CIVICUS #14 by CELA

ოქტომბერი 2017

# 14

civicus

nomris Tema:

qalaqi #14

am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier. masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.

http://www.cela.ge/ge/civicus info@cela.ge https://www.facebook.com/celageo

2017 oqtomberi

03 | CIVICUS#14 | redaqtoris sveti

redaqtoris sveti

mariam guliaSvili es Cemi pirveli saavtoro svetia Jurnalis redaqtoris ampluaSi. Tavs ise vgrZnob, rogorc damwyebi musikosi scenaze da axalbeda kinoreJisori filmis premierisas. vfiqrob yvela detalze da yvela SesaZlo gamoxmaurebaze, imaze, mivaRwieT Tu ara mizans da imazec ramdenad sworia Cven mier arCeuli mizani. CIVICUS-is me-14 nomers davarqviT qalaqi. Cven vxovrobT qalaqebSi, romlebSic Znelia sunTqva, ganaTlebisa da jandacvis servisebis miReba, muSaobis dawyeba, sacxovreblis qiris gadaxda, erTi bolodan meoreSi gadaadgileba, ekologiurad sufTa transportis usafrTxod gamoyeneba, TviTgamoxatva, dominirebuli dirskursebisgan Tavis daRweva. CIVICUS-is mier moazrebuli qalaqi mxolod administraciuli erTeuli, sivrciTi gaerTianeba rodia. Cven mier warmodgenili qalaqi socialuri meqanizmia, Tavisi formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobibiT, esTetikiTa da romantikiT, miwisqveSeTiT, fasadebiTa da realobiT. Cven gvindoda gveCvenebina qalaqi, ara mxolod sentimentaluri istoriebiTa da melanqoliiT, aramed realobiT, socialuri ganzomilebiT. daniSnulebiT, romelic qveyanaSi, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, qalaqebis umetesobas ar aqvs. cota xanSi dedaqalaqs axali meri eyoleba, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas ki axlad arCeuli pirebi ganaxorcieleben. Cveni mizania, warmovaCinoT qalaqebSi arsebuli problemebi, urbanuli sivrceebis orsaxovneba, ukeTesobisaken svlis magaliTebi da rac mTavaria,

gza Tu rogor SeiZleba mivaRwioT cvlilebas. sivikusis me-14 nomeri mogiTxrobT, qalaqebis marTvis gamocdilebaze, urbanuli ganviTarebis socialur waxnagebze, siduxWiresa da masTan dakavSirebul iracionalur gamovlinebebze, qalaqebTan dakavSirebul xelovnebaze, transportsa da mSeneblobaze. nomerSi SenarCunebulia ucvleli rubrikebi kino da foto istoriebis saxiT. tradiciul avtorebTan erTad, am nomerze imuSaves sivikusis stumrebmac, dargis specialistebma da sakiTxiT dainteresebulma axalgazrda mkvlevrebma. madlobas vuxdi yvelas, vinc CemTan erTad dauTmo dro qalaqis Sesaxeb fiqrsa da msjelobas. radganac, Cvens qalaqebSi sajaro sivrceebi gadaSenebis pirasaa, Cven sul ufro da ufro naklebi saSualeba gvaqvs vipovoT adgili qalaqTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. amitomac, gvinda SemogTavazoT Cveni Jurnalis ucvleli sivrce sakamaTod, sadiskusiod da gansasjelad!

sarCevi 03

redaqtoris sveti mariam guliaSvili

''davtove sofeli myudro samyofeli'' qeTi sarTania

Tbilisis satransporto sistema: wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken giorgi babunaSvili

sami maTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb jozef aleqsander smiti

urbanizaciis gamowveva - jurRmulebi nino Canadiri

qalaqi- TviTgadarCenis saSualeba goCa surgulaZe

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti- qalaq varSavis gamocdilebiT SoTa narsia

Eugene de Salignac

roman polanski '' 'CainaTauni'' (1974) xatia Cxvimiani

'''Tbilisi iyo urTierToba'' 50-80-iani wlebis Tbilisis sociourbanuli Strixebi Tamar CiTinaSvili

mzeona kaxniaSvili

eka mRebriSvili

lela beriZe

mariam ToxaZe

| CIVICUS#14 | davtove sofeli myudro samyofeli

davtove sofeli myudro samyofeli p.iaSvili statiis avtori: qeTi sarTania

ra weria? ''girekaven da saxlSi ar xar da ara marto saxlSi ar xar'', ''davsxdebiT erTad da vuyurebT cas. viqnebiT. me mogitan wyals'', ''dida fxod'', ''Zmebs vusmen, mtrebs vuTmen- jer!'', ''to love is to suffer, not to love is to suffer'', ''ezoSi ZaRlis garda yvela avia'', ''ar mindoda, bodiSi'', ''babua myavda drakula'', ''Seni Rimili CemTvis yvelaferia'', ''mSvidad, aq varT gio'', ''valeri damireke'', ''Zirs elitebi! '', ''afxazeTi #1 yvelaze magaria!'', ''ara biWos, moskovs davekiTxebiT'', ''jimis svaboda, pablos svaboda'', ''zevidan agurebi cviva'', ''gulubryvilo nata'', ''siyvaruli burJuaziuli konstruqciaa'', ''Raribebis TviTmfrinavi'', ''momavals patroni ar hyavs''...

sad weria? es winadadebebi, frazebi TiTqmis ar atarebs mniSvnelobas im dromde, vidre erT dResac qalaq Tbilisis macxovreblebi ar SeniSnaven maT da fotoebis gadaRebas ar dauwyeben. frazebi TiTqmis arafers ambobs, fragmentuli amonaridebia leqsebidan, simRerebidan an ubralod sakuTari fiqrebidan da miwerilia kedlebze. frazebis Sinaarss bundovanebis garda, emociebi da sentimetebi akavSirebs, am sruliad iracionalur sibrZeebs ki imijs sZens is sivrce, saidanac isini gvesaubrebian - qalaqis kedlebi.

8 | CIVICUS#14 | davtove sofeli myudro samyofeli

lika Wyonia

vin wers? kedlis warwerebs bundovanebisa da sentimentebis garda uamravi saerTo aqvT, pirvel rigSi ki - avtori. miuxedavad imisa, rom am warwerebis avtori erTi adamiani ar aris, maT bevri saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT. warwerebis avtorebi arasdros toveben maidentificirebel niSans am warweraze, ar aqvT Tanmimdevruli Tema an xelwera, arc konkretuli ubnebiT an adgilebiT gamoirCevian, maTi asaki, sqesi, ganaTleba, warmomavloba ucnobia. isini SeiZleba nebismier Cvengani iyos.

Tamo momulaSvili

qeTi sarTania

9 | CIVICUS#14 | davtove sofeli myudro samyofeli

kote CaCibaia

ratom weren kedlebze? raRacis Tqma undaT. namdvilad asea, roca weren, raRacis Tqmas cdiloben, Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli es ''raRac'' gamarTuli winadadeba, azri an Sinaarsi iyos da swored es aris pasuxi SekiTxvaze an instinqtur gaocebaze - ratom weren kedlebze, roca 21-e saukunea da komunikaciis, TviTgamoxatvis amdeni saSualeba gvaqvs?! weren imitom, rom komunikaciis qselebma, qalaqurma cxovrebis wesma, Setyobinebebis miznobriobam da maTSi ekonomikuri komponentis, mogebis, prestiJis cnebebis Semotanam (es wesebi aramxolod qalaqze vrceldeba), uaryo iracionaloba, rogorc grZnobadi sfero da absolutur mizan-racionalobas dauTmo adgili, rac zogadi socialuri tendenciaa, Tumca, quCis kedlebze warwerebi, swored, am tendenciidan gadaxra da mcdelobaa, iTqvas protesti imgvari racionalobis mimarT, romelic aRar tovebs sivrces sentimentebisTvis, iracionalobisaTvis...

qeTi sarTania

eka WiTanava

saba CixlaZe

ratom weren qalaqis kedlebze? imitom, rom araqalaquri tipis dasaxlebebSi kedlebi ar aqvT? Tumca, qalaqi aRar aris mxolod geografiuli sivrce an fizikuri areali. qalaqi TvTgadarCenis adgilia. is aRar aris soflis alternativa. rac ufro metad izrdeba qalaqis mosaxleoba, miT ufro naklebi sivrce rCeba. naklebi sivrce ara adamianebisTvis, aramed sentimentebisTvisa da emociebisTvis. urbanizaciam da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis intensivobam adamiani formalur-racionalur, meqanikur arsebad aqcia, romelic ise aris drosa da resursebSi SezRuduli, rom xan iracionalobis, xan ki iracionalobis diqtaturidan ver axerxebs Tavis daxsnas da erTaderTi rasac aswrebs, kedlebze suleluri sibrZneebia.

qeTi sarTania

11 | CIVICUS#14 | davtove sofeli myudro samyofeli

iracionaloba da socialur-politikuri sakiTxebi

warwerebi iracionaluria, emociuri da azrsmoklebuli, gaugebari adresatiT da dramatuli vizualiT, Tumca, socialuri da politikuri Sinaarsis Temebis amokiTxva martivad aris SesaZlebeli. usaxlkaroba, Zaladoba, ekonomikuri siduxWire Tu urbanuli da kulturuli problemebi ucxo ar aris am warwerebisTvis da qalaqis kedlebis racionalur-iracionalur CarCoSi yvelaze gulwrfeladac ki gamoiyureba.

qeTo yifiani

risi Tqma undaT am warwerebs an maT avtorebs? iqneb protestis formaa? iqneb saRebavi morCaT da pirveli rac gaaxsendaT is miaweres? iqneb es axali enaa, saidumlo ena, romelzec adamianebi mxolod axla iwyeben saubars? iqneb niSnebia, rom Tu valeris daurekav, gulubryvilo nata mova da wyals mogitans. mere afxazeTi nomer pirveli iqneba, burJuaziuli siyvarulis dekonsturqcia moxdeba, ezoSi ZaRlis garda aRaravin iqneba avi da zevidanac ar gadmocvivdeba agurebi, Raribebs da mdidrebs erTi TviTmfrinavi eyolebaT, vakeSi gaixsneba metro, moskovsac ar davekiTxebiT, jimic da pabloc svabodaze iqnebian da sevdac aRar iqneba, miT umetes didi.

Tbilisis satransporto sistema:

wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken giorgi babunaSvili

`urbanuli laboratoria~

rogoria Tbilisis satransporto sistema? upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom is, swored hibriduli ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. amJamindeli saxiT, is aris sabWoTa periodis satransporto sistemaze bolo ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, rigi obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis gavleniT miRebuli cvlilebebis Sedegi. sabWoTa periodSi satransporto sistema eqvemdebareboda centralizebul dagegmarebasa da marTvas garkveuli saangariSo periodis manZilze mgzavrTa nakadebis raodenobebisa da mimarTulebebis prognozorebis safuZvelze 2. gegmiur ekonomikaSi sacxovrebel, samuSao, saganmanaTleblo, rekreaciul da sxva zonebs Soris adamianebis gadaadgilebebis sqemaSi gauTvaliswinebeli masStaburi cvlilebebis albaToba dabali iyo. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri procesebi, bunebrivia, aisaxa Tbilisis mgzavrTa mobilobis sistemaze. upirveles yovlisa, Seicvala mgzavrnakadTa mimarTulebebi: didi sawarmoebi (mag. mioni, elmavalmSenebeli, vagonSemkeTebeli, centroliti, saaviacio, kirovis qarxana da a.S.) gaCerdnen, an mniSvnelovnad Seamcires dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, ramac ganapiroba industriuli zonebis mimarTulebiT mgzavrTa nakadebis kleba. am procesis paralelurad, izrdeboda periferiuli saZile raionebis mosaxleoba (didi diRomi, varkeTili, gldani, muxiani), centralur ubnebSi (ZiriTadad vakesa da saburTaloSi) mimdinareobda saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisa da biznesis koncentracia, Cndeboda mgzavrTa mizidulobis axali zonebi (eliavas da lilos bazrobebi, didubis da vagzlis avtosadgurebi, isT foinTi, Tbilisi

Urry, J. (2014). Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group. 2 Ryzkov, A. Y., Zyuzin, P. V. (2016). Urban Public Transport Development in Russia: Trends and Reforms. Basic Research Program Working Papers, Urban and Transportation Studies. WP BRP 05/URB. 1

14 | CIVICUS#14 | Tbilisis satransporto sistema: wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken

Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianebis umetesobas yoveldRiurad uwevs sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gadaadgileba. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, samuSao adgilebi, garTobis da dasvenebis zonebi da sxva daniSnulebis wertilebi yovelTvis araa Cvens sacxovrebel adgilebTan axlos. TiToeuli Cvenganis gadaadgileba erTianobaSi qmnis sivrciTi mobilobis rTul da dinamiur qsels, romelic qalaqis organizmis ganuyofeli nawilia da romlis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove, kompleqsuri sazogadoebis funqcionireba1. am qselis Taviseburebebi, maT Soris, Tu ramden dros vxarjavT gadaadgilebaSi da ramdenad komfortulia es procesi, aisaxeba Cvens produqtiulobaze, ganwyobaze, finansur da janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. sivrciT mobilobas uzrunvelyofen satransporto sistemebi, romelTa funqciaa adamianebs Seuqmnan komfortuli, swrafi, usafrTxo, ekologiurad sufTa da xelmisawvdomi gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba yvela saWiro mimarTulebiT. satransporto sistemebi iqmneba rogorc winaswar gansazRvruli gegmis mixedviT, aseve sxvadasxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. zogjer satransporto sistema warmoadgens hibrids, romelSic dagegmili elementebi Serwymulia stiqiurad warmoSobil da qaoturad ganviTarebul elementebTan. TavisTavad arc winaswar dagegmili da arc stiqiurad ganviTarebuli satransporto sistema ar gulisxmobs sistemis erTmniSvnelovan efeqturobas an araefeqturobas. sistemis efeqturoba damokidebulia konkretuli sistemis specifikasa da misi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze.

15 | CIVICUS#14 | Tbilisis satransporto sistema: wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken

TiToeuli

adamiani

gadaadgilebisas iyenebs gzis garkveul farTs da es farTi yvelaze maRalia kerZo

avtomobiliT

gadaadgilebisas

moli da sxva). am cvlilebebma zegavlena iqonia yoveldRiurad aseulobiT aTasi adamianis gadaadgilebis marSrutebze. mgzavrTa gadaaadgilebis mimarTulebebis garda, fundamenturi cvlilebebi ganicada satransporto sistemamac: gaizarda avtomobilebis raodenoba3, moxda miwiszeda eleqtrotransportis (tramvai, troleibusi) likvidacia, daixura sabagiroebis umetesoba, praqtikulad Sewyda metropolitenis qselis ganviTareba, moxda taqsebiT momsaxurebis sferos deregulacia, qaoturad gaizarda saqalaqTaSoriso avtosadgurebis raodenoba 4, mcire masStabis mqone Sidasaqalaqo mikroavtobusebis xazebis sistema gafarTovda da gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenobiT dominanturi roli daikava qalaqis sazogadoebriv transportSi. (sazogadoebrivi transportiT ganxorcielebuli mgzavrobebis 42 procenti 2015 wlis monacemebiT5). saxelmwifom, romelic

ekonomikuri problemebis fonze veRar axerxebda mgzavrnakadebis srulfasovan momsaxurebas municipaluri transportiT, qalaqis satransporto sistemaSi kerZo aqtorebisTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebiT, Seasrula ori funqcia: erTis mxriv, sabiujeto danaxarjebis gareSe nawilobriv Seavso municipaluri transportis qselis rRveviT gamowveuli vakuumi, xolo meores mxriv, zogadad umuSevrobis zrdis fonze xeli Seuwyo samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas mgzavrTa gadayvanis seqtorSi. aRniSnuli dadebiTi aspeqtebis paralelurad, satransporto sferoSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da regulaciuri rolis Sesustebis negatiuri Sedegi aRmoCnda satransporto sistemis ganviTarebis daqvemdebareba komerciuli interesebisadmi. samarSruto taqsebis qselis ganviTarebis mamoZravebel

3 Sss-s sainformacio-analitikuri departamentis sainformacio centri (2016). avtoparki 2016. nanaxia http://police.ge/files/pdf/statistika%20da%20kvlevebi/2017/autoparki-2016- 5.pdf-ze 20.08.17. 4 CRRC-saqarTvelo, (2017). usafrTo gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobebi mgzavrebisTvis. politikis dokumenti. nanaxia http://crrc.ge/uploads/tinymce/documents/STOP%20Policy%20Document_GEO.pdf-ze 20.08.17. 5 SYSTRA (2016). q. Tbilisis Sinameurneobebis satransporto kvlevis ganxorcielebis momsaxureba. saprezentacio masala.

fotos wyaro: http://fortuna.ge/tramvais-dabruneba-da-velobilikebis-mowyoba-gen-gegmis-satransporto-iniciativebi/

tramvai TbilisSi funqcionirebda 1883 wlidan 2006 wlamde

logikad iqca mgzavrnakadis `warTmeva~ konkurenti operatorebisgan. Sedegad iqmneboda mravali erTmaneTisgan mcired gansxvavebuli, TiTqmis dublirebuli marSrutebi 6, xolo saxelmwifos Caurevloba da mflobelTa mxridan mogebis maqsimizaciisken swrafva momsaxurebis xarisxis xarjze, ar uzrunvelhyofda mgzavrebis saTanado komfortsa da usafrTxoebas. sazogadoebrivi transportis sferoSi kerZo seqtoris wilis zrdis kidev erTi arsebiTi Sedegi iyo mcire gabaritebis mqone satransporto saSualebebis (mikroavtobusebis da kerZo avtomobilebis) wilis zrda mgzavrTa gadayvanis saSualebebSi. am tendenciis uaryofiTi mxare mdgomareobs imaSi, rom TiToeuli adamiani gadaadgilebisas iyenebs

gzis garkveul farTs da es farTi yvelaze maRalia kerZo avtomobiliT gadaadgilebisas da iklebs, rac ufro tevadi transportiT gadavaadgildebiT7. TbilisSi avtobusiT gadaadgilebisas TiToeuli mgzavri iyenebs saSualod orjer ufro nakleb farTs, vidre mikroavtobusiT gadaadgilebisas da Svidjer nakleb farTs avtomobiliT gadaadgilebasTan SedarebiT8. Sesabamisad, rac meti adamiani irCevs dabali tevadobis mqone transportiT mgzavrobas, miT meti satransporto saSualebiT itvirTeba gza da miT nakleb adamians atarebs is drois erTeulSi. satransporto arteriebis gamtarunarianobis gasazrdelad, rogorc wesi, or alternativas ganixilaven: pirveli, erTi SexedviT, yvelaze TvalsaCino gamosavalia quCebis

marSrutebi nanaxia Sps ,,Tbilisis mikroavtobusis'' veb-gverdze http://tm.ge. mikroavtobusebis marSrutebi. 20.08.17 7 Litman, T. A. (1995). Land Use Impact Costs of Transportation. World Transport Policy &amp; Practice, 1(4), 9-16. 8 urbanuli laboratoria (2017). Tbilisis metropoliteni, gamowvevebi, SesaZleblobebi da perspeqtivebi. nanaxia https://issuu.com/tbilisiurbanlab/docs/tbilisimetro_pp_short_geo_02.05.17-ze 20.08.17. 6

17 | CIVICUS#14 | Tbilisis satransporto sistema: wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken

metropolitenis alternativa SesaZloa aRmoCndes Cqarosnuli tramvais (LRT) sistema

fotos avtori: kaxa mWedliZe

gafarToeba, meti magistralebis, xidebis, estakadebisa da gvirabebis mSenebloba avtomobilebisTvis. am midgomis paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gzebis mSenebloba iZleva mxolod xanmokle efeqts. sacobebis raodenoba garkveul drois monakveTSi marTlac mcirdeba, magram grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi axali gzebiT gantvirTuli saavtomobilo moZraoba axalisebs avtomobilebis ufro intensiur gamoyenebas9, gansakuTrebiT, meoradi avtomobilebis xelmisawvdomobis pirobebSi. garda amisa, axali magistralebis mSenebloba moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi sivrceebis Sekvecas an amisTvis ekologiurad da geologiurad Seusabamo sivrceebis gamoyenebas (rogorc es moxda veres xeobaSi). Tanamedrove qalaqebSi satransporto problemebidan ufro mdgradi

gamosavali, aris mgzavrTa mizidva kerZo avtomobilebidan ufro maRali tevadobis mqone sazogadoebriv transportSi 10. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli funqcia metropolitens akisria, romelic qalaqis mTavar satransporto arterias warmoadgens da swrafi kavSiriT uzrunvelyofs periferiul saZile da centralur saqmian raionebs. garda gzebis gantvirTvisa, metropolitenis farTo gamoyeneba xels uwyobs saxelmwifo dotaciis Semcirebas. 2015 wels, metropoliteniT erTi mgzavris gadayvanis TviTRirebuleba 55 TeTrs, avtobusebiT ki 63 TeTrs Seadgenda11, Sesabamisad TiTeuli mgzavris mizidva avtobusidan metropolitenSi biujetis 8 TeTris ekonomias iZleva. Sidasaqalaqo gadayvanebSi

Duranton, G., Turner M. A., (2011). The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities. American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(6), 2616-52, October. 10 McCann, B., Rynne, S., Editors (2010). Complete Streets: Best Policy and Implementation Practices. American Planning Association Planning Advisory Service Report Number 559. 11 Tbilisis satransporto kompaniis mier mowodebuli informacia. 9

metropolitenis rolis zrdis mTavari barieri misi mSeneblobis maRali Rirebulebaa. metropolitenis qselis erTi kilometriT gagrZelebis Rirebuleba, rogorc wesi, 150-250 mln aSS dolars Soris meryeobs12, xolo mWidro urbanuli ganaSenianebis gamo yovelTvis ar arsebobs SedarebiT iafi mcire Cawolis gvirabebis, an miwiszeda trasis mSeneblobis SesaZlebloba. mSeneblobis maRali Rirebuleba aferxebs satransporto kuTxiT iseTi mniSvnelovani ubnebis metropolitenis qseliT dafarvas, rogorebica diRomi, didi diRomi, vake, gldanis, Temqisa da varkeTilis zemo mikroraionebi, aseve, muxiani, orTaWala da vazisubani. aseT pirobebSi,

metropolitenis alternativa SesaZloa aRmoCndes Cqarosnuli tramvais (LRT) sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs saaTSi erTi mimarTulebiT 10-16 aTasi mgzavris gadayvanas13, xolo misi erTi kilometri gzis mSeneblobis Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 15-20 milion aSS dolars Seadgens14. sazogadoebis nawilSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sapirispirod, racionalurad dagegmili tramvais sistema ara marto ar zrdis sacobebs, aramed SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos maT Semcirebas avtomobilebsa da avtobusebze moTxovnis Semcirebisa da imave raodenobis mgzavris gadayvanisas gamoyenebuli sagzao farTis Semcirebis xarjze15. metropolitenis da tramvais maRali mgzavrgamtarunarianobis mqone arteriebTan integrirebul miwiszeda

Comparative Subway Construction Costs, Revised. (2013, June 03). nanaxia https://pedestrianobservations.com/2013/06/03/comparative-subway- construction-costs- revised-ze 20.08.17. 13 Harkness, R. C., (2003). Comparison of Link light rail versus Bus Rapid Transit trunk line capacity. nanaxia http://www.effectivetransportation.org/docs/BRTvsRailCapacityHarkness.pdf-ze 20.08.17. 14 The European Rail Research Advisory Council, (2009). Metro, light rail and tram systems in Europe. nanaxia http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus- papers-files/errac_metrolr_tramsystemsineurope.pdf-ze 20.08.17. 15 Aftabussaman, M., Currie, G., &amp; Sarvi, M. (2010). Modeling the Spatial Impacts of Public Transport on Traffic Congestion Relief in Melbourne, Australia. Transportation Research Record, Vol. No. 2144, pp. 1-10. 12

| CIVICUS#14 | Tbilisis satransporto sistema: wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken

grafikis avtori: urbanuli laboratoriaZe

19 | CIVICUS#14 | Tbilisis satransporto sistema: wesrigidan qaosisken da kvlav wesrigisken

transports SeuZlia SedarebiT mcire intensiurobis mqone satransporto `kapilarebidan~ mgzavrebis ufro msxvil `arteriebze~ miyvanis funqciis Sesruleba. aseTi integrirebuli sistema mogvcems avtobusebis marSrutebis damoklebisa da dublirebebis minimizirebis gziT avtobusebis parkis ufro optimaluri ganawilebis da intervalebis Semcirebis saSualebasac. satransporto problemebis ufro grZelvadiani gadawyvetis gza Tavad mobilobis sistemis cvlilebaSi mdgomareobs, raTa adamianebs ar sWirdebodeT regularulad did manZilze gadaadgilebebi gadaudebeli saWiroebebisTvis. sabWoTa periodis qalaqganviTarebaSi gamoiyofoda periferiuli saZile da centraluri saqmiani raionebis mkveTri diferenciacia, rac iwvevs maT Soris adamianebis didi masebis qanqarisebur gadaadgilebas. am mgzavrnakadebis Semcirebis erT-erTi gza aris e.w. `kompaqturi qalaqis~ koncefcia, rac gulisxmobs multifunqciuri sacxovrebeli ubnebis Seqmnas, sadac samuSao, saganmanaTleblo da samuSao zonebi erTad iqneba ganlagebuli16. dRes Tbilisis mosaxleobisTvis eqvsi yvelaze mniSvnelovani infrastruqturuli sakiTxidan xuTi

pirdapir an iribad ukavSirdeba transports: garemos dabinZureba, sacobebi, parkireba, gzebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi da sazogadoebrivi transporti 17. am problemebis mdgradi gadawyvetisTvis, saWiroa gavacnobieroT, rom mxolod lokaluri gaumjobesebiT ver miviRebT efeqtur cvlilebebs. imisaTvis, rom SevqmnaT iseTi satransporto sistema, romelic mikro doneze TiToeul adamians gadaadgilebis Rirseul SesaZleblobebs SesTavazebs, makro dineze ki Seqmnis sagzao qselis racionalurad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra warmoadgens satransporto sistemis ganviTarebis prioritets: individualuri avtomobilebisTvis moZraobis gamartiveba, sabiujeto danaxarjebis minimizacia satransporto sistemaze Tu TiToeuli adamianisTvis gadaadgilebis Rirseuli SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelhyofa. mxolod prioritetebis sworad gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli dRes sistemis efeqturad dagegmva da satransporto problemebis mdgradi gadawyveta.

Rode, P., Floater, G., Thomopoulos, N., Docherty, J., Schwinger, P., Mahendra, A., and Fang, W. (2014): Accessibility in Cities: Transport and Urban Form. NCE Cities Paper 03. LSE Cities. London School of Economics and Political Science. 17 CRRC-saqarTvelo, (2017). Public Attitudes in Georgia, June 2017. nanaxia http://caucasusbarometer.org-ze 20.08.17. 16

sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb jozef aleqsander smiti

TbilisSi,

velosipediT

siaruli

saSiSia

| CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

miTi pirveli:

23 | CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

Tu TbilisSi velosipediT siaruli saSiSia, es sulac araa

velomoyvarulebis

brali. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier gamoqveynebuli statistikis mixedviT, 2014 wels moxda 5992 avtoavaria, ris Sedegac 8536 adamiani daSavda. imave wels, avtoavariis Sedegad 511 adamiani gardaicvala, aqedan mesamedi iyo qveiTi (velosipediT mosiarule adamianebis mcire raodenobis gamo, qveiTad aRiniSnebian

am monacemebSi).

velomoyvarulebi

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

manqaniTa da fexiT gadaadgileba aranakleb saxifaToa. samagierod, velomoyvaruli Zalian iSviaT SemTxvevaSi uqmnis sasikvdilo safrTxes fexiTa da manqaniT mosiaruleebs, radgan velosipedistis saSualo siCqare ar aRemateba 25 km/s qalaqSi, rac niSnavs imas, rom es satransporto saSualeba naklebad qmnis Tbilisis gzebze saavario situacias.

cnobilia, rom evropis im qalaqebSi, sadac mosaxleobis didi raodenoba velosipediT xSirad gadaadgildeba, sagzao usafrTxoebis ukeTesi statistika SeiniSneba. amsterdamSi, romlis mosaxleoba Tbilisze orjer didia, yovelwliurad mxolod 15 adamiani fiqsirdeba, rogorc sagzao avariis msxverpli. holandiis dedaqalaqSi 12 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis 75% flobs velosipeds, xolo 50%-ze meti velosipediT sargeblobs yoveldRiurad.

Cvens sazogadoebaSi mosaxleobis janmrTelobas mTavar safrTxes avtoavariebi ki ar uqmnis, aramed gacilebiT ufro saSiSi manqanis tarebiT ganpirobebuli umoZrao cxovrebis wesia. araerTi mecnieruli kvleva amtkicebs imas, rom naklebmoZravi cxovrebis wesi, fizikuri varjiSis nakleboba da masTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebi, aris naadrevi sikvdilianobis wamyvani gamomwvevi mizezi. mecnierebi gvirCeven 30-wuTian yoveldRiur fizikur aqtivobas. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven samsaxurSi an saswavlebelSi swored velosipediT gadaadgildebiT, amgvar fizikur datvirTvas advilad CasvamT Tqvens dRis ganrigSi.

Tbiliss axasiaTebs mTagoriani reliefi, swored amitom Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebi miiCneven, rom velosipediT siaruli verasdros gaxdeba popularuli am qalaqSi. velosipedi mxolod moyvarulebis transportad darCeba.

| CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

miTi meore:

25 | CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

Tbilisis reliefi udavo geografiuli faqtia, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom velosipedi miuRebeli unda iyos mosaxleobis didi nawilisTvis. bevr evropul qalaqSi, romlebic rTuli landSaftiT gamoirCeva, velosipedi mosaxleobisTvis gadaadgilebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa. magaliTad, portugaliis erT-erT yvelaze mTagorian qalaqSi, qoimbraSi, velosipedi Zalian gavrcelebulia da qalaqis savelosipedo infrastruqturac sakmaod ganviTarebulia. portugaliis dedaqalaqSi, lisabonSi, am wels Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom dedqalaqis quCebis 63%-s 4 gradusamde cicabo aRmarTebi axasiaTebs, rac niSnavs imas, rom TiTqmis yvela asakisa da SesaZleblobis mqone adamians SeuZlia im gzebze velosipediT siaruli.

Tbilisis SemTxvevaSi, satransporto nakadebis organizeba umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. moqmedi sistemis pirobebSi, magaliTad, rusTavelis gamziridan WavWavaZis gamzirze gadasasvlelad, saWiroa gmirTa moedanze Casvla, rac sakmaod Znelia velosipedisTvis, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meliqiSvilis quCa gaxdeba ormxrivi, maSin velomoyvaruls mouwevs mxolod mcireodeni aRmarTis avla.

Tbilisis gzebze adgili ar aris velotrasebisTvis - arc gzaze da arc trotuarze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moewyoba velotrasebi qalaqebSi, es ar unda moxdes manqanebis savali nawilis xarjze.

| CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

miTi mesame:

27 | CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

saqarTveloSi manqanebis raodenobas yovelwliurad 80 aTasi axali avtomobili emateba. TbilisSi 2016 wels registrirebuli avtomobilis raodenobam 419 193 Seadgina, rac 2015 wlis maCvenebels 7%-iT aRemateba. garkveuli SemzRudavi RonisZiebebis gareSe, es tendencia iqamde gastans, vidre ara Tu velotrasebisTvis, aramed TviT manqanebisTvisac ki aRar darCeba adgili dedaqalaqis Sida gzebze.

garda deskomfortisa da uxerxulobisa, sacobebi da gadatvirTuli gzebi sxva problemebsac iwvevs. Tbilisis gzebis did nawils ar gaaCnia gamoyofili zoli sazogadoebrivi transportisTvis, ras niSnavs imas, rom avtobusebi da e.w. ''samarSruto taqsebi'' xSirad moZraobis Tavisufal nakadSi iWedeba. es Seferxeba asustebs sazogadoebrivi transportis efeqturobasa da popularulobas da, Sesabamisad, municipaluri transportis Semosavlebi mcirdeba. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, kerZo manqanebis didi raodenoba ara mxolod uxerxulobas qmnis sxva kerZo manqanebis mZRolebisaTvis, aramed Zirs uTxris miTlianad qalaqis sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemas, romelzec uamravi avtomobiliT aramosargeble moqalaqea damokidebuli.

ase rom, velotrasebis mowyoba-armowyobasTan dakavSirebuli msjeloba manqanebis raodenobis gazrdis perspeqtivas ar unda emyarebodes, aramed sakiTxi Tavidanve sxvagvarad unda daisvas: Cven unda vifiqroT imaze, Tu mocemul viTarebaSi Tanabrad rogor gadavanawiloT arsebuli satransporto sivrceebi da rogor gaviTvaliswinoT yvela moqalaqis interesebi, gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli maTi moTxovnebi da SesaZleblobebi.

dominireba, rom velosipediT gadaadgileba mxolod da mxolod mosaxleobis Zalian mcire nawilisTvisaa Sesaferisi - metwilad axalgazrda mamakacebisTvis, romelTaTvis velosipediT gadaadgileba qalaqis gadatvirTul gzebze avantiuristuli Tavgadasavalia. Tumca, evropis araerTi qalaqis magaliTebi gvaCvenebs imas, rom velosipedis ZiriTad satransporto saSualebad qceva aramxolod srulad SesaZlebelia, aramed qalaqis mZime ekologiuri mdgomareobisa da mocemuli sagzao usafrTxoebis situaciidan gamomdinare, sasurvelicaa.

Tbiliss aRar sWirdeba velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb miTebis gavrceleba. Tbiliss sWirdeba gaazrebuli velopolitika, evropis qalaqebis saukeTeso gamocdilebiT dasabuTebuli. daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es politika ver ganxorciledeba manam, sanam xelisufleba ar miiRebs konkretul gadawyvetilebas velotransportis infrastruquris mowyobis Sesaxeb. es gadawyvetileba rTuli misaRebi iqneba: winaRoba iqneba mZRolebis mxridan da politikuri SekameTebebis safuZvelic gaxdeba. Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom es satransporto mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sakiTxi unda iqnes ugulvebelyofili. sakiTxi unda daisvas ara im TvalsazrisiT moewyos Tu ara savelosipefo infrastruqtura, aramed Cven unda gvainteresebdes rodis unda SevudgeT am gadaudebel saqmes.

| CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

Tbilisis mocemul, avtocentristul urbanul pirobebSi, Zalian iolia im mosazrebis

| CIVICUS#14 | sami mTavari miTi TbilisSi velosipediT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb

á&#x192;Łrbanizaciis gamowveva

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; jurRmulebi

nino Canadiri

bolo 20 wlis manZilze mosaxleobis raodenoba mumbaiSi daaxloeboT 2-jer gaizarda, dRes aq daaxloebiT 22 000 000 milioni adamiani cxovrobs

''jurRmulebis'' mosaxleoba ar

klasificirdebian

rogorc qalaqis mkvidrni, amitom maTTvis rTulia saavadmyofoebisaTvis mimarTva, ganaTlebis miReba... maT ar eZlevaT saSualeba saqalaqo servisebze wvdomis, rogoricaa magaliTad wyliT momaragebiT uzrunvelyofa an sanitaruli samsaxurebis momsaxurebiT sargebloba.

33 | CIVICUS#14 | urbanizaciis gamowveva - jurRmulebi

indoeTi, egzotikuri da saintereso qveyanaa. misi

rom oTaxs ar unda iziarebdes 3 adamianze meti);

mosaxleoba miliardze metia. indoeTis qalaqebi

• mZime sanitariuli problemebi;

gamoirCeva mosaxleobis didi raodenobiT, rac

• sufTa wylis deficiti;

qveyanas araerTi gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs. qalaqebis

• sacxovreblis arasaimedo, gaurkveveli statusi;

SedarebiT ganviTarebul centrebTan erTad, romlebic

indoeTis qalaqebSi arsebuli ''jurRmulebis''

turistebs izidavs, aq SexvdebiT dasaxlebebsac, sadac

problemebi naTlad aisaxa deni boilis filmSi

cxovreba SeuZleblad mogeCvenebaT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

''milioneri gareubnidan'', romelmac 2009 wels,

indoeTis qalaqebSi ori, erTmaneTisgan radikalurad

oskaris rigiT 81-e ceremoniaze 8 nominaciaSi

gansxvavebuli realoba Tanaarsebobs.

gaimarjva. maT Soris iyo kategoria ' wlis saukeTeso

miCneulia, rom qalaqi adamians cxovrebis ukeTes

suraTic''. Ffilmis ekranebze gamoCenas didi

pirobebs sTavazobs. stimuli ganaTlebis miRebis,

gamoxmaureba mohyva, rac erTi mxriv, gamowveuli

jandacvis servisebze xelmisawvdomobisa da rac mTavaria,

iyo Tavad filmSi moTxrobili istoriis

dasaqmebis, ubiZgebs soflad mcxovreb mosaxleobas

emociurobiT, meore mxriv ki ganviTarebadi

daiZras qalaqisaken. mosaxleobis Warbi gadineba

samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel, zemoT aRniSnul

ruraluri arealebidan urbanulisaken, saxelmwifoebs,

problemaze xazgasmiT. Ffilmis mTavari gmiri,

romlebsac ar aqvT viTarebis daregulirebisaTvis saWiro

jamal maliki swored indoeTis udidesi qalaqidan,

politika, iseTi rTulad gadasaWreli problemebis

mumbaidan aris. is msoflioSi erT-erTi udides

winaSe ayenebs rogoricaa e.w ''jurRmulebis'' gaCena. am

''jurRmulSi'', daraviSi gaizarda. filmidan kargad

kuTxiT gamonaklisi arc indoeTia. araorganizebulma

SegviZlia davinaxoT ra saxis cxovrebiT cxovrobs

urbanizaciam indoeTis did qalaqebs seriozuli

daravis mosaxleoba, ra problemebTan uwevT maT

problemebi Seuqmna. magaliTisaTvis, Mmumbai indoeTis

gamklaveba. ''jurRmulebSi'' cxovreba milionobiT

udidesi qalaqia. Bbolo 20 wlis manZilze mosaxleobis

adamianisaTvis gadarCenisaTvis brZolas utoldeba,

raodenoba aq daaxloeboT 2-jer gaizarda, dRes

iseve rogorc filmis gmiris, jamalisaTvis. AmaTi

mumbaiSi daaxloebiT 22 000 000 milioni adamiani

didi nawili dRis ganmavlobaSi 2 aSS dolars

cxovrobs. aseTma 'afeTqebam'' qalaqs problemebi Seuqmna

gaWirvebiT moixmars, mTel dRes mcxunvare mzis

sanitariisa da adamianTa janmrTelobis zogadi donis

qveS atarebs, RamiT ki xidebis qveS afarebs Tavs.

TvalsazrisiT.

''daravis jurRmuli'' milionobiT mosaxles iTvlis,

es ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia imasTan rom qalaqis

SeiZleba iTqvas daravi qalaqad iqca qalaqSi. aq

mosaxleobis 55%-ze meti e.w ''jurRmulebSi'' cxovrobs.

ganviTarda industria, mzaddeba produqti, romlis

indoeTis ''jurRmulebi'' samxreT afrikasTan, keniasTan,

eqsportic xdeba mTlianad indoeTis teritoriaze.

pakistanTan da meqsikasTan erTad, sididiT top

Ees produqti ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Tixis

xuTeulSi Sedis. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia

WurWelis, tyavisa da foladis saxiT. dasaxleba

''jurRmulebs'' Semdegi kriteriumebiT axasiaTebs:

infrastruqturulad mouwesrigebelia, mosaxleoba

• sacxovrebeli pirobebis dabali done;

binZur wyals svams, nagavi pirdapir quCebSi yria.

• macxovreblebis normaze meti raodenoba (igulisxmeba

Aaq SexvdebiT patara sacxovrebel oTaxebs, sadac

raodenobiT

didi Tavmoyra

amcirebs kanonis zemoqmedebis xarixs,

risi

bavSvebic

msxverpli xdebian,

romlebsac verc policia icavs da verc ojaxi.

| CIVICUS#14 | urbanizaciis gamowveva - jurRmulebi

mosaxleobis

35 | CIVICUS#14 | urbanizaciis gamowveva - jurRmulebi

8-10 suliani ojaxebi saxloben, sadac verc samzareulos

viTarebis simwvave, is rom mosaxleobis didi

naxavT da verc sapirfareSos. ''jurRmulebis'' aRiareba,

raodenobiT Tavmoyra amcirebs kanonis zemoqmedebis

oficialuri statusis miniWeba xelisuflebis mxridan

xarixs, risi msxverpli bavSvebic ki xdebian, romlebsac

ar xdeba, aqedan gamomdinare isini aralegalur

verc policia icavs da verc ojaxi, kargad Cans

warmonaqmnebad miiCneva. maT mosaxleebs ar eZlevaT

''milioneri gareubnidan''-Sic. filmSi lokaluri

saSualeba saqalaqo servisebze wvdomis, rogoricaa

kriminaluri jgufebi sakuTari miznebidan

magaliTad wyliT momaragebiT uzrunvelyofa an

gamomdinare aiZuleben bavSvebs imaTxovron, moiparon

sanitaruli samsaxurebis momsaxurebiT sargebloba.

an dakavdnen prostituciiT. indoeTis did qalaqebSi,

isini ar klasificirdebian rogorc qalaqis mkvidrni,

mumbaiSi, deliSi, kalkutaSi bavSvebis CarTulobis

amitom maTTvis rTulia saavadmyofoebisaTvis mimarTva,

done msgavs saqmianobaSi marTlac SemaSfoTeblad

ganaTlebis miReba... xSirad xdebian policiis mxridan

maRalia. msgavs pirobebSi ''jurRmulebSi'' mcxovrebi

gulgrili damokidebulebis msxverplnic.

bavSvebis aRmoCenis riski gacilebiT maRalia,

industriuli revoluciis Semdeg mTeli msoflios

radgan maTi umravlesoba SeiZleba iTqvas quCaSi

masStabiT urbanuli populacia zrdis mkveTri

cxovrobs, amitom damnaSaveTaTvis iolia maTi povna

maCvenebeliT xasiaTdeba. zogadad urbanizaciis

da eqspluatacia.

procesi qveynis ganviTarebisa da

ekonomikuri

indoeTis xelisuflebas, iseve rogorc sxva

mogebisaTvis dadebiTi movlenaa, Tumca mas aseve gaaCnia

ganviTarebadi qveynebis xelisuflebebs uWirT

mniSvnelovani ukuCvenebebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT,

Sesabamisi proeqtebis saSualebiT gaumklavdnen

gamoxatulia ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi, sadac jer

qalaqebSi mosaxleobis swrafi tempiT zrdiT

kidev gaumarTavi saxelmwifo struqturebis arseboba

gamowveul problemebs. uSualod ''jurRmulebis''

da Sesabamisi politikis uqonloba xels uwyobs

problemebis mogvarebas sakmaod msxvili finansuri

krizisis gaRrmavebas. Aaq urbanuli ganviTareba da

saxsrebi esaWiroeba. saWiroa, am adgilebis

urbanuli zrda harmoniulad ar erwymis erTmaneTs.

infrastruqturuli mowyoba, komunikaciebis

ganviTarebadi qveynebis qalaqebi ormagi zewolis qveS

ganviTareba da a.S. ganviTrebadi qveynebisTvis

arian mosaxleobis siWarbis TvalsazrisiT. mosaxleoba,

damaxasiaTebelia finansuri arastabiluroba,

erTi mxriv, bunebrivi matebis xarjze izrdeba, meore

politikuri institutebis sisuste, romlebic

mxriv ki soflidan qalaqSi migraciis xarjze. qalaqebi

izrunebdnen msgavsi problemebis mogvarebaze, amas

aseT zewolas ver uZlebs da cxovrebis done sul ufro

Tan erTvis qalaqis mosaxleobis kvlavac zrdadi

uaresdeba. qalaqis gareubnebSi Cndeba zemoTxsenebuli

maCvenebeli, Sedegad ki problema jerjerobiT

''jurRmulebi''. iaf sacxovrebels sul ufro meti

mougvarebeli rCeba.

umuSevari da dabalSemosavliani adamiani afarebs Tavs. maSasadame, es dasaxlebebi droTaganmavlobaSi myardeba da qalaqebis nawili xdeba. mosaxleobis swrafi zrda qalaqebSi samuSao adgilebis deficitsac iwvevs, izrdeba kriminalic. Kkriminaluri

qalaqi - TviTgadarCenis

goCa surgulaZis Tvalsazrisi

ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi qalaqi TviTgadarCenasTan,siRaribisa da SimSilisgan Tavis daRwevasTan asocirdeba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi soflebi ufro maRali sixSiriT daicala vidre manamde, aRniSnuli ki imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom soflis meurneobis saqonelze moTxovna sagrZnoblad Semcirda. sofels Seumcirda Semosavali. sofelSi mcxovrebTaTvis ki miuwvdomeli darCa iseTi pirveladi „produqti“, rogoricaa jandacva,ganaTleba da jansaRi cxovrebisTvis saWiro sxva saWiroebebi. amitomac, mosaxleobam masiurad daiwyo qalaqSi migracia. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2007 wlidan 2017 wlamde 16 %-iT (4,394 milionidan - 3,718 milionamde) Semcirda, aqedan qalaqis mosaxleoba Semcirda 8 %-iT (2,308 milionidan - 2,128 milionamde),xolo sasoflo dasaxleba 24 %-iT (2,085 milionidan - 1,589 milionamde). aRniSnuli demografiuli cvlileba ganpirobebulia saqarTveloSi Seqmnili socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT mosaxleoba ZiriTadad ucxoeTSi SromiTi migraciiT gaedineba. UNICEF-is 2015 wlis kvlevis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi yoveli

mexuTe bavSvi SimSilobs, xolo, saqstatis monacemebiT, 2016 wels jinis koeficienti (socialuri uTanasworobis maCvenebeli) 40 niSnulzea. 2015 welTan SedarebiT niSnuli 0,1-iT gaizarda, rac imas niSnavs rom Semosavlebis mixedviT socialuri uTanasworoba saqarTveloSi gazrdilia. saqarTvelo im qveynebis rigSi Sedis, sadac sazogadoebaSi mxolod mdidrebi da Raribebi arian, saSualo fena ki moqalaqeebis Zalian mcire nawils Seadgens. „isini vinc ucxoeTSi ver axerxeben wasvlas, ZiriTadad did qalaqebs afareben Tavs“ - es saqarTvelosTvis erTgvari aqsiomaa, romelic mTavrobis „neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikiTaa“ ganpirobebeuli. arsebuli mdgomareobidan Tu vimsjelebT, dabali klasisTvis didi „qalaqi“ gaxlavT socialuri mobilobis ZirTadi saSualeba, amitomac isini cdiloben maqsimalurad miuaxlovdnen qalaqis centrs. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,saqarTvelos qalaqebs iseTi funqciebi CamoerTva da Seusustdda, rogoricaa industriuli (quTaisi, rusTavi, zestafoni, tyibuli,

s saSualeba

WiaTura) da savaWro-samrewvelo (Tbilisi, baTumi, foTo) funqciebi. 90-ianebis ekonomikuri krizis Semdeg, mosaxleobam avtomaturad daiwyo ekonomikurad ufro Zlieri qalaqebisken dineba, aseTi qalaqi ki im momentisTvis mxolod Tbilisi da baTumi aRmoCnda. qalaqis â&#x20AC;&#x17E;rolsâ&#x20AC;&#x153; or nawilad davyofdi, esenia poltikuri da ekonomikuri. politikur rolSi moviazreb Zalauflebis koncentracias dedaqalaqis, regionuli da raionuli centris TvalsazrisiT, xolo ekonomikurSi qalaqis industriul, samrewvelo,savaWro,turistul an sxva saxis funqciebs. swored, qalaqis amgvarma rolma ganapiroba Tbilisis rogorc dedaqalaqis - demografiuli TvalsazrisiT da baTumis,

rogorc satranzito da sakurorto qalaqis mniSvneloba ekonomikuri Semosavlebis kuTxiT. ra xdeba qalaqSi dRes?! qalaqSi uimedoba da siCume sufevs. Raribebi Raribebad rCebian, mdidrebi ki ufro mdidrdebian. ingreva moednebi da skverebi, mimdinareobs sajaro sivrceebis qaoturi privatizacia. paralelurad, samSeneblo bazarze gacxovelebuli brZolaa gamarTuli. erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo qonebis/miwebis mitacebaze da meore mxriv samSeneblo nebarTvebze. yvelaferi did kapitalze da korufciul garigebazea damokidebuli,romelic maRali Tanamdebobis mqone pirebis kabinetebSi wydeba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pozicia mimdinare movlenebze gavlenas saerTod ver axdens,vinaidan,mas zurgs ar umagrebs ''masebi''. albaT, es gamowveulia ''aqtiuri'' samoqalaqo sazogadoebis miznebisa da xalxis ZiriTadi interesebis SeuTavseblobiT, vinaidan, saxelmwifos kritika ZiriTadad mimdinareobs ara umuSevrobaze, siRaribesa da SimSilze, aramed kulturul memkvidreobasa da esTetikur Sexedulebebze. Jangbadsa da kulturul memkvidreobaze saubrisas, ar unda dagvaviwydes imis Tqma, rom didi kapitalis mqone pirebi da korporaciebi axdenen skverebisa da parkebis, ezoebisa da quCebis, parkingisa da safexmavlo bilikebis dasakuTrebas. es ise xdeba, rom TiTqos yvelas gvekuTvnis, magram misi moxmarebis finansuri saSualeba aravis gvaqvs anu ''Tan ar gvekuTvnis''. magaliTad kinoTeatri, sadac erTi kino seansi ori adamianisTvis 20-50 lari Rirs, saSualod dasaqmebulis xelfasi ki dReSi 15-20 lariT ganisazRvreba, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli sikeTe rigiTi moqalaqisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris. qalaqi uTanasworobis TvalsazrisiT or nawilad SeiZleba daiyos,pirveli qalaqis centri da meore qalaqis gare ubnebi, anu periferia.

qalaqis centri - politikuri, ekonomikuri da e. w. kulturuli elitis TavSesafari. aq koncentrirebulia iseTi sazogadoebrivi sikeTebi, rogoricaa kafeebi da restornebi, kulturuli, sportuli da gamajansaRebeli centrebi. agreTve,sajaro skverebi,parkebi da sasmeli wylis Sadrevnebi,romlebic,TiTqos,yvelas ekuTvnis. erTi SexedviT,qalaqi viTardeba. qalaqis centrSi Sendeba maRalsarTuliani sacxovrebeli Senobebi, ixsneba 5 varskvlaviani sastumroebi, warmodgenilia ZviradRirebuli brendebis maRaziebi. magram ra?!... icvleba amiT mocemuloba?!.... yvelaferi am kiTxvidan iwyeba. qalaqis centri warmoadgens mdidrul ubnebs (Zveli ubnebi), sadac aqtiurad mimdinareobs jentrifikacia Raribi mosaxleobis Canacvleba ufro maRalSemosavliani da privilegirebuli moqalaqeebiT. turistul qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi qalaqis Zveli ubnebi biznesis TvalsazrisiT, cxovrebis gaumjobesebis ZiriTadi saSualebas

warmoadgens. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki biznesi xelisuflebasTan erTad aviwroebs maT da iZulebuls xdis kapikebis sanacvlod daTmon sacxovrebeli farTebi. qalaqis gare ubnebSi yvelaferi sxvagvarad aris. periferiiT mxolod 4 weliwadSi erTxel interesdebian,arCevnebze rac SeiZeba meti xma rom miiRon. aq ar ixsneba axali skolebi da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, sportuli moednebi, kinoTeatrebi da sxva gasarTobi centrebi. qalaqs mwvane zolis magivrad rkina-betonis CaxlarTuli konstruqciebi amSvenebs, ise rogorc getoebSi. aq mcxovrebi axalgazrdobis umetesoba ZiriTadaT momsaxurebis sferoSia dasaqmebuli, romelTa xelfasi 250-dan 400 laramde meryeobs. xolo umuSevrebi ubnis â&#x20AC;&#x17E;birJasâ&#x20AC;&#x153; amagreben. policia periferiebSi yvelaze sastiki da daundobelia. swored aq gvevlineba is kanonis damrRvevad da damnaSaved. baTumSi,11/12 martis movlenebmac xom es dagvidastura. asobiT axalgazrda, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos

39 | CIVICUS#14 | qalaqi-TviTgadarCenis saSualeba

saSualo axalgazrda mamakacis istoria ase iwyeba: umuSevroba > onlain-sabanko kreditebi > Savi bazari - aralegaluri muSaoba > azartuli TamaSebi > quCa da narkotikebi > da bolos yvelaferi cixiT mTavrdeba.

Zalovani uwyebebis mxridan moralursa da fizikur Cagvras ganicdida, sruli agresiiT daesxa maT Tavs, qvebiT, cecxlmokidebuli boTlebiTa da saaxalwlo maSxalebiT. es ar iyo Zaladobis uSinaarso gamovlineba. piriqiT, uSedego, azrs moklebuli magram gamiznuli agresia gaxlaT. gare ubnebSi axalgazrdebis umravlesoba naTeli momavlis pespeqtivas ver xedavs. Sesabamisad,maTi molodinebi ganviTarebaze uaryofiTia. es socialuri krizisia. adamianTa gabrazeba SesaZloa yovel wams sayovelTao daumorCileblobaSi gadaizardos da xalxi TviTgadarCenisTvis quCaSi gamovides. am dros yvelam Zalian kargad viciT, rom erT wreze vtrialebT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia ar muSaobs, qalaqs amomrCevlis nacvlad msxvili kapitali marTavs - magram mxolod situaciaSi garkveviT araferi icvleba.

foto amoRebulia gazeT "baTumelebi" dan

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti qalaq varSavis gamocdileba SoTa narsia urbanul dasaxlebaSi prioritetebis gansazRvrisa da urbanuli proeqtebis dagegmvis procesSi mniSvnelovania, CarTuli iyos adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. man yvelaze kargad icis, Tu ra saxis proeqtebis ganxorcieleba aris rekomendebuli mis sacxovrebel garemoSi, ra infrastruqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba, gaxdes misTvis zianis momtani da ra sakiTxebia yvelaze

mimzidveli aRmoCnda sxva qalaqebisTvisac. 2001 wlisaTvis

prioritetuli. am kuTxiT, gadawyvetilebis miRebis

braziliaSi TanamonawileobiT biujetirebas ukve 100-ze

procesSi moqalaqeTa CarTvis karg SesaZleblobas

meti qalaqi axorcielebda. 2015 wlisaTvis evropis, aziis,

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti iZleva.

afrikis, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kontinentebze

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti deliberaciuli demokratiis

TanamonawileobiTi biujetis 1500-ze meti modeli

formas warmoadgens. igi moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs,

ganxorcielda.

gansazRvron maTTvis prioritetuli problemebi da

moqalaqeTa monawileobis zemoT ganxiluli forma 2011

CaerTon municipaluri biujetis nawilis xarjvis

wlidan aqtiurad gamoiyeneba poloneTSi, romelsac erT-

procesSi, uSualod proeqtebis SemuSavebis gziT.

erTi yvelaze decentralizebuli da kargad organizebuli

deliberacia iZleva imis pirobas, rom erTdroulad

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba gaaCnia. TanamonawileobiTi

ganxorcieldes moqalaqeTa uflebebis dacva da

biujetis (pol.: “Budzet partycypacyjny”) polonur versias

saxalxo suverenitetis idea. garda imisa, rom sajaro

samoqalaqo biujetsac uwodeben. polonurad JRers, rogorc

finansebis gankargvis procesSi moqalaqeTa CarTuloba

“budzet obywatelski”. TanamonawileobiTi biujetis dagegmvis

maTi interesebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas qmnis,

procesSi gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa dedaqalaq varSavis

is mmarTvelobis legitimurobasac amyarebs, radgan

gamocdileba, rac saintereso unda iyos TbilisisTvis,

pasuxismgeblobas moqalaqeebs unawilebs.

romlis mosaxleobis did nawils qaoturi mSeneblobebis

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti pirvelad 1980 wels

pirobebSi

braziliis

ugulvebelyofa erT-erT mwvave problemad miaCnia.

muSaTa

partiam

SeimuSava,

Tumca

adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis

interesebis

srulyofili saxiT igi 1989 wels qalaq porto

qalaq varSavis maregulirebeli wesebis mixedviT,

alegreSi ganxorcielda. aq miRweuli warmateba

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti gagebuli unda iqnes, rogorc

2016 wlis oqtomberSi daiwyo. proeqtebis wardgena imave wlis 1 dekembridan momdevno wlis 23 ianvramde iyo SesaZlebeli. 2017 wlis ivlisSi ki 2018 wels gansaxorcielebeli proeqtebis sia gaxda cnobili. TanamonawileobiTi

biujetireba

ramdenime

safexurs moicavs. Mmasze muSaoba iwyeba raionuli TviTmmarTvelobis mier koordinatorebis gansazRvriT, rasac win uswrebs sainformacio kampania. koordinatoris amocanaa TanamonawileobiT biujetTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebis dagegmva da organizeba, mosaxleobasTan dakavSireba, raionSi Tanamonawileobis biujetis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis momzadeba, gundebTan TanamSromloba da a.S. Semdgom etaps raionuli gundebis Seqmna warmoadgens. gundSi Sedian adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa

raionis

administraciis

warmomadgenlebi. gundis pirvel sxdomaze iwveven koordinators. sxdomebi Riaa mosaxleobisaTvis. gundis mTavari funqcia TanamonawileobiTi biujetis ganxorcielebis procesisaTvis monitoringis gawevaa. sajaro sakonsultacio procesi, romelic miznad isaxavs

gundi sabWos warudgens rekomendaciebs raionebSi

mosaxleobis CarTvas dedaqalaq varSavis biujetis

Tanamonawileobis biujetis ganxorcielebis detaluri

garkveuli nawilis xarjvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis

wesebis gansazRvris Taobaze. maT Soris, SeiZleba,

miRebaSi. am procesSi qalaqis yvela mkvidri iRebs

dawesdes proeqtis Rirebulebis limiti da sxva

monawileobas, maT Soris, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebic.

regulaciebi, romlebsac sabolood sabWo amtkicebs.

varSavis mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT TavianTi proeqtebi

varSavis TiToeul raionSi sul mcire erTi Sexvedra

warudginon adgilobriv xelisuflebas, mogvianebiT ki

unda gaimarTos, sadac mosaxleoba ganixilavs raionis

wardgenil proeqtebs Soris saukeTeso airCion xmis

ganviTarebis prioritetebs. TiToeul macxovrebels

micemis gziT.

SeuZlia erTze meti proeqtis wardgena da mxardaWera.

Tanamonawileobis biujetis SesrulebisaTvis gamoyofili

wardgenil proeqtebs mxars unda uWerdes 30-mde adamiani.

Tanxa ganisazRvreba sabWos mier varSavis meris mier

proeqtis gagzavna SesaZlebelia eleqtronuladac.

gansazRvruli procentuli maCveneblis gaTvaliswinebiT,

aRsaniSnavia, rom proeqtebis wardgenis uflebiT

rac iTvaliswinebs raionis finansur SesaZleblobebs.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebic sargebloben.

2015 wels varSavaSi TanamonawileobiTi biujetisaTvis

proeqtebis wardgenis dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba

21 milioni polonuri zloti gamoiyo, 2016 wels es

generaluri Semowmebis procesi. mowmdeba, proeqti

maCvenebeli 51 milionamde gaizarda, 2017 wels ki 61

warmodgenili iyo Tu ara droSi, ramdenad sworad

milion zlots miaRwia.

iyo Sevsebuli saproeqto ganacxadi, moicavda Tu ara

mocemuli wlis TanamonawileobiT biujetze muSaobis

igi yvela savaldebulo aspeqts da sxv.

procesi sakmaod didxans grZeldeba. magaliTad,

proeqtebis zogadi Semowmebis Semdeg, mosaxleobaSi

''TanamonawileobiTi biujeti 2018''-is ganxorcieleba

sajaro ganxilvebi imarTeba. sajaro ganxilva tardeba

43 | CIVICUS#14 | TanamonawileobiTi biujeti - qalaq varSavis gamocdileba

rogorc moderatorebis mier mowveul pirTa Sexvedris dros, ise internetforumis saSualebiTac. Sexvedrebi Riaa

sadac

mosaxleobisTvis. sajaro ganxilvebis Semdeg yvela proeqti detalur kontrols gadis. dadebiTad Sefasebuli proeqtebi winaswari SerCevis fazaSi gadadis. moderatorebis mier mowveul Sexvedrebze faruli kenWisyriT saukeTeso proeqtebis sia vlindeba. Sexvedrebis raodenoba damokidebulia warmodgenili proeqtebis raodenobaze. SerCeuli proeqtebi kidev erTxel, Sesabamisi kompetenturi adgilobrivi raionuli uwyebis mier, detalurad mowmdeba. amjerad, amowmeben proeqtis Sefasebis kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobas,

nacionaluri an adgilobrivi arCevnebisgan gansxvavebiT,

proeqtis

teqnikur-teqnologiuri

mizanSewonilobas, xarjebis analizsa da a.S. dizainerebs SeuZliaT Seasworon TavianTi proeqtebi. Tuki isini uars ganacxadeben proeqtis Sesworebaze, igi uaryofiTad Sefasebulad CaiTvleba. mas Semdeg, rac dasruldeba saboloo Semowmebis procesi da yvela proeqti gaswordeba, Sedgeba sia. proeqtebis avtorebi ki atareben sareklamo Sexvedrebs da mosaxleobas mouwodeben kenWisyraSi monawileobis miRebisaken. proeqtisaTvis mosaxleobis kenWisyra Riaa da imarTeba saolqo sabWos mier daniSnul punqtebSi. TiToeul macxovrebels erTi xmis ufleba aqvs. xmis micema SesaZlebelia eleqtronuladac. kenWisyris dasrulebisa da Sedegebis Sejamebis Semdeg gamocxaddeba gansaxorcielebeli proeqtebis sia, romelic waredgineba raionebis xelmZRvanelobas. mocemuli wlis TanamonawileobiTi biujetireba sruldeba mTliani procesis SefasebiT.

absenteizmis

maRali

done

fiqsirdeba,

TanamonawileobiTi biujeti varSavaSi, iseve, rogorc poloneTis sxva qalaqebSi, amomrCevelTa did interess iwvevs. dedaqalaqSi pirvelive SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebma municipalitets 2200 proeqti warudgines, romelTagan 1390 administraciis mier xmis micemis etapisaTvis damtkicda. kenWisyris Sedegad ki 18-ive raionSi gansaxorcieleblad 336 proeqti SeirCa. 2015 wels organizacia One Caucasus-is mier, poloneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis programis TanadafinansebiT, TanamonawileobiTi biujetis danergva saqarTveloSic daiwyo. sapiloted marneulis municipaliteti SeirCa. 2017 wels mas borjomisa da saCxeris municipalitetebi da TviTmmarTveli qalaqi goric SeuerTdnen. mimdinareobs konsultaciebi sxva municipalitetebTanac. Tumca, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, TanamonawileobiTi biujetireba msxvili urbanuli gansaxlebis arealebSic dainergos, maT Soris dedaqalaq TbilisSic. misi partniori qalaqis, varSavis, gamocdileba am mxriv Cveni dedaqalaqisTvis, vfiqrob, kargi gzamkvlevi iqneba.

mzeona kaxniaSvili

evgeni de soliniaki 1861 wels bostonSi gadmosaxlebul frang TavadaznaurTa ojaxSi daibada. mas arasodes uswavlia profesiuli fotografia. igi 42 wlis iyo, rodesac misma siZem muSaoba daawyebina niu-iorkis xidebis ganyofilebaSi mTavari fotografis, jozef palmeris, TanaSemwed 1903 wels. Tumca, es ukanaskneli maleve gardaicvala da misi yvela movaleobis Sesruleba soliniaks daekisra. igi aRbeWdavda ara mxolod xidebs, aramed municipalur Senobebs, miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebsa da gzebs. 1906 wlidan 1934 wlamde man gadaiRo niu-iorkis oci aTasze meti foto. misi es Sroma, faqtobrivad, Tanamedrove qalaqis, misi arqiteqturis, infrastruqturisa da im xalxis anderZia, vinc es yvelaferi sakuTari xeliT Seqmna. soliniakis yvelaze cnobili namuSevari swored es fotoa, romelsac xedavT. 1914 wlis 22 seqtembers igi bruklinis xidis mimarTulebiT gaeSura aq momuSave mRebavebis dasakvirveblad da STagonebis saZieblad. ori kviris Semdeg ki kvlav dabrunda amave adgilas, muSebi konstruqciaze gaanawila da istoriuli fotoc Seqmna. bruklinis xidi erT-erTi uZvelesi dakidebuli xidia aSS-Si, romlis mSeneblobac 1869 wels daiwyo. mis arqiteqtors, jon roeblings, daaxlobiT 15 weli dasWirda am xidis aSenebisTvis saWiro nebarTvis mosapoveblad. samwuxarod, is ukve gardacvlili iyo, rodesac qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam es nebarTva gasca. Sedegad, xidis mSenebloba misi Svilis, vaSington roebligis, xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo. Tumca, male isic gardaicvala da, sabolood, misi meuRlis, emilis xelmZRvanelobis periodSi dasrulda. proeqtis Rirebuleba 18 milioni dolaria. unda aRiniSnos, rom gaxsnis momentSi swored bruklinis xidi iyo yvelaze grZeli msoflioSi. masze muSaobas 27 adamianis sicocxle Seewira. garda amisa, 30 maiss, gaxsnidan erT kviraSi xidis Cavardnis Sesaxeb agorebulma Worma masze myof adamianebSi panika gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac 12 adamiani daiRupa. evgeni de soliniakis aRmafrTovanebeli naSromebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda filmesa Tu wignebSi ise, rom arsad iyo naxsenebi avtoris vinaoba. dRes ki, sabednierod, situacia saxecvlilia. frangma TviTnaswavlma fotografma, marTlac, Zalian Zvirfasi saCuqari dautova momaval Taobebs.

| CIVICUS#14 | Eugene de Salignac (1861-1943)

Eugene de Salignac

roman polanski '' 'CainaTauni''' ' (1974)á&#x192;Ź xatia Cxvimiani

47 | CIVICUS#14 | roman polanski ''CainaTauni'' (1974)

2 saaTsa

da 18 wuTSi Cateuli kinoistoria

sawyis epizodebSi odnav gadamRlel, momabezrebel da garkveulwilad rutinul ambadac ki kinomayurebels,

romelsac

roman

esaxeba

polanskis

''â&#x20AC;&#x17E;CainaTaunis'' yureba aqvs ganzraxuli. Tumca, filmis siuJeturi ganviTareba, met ''draivsa'' da mZime notas, araprognozirebad scenebs

gvTavzobs, rac mowyenis

saSualebas namdvilad ar iZleva da garkveuli odenobis adrenalinis gamoyofac warmetebiT xerxdeba, im kategoriis namdvil kinogurmanTaTvis, romelTac xiblavT kinoscenaris araordinaluri da odnav

mistikuri Janris

filmTa Soris erT-erT sapatio, avtoritetul

miRwevebiT, mZime kategoriis filmis adgils ikavebs. kongresis biblioTekis mier,

a.S.S-s erovnuli

filmebis reestrSi Setanilia, rogorc kulturulad, istoriulad da esTetiurad gamorCeuli kinonimuSi. igi 1974 wels, zemodxsenebuli frango-poloneli kinoreJisoris, roman polnaskis avtorobiT gadaRebul films warmoadgens. filmis scenaris inspiracias ''kaliforniis wylis omebis'' saxeliT cnobili movlena warmoadgens, romelmac me-20 saukunis sawyis periodSi swored a.S.S-s dasavleT nawilSi hpova gavrceleba. filmi mkveTrad

warmoaCens los-anJelesis, rogorc

urbanuli sivrcis masStabebSi arsebuli problemebis mTel wyebas, wyalommaragebis sistemis gaumarTaobasa da mwyurvali qalaqis aseve mwyurval mosaxleobas, romelic aRniSnuli sistemis meTaurTagan daxmarebas iTxovs. scenari Tavis epicentrSi aqcevs qalaqis adminstraciasa da mTel rig departamentebSi gamefebuli korufciis Targze gamoWril qaoss, romelic erTmaneTs kaSxlis mSeneblobis garSemo wamowyebul disputSi mowinaaRmdege or poluss upirispirebs, kaSxlis aSenebis msurvelT da mis mowinaaRmdegeT.

zedapirze arsebul, dominirebad Sinaarsobriv aqcents srulebiTac ar warmoadgens, metic filmis scenari, Tavdapirvelad, sruliad distancirebuli gvgonia aRniSnuli Tematikisgan da jek nikolsonis qarzimatiuli personaJis, gittesis deteqtivuri saqmianobis, moRalate meuRleebis gamoaSkaravebisa Tu maTi mier gamarTuli ''dramebisken'' ufro did interess viCenT

vidre wylis mimarT, romelic

filmis mimdinareobis sawyisidan dasasrulamde mudam Tavs gvaxsenebs, magram ar rogorc mniSvnelovani, aramed umniSvnelo, SemTxveviTi, simboluri detali,

absurduli ganviTareba.. ''CainaTauniâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, ''neo noir''(neo noir)

Tumca, aRniSnuli kontent-analizi filmis

Tanmxlebi faqtori, momenti, romelsac mxolod gamWriaxi kinomayurebeli Tu mianiWebs sakvanZo mniSvnelobis statuss. Tumca, scenari Tavidanve garkveuli tipis miniSnebas iZleva aRniSnulze, roca filmis sawyis epizodebSive wyalmomaragebis departamentis xelmZRvaneli, haris mulvrei kaSxlis proeqtis ganxorcielebas uars sajarod ucxadebs da swored am dros darbazSi Semocvenili cxvrebisa da maTi patronis protestic, rogorc fermerTa gulistkivilis demonstrireba, romelTac meurneobisTvis sakmarisi wylis resursi esaWiroebaT, aris gzavnili imis Sesaxeb, rom filmSi socialuri Tematika erT-erT centralur adgils ikavebs da urbanuli ganviTarebis kvaldakval problemaTa mTel wyebas warmoSobs. los-anJelesis

CainaTauni korufciisa da

saidumlobebis savaned gvesaxeba da is calsaxad ufro metia, vidre mxolod filmis saxelwodeba. ufro meti vidre gansazRvrul lokaciaze organizebuli eTnikuri jgufi. daakvirdiT Cinel moaxleebs: maTi mzera, qcevebi, saxeze aRbeWdili xasiaTebi, isini Zlieri konspiraciis gancdas qmnian. raRacis damalvis, miCqmalvis, ar Tqmis Zlier survils.

| CIVICUS#14 | roman polanski ''CainaTauni'' (1974)

49 | CIVICUS#14 | roman polanski ''CainaTauni'' (1974)

filmis dasasruls evelin mulvreis tragikuli sikvdili

amrigad es sam Taobas Soris arsebuli gaurkveveli,

CainaTaunis quCebSi, jeik gittesis emociuri foni da

absurduli, bundovani kavSiria, rac ganzogadebasa

mis gasanietraleblad

kolegis mier warmoTqmuli

da ufro masStabur xedvas eqvemdebareba, es

''daiviwye jeik, es xom CainaTaunia'' gangmiravad xvdeba

zogadasakacobriobo mniSvnelobis brZolaa mamaTa da

yurs. es is CainaTaunia, sadac korufcias gaudgams

SvilTa Soris. analogia ki gacilebiT ufro Zlieri

fesvebi, martivad rom vTqvaT ''aq yvelaferi mosula'',

da sulis SemZvrelia: wyali, rogorc sicocxlis

yvelaferi dasaSvebi da advilad gansaxorcielebelia.

sawyisi da qali, rogorc saTave axali sicocxlisa.

aq policia destruqciul xasiaTs iZens, rac SeiZleba

gaorebis sindromi polanskis cxovrebiseul

naklebi, aseTia jeik gittesis warsuli gamocdileba

Tu kinogamocdlebaze gamaval ideur xazs

''ainaTaunSi muSaobisa, urbanul problemebSic xom erT-

warmoadgens. SeuZlia Tu ara kacs seqsualuri da

erT centralur adgils kriminali ikavebs, romelic rig

socialuri Zalauflebis erTdorouli floba?

SemTxvevebSi korufciul, maRal eSelonebSi wamowyebul

Seswevs Tu ara mas mamobisa da sayvarlobis unari

binZuri garigebebis nayofs, rig SemTxvevebSi ki quCis

erTdroulad? ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides

cxovrebis, siRatakis, mZime socialur-ekonomikuri

Zalauflebis masStabebi? swored msgavs kiTxvebs

mdgomareobis gamoZaxils warmoadgens. filmis scenaric

svams makbetic, romlis ekranizaciac aseve polanskis

fokuss swored

avtorobiT, ramdenime wliT adre 1971 wels ixila

pirvel maTganze akeTebs.

Tumca, kriminali

gavlenian rols TamaSobs. filmis

kinoindustriam.

ideur centrs wyali da Zalaufleba warmoadgens,

polanskis monawileoba filmSi aseve simboluri

wyali romelic dasalevi da sarwyavi funqciiT,

formaa, is cxvirSi umiznebs iaraRs nikolsonis

umTares sasicocxlo resurss qmnis angelozTa qalaqis

qarizmatul personaJs da cxvirSive Wris mas. scena

mkvidrTaTvis. filmSi wyali sicocxlesTan erTad

cinikuria, misi Semdgomi ganviTareba ki kidev ufro.

sikvdilis simbolizebasac axdens, rogorc

holis

jeks ekiTxebian cxvirze, is ki Cveuli tragikuli

mulvreisa da usaxlkaro kacis daxrCobis ZiriTadi

simSvidiT pasuxobs, rom ''araferia, mxolod

mizezi, mulvreisa, romelsac wyali xalxis kuTvnilebad

sunTqvisas qmnis es ukanaskneli diskomforts''.

miaCnda.

filmis dasasrulamde mas niSasaviT gayveba es

oidiposis kompleqsi, romelic filmis finalur

Wriloba, romelsac sakmaod did yuradRebas aqcevs

nawilSi hpovebs dRis sinaTles da mayurebelsac

kinokameris obiqetivic, yvelgan da yovelTvis

gaognebuls tovebs, filmSi dominirebuli

aqcenti cxvirze SeimCneva.

ideis

gamoaSkaravebas cdilobs, TaobaTa Soris arsebuli

istoria qalaqze da masSi mimdinare binZur,

Zlieri gaurkvevlobisa da dabneulobis warmodgenas.

korufciuli wyalmomaragebis departamentis garSemo

zigmund froids surda gadmoeca gauTvicnobierebeli

atexil aurzaurze apaTiisa da cxovrebiseuli

seqsualuri ltolva sapirispiro sqesis mSoblebisadmi,

tragizmis gancdas qmnis, es aris urbanuli sivrcis,

biseqsualuri mdgomareoba da qvecnobierSi arsebuli

problemebisa da

erotikuli iluziebi. noa krusi erTdroulad or

motyuebisa da cxovrebis iluziad warmodgenis

rols irgebs is babuac aris da mamac, evelini ki

xelovneba. ase

dedisa da dis statuss aseve Tanadroulad atarebs.

filosofiis warmodgena, Tavis

fiqrobs ''CainaTauni''.

51 | CIVICUS#14 | ' Tbilisi iyo urTierToba'' 50-80-iani wlebis Tbilisis socio-urbanuli Strixebi

''Tbilisi iyo urTierToba''

dedaqalaqelTa narativSi xSirad gvxvdeba nostalgia 50-80iani wlebis Tbilisze. „Tbilisi iyo urTierToba’’-sinanuliT amboben xolme Cveni mSoblebi, bebia-babuebi. da mainc, ra iyo aseTi gansakuTrebuli 50-80-iani wlebis TbilisSi, rom dResac masze mogonebebiT iferadeben yoveldRiur yofas asakiT Cvenze ufrosni?! modiT, aRvweroT is socio-kulturuli garemo, romelSic gaCnda es formula, SevadaroT dasavlur urbanul modelebs.

Tamar CiTinaSvili

50-80-iani wlebis Tbilisis socio-urbanuli Strixebi dasavluri gagebiT sabWoTa Tbilisi sulac ar warmoadgenda qalaqs da da Tavisi socio-kulturuli struqturiT metad hgavda sofels, kliSeSi - „Tbilisi iyo urTierToba’’ - airekleboda qalaqis centrSi mcxovrebi privilegirebuli fenis cxovrebis wesi. is gulisxmobda Caketilobisaken midrekil wreSi Camoyalibebul, loialobasa da pativiscemaze damyarebul kavSirs, rac naklebad vrceldeboda am wris gareT darCenil individebze da, amdenad,

universalur urbanul sazogadoebaze. urbanistebi qalaqs, ZiriTadad, sofelTan gansxvavebis mixedviT gansazRvraven. rogorc qalaqurobis urbanistuli gansazRvrebebi, ise konkretuli qalaqmgegmareblebis da moqalaqeebis mier aRqmuli sabWoTa Tbilisis socialuri sivrce saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom sofelTan dapirispirebis konteqstSi sabWoTa Tbilisi qalaqia. magram rodesac mas dasavlur qalaqis socialur urTierTobebs, Rirebulebebsa

53 | CIVICUS#14 | ' Tbilisi iyo urTierToba'' 50-80-iani wlebis Tbilisis socio-urbanuli Strixebi

da cxovrebis wess vadarebT, TbilisSi mkafiod Cans ruraruli yofisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic. qalaqze msjelobisas mniSvnelovania, mxedvelobaSi viqonioT Sua saukuneebis evropaSi gavrcelebuli princi pi „qalaqi aTavisuflebs“. am princi pis warmoSobas hqonda feodalizmis epoqis konkretuli socio-politikuri, istoriuli pirobebi, magram me19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gaCenili axali socialuri disci plina, romelic qalaqis sociologias ikvlevda, qalaqs, upirveles yovlisa, kvlav Tavisufali individebis koncentraciis SesaZleblobad ganixilavda. sociologi georg zimeli miiCnevda, rom Sua saukuneebSi da Semdgomac, patara qalaqi an sofeli adamians, mis gadaadgilebasa da garesamyarosTan urTierTobas, mis damoukideblobas da sxvebisagan diferenciacias uwesebda sazRvrebs. zimelis azriT, am pirobebSi Tanamedrove adamiani daiRupeboda da didi qalaqis mcxovrebi, romelic gadadis pataraSi, axlac grZnobs Seviwroebas: rac ufro pataraa wre, romelic individis garemos qmnis, miT ufro viwroa sxvebTan urTierTobis sazRvrebi, miT ufro ukvirdeba is Tavis qcevas, cxovrebasa da fiqrebs. qalaquri Tavisuflebis princi pi aqtualuria Tbilisisa da qarTuli soflebis, an patara qalaqebis Sedarebis drosac. Tbilisis moqalaqeTa dakvirvebiT, qalaqisaken migraciis intensivoba, romelsac meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan hqonda adgili, sxva mraval mizezebTan erTad, individualuri Tavisuflebis ufro maRali donis ZiebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. garda imisa, rom Tbilisi aRiqmeboda Semosavlis miRebis adgilad, igi provinciis macxovreblebisTvis qmnida warmodgenasac socialuri mobilobis perspeqtivaze, met Tavisuflebaze. provinciis macxovreblebs im dros, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove epoqaSi, uwevdaT tradiciebis zedmiwevniT dacva, „xalxis azris’’ gaTvaliswineba, Zalian mkacrad mocemul moralSi cxovreba, ar iyvnen Tavisufalni arCevanSi da a.S - yvelaferi es, bunebrivia, aferxebda adamianis pirovnul ganviTarebas. sabWoTa periodis Tbilisi qarTvelTa nawilisTvis idealia imis gamoc, rom rogorc Tavad amboben, maSin yvela yvelas icnobda da erTmaneTis Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvelaferi icodnen. urban-sociologi robert parki Tvlida, rom qalaqSi, sadac wes-Cveuleba Seviwroebulia sazogadoebrivi azriT da pozitiuri kanoniT, adamiani iZulebulia, icxovros ufro gonebiT, vidre instinqtebiTa da tradiciebze dayrdnobiT. Sedegad, Cndeba adamiani –individi, romelic azrovnebs da moqmedebs. glexi, romelic Cadis qalaqSi sacxovreblad da samuSaod, aucileblad Tavisufldeba misi winaprebis wesCveulebebisgan, magram, amasTan, mas mxars ukve aRar uWers glexuri erTobis koleqtiuri sibrZne. is axla Tavisi Tavis amara darCa. glexis SemTxveva tipuria. yvela qalaqeli, ama Tu im xarisxiT, Tavis Tavis amaradaa darCenili. qalaqsa da sofels Soris gansxvavebis dadgenisas mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis da erTobis gansxvavebebi ferdinand tionisis TeoriaSi. maTze msjelobisas tionisi acxadebs, rom erToba damaxasiaTebelia soflis garemosTvis, xolo sazogadoeba qalaqSi ibadeba. „yvelgan, sadac

yvavis da nayofieria qalaquri kultura, Cndeba sazogadoeba, rogorc misi ganuyofeli nawili. sofelSi es movlena naklebadaa cnobili“. es gansxvavebebi sazogadoebasa da erTobas Soris imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac gvexmareba sakuTriv Tbilisis, rogorc qalaqis, gansazRvrebaSi. tionisis definiciaTa eqstrapolirebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Tbilisma Tanamedrove gagebiT qalaqad da, Sesabamisad, srulyofil sazogadoebad Camoyalibeba daiwyo saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg. ferdinand tionisis ganmartebiT sazogadoeba (Gesellschaf) – aris konkurentebisagan Semdgari socialuri warmonaqmni da amdenad urTierTobas amyarebs konvenciaze, kontraqtze. im dros, roca erToba (gemeinschaf), radganac is ojaxuri, naTesauri samezoblo kavSirebiT iqmneba, damyarebulia erTgulebis, ndobisa da pativiscemis principebze. swored am mizeziT, sofelSi maRalia socialuri kontrolis xarisxic. sainteresoa erTi detalic. sabWoTa periodis TbilisSi mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi myarad iyo fesvgadgmuli warmodgenebi koleqtivizmis Sesaxeb. TiToeuli adamiani, moqalaqe, iyo „mTelis nawili’’, saerTo sakuTrebam raRac uxilavi xeliT „SeaduRa’’ sociumi, miajaWva adamianebi erTmaneTs, amasTanave, aravis hqonda gariyulobis, gansxvavebulobis gancda. ai, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom Tavi iCina konkurenciam, individualizmma. sazogadoebis did nawils jer kidev ar hqonda urbanuli cxovrebis wesi gaTavisebuli. sabWoTa mosaxleobam Seqmna marginaluri sazogadoeba, radgan adamianebi TandaTanobiT iviwyebdnen maT mWidro kavSirs garemosTan da „nimbizmis’’ princi piT moqmedebdnen. „nimbizmi’’(Not in my backyard) dasavlur urbanistikaSi gavrcelebuli terminia da „me nu Semexeba da kiseri utexia yvelas’’ princi piT cxovrebas niSnavs. im adamianebs, romlebic sabWoTa TbilisSi cxovrobdnen da „21-e saukunis Tbiliselebic’’ arian, xSirad uWirT xolme erTmaneTisgan sazogadosa da kerZos garCeva. koleqtivizmis pirobebSi cnobierebaCamoyalibebulebs uWirT dRevandel konkurenciasTan, „arsebobisTvis brZolasTan’’ Segueba. Tbilisis macxovrebelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTobebis es forma, SesaZloa, ganpirobebuli iyo sacxovrisis erTi TaviseburebiT, rac qalaqis ganaSenianebas axasiaTebda. es iyo komunaluri binaTsargebloba – moferebiT „komunalkas’’ uwodebdnen. 1921 wlis sabWoTa okupaciis Semdeg xelisuflebam proletariatisTvis sabinao problemis gadasawyvetad, sololakis kerZo saxlebi iq mcxovreb burJuazias CamoarTva da Tbilisis muSuri ubnebidan xalxi gadmoasaxla. adamians piradi cotaRa rCeboda, saerTo kari, saerTo samzareulo, saerTo samzareulos saxlmmarTveli. aRweril sivrces „italiuri ezoebi’’ erqva. Tbilisis komunalurma binebma multikulturalizmis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli, rac asevea damaxasiaTebeli dasavluri

qalaqisTvis, magram amave dros gazarda socialuri kontrolis xarisxi. ara mxolod binis sivrciTi ganawilebis gamo, aramed xelisuflebis mier danergili princi piTac, rom mezoblis dasmenis SemTxvevaSi, damsmens misi oTaxis SemoerTebis saSualeba eZleoda, sruliad dairRva moqalaqeebis piradi sivrce. es movlena kidev erTi faqtoria, ris gamoc Tbilisis moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebma sazogadoebrivis magier erTobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi SeiZina. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT gregor zimelis hi poTezas, rom qalaqSi racionaluri urTierTobebis, piradi Tavisuflebis arsebobas gansazRvravs misi mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda, SesaZloa vamtkicoT, rom adre Tbilisi patara iyo da moqalaqeebs Soris mWidro kavSirsac es ganapirobebda. urbansociologi luis uirtisTvis qalaqis mosaxleobis raodenoba erT-erTi kriteriumia, romliTac is didi qalaqis niSnebs ayalibebs. uirti miiCnevs, rom, rac ufro didia dasaxleba da masze simWidrove, da rac ufro araerTgvarovania sazogadoeba, miT metad xdeba masSi urbanizmis maxasiaTeblebis koncentrireba. qalaqis mosaxleobis didi raodenoba gulisxmobs individualuri gamovlinebebis sidides da rac ufro didi raodenoba individebisa urTierTqmedebs, miT metia maT Soris diferenciacia. individualuri maxasiaTeblebi, saqmianoba, kulturuli cxovreba, qalaquri jgufebis wevrTa ideebi ufro polarizebulia qalaqis mosaxleobaSi, vidre soflis mosaxleobas Soris. Tumca 1950-iani wlebidan, sabWoTa kavSiris cekas pirvel mdivnad nikita xruSCovis arCevis Semdeg, gatarda Zalian mniSvnelovani sabinao reforma, romelmac sabWoTa mosaxleobas piradi sivrcis miRebis SesaZlebloba misca. Tumca, mosaxleobis raodenoba SeiZleba erTerTi da ara mTavari cvladi iyos Tbilisis gansxvavebulobis, misi dausrulebeli urbanizaciis axsnisas, radgan dasavleTSi ufro mcire zomis qalaqebic iZleodnen „sazogadoebis’’ magaliTebs, „erTobebis wil’’, rac TbilisSi agrerigad gaWirda. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Tbilisi gaxda milioniani, raodenobrivi kriteriumi ver iqneba TbilisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ruraruli niSan-Tvisebebis ganmsazRvreli. ufro metad safiqrebelia, rom qalaqis mosaxleobis swrafma zrdam ganapiroba qalaqis garemoSi sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis Seqmna, romlebmac moaxdines sivrculi segregacia, ubnebis organizeba da Seqmnes am ubnebis sociokulturuli maxasiaTeblebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, savaraudoa, gviansabWoTa Tbilisic patara qalaqebis konglomeratad yalibdeboda da ara erTian urbanul sivrced. 50-ian wlebSi ganaSenianebuli vake, inteligenciisa da politikuri elitis maRali koncentraciis gamo, maleve iqca Tbilisis elitur ubnad. Tavisi ganaSenianebis princi pebis, quCebisa da binebis maRali xarisxiT, socio-kulturuli

maxasiaTeblebiT, vake upirispirdeboda 60ian wlebSi Seqmnil naklebkomfortul mikroraionebs. mTlianobaSi, gviansabWoTa Tbilisi waagavda ara dasavlur „gadasadnob qvabs’’, romelic individualizmiTa da kontraqtuli urTierTobebiT aTavisuflebs, aramed ruraluri erTobebiT gamorCeul da erTmaneTisadmi zurgSeqceul ubanTa konglomerats. mis centrSi idga komfortuli binebiTa da prestiJuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebiT damSvenebuli vake, romelic romelime Zlieri da tradiciuli sofeliviT icavda TavisTavadobas. sabWoTa qarTuli modernizaciis miRma, gamoZaxils gardasul epoqaTa partikularistuli koleqtivizmi iZleoda. erTi mxriv, vakis socialuri geografia naTlad aCvenebs, ramdenad Sors iyo sabWoTa saqarTvelo egalitaruli, uklaso sazogadoebis deklarirebuli princi pebisagan. 50-80-iani wlebis sabWoTa Tbilisis mosaxleoba warmoadgenda ruraluri erTobebis konglomerats. amis niSnebia: eWvi axalmosaxleTa mimarT; maRali socialuri kontroli; konkretuli wris SigniT ndoba-pativiscemis primati kontraqtsa da konkurenciaze. Tbiliss qonda hibriduli da marginaluri sazogadoebis niSnebi. qalaqi iyo metad heterogenuli da gaxsnili, vidre qarTuli sofeli. rac Seexeba marginalurobas, is naklebad wuxda saerTo problemebze. calke kvlevis sagania, Tu ramdenad waaxalisa aseTi „marginalizmi’’ garedan Tavsmoxveulma komunisturma ideologiam da politikurma sistemam. Tanamedrove dasavluri qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT, centri, gansakuTrebiT ki, vakis ubani, 50-80-ian wlebSi elitis mier iqna kolonizirebuli. man Seqmna formula – „Tbilisi iyo urTierToba’’. TbiliselTa privilegirebul fenas, romelic qalaqelobas TiTqmis eqskluziurad iCemebda, ara mxolod Tanamdebobebi, aramed yofiTi kultura, stili mijnavda araprivilegirebulTagan.

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civicus

#14 | oqtomberi 2017