Civicus #15 by CELA

noemberi 2017

# 15

civicus

nomris Tema:

sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba

#15

am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier. masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.

http://www.cela.ge/ge/civicus info@cela.ge https://www.facebook.com/celageo

2017 noemberi

redaqtoris sveti

mariam guliaSvili saxelmwifoSi arsebul yvela simaxinjes, uzustobas, umecrebasa Tu borotebas sabWoTa warsuliT vxsniT. 70 wlian Tanacxovrebas sabWoTa respublikebTan varqmevT iZulebiTi Zilis periods da am monakveTSi vuwyebT Zebnas yvela Secdomas, romelic Zalian ar gvinda Cveni brali aRmoCndes. zedmiwevniT kargad viciT, ramdenad mZime, usamarTlo da Seumwynarebeli iyo adamianis azrovnebis Tavisuflebis mimarT komunisturi xelisufleba sabWoeTSi, Tumca, xSirad gvaviwydeba kiTxvis dasma, dRes gvaqvs Tu ara azrovnebis Tavisufleba da romeli legitimaciis wyaroebidan sazrdoobs igi. Civicus-is me-15 nomeri sabWoTa warsulis gaazrebas exeba. Cven gvinda davinaxoT sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc ara mxolod uciloblad dasaviwyebeli fenomeni, aramed rogorc Zalian saintereso Sesaswavli veli. warsuliT ganpirobebuli procesebis gamosakvlevad, upirveles yovlisa, warsulis zusti codnaa aucilebeli, rasac umeteswilad anacvlebs miTologiuri interpretaciebi. zustad, imitom rom Cven yvelas gvinda demokratiul, socialur saxelmwifoSi cxovreba, saWiroa, zustad vicodeT, rogor davkargeT demokratia da ramdenad namdvilia axla misi mopovebis procesi. aris Tu ara es realuri Sinaarsis mqone emansipacia, mimdinareobs Tu ara kanonis mixedviT Tu kulturulad aqcentirebuli normebis demokratizacia

Cvens sazogadoebaSi. swored, am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad, sivikusis saredaqcio jgufi Seecada Sexeboda iseTi tipis Tematikas, rogoricaa sabWoTa warsulSi Seqmnili kulturuli elementebi, sabWoTa kino da ideurad dominirebadi gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba, represiebi, misi msxverplni da maTgan gadmocemuli adamianuri istoriebi, respublikis memkvidreoba, mexsierebis politika da lustraciis kanoni, grZnobebis devna da emociebis mmarTveloba. kvlevisa da msjelobis dros saqarTvelos sabWoTa warsulis gamotovebiT, mas ver daviviwyebT. yovel dRe gagvaxsenebs Tavs patarpatara da zogjer Zalianac didi memkvidreobebiT, patara sabWoTa kavSirebiT Cvens sazogadoebaSi, xelisuflebaSi, kulturasa Tu mecnierebaSi, yvlegan sadac avanscenas davuTmobT. Civicus-is mimdinare gamocema, emsaxureba diskusiaSi Semoitanos sabWoTa warsuli, rogorc Zalian saWiro, SesamCnevi procesebis mimdinare veli, mimdinare mdgomareobis gasaazreblad.

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 03

sarCevi 03

redaqtoris sveti mariam guliaSvili

lustracia - aRmosavleT evropis gamocdileba demna devdariani

warsulis ''aRmoCenidan'' ''msxverplis'' mexsierebis formirebamde Tamar qaraia

sabWoTa kavSirSi religiis devnis politikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi kote CaCibaia

okupaciis muzeumi xatia Cxvimiani

kote miqaberiZis 1929 wlis akrZaluli filmis ''Cemi bebia'' mariam Corgoliani

''sabWoTa represiebi da masTan dakavSirebuli zepiri istoriebi'' nana gogolaZe

foto istoria: aprilis gmirebi salome elisaSvili

termini ''lustracia'' (Lustratio) . 1

etimologiurad, laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa da msxverplSewirvis gziT, ganwmendis process aRniSnavs. Tanamedrove mniSvneloba terminma me-20 saukunis bolo wlebSi SeiZina, rodesac aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma daiwyes specialuri sakanonmdeblo CarCos Seqmna, romelic pirTa garkveul wres totalitaruli reJimTan TanamSromlobaSi amxelda da aRniSnulis safuZvelze, ukrZalavda saxelmwifo seqtroSi saqmianobas. lustraciis procesi moicavs im saxelmwifo-politikuri Tanamdebobis pirTa warsuli saqmianobis Seswavlas im mizniT, raTa dadgindes maT mier, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis epoqaSi, danaSaulebrivi reJimis saidumlo samsaxurebTan maTi kavSiri. rogorc wesi, lustraciis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba exeba danaSaulebrivi reJimis epoqaSi, saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da sxva tipis saidumlo samsaxurebSi dasaqmebul, maRali ierarqiis pirebs, romlebic danaSaulis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisufldebian dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan droebiT an samudamod. qveyanaSi lustraciis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibeba da danaSaulSi mxilebis qmediTi meqanizmebis danergva, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgens saxelmwifos politikurad deklarirebul ganacxads totalitaruli msoflmxedvelobisagan ganridebis

Sesaxeb. garda danaSaulebrivi reJimis politikur-samarTlebrivi Sefasebis miznisa, lustraciis kanonmdebloba emsaxureba erovnuli interesebisa da saxelmwifo saidumloebis dacvas im pirTagam, romlebic warsuli saqmianobis specifikidan gamomdinare, potenciur safrTxes warmoadgenen qveynis uSiSroebisaTvis. lustraciis procesi moicavs, rogorc sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnasa da danaSaulSi mxilebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebas, agreTve, saxelmwifos saidumlo arqivebis gasajaroebasa da mosaxleobis mxridan, aRniSnul masalebze wvdomis uzrunvelyofas. statiaSi ganxilulia aRmosavleT evropis sam qveyanaSi - CexeTSi, poloneTsa da bulgareTSi lustraciis procesi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyo. germaniis Semdeg 2, 1991 wels, lustraciis Sesaxeb kanoni miiRo CexeTma (yofili Cexoslovakia 3) da ukanonod aRiara komunisturi reJimi. kanonis moqmedebis sfero gavrcelda miliciis TanamSromlebze, saxelmwifo dazvervis agentebze, 1948 wlidan 1968 wlebSi moqmedi wmendis komisiebis wevrebsa da komunisturi partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebze. aRniSnul pirebs aekrZalaT arCeviTi da daniSvniTi Tanamdebobis dakaveba federaluri da respublikis masStabis saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi arsebul sawarmoTa menejerul da polkovnikze maRali samxedro wodebis poziciebze.

Heitland. page: 224. http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1922084/Lustratio lustraciis kanoni germaniam 1990 wels miiRo 3 Lavinia Stan. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe:A Comparative Analysisâ&#x20AC;? 2006. Page: 5, 7, 8. https://www.academia.edu/1657589/The_Politics_of_Memory_in_Post-Communist_Europe_A_Comparative_Analysis 1

06/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

lustracia aRmosavleT evropis gamocdileba demna devdariani TanamdebobaTa SezRuduli wre, aseve aerTiandebda tele-radio kompaniebs, akademias, uzenaes sasamarTlosa da prokuraturas. kanonis moqmedebis drod ganisazRvra 5 weli, romelic Semdgom gaxangrZlivda damatebiT 5 wliT, amis Semdgom ki - uvadod. 1996 wlidan 2004 wlamde miRebul iqna ramdenime kanoni, romelTa ZaliT gasajarovda centraluri da regionuli dazvervis departamentis dokumentebi, saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli pirebisa da maTi daSantaJebisaTvis Catarebuli operaciebis amsaxveli masalebi. mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, 2003 wels gasajarovda 100,000 piris maidentificirebeli monacemebi, romlebic TanamSromlobdnen komunistur reJimTan. 17 wlis

manZilze, saerTo jamSi, damnaSaved iqna cnobili 90 piri da sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra yofili uSiSroebis samsaxuris 26 TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg. lustraciis kanoni iqna miRebuli poloneTSi 4 1997 wlis martSi, ris safuZvelzec, saerTo jamSi, im dros moqmedi parlamentis 64 wevrs wauyenes brali. lustraciis kanonis mixedviT, prezidenti, parlamentis wevrebi, mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi, premier-ministri da ministrTa kabinetis wevrebi valdebulni iyvnen detaluri Cveneba miecaT komunistur reJimTan maTi SesaZlo TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. cru CvenebisTvis ganisazRvra Tanamdebobis dakavebis uflebis CamorTmeva aTi wlis vadiT. lustraciis process warmarTavda lustraciis prokurori

Lavinia Stan. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe:A Comparative Analysisâ&#x20AC;? 2006. Page: 6, 7, 8. https://www.academia.edu/1657589/The_Politics_of_Memory_in_Post-Communist_Europe_A_Comparative_Analysis

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 07

da lustraciis samosamarTleo kolegia, romelTa gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivreba SesaZlebeli iyo zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloSi. mogvianebiT, kanonSi Sevida cvlileba da misi moqmedebis sfero aseve gavrcelda Jurnalistebze, advokatebze, maswavleblebze, sajaro moxelebze, diplomatebze da a.S. maTi dakiTxvis oqmebi iyo sajaro. aRniSnuli

cvlilebebis Sedegad, lustracias daeqvemdebara damatebiT 23, 000 piri. saerTo jamSi, gamoZiebul iqna 2, 359 saqme, romlebic exeboda danaSaulebs Cadenils, 1939 wlidan 1989 wlamde, poloneli eris, mSvidobisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg, agreTve, moicavda omis danaSaulebs. 2001 wlidan 2004 wlamde 15, 485 pirma gamoiTxova sajaro informacia

lustracias daqvemdebarebul saqmeebze. poloneTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, moxsnilia sajaro informaciaze wvdomis yvelanairi SezRudva, masalebis udidesi nawili ganTavsebulia internetSi. ''panevis kanonis'' saxelwodebiT cnobili lustraciis kanonmdebloba

bulgareTSi 5 miRebul iqna 1992 wels, romelic ZiriTadad gavrcelda saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuris Tanamdebobis pirebze. kanonis Tanaxmad, akademiuri sferos warmomadgenlebi valdebulni iyvnen, werilobiTi formiT, daefiqsirebinaT maTi kavSiris masStabi da specifika komunistur

Lavinia Stan. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe:A Comparative Analysisâ&#x20AC;? 2006. Page: 5, 7, 8. https://

www.academia.edu/1657589/The_Politics_of_Memory_in_Post-Communist_Europe_A_Comparative_Analysis

08/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

partiasTan. mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, 1992 wels gasajarovda saidumlo arqivebi, Tumca erTi wlis Semdeg, 2013 wels, erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacvis motiviT, mTavrobam kvlav daxura piradi saqmeebis Semcveli saarqivo masala. sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb kanoni, romelic 1997 wels iqna miRebuli, krZalavda saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxurebSi, warsulSi dasaqmebuli pirebis mier, sajaro uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, saxelmwifo organoebSi dasaqmebas. lustraciis kanonis pirdapir moqmedebas daeqvemdebara 4 mowvevis parlamentis 129 deputati, romelTa mimarT dadginda kavSiri yofili uSiSroebis samsaxurebTan. mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, kvlav SezRuduli rCeba saarqivo masalaSi dacul pirad saqmeebze wvdoma.

kanonmdeblobis moqmedebis masStabisa da procesTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT, CexeTis, poloneTisa da bulgareTis gamocdileba gansxvavebulia, Tumca lustraciis ZiriTadi principebi saerToa ganxiluli qveynebisaTvis. lustraciis kanonmdeblobam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula sabWoTa socialistur sazogadoebaTa mxridan, warsulis ideologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi gadafasebis procesSi, ramac araerTi aRmosavleT evropuli saxelmwifosaTvis Seqmna dasavleT evropasTan warmatebuli integraciis realuri safuZveli.

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 09

warsulis ''aRmoCenidan'' ''msxverplis'' mexsierebis formirebamde Tamar qaraia ''saqarTvelo agrZelebs Tavis did istoriul svlas Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken. es aris welgamarTuli da amayi svla. Cveni nabiji gamyarebulia winaprebis TavdadebiTa da axali saqarTvelos energiT, istoriuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da momavlis rwmeniT''. es sityva mixeil saakaSvilma 2008 wels inauguraciaze warmoTqva da masSi saqarTvelos gmiruli warsuliT siamaye, winaparTa winaSe pasuxismgebloba da momavlis gamowvevis idea gaaerTiana. aRniSnuli gamosvla koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis mcdelobis magaliTia da asaxavs mexsierebis politikis ZiriTad tendenciebs vardebis revoluciis Semdgom saqarTveloSi. istoriis, rogorc politikis resursis gamoyeneba araerT saukunes iTvlis. droTa ganmavlobaSi gafarTovda da daixvewa misi gamoyenebis strategia. Sesabamisad, gaZlierda misi sazogadoebaze zegavlenac. is SesaZlebelia CarTul iqnas, rogorc mmarTveli Zalis legitimaciis, an piriqiT - aralegitimurad gamocxadebis, eris konsolidaciis, mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis da sxva araerT procesSi. politikosebis Zalisxmeva, sazogadoebaSi Seqmnan

konkretuli movlenis xsovna an xeli Seuwyon mis daviwyebas sxvadasxva resursebis gamoyenebiT, aris is fenomeni, rasac mexsierebis politikas uwodeben. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelo, rogorc axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo araerTi gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCnda. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani eris konsolidacia da axali identobis Camoyalibeba iyo, romelic Caanacvlebda TiTqmis 70l sabWoTa mentalobas. aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis erT-erT saSualebas koleqturi mexsierebis Seqmna warmoadgenda. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom aniWebdnen qveynis mmarTvelebi koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebas did mniSvnelobas, pasuxi calsaxaa: identoba da mexsiereba, orive ganixileba, rogorc dinamiuri procesi, romelic konstruqcionisturi xedvis Tanaxmad mudmivad icvleba, da am cvlilebis Sesabamisad, formirdeba sazogadoebis fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, miznebi da interesebi. XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 11

iarsebebs. saqarTvelo ar momkvdara. Cven yvelam erTad... yvelaferi unda gadavdoT gverdze, unda movemzadoT, unda gaverTiandeT, gavZlierdeT da aRvadginoT saqarTvelos erTianoba da mTlianoba...'' (saakaSvili m. 25.02.2004) am sityvebiT is miuTiTebda im gamowvevebze, romelic axali xelisuflebis winaSe idga da amave dros, mizanze, romlis gansaxorcieleblad xelisuflebaSi modioda. ficis daviTis saflavze dadeba uCvenebda, rom rogorc daviT aRmaSenebeli iyo yvelas mefe, miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa aseve saqarTvelos prezidenti iqneboda yvelas prezidenti da mouwodebda yvelas gaerTianebuliyvnen da gaegrZelebinaT is estafeta, romelic winaprebma datoves. sainteresoa is faqti, rom m. saakaSvili asociaciur dakavSirebas cdilobda aRmaSenebelTan, rac daviTis warmatebuli, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi radikaluri, reformatoruli, mmarTvelobis stiliT iyo ganpirobebuli. warsulisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis xazgasma xdeboda TiTqmis yvela sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos ''mebrZoli'', ''Seupovari'', ''daumorCilebeli'', ''mtergamouleveli'' warsuli iZleoda nebismieri gadawyvetilebis axsnis saSualebas. Sesabamisad, am magaliTebs iyenebdnen aRlumze mimarTvisas, studentebTan Tu ucxoel stumrebTan Sexvedrisas. mizani, rogorc aRiniSna, sazogadoebis konsolidacia da xelisuflebis legitimurobis arsebuli niSnulis SenarCuneba iyo. amasTanave, SesamCnevia ''axali qarTuli'' identobis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba, romlis Sesakravad gamoiyeneboda ori ZiriTadi strategia: simboloebze

aqcentireba da warsulis gaxseneba/ aRmoCena. saxelmwifis mSeneblobis procesSi erovnuli ''mgrZnobelobis'' gaRviZeba da identobis konstruirebis mcdeloba saxelmwifoTaTvis gardauvali procesia. u. blumis ''identifikaciis Teoriis'' Tanaxmad saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi qveynis teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamianebi swored, saerTo identobis Camoyalibebis Semdeg iqcevian saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad. transformaciis procesi dakavSirebulia arsebuli identobis markerebis gadafasebasTan da axali maidentificirebeli simboloebis miRebasTan (Bloom, 1990. gv55). saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, Zvelisadmi Zireulad gamijvnis kidev erT, simbolur gamoxatulebas saxelmwifos axali simboloebis Seqmna warmoadgenda. axali gerbi, droSa da himni xazgasmiT miuTiTebda saqarTvelos gmirul warsulze, misadmi memkvidreobiTobaze. amave dros, saxelwifo simboloebi erTi ZiriTadi lozungis garSemo gaerTianda, romlis Tanaxmadac ''Zala erTobaSia''. swored am miznis irgvliv unda momxdariyo sazogadoebis konsolidacia. simbolikis SecvlasTan erTad mimdinareobda piar aqciebi, romelic maTi popularizaciis, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisken iyo mimarTuli. xelisufleba qmnida axal simbolos, romelic gamoxatavda im ideas, romliTac revoluciis Semdeg movidnen xelisuflebaSi, da amasTanave, is mesianuri suliskveTebis matarebeli iqneboda. aseT simbolos vardebis revoluciidan sami wlis Tavze Tavisuflebis moedanze sazeimod aRmarTuli Tavisuflebis

14/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

monumenti (wm. giorgis qandakeba) ganasaxierebda. is sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis erTgvari kitCi iyo, nawili ki wmindanad aRiqvamda. qandakeba alegoriulad uCvenebda, rom giorgobis dResaswaulze saqarTvelom daamarcxa boroteba, warsulSi datova rTuli periodi da axla gamarjvebebis da winsvlis dro iyo. meore tendencia, romelic SeimCneoda xelisuflebis politikaSi istoriuli gmirebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebaa, ''istoris aRmoCena'', romelsac e. hobsbaumis Tanaxmad, miznad sazogadoebaSi rwmenis gaRviveba, misi konsolidacia udevs (Hobsbawm. 1983). am periodis mexsierebis strategia damfuZnebeli mamebis Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmnas uaxlovdeba, ramdenadac istoruli gmirebis gaxsenebiT sazogadoebas mouTxrobdnen, rogor SeZlo saqarTvelom gamoeara Znelbedobis Jami da gadarCeniliyo. saqarTvelos kvlav araerTi gamowveva hqonda, maT Soris teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, saxelmwifo aparatis gajansaReba da rac mTavaria, sazogadoebisaTvis rwmenis dabruneba. ''Cven (moqalaqeebi) istoriuli procesis momswreni varT. unda gvesmodes, rom praqtikulad axali qarTuli saxelmwifo iqmneba. Tavisi institutebiT, mentalitetiT, unar-CvevebiT, gansakuTrebuli tradiciebiT...'' (saakaSvili, 3.05.2005.) am fonze umniSvnelovanesia istoriuli gmirebis sazogadoebisTvis gacnoba/Sexseneba, romelTa umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, rom isini qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen (daviT aRmaSenebeli, vaxtang gorgasali da sxv). Tuki gamoviyenebT asmanis koncefcias xdeboda ''komunikacuri mexsierebis'' formireba, romelic

yoveldRiuri urTierTobis nawili unda gamxdariyo (Assman 2006). Tavis mxriv, samSobloc ixsenebda da pativs scemda maT. aRniSnulis gamoxatuleba iyo magaliTad, 1924 wlis ajanyebis gmiris qaquca ColoyaSvilis neStis gadmosveneba 2005 wels, romelic saxalxo dResaswaulad iqca. es iyo erTgvari komemoraciuli aqcia, romliTac sazogadoebisTvis erTdroulad xdeboda daviwyebuli warsulis moTxroba da amave dros, Cveneba, Tu rogori unda iyos sanimuSo qarTveli. rogorc cnobilia eris mSeneblobis procesSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba solidarobis grZnobis gaRvivebas moqalaqeebs Soris, riTac ''warmosaxviTi erTobis'' gancda aqtiurdeba da Sesabamisad matulobs masebis mobilizaciis politikis zegavlena (Spainer-Halev, 2008 gv. 606). saakaSvilis mcdelobac swored erTobis, solidarobis grZnobis gaRvivebas emsaxureboda, rac yvelaze metad aklda qveynis mosaxleobas. politikur diskursSi aseve gaCnda termini ''pirvelad saqarTveloSi'', rac kidev ufro aZlierebda ganwyobas, rom saxelmwifo axla dgeboda fexze da iwyebda saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobas. gmiruli warsulis paralelurad diskursSi aseve Cndebian personaJebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobas safrTxes uqmnidnen, romelTa ''razmelebi sofel-sofel dadiodnen da xalxs eubnebodnen: qarTvelebo, ar gamoxvideT, mteri asjer Zlieria da is arafers dagviSavebs, - magram movida mteri, romelmac miwasTan gaaswora, gadawva Tbilisi, namusi axada qveyanas da qarTvelebis

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 15

Ralatis gamo saqarTvelos damoukideblobas wertili dausva'', (saakaSvili m. 11.09.2005) da romlebic gvaxsovdes, gardamaval etapze saWiroa sifrTxile, radganac msgavsi precedentebi ar gameordes. safrTxis SegrZneba gaZlierda 2005 wlisTvis, rodesac politikur arenaze gamoCnden sabWoTa samxedro samsaxurebTan asocirdebuli pirebi, romelTac xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod daiwyes aqtiuroba. am fonze, mexsierebis politikis prioritetuloba ufro gaizarda da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis politikis nawili gaxda. mexsierebis politikis Sinaarsze did zegavlenas axdenda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli sagareo politikis orientirebi. kerZod, 2003-2005 ww. saqarTvelos prezidenti mudmivad xazs usvamda rom surda ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis daregulireba. saqarTvelos teritoriidan rusuli samxedro bazebis gayvana Sefasda, rogorc or qveyanas Soris miRweuli TanamSromlobis didi Sedegi. magram 2005 wlis dasasrulidan, qarTulrusuli urTierTobis daZabvas (rac gamowveuli iyo qarTul produqcaze embargos dawesebiT, qarTvelebis deportaciiT da eleqtrosadenebze diversiiT) Sedegad mohyva mexsierebis strategis cvlileba. saqarTvelos, rogorc msxverplis koncefcia gaxda dominanturi saxelisuflebo diskursSi, rac Sesabamisi ''mexsierebis adgilebis'' SeqmnaSic gamoixata. 2005 wlamde prezident saakaSvilis gamosvlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris wevroba fasdeboda negatiuri mentalitetis ''amoyalibebis, korufciisadmi

midrekilebis konteqstSi. 2006 wlis TebervalSi prezidentma pativi miago 1921 w. daRupuli iunkrebis xsovnas. aq gaJRerda pirvelad yvelaze mwvave Sefaseba sabWoTa mmarTvelobis, romelmac ''saqarTvelo gaaCanaga, gaanadgura da evropuli ganviTarebis gzas CamoaSora'' (saakaSvili, 25.02.2006). amasTanave, prezidentma aRniSna, rom arseboben adamianebi, romlebic 23 Tebervals aRniSnaven wiTelarmielTa dRes da arian adamianebi, romlebic aRniSnaven gmiri iunkrebis dRes da swored aq gadis zRvari saqarTvelos momaval ganviTarebas da stagnacias Soris. saqarTvelomac unda gaakeTos arCevani Tu romel dRes aRniSnavs. aqedan moyolebuli xelisuflebam Seqmna oficialuri narativi, romlis Tanaxmadac ruseTma saqarTvelos okupacia moaxdina orjer, pirvelad 1801 wels, meored 1921 wels da mogvianebT, 2008 wels mas okupaciis mesame mcdeloba daemata. prioritetebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad saWiro gaxda ''mexsierebis adgilebis'' (NNora, 1989) Seqmna, romelic mudmivad Seaxsenebda sazogadoebas, rom is msxverplia da damnaSaves saxeli unda daerqvas. okupaciis Temis aqtualizacia da misi sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebis mcdeloba, imdenad aqtiuri iyo, rom mas SesaZlebelia ''hegemonuri'' narativic vuwodoT. am Teoriis Tanaxmad koleqtiuri mexsiereba ar moicavs mxolod damaxsovrebas. is ufro metad damaxsovrebuli faqtebis yofier gaTvaliswinebas ukavSirdeba. kerZod, ''koleqtiuri mexsiereba es aris Txroba, Tu rogor moxda es movlena, amasTanave am TxrobasTan axlavs suraTebi, romelic narativs afiqsirebs gonebaSi'' (Sontag, 2003). swored okupaciis, rogorc

16/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

suraTis Seqmnis procesi warimarTa saqarTveloSi am periodSi. okupaciis Tema sxvadasxva intensivobiT figurirebda sazogadoebaSi, magram misi Camoyalibebuli, erTiani aRqma ar arsebobda. is koleqtiuri mexsierebis nawili ar iyo. saqarTvelos oficialuri narativis Seqmnis mcdelobebi Semdeg politikur gadawyvetilebebSi gamoixata: okupaciis muzeumis Seqmna, satelevizio filmebis seria sabWoTa okupacis Sesaxeb, Tavisuflebis qartiis (lustraciis kanonis) miReba, istoriuli WeSmartebis damdgen komisisiis Seqmna. es politikis is maCvenebelia, romelTa safuZvelze SesaZlebelia visaubroT sabWoTa warsulis gadafasebis mcdelobebze saqarTveloSi. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politikis kvlevisas SesaZlebelia ramdenime daskvnis gakeTeba:  saqarTveloSi mexsierebis

politikis tendenciis analizisas ikveTeba, rom ZiriTadi iniciativebi, rogorc wesi, zemodan qvemoT aris mimarTuli. saxelisuflebo wreebSi formirdeboda is mTavari tendenciebi, romlis daniSnuleba sazogadoebrivi azris formireba, konkretuli miznis garSemo gaerTianebaa;  mexsierebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas ''hegemonuri narativis'' danergvis mcdeloba warmoadgens, romelic xorcieldeba simbolizaciisa da viqtimizaciis strategiebiT; mexsierebis strategiis arCevanze zegavlenas axdens sagareo politikis orientirebi; k o l e q t i u r i mexsierebis konstruireba aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxi, rac sagareo safrTxeebis SefasebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

l i t e r a t u r a 1. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis ficis dadeba gelaTis taZarSi. (25.02.2004). www. president.gov.ge. moZebulia 13.11.2010 2. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTva qarTveli erisadmi. Tbilisis sakrebuloSi saqarTvelos prezidenti umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs Sexvda. (03.05.2005). www. president.gov.ge. moZebulia 13.11.2010 3. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla patriotTa pirvel erovnul forumze. (11.09.2005). www. president.gov.ge. moZebulia 15.11.2010 4. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla samebis sakaTedro taZarSi. (21.11.2005). www. president.gov.ge. moZebulia 13.11.2010 5. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla qarTvel iunkerTa xsovnisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze. (25.02.2006). www. president.gov.ge. moZebulia 14.11.2010 6. Assmann A. (2006). Memory, Individual and Collective, in Contextual Political Analysis, In Goodin, R. Tilly, Ch. The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis. (pp 211-227).Oxford: Oxford University Press noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 17

sabWoTa kavSirSi religiis devnis kote CaCibaia

abWoTa kavSirisTvis mTeli misi arsebobis periodSi damaxasiaTebeli iyo antireligiuri politika, religiis mimarT antagonisturi damokidebuleba xelisuflebis mxridan. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan ''religiur crurwmenebTan'' brZola sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis sawesdebo danawesi iyo. zemoxsenebuli ''religiuri crurwmenebi'' ki sakmaod farTod ganimarteboda da TiTqmis mTlianad moicavda yovelgvar sarwmunoebriv Sexedulebebs. Tumca, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba religiis, morwmune adamianebis mimarT sxvadasxva epoqaSi erTnairi ar yofila da miuxedavad saerTo antireligiuri ganwyobebisa, saxelisuflebo midgomebs Soris TvalsaCinoa mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi. winamdebare statia swored am midgomaTa Taviseburebebis istoriuli mimoxilvisa da sabWoTa kavSirSi religiis mimarT warmoebuli politikis dinamikis mokle asaxvis mcdelobaa. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis sawyis etapze xelisuflebis mxridan deklarirebul iqna ideologiuri dapirispireba ''religiur crurwmenebTan''. am mizniT arsebobda specialuri organoc ''mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri'', (e.w. muki) romlis amocanadac ganisazRvra mTeli sabWoeTSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic aRmzrdelobiT-ideologiuri

samuSaobis Catareba. ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa xelisufleba mxolod aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobiT ar Semofarglula. sxvadasxva periodSi represirebul adamianebs Soris mravlad iyvnen rogorc sasuliero pirebi, aseve morwmuneebic. Adevnis mravali faqti axsovT saqarTveloSi arsebul religiur organizaciebsac. amgvar faqtebs Soris sazogadoebisTvis dRemde yvelaze cnobili albaT 1923 wels saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesiis patriarqis ambrosi xelaiasa da sakaTalikoso sabWos wevrebis antisabWoTa saqmianobisTvis dakavebaa. Dmsgavsi movlenebi gadaxdaT faqtobrivad yvela im religiur organizaciis mimdevrebs, romelic im droisTvis arsebobdnen saqarTveloSi da sxva mokavSire respublikebSi. rac Seexeba ideologiur brZolas, romelsac awarmoebda 1929 wels Seqmnili mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris saqarTvelos centraluri sabWo, igi moicavda saganmanaTleblo programis, erTgvari silabusis SemuSavebas, romlis mixedviTac msmenelebi iRebdnen informacias sxvadasxva sakiTxis Sesaxeb. Cveulebriv, erTi TemisTvis gansazRvruli iyo 1 saswavlo dRe, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis TemebisTvis ki 2 dRiani mecadineobebi. saswavlo dRe moicavda 8 saaTs, saidanac 3 saaTi eTmoboda leqcias da msjelobas, xolo 5 saaTi saswavlo literaturis damuSavebas leqtoris xelmZRvanelobiT. saswavlo kursis ZiriTadi Temebi iyo: uklaso socialisturi sazogadoebis Seneba da brZola religiur crurwmenebTan (8 saaTi);

18/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

politikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi _ kapitalizmis krizisi, faSizmi da religia (8 saaTi); _ leninur-stalinuri nacionaluri politika da antireligiuri propaganda (8 saaTi); _ religiis warmoSoba (16 saaTi); _ qristianobis warmoSoba (8 saaTi); _ kaTolikoba da luTeranoba (8 saaTi); _ seqtantoba (8 saaTi); _ muslimuri seqtantoba (8 saaTi); _ Tanamedrove islami imperializmis samsaxurSi (8 saaTi); _ samyaros religiuri da mecnieruli aRqma (8 saaTi); _ mcenareTa da cxovelTa warmoSoba (8 saaTi); _ adamianis warmoSoba (8 saaTi); _ adamianis da cxovelis fsiqika (8 saaTi); _ burJuaziuli da proletariatuli aTeizmi (8 saaTi); _ antireligiuri muSaobis miznebi da meTodebi (8 saaTi); _ praqtikuli samuSao (16 saaTi). mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris amocana iyo saswavlo kursis gavlis Semdeg Seqmniliyo antireligiuri wreebi, romlebic maT samoqmedo teritoriaze yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul religiur mimdinareobaze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. wreebisTvis mosamzadebeli kursis periodSi Seswavlil literaturasTan erTad rekomendirebuli iyo damatebiT sakiTxavi literaturac astronomiisa da evoluciis Sesaxeb. antireligiuri wreebis praqtikuli samuSao ZiriTadad iyo Sesabamisi literaturis wakiTxva da

diskusia, religiuri dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis praqtikis aRmofxva mosaxleobaSi. mniSvnelovani amocana iyo mosaxleobisTvis aexsnaT, rom religia, sasuliero pirebi yovelTvis warmoadgendnen monarqiis da gabatonebuli klasebis dasayrdens. Mmukis wevrs aucileblad unda scodnoda werakiTxva. Tavdapirvelad, wevrobis asakobrivi zRvari 18 wliT ganisazRvra, Tumca Semdeg 14 wlamde daiwia zRvarma. 8-dan 14 wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis norC uRmerToTa jgufebi Seiqmna Sesabamisi sawevro wignakiTa da samkerde niSniT. 1947 wels, roca ukve kavSiris wevrTa ricxvma 75 000 wevrs gadaaWarba, kavSiri likvidirebul iqna da mis nacvlad daarsda politikuri da mecnieruli codnis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, romelmac SeiTvisa mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris funqcia materialisturi da mecnieruli propagandis dargSi. am droidan am saqmianobam ZiriTadad sauniversiteto sivrceSi gadainacvla. me-20 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam sxva mniSvnelovani cvlilebebic ganaxorciela religasTan dakavSirebiT. meore msoflio omis periodSi, roca erTi mxriv aucilebeli iyo qveynis SigniT sabrZolo - patriotuli muxtis gaZliereba, xolo meore mxriv nacistur germaniasTan sabrZolvelad

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 19

aucilebeli iyo saerTaSoriso aliansis Sekvra. 1943 wlis seqtembris bolos stalins ewvia iorkis arqiepiskoposi. aRniSnul Sexvedras mohyva ruseTis marTmadideblur eklesiaSi stalinis nebarTviT axali patriarqis sergis arCeva. 1942 wels Seqmnili rusuli eklesiis saqmeTa sabWo da 1943 wels Seqmnili religiuri kultebis saqmeTa sabWo is oficialuri struqturebi iyvnen, romlebsac religiuri organizaciebis kontroli daevalaT. am organoebs oficialurad evalebodaT religiuri salocavebis kontroli, religiuri mimdevrebis mudmivi aRwera, maTi saerTaSoriso kavSirebisa Tu qveynis SigniT ganxorcielebuli saqmianobaze zedamxedveloba. Tu religiuri organizaciis saqmianobis romelime aspeqti Seusabamo aRmoCndeboda kanonTan, an/da iqneboda antisaxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTis, sabWos unda mieRo zomebi religiuri organizaciis likvidaciisTvis. 1965 wels zemoxsenebuli sabWoebi gaerTiandnen erT struqturul erTeulad - religiis saqmeTa sabWod, romelic ministrTa sabWos winaSe pasuxismgebeli organo iyo da teritoriul erTeulebSi hyavda warmomadgenloba sabWos rwmunebulTa sazogadoebebis saxiT. OmarTalia meore msoflio omis Semdeg qveynis SigniT sabrZolo ganwyobebis gasamZafreblad religiis moSvelieba saWiro aRar iyo, Tumca saerTaSoriso asparezze imis warmoCena, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi ar irRveoda religiuri organizaciebis uflebebi, rogorc Cans sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebisTvis met-naklebad kvlav relevanturi sakiTxad rCeboda. garda amisa, sabWoTa xelisufleba religiur organizaciebs iyenebda sakuTari ideologiuri narativis mxardasaWerad, civi omis konteqstSi.

sxvadasxva religiuri organizaciebi gmobdnen kapitalisturi qveynebis ZalmomreobiT politikur aqtebs, rasac Tan axlda mSvidobisken mowodeba. axlad Seqmnili religiis saqmeTa sabWos saqmianobis specifika gulisxmobda maT samoqmedo teritoriaze arsebuli religiuri jgufebis Sesaxeb detalur informacias mopovebas da damuSavebas. maT Soris morwmuneTa raodenobis cvlilebisa da religiuri erTobis finansuri mdgomaroebis Sesaxeb. arqivSi dacul religiis sabWos rwmunebulTa sazogadoebis angariSebSi asaxulia ara erTi saintereso da skurpliozuri detalebis Semcveli informaciac. magaliTad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni maneTi miiRo konkretulma eklesiam sanTlis gayidvis Sedegad.aseve, 80iani wlebis angariSebSi naTqvamia, rom sionis sakaTedro taZarSi saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesiis kaTalikos-patriarqis wirvebs bevri adamiani ar eswreba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, rwmunebulTa sazogadoebis Sesabamisi angariSSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom patriarqi cdilobs nacionaluri ideebis gaJRerebiT moizidos eklesiaSi adamianebi. r e l i g i i s saqmeTa sabWos umniSvnelovanesi fuqncia iyo religiuri organizaciebis daregistrirebis procesSi monawileoba. sabWoTa kavSirSi religiuri organizaciebi unda daeregistrirebinaT adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs -aRmaskomebs. registraciis warmatebiT dasrulebisTvis aucilebeli iyo religiis saqmeTa sabWos dadebiTi rekomendacia, ris mosapovebladac savaraudod

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 21

maT sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan garkveuli saxis TanamSromloba moeTxovebodaT. r e l i g i i s saqmeTa sabWo Targmnida da Seiswavlida saerTaSoriso presaSi religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT, sabWoTa xelisuflebis misamarTiT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs. rogorc rwmunebulTa sazogadoebis angariSebidan Cans, sabWo mudmivad akontrolebda religiuri organizaciebis saerTaSoriso vizitebs da aseve srul informacis flobda ucxoeli religiuri stumrebis mier saqarTveloSi Tu sxva sabWoTa respublikaSi gamarTuli Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb. am mudmivi zedamxedvelobis Sedegad, saqarTvelos marTmadidebel eklesias, iseve rogorc baptistur eklesias saqarTveloSi, bibliis qarTul enaze dabeWdisTvis SeTavazebul ucxour materialur daxmarebaze uari aTqmevines. Tumca, arwmunebulTa sazogadoeba saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos religiur organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb dadebiTi rekomendaciebiTac mimarTavda. rwmunebulTa sazogadoeba Suamdgomlobda dakmayofilebuliyo saqarTvelos kaTalikos patriarqis Txovna saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesiis Sesaxeb inglisurenovani bukletis gamocemis da sazRvargareT gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.arwmunebulTa sazogadoebis angriSSi aseve gacemulia rekomendacia saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesiis sasuliero seminariis gafarToeba-garemontebisa da sapatriarqo rezidenciis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. rwmunebulTa sazogadoebis mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesiis patriarqis mier viwro sivrceSi, araxelsayrel

pirobebSi ucxour delegaciebis maspinZloba, amavdroulad mcxeTis seminariis mZime pirobebis gamo saerTaSoriso delegaciebis mier misi ver monaxuleba, uaryofiT gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso arenaze sabWoTa kavSirSi religiuri organizaciebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenaze. Ppozitiuri rekomendaciebi iqna gacemuli aseve vatikanTan Tu sxva saerTaSoriso mxaresTan saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesiis TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo ucxoeTSi daculi qarTuli kulturuli Zeglebis Sesaswavlad mecnierebis wargzavna swored marTmadidebeli eklesiis saerTaSoriso kontaqtebis gamoyenebiTa da SuamdgomlobiT. aSkaraa, rom wina saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebasa da religiur organizaciebs Soris arsebuli mwvave antagonizmis Semdeg, maT Soris meore msoflio omis miznebidan gamomdinare, xelisuflebam saqmianobis neba darTo religiur organizaciebs, mxolod totaluri saxelisuflebo kontrolis pirobebSi. breJnevis da gansakuTrebiT mogvianebiT gorbaCovis ''daTbobis'' epoqaSi sabWoTa xelisufleba da religiuri organizaciebi (mcire gamonaklisebis garda) TanamSromlobdnen kidec sxvadasxva urTierTsasargeblo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. Yyvelaferi imiT dasrulda, rom 1991 wels religiis saqmeTa sabWom religiuri organizaciebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtic ki moamzada. Tumca, amgvari liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba ukve post sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis sakmaod rTulad Sesasrulebel amocanad iqca.

22/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

okupaciis muzeumi xatia Cxvimiani muzeumi - sivrce, sadac warsulTan uSualo kavSirs amyareb, Seni xeliT exebi, grZnob da aRiqvam, imas rac gardasul saukuneebsa Tu aTwleulebs ukavSirdeba. es kontaqti saWiro da sasargebloa warsulis gaazrebaze dafuZnebiT momavlis gansaWvretad da imis gansasazRvrad, rac aqamde bundovani Tu ucnobi iyo. sabWoTa okucpaciis periodic swored is istoriuli etapia, romelis gaazrebac yvela im adamians marTebs, vinc Tavs saqarTvelos gulSematkivrad da misi Wir-varamis Tanaziarad miiCnevs, visac stkiva misi tkivili da uxaria misi bednereba, visac swams, rom 1921 wlis TebervalmartSi bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia Tavisuflebisken mswrafveli eris Rirsebis Selaxva da Seuracxyofa iyo. es grZnoba sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumSi ''mogzaurobam'' kidev ufro ganmiaxla, gamimiZafra da Zlierad ganmacdevina, damafiqra da mimiTiTa bevr iseT faqtsa Tu momentze, romelsac aqamde nebsiT Tu uneblieT TvalTaxedvis miRma vtovebdi da gavurbodi, albaT arc ise martivia

ifiqro Seni qveynis sisxlian warsulze da sabWoTa Zaladobrivi sistemis msxverpl moqalaqeebze, romlebsac gulwrfelad surdaT saqarTvelos erovnuli damokidebloba. sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumis zRurbls iqiT ki, sadac samuzeumo sivrce iwyeba zemoTxsenebuli sisxliT, sevdiT, patriotuli suliskveTebiT, Tavisuflebisken ltolviTa da erovnul ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideebiT Sepyrobili samyaro iSleba. aq gamofenili foto, nivTieri Tu dokumenturi masalis Tematika 1921 wlis Teberval-martis tragikuli movlenebis garSemo trailebs, im movlenebis garSemo, romlebmac qveynis aneqsia-okupaciis mware realoba moitana Sedegad da mravali adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla. aq yuradRebas iqcevs, antisaokupacio da erovnulganmaTvisuflebeli moZraobis istoriis amsaxveli sagulisxmo dokumenturi Tu foto masalebi, romlebic saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken daudgromeli swrafvisa Tu dampyroblis klanWebisgan samSoblos gamosxnis naTel magaliTebs

24/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

aviTareben. moZraobis sulis Camdgmeli, TvalsaCino moRvaweebis memorialuri nivTebi, romlebsac ZaluZT warsulis gacocxleba da im ambavTa ''Txroba'', rac aqamde SeumCneveli da dafaruli iyo. es istoriis Tvalwin warmodgena da masTan uSualo kontaqtis SesaZleblobaa, mcdeloba, rom xelSesaxebi gaxdes is, rac aqamde mxolod furcelze werilobiTis formiT arsebobda. gansakuTrebiT, mZafr, emociur fons qmnis 1920-1940-ian wlebSi, avad saxsenebeli ''wiTeli teroris'' Sedegad daxvretil da gadasxlebul mamuliSvilTa siebi, romelTa xilvac, maTi saxelebis wakiTxvac, ucnaur, damabnevel, sulisSemZvrel gancdebTan aris wilnayari, upirveles yovlisa, ki maTdami TanagrZnobasTan. am dros sakuTar Tavs ekiTxebi: ra iqneboda Senc rom im epoqaSi gecxovra da am terors Senzec aseTive sisastikiT emoqmeda? am kiTxvas pasuxis nacvlad SfoTva da sulis mousvenroba axlavs Tan, usamarTlobis gancda, tkivilis gancda, TanagrZnobis gancda, siamayis gancda da am dros xvdebi, rom sulac ar aris advili ifiqro istoriis am etapze. aq warmodgenilia im vagonebidan erTerTi, romelSic 1924 wlis agvistos erovnuli ajanyebis monawileni daxvrites. gmirebi, romlebmac samSoblos samsxverploze Tavis zvarakad mitanisas gamarjveba igrZnes, erovnuli suliskveTebis ganmtkicebasa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebisken swrafvas Seewirnen. 1924 wlis agvstoSi ki sabWoTa xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg maTi gamosvla erT-erT yvelaze masStabur saxalxo SeiaraRebul talRad Seiracxa, ssrk-s mier menSevikur avanturad saxeldebul movlenas ki ramdenime aseuli qarTveli vaJkacis sicocxle emsxverpla. eqspozicia 3000-ze met eqsponatTan erTad 8 monitorsac moicavs, romlebzec antisaokupacio moZraobasTan dakaviSrebuli dokumenturi kadrebi istorias acocxlebs, gviambobs sabWoTa terorze, qarTvelTa daudgromlobaze Tavisuflebisa Tu erovnuli damoukideblobisken mimaval gzaze da saxelovani mamuliSvilebis saxelTa ukvdavyofas cdilobs. eqsponatebisa da memorialuri nivTebis xilva am kadrebis fonze gansakuTrebiT cxadsa da naTels xdis im periods, romelmac sabWoTa okupaciis sisxliani daRi istoriaSi waruSlelad aRbeWda. damTvalierebeli grZnobs TiToeuli eqsponatis ambavs, ambis emociur fons da mis ganviTarebas, tkivilsa da sevdas, da diad TavisuflebasTan wilnayar gancdas, romelic sabWoTa borkilebisgan daRwevam dagvaufla Cven, saqarTvelos gulSematkivrebsa da moqalaqeebs, maT, visac gvixaria da gvtkiva misi istoria. sabWoTa okupaciis muzemuSi ''mogzauroba'' ara mxolod SemecnebiTi turi, aramed sakuTari Tavis Secnobis erTgvari saSualebacaa. maT ZaluZT Cveni identobis gansazRvra, moqalaqeobrivi angariSvaldebulebisa da cnobierebis amaRleba, imis mocema rasac aqamde TvalTaxedvis miRma vtovebdiT an ganzrax ar vufiqrdebodiT.

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 25

kote miqaberiZis 1929 wlis akrZaluli filmis â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Cemi bebiaâ&#x20AC;&#x153;

mariam Corgoliani

kote miqaberiZis 1929 wlis filmi ''Cemi bebia'' eqspresionistuli antibiurokratiuli satira-komediaa, uxmoa da Sav-TeTria. scenaris avtorebi iyvnen Tavad kote miqaberiZe, giorgi mdivani, siko doliZe; operatorebi - anton politkeviCi da vladislav poznani; mxatvrebi - qarTuli modernizmis warmomadgenlebi - irakli gamrekeli da valerian sidamon-erisTavi; msaxiobTa jgufi ki Sedgeboda aleqsandre TayaiSvilis, bela Cernovas, akaki xoravas, e.wovanovis da sxvaTagan.

26/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

gasuli saukunis pirveli aTwleulebi, msofliosTvis mravalmxriv gamorCeuli da mniSvnelovani periodi iyo, rogorc zogadad socialur-istoriulpolitikuri viTarebis, aseve kulturaSi mimdinare procesebis TvalsazrisiT. I msoflio omma 1914-1917 wlebSi mTlianad Secvala adamianTa warmodgena cxovrebaze da zogadad Secvala cxovrebis stili. omis Semdeg etapobrivad Seicvala msoflio rukac. Seiqmna da daiSala qveynebis sxvadasxva gaerTianebebi, Caiketa da gaixsna sazRvrebi. socialuri TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis mTeli msoflios masStabiT Zalzed rTuli mdgomareoba iyo XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, 20-iani wlebidan ki iwyeba krizisidan gamosvlis periodi, romelsac sagrZnobi cvlilebebi mohyva xelovnebis TvalsazrisiTac. am drois. msoflio xelovneba moicva

axalma movlenam avangardma da kinoSi xeli Seuwyo misi xelovnebis dargad Camoyalibebis process. igi saqarTveloSic Semovida da misi mimdevrebi gaxdnen mxatvrebi, poetebi, reJisorebi... qarTuli kulturis warmomadgenlebma Tavisuflad aubes fexi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi msoflioSi gavrcelebul modernistul mimdinareobebsa Tu tendenciebs. XIX-XX saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad politikurad arasaxarbielo da daZabuli mdgomareobisa, kultura mudam viTardeboda. am periodma qveyanas uamravi sazogado moRvawe aCuqa, am dros Caeyara safuZveli saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva samecniero dargebis ganviTarebas, humanitaruli, teqnikuri, medicinis mecnierebaTa Seswavlas; iqmneboda sxvadasxva sazogadoebebi,

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 27

wreebi, rac xels uwyobda zogadad qveynis ganviTarebas, swrafvas Tavisuflebisaken. qarTuli kinoxelovneba XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi araerT mniSvnelovan films iTvlis, Tumca, sul ramdenimea maT Soris iseTi sayovelTao rezonansis mqone, rogoric iyo da dRemde aris miqaberiZis ''Cemi bebia'', romelic mZlavri politikuri datvirTvis mqone aRmoCnda da mxatvrul-kulturuli sferodan istoriul-politikurSi gadainacvla - man sabWoTa reJimis biurokratizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa - mis mxilebad iqca, Semdgom amis gamo aikrZala da samudamo daviwyebisTvis gaiwira. filmi dakargulad iTvleboda, Tumca istoriulma realobam faqtebi sruliad sxvagvarad gadaanawila da filmmac, marTalia dagvianebiT, magram saTanado, misTvis kuTvnili adgili daimkvidra, ara marto qarTuli kinoxelovnebisa da kulturis istoriaSi, aramed msoflio kinoSic. aRniSnuli filmi 1929 wlis, ukve gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos da ara mxolod, erTgvari damaxasiaTebeli simboloa. filmi, romelic biurokratizmis mxilebad da satirad iqca swored am biurokratizmis Seqmnaayvavebis xanaSi gadaiRes da Semdgom amave reJimis mier maleve ''gaqra''. filmis antibiurokratiuloba da eqspresionistuloba iyo is erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc Taroze Semoido da saxalxod misi Cveneba aikrZala. filmis scenari 2 nawilad iyofa da orive nawiliT aSkara xdeba, rom filmi biurokratizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da misi mamxilebelia. filmis 'Cemi bebiis'' Sesaxeb Tavidanve iwereboda - ' suraTi warmoadgens kino-satiras biurokratizmze da proteqcionizmze

kadri filmidan _ "Cemi bebo"

sabWoTa dawesebulebebSi.'' magram suraTi ar iyo Cveulebrivi gagebiT satira; igi socialuri wyobis mankieri mxaris mamxilebeli, misi arsis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, eqspresionistuli saxviTobiT iyo gajerebuli-halucinaciebis, sizmrebis meSveobiT daixata deformirebuli samyaro, misi transformirebuli arsi, anu cxovrebis Seuracxmyofeli 'sabWouri wesi'', romliTac im drois sazogadoeba cxovrobda; es yvelaferi, aseTi cxovrebis mikromodeli asaxa reJisorma - kote miqaberiZem, romlisTvisac ' komunisturi reJimi koSmaruli sizmari iyo'' da swored amitomac aikrZala filmi. suraTi imdenad miuRebeli aRmoCnda ' sabWoTa sistemisTvis'', rom mis Sesaxeb ar weria arc erT sabWoTa monografiaSi, filmografiasa da avtobiografiaSi. mxolod miqaberiZe ixseniebs ' Cems bebiasâ&#x20AC;&#x153; 1947 wlis pirvel avtobiografiaSi. rezo kveselava ixsenebs - miqaberiZe 'Cems bebiaze''

28/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

TiTqmis arasdros saubrobda, inaxavda gayviTlebul gazeTebs, sadac kritikis meti araferi ewera. magram, miuxedavad am kritikisa, filmis gadaRebidan daaxloebiT 40wlis Semdeg, reJisorma ixila Tavisi suraTis aRzeveba. 1967 wlis 27 seqtembers Sedga suraTis premiera, qarTuli kinematografiis 50 wlis samecniero sesiaze. 1968 wels ki miqaberiZe gamoiZaxes moskovSi 'Cemi bebias'' premieraze. 4 Tebervals filmi kino-Teatr â&#x20AC;&#x17E;iluzionSiâ&#x20AC;&#x153; waradgines mayureblis winaSe, 3 seansiTa da anSlagiT. dadebiTi gamoxmaurebis gamo, 1972 wels miqaberiZem daiwyo zrunva mis aRdgenaze, raTa kinostudias mieRo sruliad axali saxis srulmetraJiani xmovani filmi-satira, Tumca ki maleve gardaicvala. suraTi aRadgina leila gordelaZem da am variantis premiera 1976wels Sedga, romelic gavida mTeli kavSiris masStabiT kino-ekranebze. amave

wels baTumSi - Jiuris specialuri premia reJisurisaTvis mieniWa kote miqaberiZes, /sikvdilis Semdeg/, axlad aRdgenili da ekranebze pirvelad gasuli filmisTvis ' Cemi bebia''. 2000 wels kaliforniis universitetis berklis kinoarqivma The Beth Custer Ensemble-s SesTavaza daewera musika filmisTvis National Endowment for the Art-is fondis proeqtis farglebSi da Sesabamisad, jgufma ' Cems bebiasTan'' da mis musikasTan erTad moiara TiTqmis mTeli amerika da msoflios mraval qveyanas gaacno filmi. filmis Sesaxeb kinomcodneebi aRniSnaven, rom eqspresionistuli Sedevria, rac gamoixateba irealurobaSi, gamZafrebul emociebSi, samyaros deformirebaSi, lirikulgroteskul-fantastikurobaSi, ararealuri, siurealisturi elementebiT - mfrinavi adamiani da werilebi, Tojinebis saubari, qandakebis gacocxleba, rac aseve SeiZleba futuristul-dadaistur gavlenebad CavTvaloT, radganac aseTi Janris filmebSi miuRebeli iyo statikuroba, erT adgilze gaCereba, swored amitomaa gacocxlebuli filmSi yoveli nivTi. erT-erTi gmiri iqceva karikaturad, sxva epizodSi ki es karikatura cocxldeba - sxvadasxva komikur Jestebs akeTebs, rogorc cnobilia, karikatura gakeTebulia plasteliniT da aris qarTuli animaciis erT-erTi winapiroba. filmis gmirebi iqcevian Crdilebad, biurokratebi kedlebze minarcxebiT aCrdilebi xdebian. filmi aseve atarebs italiuri neorealizmis niSnebsac. miuxedavad imisa rom, neorealizmi meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda, am filmSi ukve Cans is saWirboroto sakiTxebi, is sakacobrio tragedia,

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 29

rac meore msoflio omma gamoiwvia - ekranze ukve Cndeba adamianTa fizikuri da ideuri ganadgureba, materialuri da sulieri gasaWiri, adamianTa gulgriloba, gautanloba, gulqvaoba, karierizmi, romelic filmSi Seferadebulia moCvenibiTi TanagrZnobiTa da guliTadobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom ' Cemi bebia'' Seicavs amerikuli kinos gavlenebsac - kibis moajirze ganuwyvetliv mosriale gmiri uCveulo triukebiT; personaJis TiTqos sagangebod momzadebuli akrobatuli nomrebi Caplinis triukebs mogvagonebs, amerikuli cekvis - ' Carlstonis'' Sesruleba, quCaSi cema, gakideba, daCoqili vedreba amerikul komediebs gvaxsenebs. zemoT aRniSnuli gavlenebi Tu

mimdinareobebi TvalnaTliv adasturebs, rom sabWoTa saqarTveloSi xelovneba sruliad Seesabameba Tanamedrove epoqis moTxovnebs, savsea siaxleebiT, Tamami mxatvruli gadawyvetebiT da gamokveTilad eqsperimentuli xasiaTisaa, rac mxolod mis sasargeblod SeiZleba metyvelebdes. sabWoTa sistema ki ebrZoda am eqsperimentebsa da siaxleebs, radganac sazogadoebas ar exila ' win gadadgmuli nabijebi''. amis gamo iyo daaxloebiT 70 weli ' rkinis farda'' Camokidebuli. qarTuli kino uamrav films iTvlis. maTgan bevri filmia dakargulad miCneuli, ZiriTadad is filmebi, romlebic ' formalisturad'' Seracxes da 'Taroze Semodes''. qarTul kinos TiTqos kvalad misdevs Taroze wlobiT Semodeba da 'dagvianebiTi'' aRiareba, magram ' jobs gvian, vidre arasdros''- Tqmula. es

30/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

< kadri filmidan _"Cemi bebo"

kote miqaberiZe >

ki, naTlad adasturebs, rom Cveni kino eqsperimentuli xasiaTis da 'Tanamedrove'' iyo, Taroze xom is filmebi ideboda, romlebic gansxvavebulad iyo Seqmnili. es gansxvaveba ki vlindeboda ideologiaSi da im Tanamedrove tendenciebiT, meTodebiTa da xerxebiT gadaRebaSi, rogorc ucxoeTSi qmnidnen filmebs. kote miqaberiZis films ' Cemi bebia'' ucxoeTSi ar akrZalavdnen, ufro metic, albaT, erT-erT saukeTeso eqspresionistul-avangardul filmad CaTvlidnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom kote miqaberiZem 1929 wels gadaiRo antibiurokratiuli filmi, TiTqmis 55 wlis Semdegac ki, 1983 wels, eldar Sengelaia kritikuli realizmis meTodiT iRebs satirul komedias ' cisferi mTebi anu daujerebeli ambavi'', sadac reJisori, kidev erTxel amxilebs im biurokratizms, samsaxureobriv gulgrilobas,

uniaTobas, rac gamefebuli iyo erTerT saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi da mianiSnebda, rom amgvari ''seni'', samwuxarod, Cveni sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, romlisgan gankurneba saWiroc da aucilebelic gaxldaT... eldar Sengelaias filmSi TiTqos dananebiTaa miTiTebuli, rom am ukanasknelis Seqmnis periodidan dRemde, am mxriv TiTqmis araferi Secvlila''. da bolos, mainc ismis kiTxva ikrZaleboda ki ''formalisturi'' xelovneba?! Cven xom saxeze gvaqvs erT-erTi genialuri Sedevri sabWoTa drois filmi ' Cemi bebia''.

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 31

,,sabWoTa represiebi da masTan dakavSirebuli zepiri istoriebi'' nana gogolaZe sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris xsenebisas uamravi fiqrebi da mosazrebebi mitrialebs gonebaSi: represiebi, cru propaganda, Zaladoba... asakis matebasTan erTad ufro metad vuRrmavdebi im droisaTvis arsebul problemebs da gulistkiviliTa da imedgacruebiT vumzer warsulis imdroindel realur da utyuar movlenebs, miTumetes maSin rodesac Cemi winaprepi aRmoCndnen im samwuxaro periodis WrilSi. vfiqrob, erTgvari Sveba iqneba CemTvis Tu sxvebsac movuyvebi im zepir istoriebs, romlebis Tavs gadaxda Cems wina Taobas: bebiebsa da babuebs, sabWoTa kavSiris batonobis periodSi. ZaladobiTa da revoluciiT moculi xelisufleba daundobli iyo yvelasa da yvlafris mimarT. aseTi magaliTebi sakmaod bevri axsovs Cvens qveyanas (sabWoTa xelisuflebis 70 wlis da Semdeg periodis drosac). me mxolod 19 wlis var, Cemi bebiisa da babuis monayolidan da aseve wakiTxulidan bevri ram vici. dedaCemis_mamia orjonikiZis ojaxi 1937 wels represiebis msxverplia. Cemi babua_ Tamazi orjonikiZe 7 wlis iyo(dediT oboli) , mama giorgi orjonikiZe rodesac daupatimres da dauxvrites (1938 wels). giorgi babua fizika-maTematikis pedagogi iyo da am periodisaTvis aswavlida Tbilisis saartirelio saswavlebelSi_ maTematikas. Turme giorgi babua yveboda:

,,RamiT movidnen, gamafrTxiles ar iyviroo, Caicvi da gamogvyevio, me uari vuTxari radgan 7 wlis bavSvi(Tamazi) marto myavs, mas deda ar yavs da Cemi da zrdis, romelic axla sxva sofelSia wasuli-Tqo. amis Semdeg aiyvanes Tamazi da mezobelTan Seiyvanes saxlSi, SeSinebulma mezobelma patara derefanTan damitova da mTeli Rame marto gautarebia tiril-RrialSi, diliT Cemma naTesavebma TavisTan waiyvanes Tamazi TavisTan. Tamazi babua 2009 wels gardaicvala, is ixsenebda: ''Cveni ojaxis represiebi grZeldeboda 1995 wlamde, sanam ar miviReT_mamis_giorgi orjonikiZis ''reabilitacia''/gamarTleba. yvelgan miCneuli viyavi, rogorc xalxis mtris Svili.'' minda avRniSno aseve isic, rom TbiliSi gvqonda saxli, plexanovis quCaze, romelic arcerTma xelisuflebam ar dagviruna, radga babua iq aRar izrdeboda. Tamazi babua skolis periodsac naTlad ixsenebda xolme: ''bebia yovelTvis saWmels matanda, radgan diliT saxlSi ar vWamdi. erT dRes, bebom gazeTSi gamixvia mWadi da yveli. skolaSi gemrielad mivirTvi da bolos daWmuWnuli gazeTis furclebi, yvelis wvenisagan dasvelebuli gadavagde. bolos es gazeTi naxes, sadac dabeWdili iyo mxatvruli suraTis (zamTris

32/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

sasaxlis aReba 1917 wels) fotos asli, gaiges rom Cemi gadagdebuli iyo, xolo es did Secdomad CamiTavles da daiwyes miTqma-moTqma xalxis mtris Svilma es rogor gabedao?!''. amgvari ideologiiT iyvnen Sepyrpbilni maswavleblebic da direqtorebic... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Cemi babua konkavSiris rigebSi ar miiRes, rogorc arasaimedo ojaxis wevri. bevrma Cemma naTesavma gaiziara Cemi didi babuis, giorgis bedi, me vinc vici eseni iyvnen: irakli wereTeli, varlam da valiko baqraZeebi, dimitri, papulia, ioane, konstantine_orjonikiZeebi da bevri sxva aTeulobiTa da aseulobiT adamiani. 1924 wels, represiebs ase igonebdnen xaragaulSi: SorapanSi daxvrites vagonSi Caketili patimrebi, politikuri niSniT. mdinare im dReebSi sisxlisfrad SeiReba, mkvdar adamianTa nakadSi moyolilni iyvnen gadarCenilebic. daWrilebi da dauZlurebulebi wyals iTxovdnen. glexi, romelic maTTvis wylis miwodebas cdilobda isic ar daindes da mokles... magram me ar mesmis, riT SeiZleba gamarTldes es yovelive, kacTa xocva politikuri niSniT, es mxolod da mxolod sadizmis niSania, es yovelnair humanur da demokratiul faqtoreb yoveli mxridan Sordeba, yovelive civilurs xazs usvavs muqad. ki, gavida dro, dRes demokratia umaRles rangzea aRmarTuli, Tumca rogor araferi vTqva, rodesac arseboben iseTi adamianebi, romlebis imdroindel saqarTvelos SehRaRadeben. bolos minda gavixseno kvlav zepiri istoria: 1938 wels, Tbilisis cixeSi mivida iuridiuli fakultetis studenti, praqtikanti vinme metreveli, mas ucvnia Tavis maswavlebeli_Cemi didi babua giorgi, romelic dasaxvretad iyo gamzadebuli da uTqvams: ''Tqvenc aq xarT?'', giorgi babuam metrevels uTxra: ''mamaCemi naxe da gadaeci, rom arc RmerTis winaSe damiSavebia raime amgvari da arc Sens winaSe, amitom gTxov auxseni Cems patara

12.1 â&#x20AC;&#x2039; 1 937 weli, Tamazi orjonikiZe ( foto gadaRebulia babuas daoblebis periodSi)

Svils, rom Tavaweulma icxovros''. metrevelma 1955 wels gaTqva danabarebi, manamde eSinoda da ver amxelda, amgvarad daaSina xalxi komunisturma reJimma. me vamayob Cemi winaprebis arCeuli gziT, zneobrivi prioritetebiT..! me vamayob dRevandelobiTac anu imiT, rom vcxovrob demokratiul qveyanaSi, sadac sityvis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs! xolo axla vxvdebi Tu ras niSnavda Tamazi babuas naRvliani da tkivilnarevi sevda, axla bevrs vacnobiereb da marTlac bednieri var Cemi winaprebis nakvaleviT! sabWoTa kavSiri, droebiTi, mtanjveli, usamarTlo da arahumanuri reJimiT gatenili mmarTvelobis areali iyo, swored amitom gadarCnen saxelovnad maTi mowinaaRmdegeni xolo mimdevarni daSavdnen..!

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 33

foto istoria: aprilis gmirebi salome elisaSvili

35/ sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba. CIVICUS. 2017/noemberi

fotoebi eris istorias inaxavs, ramdenadac warsulis sidiadis gadmocema SeuZlia. miuxedvad imisa, rom maTze kadrebi ''gayinulia'' da istoriis mxolod erTi monakveTia aRbeWdili, maTi meSveobiT, iolad SegviZlia aRvadginoT warsulis namsxvrevebi. maTgan yvelaze mZime da rTulad aRsaqmeli saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis dReebia, roca Tavisuflebis dasacavad adamianebs brZola da Tavganwirva uwevT. fotoebze asaxuli es movlenebi ki momavali TaobisTvis gzamkvlevis funqcias asrulebs. gavixsenoT sabWoTa periodi - Cveni qveynisTvis umZimesi gansacdeli. mZime imdenad, ramdenadac maSin davkargeT damoukideblobis gancda. unugeSobam ki, sazogadoebas yovelgvari imedi daakargvina. Tumca, iZulebiT Seguebis xanaSi, mainc iCens xolme Tavs impulsi, rodesac winaaRmdegobis gaweva da ideuri simtkice sazogadoebis erTaderTi arCevani xdeba. TiToeul qarTvels kargad axsovs 1989 wlis 9 aprili... simbolo Cveni simtkicis, Seupovrobis da, amasTan, udidesi tkivilisac. aprilis sisxliani dReebis simboloa es fotoc, romelic 10 aprils, saprotesto msvlelobis dros, iuri meCiTovma gadaiRo. masze gamosaxuli gogona mari nana maxaraZea, 19 wlis axalgazrda, Savi droSiTa da mtkice gamometyvelebiT.

es iyo sabWouri xanis bolo wlebi Cvens qveyanaSi. dro, rodesac, metis moTmena ukve aRar SeiZleboda... masobrivi gaerTianebis precendenti, romelsac erTsulovneba da urTierTgageba asazrdoebda. damoukideblobsTvis brZolia uSiSrad da gaazrebulad. foto Sav-TeTria, aseTi iyo Cveni warsulic - ruxi da uferuli. gogonas saxeze Cven ver vxedavT protestiT gamowveul eiforias an aRtacebas, is sevdiania, amasTan, Zlieri da Rirseulic. is mTeli Cveni sazogadoebis saxea. es imitom, rom ideebis Zala umZlavresia. is cvlis ara marto calkleul individebsa da ganwyobebs, aramed sazogadoebasac. ase Seicvala xalxis adrindeli yofa Zirfesvianad. uimedoba - imediT Caanacvles, uZlureba - ZlierebiT, moTmineba - SeupovrobiT. maTi droSa maTi simbolo ki samomavlo TavisuflebisTvis Tavdadeba iyo. dRes, es gogona emigrantia. Sorsaa samSoblosgan. Tumca, man da missma Tanamoazreebma SeZles moepovebinaT is, rac qveynis udidesi saganZuri gaxda. es ki, Tavisuflebaa. me dRes damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi vcxovrob, sabWouri reJimisTvis daRvrili sisxlis sanacvlod. im sisxlis, romelic ideas Seewira. ideas - romelmac Cveni qveyana sabWouri marwuxebisgan ixsna da aTwleulebis winaT dakarguli identoba daubruna.

noemberi/2017. CIVICUS. sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba / 34

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociacia www.cela.ge

civicus redaqtori | koreqtori: mariam guliaSvili proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: TinaTin davaZe

Jurnalze muSaobdnen: demna devdariani Tamar qaraia kote CaCibaia xatia Cxvimiani mariam Corgoliani nana gogolaZe salome elisaSvilii

http://www.cela.ge/ge/civicus info@cela.ge https://www.facebook.com/celageo

civicus

#15| noemberi 2017