTac konstitucia, rogorc winamorbedi reJim(eb)is pirobebSi warmoqnili SiSis produqti9, bolos da bolos Seasrulebs Tavis amocanas erTpiovnuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Tavidan acilebis saxiT. 2) konstitucis dRevandeli redaqciiT gaTvaliswinebuli or palatiani parlamentis qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenamde amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi gaigzavneba pozitiuri gzavnilebi afxazebisa da osebisTvis. k e r Z o d , f r a n g u l i m o d e l i s 10 amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi parlamentis zeda palata – senati Tuki airCeva arapirdapiri gziT avtonomiuri respublikebis warmomadgenlobiTi organos deputatebis, munici palitetebis sakrebuleobis

deputatebis , gamgeblebisa da merebis monawileobiT, SesaZlebelia winaswar samarTliani kriteriumebis safuZvelze gadanawildes senatorTa adgilebi mTeli saqarTvelos regionebisTvis proporciulad, maT Soris TviTaRiarebuli afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTisTvis. Aseparatistuli regionebisTvis gansazRvruli kvota darCes xeluxlebeli da Seuvsebeli. teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenamde senatma imuSaos arasruli SemadgenlobiT. Asenatis Semadgenloba ganaxldes sam weliwadSi erTxel (safrangeTis msgavsad senati 6 wliani uflebamosilebiT airCes) maTi Semadgenlobis mesamediT, rac saSualebas mogvcems afxazebsa da osebs SevTavazoT maTi arCeuli deputaciidan senatis Tavmjdomaris arCeva Sesabamisad 3 wliT afxazeTis deputaciidan da 3 wliT oseTis deputaciidan. SesaZlebelia ufro samarTliani sistemis damkvidrebac da 2 wliani vadiT Tavmjdomaris arCeva yoveli avtonomiuri teritoriuli erTeulidan (aWara, afxazeTi, samaCablo). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc frangul modelSia11 saqarTveloSic senatis (da ara qveda palata – respublikis sabWos) mxardaWera iyos gadamwyveti qveynis teritoriuli mowyobis Tu teritoriuli erTeulebis uflebamosilebebis dadgenisa Tu Secvlis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebis miRebisTvis.

3) amJamindeli mankieri sistemis nacvlad roca maJoritarebad zogjer SeirCevian adgilobrivi specifikis

8 kverenCxilaZe g.,''kontrasignaciis instituti: evropuli gamocdileba da qarTuli perspeqtivebi''. Jur. sarCevi NN1-2 (3-4), 2012. 206.

9 Saiao a., ''xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva'' Tbilisi, 2003, 3.

10 http://www.senat.fr/lng/en/senators/the_senatorial_elections.html 11 maWaraZe z. ''sakanonmdeblo procesi sazRvargareTis qveynebis bikamerul parlamentebSi'' Jur. sarCevi NN1-2 (3-4) 2012. 160.

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da problemebis ar mcodne adamianebi, romlebic arCevis Semdegac aqtiurad ar TanamSromloben adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebTan adgilobrivi saWiroebebis centralur xelisuflebis winaSe lobirebis kuTxiT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa warmomadgenlebis mier maTi arCeva xels Seuwyobs regionisTvis nacnobi adamianebis arCevas da garda amisa, senatorebis adgilobrivi Temebis mimarT angariSvaldebulebis gancdas warmoSobs. Aadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis warmomadgenlebsac qveynis marTvagamgeobis procesSi uSualo monawileobis SegrZnebas SesZens da maT politikur wonasac gazrdis.

4) orpalatiani parlamentis arsebobis avkargianobis ganxilva am statiis farglebs scildeba, Tumca zedapiruladac aSkaraa, rom kanonproeqtis orjeradi ganxilva, Tanac maSin, roca zeda palatis Semadgenloba xSirad SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes qveda palatis umravlesobisa da aRmasrulebeli mTavrobis damakompleqtebeli politikuri Zalisgan, kanonproeqtebis sajarod ganxilvas xels Seuwyobs da gadawyvetilebebis naCqarevad miRebas gamoricxavs, rawc qarTul axlad fexadgmul demokratias mxolod argebs. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sereuli modeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis maqsimaluri dabalansebis, dekoncentraciis da sakanonmdeblo procesSi daufiqrebeli, sazogadoebis monawileobis gareSe miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamoricxvis, qarTuli politikuri partiebis apaTiuri uZlurebis, aseve teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis kuTxiT Tundac simboluri mniSvnelobis, magram mainc pozitiuri gzavnilebis gagzavnis SesaZleblobis

gamo, am etapze da xangZliv perspeqtivaSic, sakonstitucio mowyobis saukeTeso variantad moCans.

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi: 1. gelantia laSa - ''saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobis sistemisa da prezidentis institutisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi Taviseburebebi'' Jur. ''marTmsajuleba da kanoni N N4, 2009.

2. deisaZe SoTa ''sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis urTierToba sakonstitucio reformis Semdeg'' Jur. ''marTmsajuleba da kanoni'' NN1, 2009.

3. eremaZe qeTevani ''bikameralizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi'', Jur. ''adamiani da konstitucia'' N1, 2005.

4. kverenCxilaZe giorgi - ''kontrasignaciis instituti: evropuli gamocdileba da qarTuli perspeqtivebi''. Jur. sarCevi NN1-2 (3-4), 2012.

5. maWaraZe zurabi ''sakanonmdeblo procesi sazRvargareTis qveynebis bikamerul parlamentebSi'' Jur. sarCevi NN1-2 (3-4) 2012.

6. pakte pieri, melen-sukramaniani ferdinandi - ''konstituciuri samarTali'', Tbilisi, 2012, 28-e gamocema.

7. yuraSvili kaxa, Cokoraia konstantine, buCukuri ana - ''bikameralizmis dilemebi'' , baTumi, 2011.

8. Saio andraS -''xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva'' Tbilisi, 2003.

9. saqarTvelos konstitucia - https://matsne. gov.ge/ka/document/view/30346 10. 2 0 0 4 wlis 6 Tebervlis konstituciuri kanoni ''saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis da damatebebis Sesaxeb -https://malkhaznakashidze.files.wordpress. com/2013/11/2004-e183ace1839ae18398e183a1-6e18397e18394e18391e18394e183a0e18395e18390 e1839ae18398.pdf 11. safrangeTis parlamentis zeda palatis veb gverdi - http://www.senat.fr/lng/en/senators/ the_senatorial_elections.html

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saqarTvelos konstituciis ganviTa

anano ziraqaZe

ingliseli

moazrovnis jon lokis azriT, adamians sami ZiriTadi “bunebriვi ufleba” gaaCnia: sicoxlis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis. lokis es naazrevi gaxda safuZveli “bunebrivi uflebebis Teoriis Camoyalibebisa.” sainteresoa is mosazrebac, rom aRniSnuli uflebebis dacvisTvis saWiroa saxelmwifos mier gatardes Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen individis dacvas kanoniT dadgenil farglebSi. Aamis saukeTeso saSualeba gaxlavT konstitucia, ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic gansazRvravs saxelmwifos nebismieri saxis moqmedebas, CarCoebSi aqcevs mas da icavs sazogadoebis uflebebs. martivad, rom vTqvaT konstitucia Zalauflebis SezRudvis saukeTeso saSualebaa. konstitucia

“constitucio“ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs dawesebas, dadgenas, wyobas. termins didi istoria aqvs, Tumca Tavidanve konstituciis Tanamedrove iuridiuli gagebiT ar gamoiyeneboda. respublikur romSi igi imperatoris mier gamocemuli aqtebis saxelwodebas warmoadgenda, Tumca, am aqtebis iuridiuli Sinaarsi moklebuli iyo konstituciis dRevandel mniSvnelobas. sainteresoa isic, rom berZeni filosofosi aristotele ganasxvavebda saxelmwifos ZiriTad da Cveulebriv kanonebs. Kkonstitucia, rogorc Tanamedrove iuridiuli da politikuri aqti burJuaziul sazogadoebamde ar arsebobda. Mmisi Camoyalibeba emTxveva burJuaziis brZolis Sedegad mopovebuli uflebebis fiqsaciis process. sabolood terminma “konstitucia” Tanamedrove iuridiuli mniSvneloba XVII saukunis SuaxanebSi SeiZina, rodesac Tomas hobsma mas “saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni” uwoda.

Kkonstituciuri Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli nayofierebiT daiwyo XX saukune. Aam TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia avstraliis kavSiris 1900 wlisa da avstriis 1920 wlis konstituciebi. Aamave Taobas

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arebis etapebi da adamianis uflebebi miekuTvneba damoukidebeli saqarTvelos 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitucia. masSi didi roli eTmoba adamianis uflebebs, kerZod: 1921 wlis konstitucia acxadebs kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobas da krZalavs wodebriv gansxvavebebs. Oorive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia, rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo, ekonomikur da saojaxo uflebiT. garda moqalaqeTa uflebebisa konstitucia aRiarebs erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs. amas mTlianad meToTxmete Tavi eZRvneba, romelic ambobs, rom ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis romelime erovnuli umciresobis Tavisufali socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba. gansakuTrebiT misi dedaeniT swavla da erovnul-kulturul saqmeTa Sinauri marTva-gamgeoba. 1921 wlis konstituciiT Yyvela individs hqonda ufleba ewera,elaparaka da ebeWda Tavis enaze. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciaSi adamianis uflebaTa garantiebs TiTqmis mTliani teqstis naxevari daeTmo. am uflebebs sami Tavi eTmoba: Tavi meore _ moqalaqeoba, Tavi mesame _ moqalaqis uflebani, Tavi meSvide _ socialurekonomikuri uflebani. Mmesame Tavi

warmoadgens konstituciis yvelaze srulyofil nawils , romelSic detaluradaa Camoyalibebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi uflebebi. marTalia, am Tavs “moqalaqis uflebani” ewodeba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom masSi moxseniebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis nusxa ucxoelebze an moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze ar vrceldeba. saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia bevrad ufro demokratiuli gaxldaT, vidre-sxva qveynebis. Mmxolod is rad Rirs, rom qalebs mamakacebTan Tanabaruflebiani saarCevno xma hqondaT da maSin, roca amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qalebma xmis ufleba 1949 wels miiRes, SveicariaSi – 1996 wels. konstituciaSi aseve yuradReba gamaxvilebulia SromiT inspeqciaze : “respublikis sazrunavi sagania gansazRvros minimum xelfasi da warmoebaSi Sromis normaluri pirobebi. amisTvis arsdeba Sromis inspeqcia da sanitaruli zedamxevdeloba, romelic damokidebuli unda iyos damqiravebelTagan.(muxli 126)” konstituciaSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo, rom speciluri kanoni daicavda qalTa Sromas. ikrZaleboda qalTa muSaoba dedobisTvis mavne warmoebaSi: ” muSa

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qali mSobiarobis dros aranakleb ori Tvisa Tavisufalia muSaobisagan jamagiris mouspoblad. damqiravebels evaleba Cvil bavSvTa mosavlelad Sesafer garemoebaSi amyofos muSa qalebi.M(muxli 127) unda aRvniSnoT,rom genderuli balansi ar gvxdeboda politikaSi da partiul siebSi, miuxedavad konstituciuri Canawerebisa. Qqali kandidatebi siis boloSi iyvnen. damfuZnebel krebaSi arsebuli partiebidan mxolod social-demokratebs hyavdaT warmodgenili qali kandidatebi (xuTi qali). mTeli qveynis masStabiT saqarTvelos damoukidebelobis aqts xeli mxolod samma qalma moawera: elisabed bolqvaZe, ana soloRaSvili da eleonora maxvilaZe. Aaqedan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT, rom 1921 wlis konstituciis yvela muxlis praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba ar xdeboda.

1921 wlis Teberval-martis omis Semdeg ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier opupirebul saqarTveloSi Seqmnili sabWoTa reJimebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo damoukidebeli saqarTvelos konstitucia, romelic erovnul da pirovnul Tavisuflebas amkvidrebda. erTimeoris miyolebiT iqmneboda sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstituciebi (1922, 1927, 1937 da 1978 wlebSi), romlebic Sesabamisi periodis rusuli Targis mixedviT iyo Sedgenili da sinamdvileSi totalitaruli reJimis crudemokratiul fasads qmnidnen. sabWoTa konstituciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mSromelTa socialuri uflebebis deklalireba, amave dros, faqtobrivad formalur xasiaTs atarebda politikuri uflebebis konstituciuri dafiqsireba, radganac iqve iyo aRniSnuli,rom “antisabWouri” da “anstisaxalxo” “socializmis interesebis” sawinaaRmdego saqmianoba ar daiSveboda da amaSi braldebulni daisjebodnen. 1937 wlis sabWoTa

kontituciis 138-e muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb moqalaqeebs eZleodaT: sityvis, beWdvis, krebebis, mitingebis da quCaSi demonstraciis Tavisufleba. ra Tqma unda es mxolod erTgvari marazmi iyo, sabWoTa xelisuflebis moqmedebebis Sefarvisa. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelos axali konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers arCeul parlaments mouxda. aRniSnuli konstitucia eyrdonoboda “qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovani saxelwifoebriobis tradiciebsa da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis ZiriTad princi pebs”. 1995 wlis konstituciis preambulaSi xazi aqvs gasmuli adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofas. aRniSnul konstituciaSi 1921 wlis ZiriTadi princi pebi da faseulobebi ucvleladaa gadmotanili. Oorive konstitucia yuradRebas amaxvilebs umciresobaTa uflebebebze da genderul Tanasworobaze. TiToeul individs aqvs sityvis Tavisufleba da azris gamoxatvis saSualeba. 1921 wlis konstituciaSi e.w. socialurekonomikuri uflebebis gamocalkeveba “politikuri uflebebisgan” advili asaxsnelia: im droisaTvis es mniSvnelovan siaxles ar warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciaSi, romelsac 1921 wlis konstituciisagan totalitarizmis mZime epoqa aSorebs, gansakuTrebiT xazgasmuli da ganviTarebulia 1921 wlis konstituciis umTavresi orientiri, romlis Tanaxmadac qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis umTavres daniSnulebas, adamianis, misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva warmoagdens. 1995 wlis konstituciaSi adamianis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs meore Tavi eTmoba (Tavi meore. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba.adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani.)

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unda aRiniSnos aseve, rom 1995 wlis konstituciaSi da aseve 2017 wlis 5 maiss miRebuli SesworebiT obmudsmenis roli orivegan aRniSnulia.

2017 wlis 5 maiss daiwyo axal konstituciaSi Sesuli Sesworebebis ganxilva. saqarTvelos ganaxlebuli konstituciis proeqtze muSaoba 2016 wlis dekemberSi daiwyo da 2017 wlis 22 aprils dasrulda. konstituciaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis mxriv TiTqmis aranairi Sesqoreba ar Sesula.

Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom TiToeul muxls mieniWa Tavisi saxelwodeba, magaliTad: Tanasworobis ufleba, adamianis Rirsebis ufleba da a.S. magram TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom araa gamaxvilebuli yuradReba SromiT inspeqciaze, gansxvavebiT 1921 wlis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciisa. aRniSnul konstituciaSi Setanili cvlilebebis ganxilva 5 maisidan daiwyo. Aaxali konstitucia 2018 wlidan amoqmeddeba.

Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom 2015 wels mniSvnelovani gamowvevebi dafiqsirda adamianis uflebata dacvisa da pativiscemis TvalsazrisiT. Konkretuli saqmeebisa da tendeciebis paralelurad. romlebic uaryofiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs, problemas warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom miuxedavad am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli garkveuli nabijebisa, ver iqna miRweuli uflebebi efeqturi realizaciisaTvis sascocxlod aucilebeli institutebis-Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, prokuratorisa da sasamarTlos-politikuri neitraliteti, damoukidebloba da efeqturoba. mniSvnelovan gamowvevad rCeba araformaluri mmarTvelobis gavlena da sekularizmis princi pis arasaTanado pativiscema.

Aam mxriv sainteresoa saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis (saias) Sefaseba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. maTi

SefasebiT, 2015 wlis ganmavlobaSi aqtualur Temebs Soris iyo adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi samarTaldamcavTa mxridan da saxelwifos mxridan araefeqturi reagireba asset faqtebze. qalTa da gogonaTa mimarT Zaladobis yvela formis prevenciis, gamoZiebis da dasjis mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemebi, gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebis darRvevis faqtebi umciresobaTa winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebis araefeqturi gamoZieba, pluralisturi da kritikuli media garemos mimarTulebiT Seqmnili aSkara safrTxeebi,mkafio, gamWirvale da adamianis uflebebze orientirebuli saxelmwifo politikis ararseboba.

2004-2012 wlebSi Cadenili danaSaulebis gamoZiebisa da dazaralebulTa uflebebis aRsadgenad, SromiTi uflebebis darRvevis faqtebi da efeqturi mandatis mqondes Sromis inspeqciis ararseboba, prokuratoria da Sss-s arasruli reformebi, romelTa praqtikaSi implementaciac aseve seriozuli xarvezebiT warimarTa. Tu aRniSnuli SefasebiT vimsjelebT naTelia, is garemoeba, rom konstituciaSi Cawerili muxlebi da debulebebi praqtikaSi ar xorcieledeba. Mmxolod faratina furcelze rCeba. Aadamianis uflebebis darRvevis nebismier SemTxvevas ki saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi reagireba ar aqvs. SromiTi inspeqciis ar arsebobis gamo irRveva aTasobiT muSis uflebebi, iRupeba aTasobiT adamiani. mniSvnelovani problemebia aseve genderuli TvalsazrisiT, naadrevi qorwinebebis SemTxvevebi da a.S. konstitucia gamoxatavs ers, igi xalxisTvis iqmneba da legitimacias aZlevs mas marTos xelisufleba.

Aamitom igi mkafio da gasagebi unda iyos yvelasaTvis da “ara mokle da gaurkveveli�, rogorc napoleoni ityoda.

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1919 wlis

damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze saparlamento mandatebis mopoveba moaxerxes socialistrevolucionerTa partiis (eserebis) warmomadgenlebmac. maT damfuZnebel krebaSi sakuTari fraqciac Camoayalibes da aqtiurad muSaobdnen umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos sakonstitucio komisiaSi. ''xalxosnuri'', agraruli socializmis ideebis mimdevar politikur Zalas mmarTvel social-demokratiul partiasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva gauWirda. ''eserebma''calke SeimuSaves konstituciis proeqti da komisiis gverdis avliT waradgines damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze. vfiqrobT, rom Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso unda iyos saukunis win moqmedi opoziciuri partiebis xedva saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis mowyobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, gTavazobT eserTa konstituciis proeqts gansjisaTvis. damfuZnebeli krebis socialist-revolucionerTa fraqcia: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

-

leo Sengelaia ilia nucubiZe ivane gobeCia ioseb gobeCia grigol naTaZe ivane lorTqifaniZe.

redaqtori: ilia nucubiZe gazeTi ''Sroma'' kvira 23 ianvari 1921 weli masalis mowodebisTvis madloba gvinda gadavuxadoT ''Tbilisis fabianuri sazogadoebis'' gamgeobis samdivnos.

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Tavi pirveli

Tavi meore

zogadi debulebebi

moqalaqeoba

muxli 1.

muxli 8.

saqarTvelo aris Sromis respublika.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeT iTvleba yvela: a) vinc am konstituciis miRebamdi ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv cxovrobda respublikis teritoriaze, Tu ki is erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi dRidan am konstituciis miRebisa ar ganacxadebs uars saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze da b) vinc naturalizaciiT moipovebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas.

muxli 2.

saqarTvelos respublika daundoblad ebrZvis eqsploataciisa da Cagvris yvela formebs: klasobrivs, rasiuls, erovnulsa da religiurs da miiswrafvis erTa solidarobisa da Tavisufal TanamSromlobis damyarebisaTvis. muxli 3.

saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba saqarTveloSi ekuTvnis mTels ers, am Zala uflebas is anxorcielebs TviTon uSualod, an mis mier sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapiri, faruli da proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli organoebis saSvalebiT. muxli 4.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ena aris qarTuli ena. muxli 5.

saxelmwifo teritoriis gacema, danawileba da gayidva SeuZlebelia. muxli 6.

administraciuli dayofa da TviTmmarTvel erTeulTa sazRvrebis daweseba da Secvla swarmoebs mxolod kanonmdeblobiTi wesiT. muxli 7.

damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebis Semdeg es konstitucia gadaecema xalxs sareferendumod.

muxli 9.

naturalizaciis wesiT saqarTvelos ara-moqalaqes SeuZlia moipovos saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, Tu ki is erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv cxovrobda saqarTvelos teritoriaze; saTanado Suamdgomloba unda waredginos adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas, da Tu ukanasknelma ori kviris ganmavlobaSi ar uaryo, mTxovneli saqarTvelos moqalaqeT CaiTvleba.

SeniSvna: ucxo moqalaqe, romelsac raime Rvawli miuZRvis respublikis winaSe, SeiZleba am vadis gareSec miRebul iqnes saqarTvelos moqalaqeT. muxli 10.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas hkargavs: a) vinc respublikis winaSe kanoniT gansazRvrul saxelmwifoebriv movaleobaTa Sesrulebis Semdeg ganacxadebs uars saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze, da b) vinc ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas moipovebs.

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Tavi mesame

muxli 20.

me-18 da me-19 muxlebSi aRniSnuli uflebebiT sargebloben agreTve saxelmwifo moxeleni.

moqalaqis uflebani

muxli 11.

yoveli moqalaqe sargeblobs: sindisis, sityvis, beWdvis, krebis, mimosvlisa da binadrobis sruli TavisuflebiT.

muxli 21.

orive sqesis moqalaqe yovelgvar uflebebSi gaTanasworebulia.

muxli 12.

yoveli moqalaqe Seuvalia: misi Sepyroba an piradi gaCxreka SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT.

muxli 22.

muxli 13.

muxli 23.

damnaSaveTa dakaveba SeuZlia yovel moqalaqes, Tu borotmomqmeds danaSaulis adgilas miuswrebs.

sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia.

akrZalulia ucxo saxelmwifos gadaeces politikuri damnaSave.

muxli 24.

wodebrivi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.

muxli 14.

yoveli Sepyrobili 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi uaxloes sasamarTloSi unda iqnes wardgenili, da sasamarTlo valdebulia warmodgenil pirs ara ugvianes 24 saaTisa wauyenos braldeba, an dauyovnebliv gaanTavisuflos. muxli 15.

moqalaqis bina da kerZo miwer-mowera xelSeuxebelia; binis gaCxreka da korespondenciis amoxvma-gadaSinjva SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT.

muxli 25.

moqalaqes ufleba aqvs pasuxismgeblobaSi misces yoveli moxele sazogado wesiT misi danaSaulisaTvis; moqalaqes ufleba aqvs moxelis ukanono moqmedebiT miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba mosTxovos saxelmwifos.

Tavi meoTxe saxalxo sabWo

muxli 16.

muxli 26.

moqalaqis dasja SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos wesiT.

respublikis warmomadgenlobiTi organo aris saqarTvelos saxalxo sabWo; saxalxo sabWo Sedgeba 100 deputatisagan. deputatebi arCeuli arian sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapiri, faruli da proporciuli wesiT. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs orive sqesis moqalaqes, romelsac 18 weli Sesrulebia. saxalxo sabWo irCeva ori wlis vadiT.

muxli 17.

yvela moqalaqeni Tanasworni arian.

kanonis

winaSe

muxli 18.

yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs mTavrobis winaswar nebadaurTvelad daarsos yovelgvari kavSiri. muxli 19.

muSaTa gaficva Tavisufalia.

muxli 27.

saxalxo sabWos wevrTa asarCevad respublika dayofilia saarCevno olqebad. muxli 28.

saxalxo sabWos wevri pasuxisgebaSi ar

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miecema mis mier gamoTqmuli azrisa da SexedulobisaTvis. saxalxo sabWos wevris pirovneba Seuvalia. is ar SeiZleba Sepyrobil, an samarTalSi micemul iqnes, vidre saxalxo sabWos wevrad iTvleba, Tu TviT saxalxo sabWom neba ar darTo.

mTavrobisadmi SekiTxvis Setanisa da kiTxvis micemisa.

muxli 29.

saxalxo sabWo ikribeba yovelwliv noembris pirvel kvira dRes. axali saxalxo sabWos arCevnebi iniSneba Semdgomaze, erTsa da imave dros mTels respublikaSi im varaudiT, rom axladarCeuli depuutatebi daeswrnen saxalxo sabWos gaxsnas.

saxalxo sabWos gasamrjelo.

wevrebs

miecemaT

muxli 30.

saxalxo sabWos wevroba sxva TanamdebobasTan SeuTavsebelia. gamonakliss Seadgenen mxolod mTavrobis wevrebi, romlebic ar sargebloben saxalxo sabWoSi deputatis xmis micemis uflebiT, vidre mTavrobis wevrebad arian.

muxli 35.

saxalxo sabWo TiTon gansazRvravs reglamentiT Tavis moqmedebis wess. muxli 36.

muxli 37.

saxalxo sabWos muSaobis droebiT Sewyveta SeiZleba moxdes mxolod saxalxo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT.

muxli 31.

muxli 38.

saxalxo sabWo gamoscems kanonsa da dadgenilebas, romelic gamoqveyndeba kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT mxolod saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomaris, an misi amxanagis xelis moweriT.

saxalxo sabWos muSaoba SeiZleba Sewyvetil iqnes vadiT, ara umetes sami Tvisa weliwadSi. roca saxalxo sabWos muSaoba Sewyvetilia, misi mowvevis ufleba gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisaTvis aqvs saxalxo sabWos prezidiums. saxalxo sabWos Sekreba savaldebuloa, Tu deputatTa erTi mexuTedi moiTxovs.

muxli 32.

saxalxo sabWos ekuTvnis: a) umaRlesi gamgebloba respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalisa; b) amnistiisa da Sewyalebis ufleba; g) Tanamdebobis pirTa arCeva, konstituciiT, an kanoniT misda miniWebuli. d) aRmasrulebeli xelis uflebis saerTo kontroli da e) xalxisTvis kanonebis wardgena im sakiTxebSi, romelTaTvis dawesebulia savaldebulo referendumi. muxli 33.

savaldebulo referendumiT swydeba: a) saxelmwifo teritoriis gafarToeba, an sadao sazRvrebis Sesworeba; b) omisa da zavis sakiTxebi; g) sesxis aReba; d) sazavo, savaWro da sxva xelSekrulebaTa damtkiceba; da e) biujetis damtkiceba. muxli 34.

saxalxo sabWos wevrT ufleba aqvT

muxli 39.

iniciativis ufleba ekuTvnis: a) saxalxo sabWos yovel wevrs, da b) 1000 amomrCevels. muxli 40.

Tu deputatTa mTeli Semadgenlobis erTma mexuTedma an 10000 amomrCevelma werilobiT moiTxova, saxalxo sabWo valdebulia axlaT miRebuli kanoni an dadgenileba 6 kviris ganmavlobaSi dRidan misi gamoqveynebisa sareferendumoT xalxs warudginos. muxli 41.

saxalxo sabWo yovel wliv irCevs prezidiums. ar SeiZleba erTi da igive piri TavmjdomarweT, an mis amxanagad zedized iqnes arCeuli. muxli 42.

saxalxo sabWo vadis gasvlamdi xelaxla unda iqnes arCeuli, Tu amas moiTxovs amomrCevelTa naxevari.

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Tavi mexuTe aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

muxli 43.

respublikis mTavroba aris xalxis msaxuri da misi nebis cxovrebaSi gamtarebeli. mTavrobas evaleba respublikis saqmeTa marTva-gamgeoba. is iRebs saswrafo da gamafrTxilebel zomebs revoluciis monapovarTa dasacavad da Sromis wyobilebis gansamtkiceblad.

muxli 51.

mTavrobis Tavmkdomares araviTari gansakuTrebuli ufleba ara aqvs, garda imisa, rac am konstituciiT aris misdami mikuTvnebuli. mTavrobis Tavmjdomare scems brZanebas da gankargulebas kanonis asrulebisaTvis, magram ufleba ara aqvs kanonis moqmedeba SeaCeros, an misi Sesruleba daabrkolos. muxli 52.

mTavrobas aqvs ufleba sakanonmdeblo iniciativisa.

mTavrobis Tavmjdomares SeuZlia misi movaleobis asruleba droebiT daavalos mTavrobis erT-erT wevrs.

muxli 45.

muxli 53.

mTavroba valdebulia saxalxo sabWos yovels moTxovnaze, xolo Cveulebriv yovel sam TveSi warudginos mas moxseneba respublikis saSinao da sagareoba mdgomareobisTvis.

erTi da igive piris arCeva mTavrobis Tavmjdomared zedi-zed ar SeiZleba

muxli 44.

muxli 54.

mTavroba pasuxismgebelia gamgeblobisaTvis.

saerTo

muxli 46.

mTavrobas SeuZlia saxalxo sabWos prezidiumTan SeTanxmebiT moulodnel SemTxvevaSi gamoiyvanos SeiaraRebuli Zala xuTi aTas kacamdi vadiT, ara umetes 14 dRisa; ukeTu meti Zala dasWirda, amis nebarTva saxalxo sabWosagan unda miiRos. muxli 47.

mTavroba valdebulia warudginos saxalxo sabWos yovelwliv Semosavalgasavlis aRricxva da biujeti. muxli 48.

mTavrobis Tavmjdomares irCes saxalxo sabWo erTi wlis vadiT. muxli 49.

mTavrobis danarCen wevrebs iwvevs mTavrobis Tavmjdomare respublikis sruluflebian moqalaqeTagan. muxli 50.

mTavrobis wevroba sxva TanamdebobasTan, garda saxalxo sabWos wevrobisa SeuTavsebelia.

muxli 55.

TiToeuli ministri damoukideblad da saxalxo sabWos winaSe sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT uZRveba misTvis mindobil saqmes. muxli 56.

rogorc mTavroba, ise TiToeuli ministri unda gadadges, Tu dahkargavs saxalxo sabWos ndobas. muxli 57.

mTavrobis wevrTa pasuxisgebaSi micema SeuZlia mxolod saxalxo sabWos; mTavrobis wevrTa gasamarTleba saerTo wesiT warmoebs.

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Tavi meeqvse

Tavi meSvide

sasamarTlo

saxelmwifo finansebi

muxli 58.

muxli 65.

respublika dayofilia wvril sasamarTlo erTeulebad; yovel erTeulSi arsebobs kolegialuri sasamarTlo, romlis wevrebs ori wlis vadiT irCeven erTeulis sruluflebiani moqalaqeni.

respublikis finansebis mTavari wyaro aris misi sazogadoebrivi meurneoba. muxli 66.

arapirdapiri gadasaxadi gauqmebulia yvela sagnebze garda fufunebis sagnebisa.

muxli 59.

respublikaSi arsebobs erTi umaRlesi sasaarTlo, romlis wevrebs ori wlis vadiT irCeven respublikis sruluflebiani moqalaqeni.

muxli 67.

dawesebulia Semosavlis kvalobaze progresiuli gadasaxadi. muxli 68.

muxli 60.

aRniSnul sasamarTloTa organizacia, iurisdiqcia da kompetencia ganisazRvreba calke kanoniT. muxli 61.

sasamarTlo damoukidebelia emorCileba mxolod kanons.

da

mcxovrebTa Raribi nawili sruliad Tavisufalia gadasaxadisagan. muxli 69.

saxelmwifos aqvs erTi mTiliani biujeti, sadac yovelive misi Semosavalgasavali aRniSnuli unda iqnes. biujeti yovelwliv unda warudginos saxalxo sabWos dasamtkiceblad.

muxli 62.

sasamarTlos wevris daTxovna SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos ganaCeniT.

muxli 70.

xarjis gadatana biujetis erTi muxlidan meoreSi ar SeiZleba.

muxli 63.

sasamarTlo ufasoa.

muxli 71.

muxli 64.

saxalxo sabWos nebadaurTvelad arc erTi gadasaxadi ar SeiZleba dawesebul an akrefil iqnes.

marTlmsajuleba swarmoebs saqarTvelos Sromis respublikis saxeliT.

muxli 72.

saxelmwifo biujetis sisworiT asruleba da saxelmwifos yovelnairi Semosavali da gasavali eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo kontrols. muxli 73.

saxelmwifo kontroliors irCevs saxalxo sabWo, romlis winaSe is pasuxismgebelia.

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Tavi merve

Tavi mecxre

saxelmwifo Tavdacva

adgilobrivi TviTmarTveloba

muxli 74.

muxli 78.

mudmivi jari gauqmebulia.

adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis organo aris fuZe Sromis respublikisa, ganagebs TviTmarTvelobisa da marTvelobis saqmeebs da anxorcielebs meurneobis farTo da aktiur gansazogadoebrivobis principebs Tavis teritoriis farglebSi.

muxli 75.

respublikis SeiaraRebul Zalas Seadgens saxalxo milicia. muxli 76.

yoveli moqalaqe valdebulia piradaT moixados samilicio begara. muxli 77.

muxli 79.

saxalxo miliciis organizacia calke kanoniT ganisazRvreba.

adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaTa centralur kavSirebs eniWeba sajaro uflebebi. muxli 80.

adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobas eniWeba sabiujeto ufleba. muxli 81.

adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobis dadgenileba da gankarguleba SeiZleba gauqmebul an SeCerebul iqnes mxoloT sasamarTlos wesiT. muxli 82.

adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobis organizacia da ufleba-movaleobani ganisazRvreba calke kanoniT. muxli 83.

iniciativis ufleba aqvs yovel xmosans da xmis mimcemTa im raodenobas, romelic TiToeuls calke SemTxvevaSi xmosnis saarCevno metrs udris. muxli 84.

adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis dadgenileba gadaecemaT adgilobriv mcxovrebT sareferendumoT, Tu amas moiTxovs xmosanTa 1/5 an xmis mimcemTa is raodenoba, romelic TiToeuls calke SemTxvevaSi xmis mimcemTa 1/5-s udris.

47| CIVICUS#13

Tavi meaTe swavla-ganaTleba da skola

muxli 85.

skolis damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas respublika sTvlis pirovnebis sruli ganTavisuflebis aucilebel pirobaT. mecniereba da xelovneba respublikis zrunvis upirveles sagans Seadgens. muxli 86.

swavla yvela safexurze ufaso da saeroa. muxli 87.

pirvel da umaRles dawyebiTi swavla sayovelTao da savaldebuloa. muxli 88.

Rarib moswavleT respublika uzrunvelyofs nivTierad swavlis yvela safexurze. muxli 89.

araviTari Skola, arc dabali, arc saSvalo da arc umaRlesi TavisTavad araviTar saxelmwifoebriv uflebebs da upiratesobaT ar aniWebs moqalaqes. muxli 90.

skola mTliania da Sromis principzea agebuli. muxli 91.

xelovanni da mecnierni, romelnic specialurad xelovnebasa da mecnierebas emsaxurebian, iTvlebian respublikis samsaxurSi da, TavianTi niWisa da Sromis unaris mixedviT, Rebuloben gasamrjelos.

48| CIVICUS#13

Tavi meTerTmete muxli 101.

social-ekonomiuri uflebani

muxli 92.

social-ekonomiur sferoSi respublikis ZiriTadi mizania: Sromis saboloo ganTavisufleba Sromisa da sakuTrebis mwyobr sistematiur socializaciis safuZvelze. muxli 93.

respublika aRiarebs uflebas Sromaze. muxli 94.

siRaribesa da eqspoataciiasTan sabrZolvelad SemoRebulia Sromis sayovelTao begara.

muxli 102.

yvela saxlebi da Senobani, romlebic uSromo Semosavlis wyaros Seadgens, eris kuTvnilebad cxaddeba da gadadis respublikis centralurisa da adgilobriv organoTa gankargulebaSi. muxli 103.

muxli 95.

respublika valdebulia uzrunvelhyos nivTierad Sromis unars moklebulni.

bankebi da yvela sakredito dawesebulebani gadadian saxelmwifos xelSi. muxli 104.

muxli 96.

muSaTa sabWoebis arseboba da moqmedeba uzrunvelyofilia. muxli 97.

warmoebaSi kontroli

gansakuTrebuli kanoni daicavs qalTa Sromas warmoebaSi. akrZalulia qalis muSaoba dedobisaTvis mavne warmoebaSi. muSa qali mSobiarobis dros ara nakleb ori Tvisa Tavisufalia muSaobisagan jamagiris mouspoblad; damqiravebels evaleba ZuZu-mwovar bavSvTa mosavlelad Sesafer garemoebaSi amyofos muSa qalebi.

dawesebulia

muSaTa

muxli 98.

wesdeba xelfasis minimumi. muxli 99.

normaluri samuSao dro daqiravebulTaTvis ar unda aRematebodes dReSi 8 saaTs; amasTanave kviraSi erTxel muSa unda isvenebdes ganuwyvetliv 12 saaTs; gamonakliss samuSao dros Sesaxeb gansazRvravs kanoni. muxli 100.

warmoebaSi 16 walmdis ymawvilis Sroma akrZalulia; 16-18 wlis mozardTaTvis samuSao dro isazRvreba 6 saaTiT dReSi. mozardTa da sazogadod qalTaTvis RamiT muSaoba akrZalulia.

kooperacia respublikis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa da mzrunvelobis sagans Seadgens.

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Tavi meTormete

Tavi mecamete

miwis socializacia

janmrTeloba

muxli 105.

saqarTvelos respublikis farglebSi yvela miwebi, tyeebi da wylebi da agreTve yovelive is, rac miwis wiaRSia Seadgens amieridan da samudamo xalxis saerTo avla-didebas. muxli 106.

yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanaswori ufleba miwaze, tyeze da wyalze da agreTve yovelive masze, rac miwis wiaRSia. SeniSvna: pirvel rigSi miwiT dakmayofilebulni iqnebian miwis muSebi. muxli 107.

umaRlesi gamgebloba miwis, tyeebis, wylebis da agreTve yovelive imis rac miwis wiaRSia, ekuTvnis respublikis sakanonmdeblo organos. adgilobrivi gamgebloba evalebaT adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaT, TviToeuls Tavis teritoriis farglebSi. muxli 108.

miwis umaRlesi gamgeblobisa da agreTve adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaTa daniSnulebas Seadgens: Seqmna xalxis sakeTildReoT saWiro pirobebis sawarmovo ZalTa uaRresi ganviTarebisaTvis, qveynis bunebrivi simdidris gamoyeneba da misi samarTliani ganawileba mcxovrebTa Soris. muxli 109.

pirTa da dawesebulebaTa ufleba miwaze xorcieldeba mxolod sargeblobis saxiT.

muxli 110.

janmrTeloba, rogorc eris fizikuri arsebobis aucilebeli piroba, respublikis gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobis sagans Seadgens. muxli 111.

respublika valdebulia: a) aRmouCinos moqalaqeT ufaso saeqimo daxmareba; b) moawyos ufaso sanatoriumebi; da g) awarmoos farTo brZola tuberkuliozisa da maliariis winaaRdeg. muxli 112.

respublikas evaleba dedobisa da bavSvebis dacvisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mzrunveloba.

50| CIVICUS#13

Tavi meToTxmete

Tavi meTxutmete

erovnul umciresobaTa uflebani.

afxazeTis, samuslimano saqarTvelos da zaqaTalis avtonomiuri marTveloba.

muxli 113.

yovel erovnul umciresobas aqvs ufleba SeinarCunos Taviseburoba da ganaviTaros da gafurCqnos Tavisi erovnuli individualobis progresiuli mxareebi.

muxli 122.

saqarTvelos respublikis ganuyofel nawilebs: afxazeTs, samuslimano saqarTvelos da zaqaTalas eniWebaT farTo avtonomia.

muxli 114.

erTa Tanasworoba respublikaSi uzrunvelyofilia

muxli 123.

muxli 115.

avtonomiuri erTeulis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoTa kompetencia ganisazRvreba calke kanoniT.

ama Tu im erovnul umciresobisaTvis Tavis mikuTvneba ganisazRvreba moqalaqeTa piradi da nebayoflobiTi gancxadebiT. muxli 116.

erovnul kavSirebs eniWebaT sajaro uflebebi. muxli 117.

yovel moqalaqes uflba aqvs deda-enaze TavisuflaT weros, beWdos da ilaparakos.

muxli 124.

avtonomiuri erTeuli Seadgens calke saarCevno olqs saqarTvelos saxalxo sabWos arCevnebis dros. arCevnebi xdeba saerTo wesiT; deputatebis ricxvi ganisazRvreba mcxovrebTa raodenobis mixedviT.

muxli 118.

Tavi meTeqvsmete

erovnuli umciresobis skolaSi swavleba swarmoebs bavSvis deda-enaze.

saxelmwifo da eklesia

muxli 119.

muxli 125.

erovnulad narev olqebSi kulturulganmanaTlebel saqmianobisTvis gadadebuli Tanxis xarjvaSi unda iqnes daculi Sesaferisi proporcia.

eklesia saxelmwifosadan gancalkevebulia. muxli 126.

arc erTs sarwmunoebas upiratesoba.

ara

aqvs

muxli 120.

adgilobriv marTvelobis farglebSi, sadac erTi romelime erovnuli umciresoba aRemateba yvela moqalaqeTa 20%-s, am erovnuli umciresobis moTxovniT msjeloba da saqmis warmoeba saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi SemoRebul unda iqnes saxelmwifos enasTan erTaT mis deda-enazec. muxli 121.

ara qarTvel deputats SeuZlia saxalxo sabWoSi sityva warmosTqvas deda-enaze.

muxli 127.

xarjis gaReba saxelmwifos xazinidan da adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaTa Tanxidan sarwmunoebriv saqmeTa saWiroebisaTvis akrZalulia.

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Tavi meCvidmete dedqalaqi, droSa, Rerbi

muxli 128.

respublikis dedaqalaqi aris tfilisi, sadac Cveulebriv imyofeba saxalxo sabWo da mTavroba. muxli 129.

respublikis droSa aris wiTeli, iisferi warweriT: saqarTvelos Sromis respublika. muxli 130.

respublikis Rerbi aris TeTri giorgi TeTr raSze mjdomare.

Tavi meTvramete konstituciis gadaSinjva.

muxli 131.

konstituciis sazogado an nawilobrivi gadaSinjvis iniciativis ufleba aqvs: a) saxalxo sabWos wevrTa naxevris ara naklebs da b) 30 000 amomrCevels. muxli 132.

konstituciis sazogado gadaSinjvis winadadeba miRebuli unda iqnes saxalxo sabWos yvela wevrTa ori mesamedis umravlesobiT, nawilobrivi gadaSinjvis winadadeba miRebuli unda iqnes saxalxo sabWos yvela wevrTa aranakleb naxevris mier. gadaSinjuli muxli ZalaSi Sedis mxolod xalxisgan dadasturebis Semdeg.

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociacia www.cela.ge

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civicus #13 | ivlisi 2017

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