civicus | 5

agvisto 2015

#5

civicus

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sarCevi 03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

04 tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebi 1897 levan lorTqifaniZe

06 ilia WavWavaZis winasaarCevno mimarTva 1897 wels 08 giorgi lasxiSvilis memuarebidan 10 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi irakli iremaZe

16 debatebi saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb 16 maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema saqarTveloSi Temo beJaniZe

19 risi eSianiaT mmarTvel partiebs ??? levan lorTqifaniZe

22 saarCevno sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi baCo jojua

27 pirveli mariam miqiaSvili

30 grZeli rigi Tavisuflebamde TinaTin maRedani

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redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ganviTareba warmoudgenelia. Cven mudmivad vusmenT xolme rCevebs, romlebic Jurnalis gaumjobesebas uwyoben xels. mkiTvelTa Soris gamoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac publikaciaTa avtorebis gamoucdelobaze dasves aqcenti. SeniSvna absoluturad samarTlianad SegviZlia miviCnioT. Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes CIVICUS-is erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miznis Sesaxeb. Cven sakuTar movaleobad miviCnevT, rom axalbeda aqtivistebsa da codnis mudmivi ganaxlebis procesSi CarTul moazrovneebs davexmaroT pirveli patara nabijebis gadadgmaSi. maSasadame, nu gagikvirdebaT, Tu CvenTan “puliceris premiis� armqone axalgazrdebs gadaawydebiT. daimaxsovreT, rom isini mxolod droebiT arian sanukvari jildos gareSe darCenilebi. axali nomeri ki arCevnebis Tematikas ukavSirdeba. saarCevno procesis mimoxilva adreuli qarTuli precendentebis warmoCeniT iwyeba. icodiT Tu ara, rom saqarTveloSi pirveli met-naklebad inkluziuri arCevnebi mecxramete saukuneSi Catarda. kenWisyraSi ki didi qalaqebis is moqalaqeebi monawileobdnen, romlebic asakobriv, qonebriv, genderul da sxva tipis cenzs akmayofilebdnen. icodiT Tu ara, rom ilia WavWavaZe orgzis ar airCies oTxmocidan erT-erT xmosnad tfilisis saqalaqo sabWoSi. aRniSnuli movlenebisa, asoci wlis win moqmedi saarCevno wesebisa da dedaqalaqSi moRvawe politikuri jgufebis

Sesaxeb SeityobT ori saarqivo dokumentidan, romelebic Cven Tsu-s biblioTekasa da SesaniSnav vebgverd nateba.net-ze movipoveT. saqarTvelos sayovelTao, faruli, demokratiuli, pluralisturi da pirdapiri arCevnebis adreuli gamocdilebac aqvs. 1919 wlis TebervalSi Cvens qveyanaSi damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi Catarda. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli kenWisyris Sesaxeb da maSindeli saarCevno marketingis formebis Taobaze irakli iremaZis statiaSi waikiTxavT. Aaqve, pirvelad ibeWdeba maSindeli kenWisyris amsaxveli diagramebic.

Jurnalis furclebze SeiZleba waawydeT debatebs, romlebic Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemas ukavSirdeba. baCo jojuasa da Temo beJaniZesTan erTad saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis momavalze vkamaTobT. ukanasknel gverdebze ki SegiZliaT waikiTxoT marika miqiaSvilis SesaniSnavi sveti, sadac avtori pirveli saarCevno precendentebis Sesaxeb wers.

Dakvirvebul adamiani JurnalSi kidev erT saintereso masalas aRmoaCens. axalgazrda mkvlevari da politikis mecnierebis bakalavri, TinaTin maRedani aparteidisa da misgan gamomdinare SedegebiT dainteresda, Tan movlenebis ukeT aRsaqmelad ramdenime SesaniSnavi fotoc SemogvTavaza.

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tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebi 1897 levan lorTqifaniZe

saqarTveloSi arCevnebis istoria rusuli carizmis liberalizaciis epoqidan iwyeba. Cvens qveyanaSi pirveli kenWisyra, romelSic moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mravalricxvovani jgufebi iRebdnen monawileobas, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi Catarda.

1866 wels qalaq tfilisis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis debuleba damtkicda. urbanuli politikis istoriis mkvlevari nino satkoeva wers: "debulebis safuZvelze arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda oTxi socialuri kategoriis (4 Tanrigi), 21 wels mitanebul, garkveuli qone-brivi cenzis mqone da qalaqis sasargeblod gadasaxadis gadamxdel moqalaqeebs. isini irCevdnen 100 kacisagan Semdgar saqalaqo sakrebulos (sakanonmdeblo organo), romlis wiaRidanac airCeoda 8 kaciani (TiToeuli fenidan or-ori) saqalaqo ganmkargulebeli organo (aRmasrilebeli organo) da qalaqis Tavi. amas emateboda meTvalyuris rwmunebiT aRWurvili,xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli erTi piri."

1870 wlidan saqalaqo TviTmarTvelobis uflebamosileba SedarebiT gafarTovda da oTx weliwadSi erTxel xmosanTa sabWos arCevnebi samoqalaqo tradiciad dainerga. Tumca, rusuli imperializmis mier daRdasmuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo verasdros axerxebda evropuli standartebiT muSaobasa da Sesabamisi funqciis Sesrulebas. tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso kenWisyra 1897 wels Catarda. saukunis dasasruls ilia WavWavaZem xelmeored scada qalaqis xmosani gamxdariyo. paradoqsulia, magram 'iveriis" damfuZneblis orive mcdeloba warumateblad dasrulda. maSindel kenWisyras sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba mohyva.

1897 wels mimdinare saarCevno procesebis ukeT gasacnobad or patara statias gTavazobT. ilia WavWavaZis winasaarCevno mimarTvas cota xnis win dafuZnebul SesaniSnav, genialur (ar vaWarbebT) vebgverdze nateba.net-ze gadavawydiT, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis pirveli ministrisa da cnobili publicistis girogi lasxiSvilis memuarebis fragmenti ki samoqalaqo presaSi pirvelad qveyndeba. Tu orive maTgans gadaavlebT Tvals, zusti STabeWdileba SegeqmnebaT im pirveli mokle nabijebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Cvenma sazogadoebam saarCevno demokratiis damkvidrebis gzaze gadadga. foto | wyaro: http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=71&info_id=13142

sandro tabataZe | Cartistuli moZraoba

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foto | wyaro: http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/14514

ilia WavWavaZis winasaarCevno mimarTva 1897 wels: xval, 18 maiss, gankiTxvis dRea. gankiTxvis dRe imisi Tu, - vin unda mouaros, vin unda upatronos tfiliss am oTxs weliwads da vin unda izrunos da isaqmos adamianuris gulistkiviliTa da gulmodginebiT Cvenis keTildReobisaTvis, Cvenis avkargianobisaTvis. kanonma neba mogvca Cvens dedaqalaqs Cvenve movuaroT, Cvenve vupatronoT am mxriT. Cvenc sakmao xarjs vixdiT, rom es patronoba, es movla yinulze dawerili Tamasuqi ar iyos, xarjic tyuilubralod ar iqaqsebodes, saqme Cvenda sakeTilod keTdebodes da keTili dRedadRe

ematebodes Cvens mSobel qalaqsa. yvelam erTad, rom patronoba da movla movindomoT, SeuZlebelia. kanonma es kargad icoda da dagviwesa ukeTesni kacni ricxviT oTxmoci amoirCieT Tqven Soris da imaT miandeT eg patronoba da movlao. icodeT, didi codva-madli Tana sdevs arCevansa da vidre xeli kenWis Casagdebad daiZrodes, Tqvens namuss, Tqvens sindiss, Tqvens guls, Tqvens Wkuas ramdenjerme daekiTxeT - vin aris Rirseuli da vin ara, ganurCevlad didisa da patarisa. icodeT, Tqven gindaT kaci,

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romelsac Tqveni sikeTe, Tqveni siyvaruli, TqvenTvis gulSematkivroba sulelobad ar miaCnia, romelsac unda ebralebodes Tqveni Tavi, Tqveni col-Svili da Tqveni ofliT monagars fuls, xarjad Tqvens mier gacemuls, Tqvens keTilad cxovrebas, Tqvens mSvidobiT da uSiSrad yofnas axmarebdes, ramodenadac yovelive es SesaZloa.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom mdidars gangeb ar aklebdes qalaqis xarjsa da xmaamouRebels SeuZlebels gangebve ar umatebdes, da rac mdidars daaklebs, Raribs ar axdevinos.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom Tqveni miyruebuli ubnebi talaxisa da tylapoebisagan ara hyardes da marto mdidarTa quCebi ara hlaplapebdes sifaqiziTa. Tqven gindaT kaci, rom xoragi, saWmel-sasmeli, qalaqis bazarSi kargi da saRi iyos da Tqven ar gaxdendnen, ar gafuWebdnen da am mxriT uSiSar iyvneT. Tqven gindaT kaci, rom purs, Rvinos, saWmel-sasmels CarCebi Tu sxva vinme gangeb mamasisxlad ar hxdidnen da amiT Tqven da Tqvens colSvils ar uZvirebdnen saWiro sazrdos da sakvebsa.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom qalaqis moxeleebs xelsa da kalTas ar afarebdnen, roca igini ar varganan da tyuilubralod sWamen Tqvenis ofliT monagars fulsa jamagirebis saxiTa. Tqven gindaT kaci, rom bunebiTad keTili haeri Tqvenis dedaqalaqisa ar iSxamebodes uwmindurebis siyraliTa da ara gSxamvides Tqven, Tqvens ojaxs, Tqvens wvrilSvilsa.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom wyali uvnebeli da mouwyveteli gqondeT da amasTanac, rac SeiZleba iafi.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom raki xorags Tu sasmels bazarSi hyidulobT, daxaTrijamebuli iyvneT, rom wamxdars da mowamluls ar Semogapareben.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom Tqvens wvrilSvilebs swavla-ganaTlebis gza da saxsari misces, guli keTils SeuCvios, Wkua sjasa da mosazrebasa, ramdenadac SesaZloa.

Tqven gindaT kaci, rom TiTqmis or milionamde yovelwvliv Semosavali qalaqisa, Tqvenganve xarjad aRebuli, Tqvenve da Tqvens qalaqs saerTod hxmardebodes gamozogviTa da codniTa da ara aqeT-iqiT ifantebodes guldaudeblobiT da uTadarigobiTa. visac xeli migiwvdebaT, yvelani unda mixvideT arCevanze da Tqveni moqalaquri, kacadkacuri movaleoba gadauxadoT Tqvens mSobel qalaqsa. icodeT, rom visac xval CaabarebT sabWoSi xmosnobas, imas abarebT mTelis oTxis wlis Tqvens saerTo sve-bedsa, Tqvenis ojaxobis saerTo keTilsa da borotsa. oTxi weliwadi bevris risamea SemZlebeli, avic SeiZleba bevri mogvayenos kars da kargic. guls nu gaimrudebT, suls nu waiwymedavT! icodeT, es didi saqme Tqvens namuss, Tqvens sinidiss, Tqvens patiosnebas abaria. axseneT RmerTi, da RvTisa da marTlis saxeliT, SeudeqiT arCevanis dids saqmes da marjvenas Tqvensas is ar aqmnevinoT, rasac guli da sindisi ar geubnebaT.

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giorgi lasxiSvilis* memuarebidan:

1897 wels me pirvelad gavxdi mowme tfilisis saqalaqo arCevnebisa. es ambavi imdenad sayuradRebo da saintereso iyo, rom cota dawvrilebiT unda mogiyveT, miT umetes, rom im xanebSi tfilisis yvela saqalaqo arCevnebi Tavis mimdinareobiT da SedegebiT, erTmaneTs Zalian waagavda. unda gagaxsenoT, rom maSin arsebobda mefis aleqsandre mesamis mier Secvlili da damaxinjebuli axali saqalaqo debuleba, romelic 1870 wlis debulebasTan SedarebiT, kidev ufro aviwrovebda moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebas da kidev ufro zRudavda TviTmmarTvelobis saqalaqo asparezs. saarCevno ufleba miniWebuli hqonda mxolod msxvil saxlis patronT da msxvil vaWarT. dadga Tu ara 1897 weli, roca unda momxdariyo sabWos ganaxleba, "iveriam" maSinve daiwyo kampania: mxurvale monawileobiT mihmarTa qarTvel saxlis patronT, vaWrebs da yvela imaT, visac saarCevno ufleba hqonda, - dauyovnebliv SeitaneT saqalaqo gadasaxadebio, - vinaidan, visac gadasaxadebi ar eqneboda srulad Setanili, isini saarCevno siebidan gamoiricxebodnen. es mowodeba, rasakvirvelia haerSi darCa, radgan qarTvel amomrCevlebs mcire ram organizaciac ar hqondaT mowyobili, romelsac siebiT xelSi unda Camoevlo qarTveli saarCevno uflebiani xalxi da eeZulebia isini - gadasaxadebi droze SeetanaT. aprilSi gamocxadda siebi da marTlac aRmoCnda, rom bevri qarTveli gamoricxuli iyo gadasaxadebis droze Seutanlobis gamo. sul siebSi iyo moTavsebuli 600-ze meti somexi, 300 -amde qarTveli da 100-ze meti rusebi daa danarCeni erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. amgvaraT ZalTa ganwyobileba qarTvelebis sasargeblod ar iyo. magram somxoba ar

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gamodioda gaerTianebuli frontiT. aq ibrZoda ori partia: umravlesobas Seadgenda e.w. "dvorcovi nomrebis" partia (amomrCevlebi ikribebodnen saTaTbirod golovinis prospeqtze "dvorcovi nomrebSi") anu "sololakelebi" rogorc qarTvelebi veZaxodiT. es iyo somxis msxvili burJuazia, romelic wamoWimuli iyo sololakis sasaxleebSi. meore partia iyo e.w. "somxis axalgazrdebis jgufi", romelic Sedgeboda somex inteligenciisagan, savaWro da sabanko dawesebulebTa momsaxureebisagan da saerTod wvril burJuaziisagan: ai am axalgazrda somexTa partiam winadadeba misca qarTvelebs - SeTanxmebulis siiT gamovideT sololakelebis winaaRmdego. brZolis taqtika aucileblad moiTxovda am SeTanxmebas, magram qarTvelebma winadadeba uaryves. roca amis gamo SevekiTxe vladimer miqelaZes da sxva xelmZRvanelT, sabuTad winadadebis uaryofisa moiyvanes: - SeTanxmeba ar SeiZleba, radgan sul erTia somxebi mogvatyueben, ris magaliTebic yofila warsulSi, da garda amisa Cven Soris urTierToba metad gamwvavda da sjobs mTel somxobas SevebrZoloTo. samagierod qarTveli amomrCevlebi SeuTanxmdnen rusebs, romelTa umravlesobas Seadgendnen tfilisis msxvili moxeleebi da moijaradeebi - wminda wylis "WeSmariti rusebi", rogorc SemdegSi eZaxdnen am xuligan elementebs. dadga arCevnebis dRe. qarTvelebs arc axla hqondaT organizacia, romelsac unda ezruna amomrCevlebi moeyvana saarCevno krebaze. marTlac, qarTvelobidan monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelTa mxolod 39%-ma, maSin rodesac somxebis 50%ze meti movida arCevnebze, cxadi

iyo, rom am pirobebSi qarTvelebi ueWvelad damarcxebodnen. me piradad mxolod, ase vTqvaT, fsiqologiur momentis imedi mqonda. vfiqrobdi, radgan somxebis winaaRmdeg mTavrobis mier sastiki brZolaa gamarTuli da oficialuri presa muqaras muqaraze ugzavnis somxebs, eseni ver gabedaven ukidures Sovinizmis gamomJRavnebas da qarTvel oc kandidats Seiyvanen sabWoSi meTqi. miT umetes, vfiqrobdi me, rom qarTvelebis siaSi Setanili arian ilia WavWavaZe da sxva cnobili moRvaweebi, amitom somxebi windaxedulad moiqcevian da ar moisurveben qarTvelTa erovnul grZnobis Selaxvas-meTqi. molodini gamicruvda; "sololkelebma" sastikad dagvamarcxes: oc kandidatidan qarTveli airCies mxolod Svidi kaci iseTebi, romelTac TiTqmis araviTari wona ar hqondaT qarTvel sazogadoebriobaSi; mxolod erTi mohyva cnobili sazogado moRvawe, vasil rostomis Ze yifiani, magram amanac Cxubi astexa - aTi TeTri qva meti CamiTvaaleso, gaSavebuli varo. gaaSaves ilia WavWavaZe, vladimer miqelaZe, giorgi wereTeli da sxva gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweebi. damatebiT arCevnebze uari sTqves da uari ganacxades imaTac, vinc arCeuli iyo. amrigad axal sabWoSi mohyva mxolod erTi qarTveli Tav. giorgi orbeliani. saarCevno brZolis amgvarma Sedegebma Rrma STaveWdileba moaxdina mTel qarTvel sazogadoebaze, somex-qarTvelTa urTierToba kidev ufro gamwvavda. am ambavs me ori feletoni miuZRveni "iveriaSi". aRvniSne qarTvelebis Secdomebi brZolis taqtikaSi, somxis plutokratiis Sovinizmi da imave dros vcdilobdi damemtkicebina, rom arc qarTvel ers da arc somxis ers mTlianad danaSauli ar miuZRvis, rom ar Rirs erovnul SuRlisa da brZolis gamwvaveba.

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saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi irakli iremaZe

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo, organom, romelic ar iyo oficialurad arCeuli, Tumca misi legitimaciis xarisxi qarTul sazogadoebaSi eWvs qveS namdvilad ar damdgara, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen wamyvani politikuri subieqtebi: qarTveli social-demorkatebi (menSevikebi), social-federalistTa partia, social-revolucionerTa partia, erovnul-demokratiuli partia. amasTanave, am sabWoSi faqtobrivad warmodgenili iyo maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fenis, yvela eTnosis, yvela religiis da qveyanaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi profesiuli gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebi. 1917 wlis noemberSi Seqmnili erovnuli sabWo araformalurad ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis Semdgomi periodis saqarTvelos mTavar politikur organos warmoadgenda. damoukidbelobis gamocxadebis Semdeg is ukve oficialurad qveynis mTavar sakanonmdeblo organod iqca, romelsac 1918 wlis Semodgomaze "saqarTvelos parlamenti" ewoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi erovnuli sabWos, SemdgomSi saqarTvelos parlamentis mimarT legitimaciis naklebloba ar igrZnoboda, qveynis politikur wreebSi ukve didi

xania dominirebda azri sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb. jer kidev 1917 wlis noemberSi erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomris (noe Jordania) moadgilem akaki Cxenkelma organos warudgina winadadeba saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb. Tumca es sawyisi winadadeba pirvelive etapze Tavisive partiis (social-demorkatebis) gavleniani liderebis (Jordania, CxeiZe, wereTeli) mier uaryofili aRmoCnda, revoluciis saboloo Sedegebis bundovanebis gamo. ukve 1918 wlis bolos parlamentis Semadgenloba Sejerda saerTo poziciaze. maT miiRes gadawyvetileba damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno komisiis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb da saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organos pirveli arCevnebisaTvis momzadebas Seudgnen.

1918 wlis 22 noembers saqarTvlos parlamentma daamtkica damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno debuleba. debulebis Tanaxmad damfuZnebeli kreba airCeoda pirdapiri proporciuli gziT, damfuZnebeli kreba Sedgeboda 130 wevrisagan. arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba eZleoda saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sqesisa da warmomavlobisa, romelsac Seusrulda 20 weli. damfuZnebeli krebis centraluri saarCevno komisia arCevnebis Catare-

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bis savaraudo TariRad 1919 wlis martis Tvis bolos miiCnevda, bunebrivi pirobebi am droisaTvis saqarTvelos yvela regionSi saarCevno procesebis warmarTvisaTvis ukve xelsayreli iqneboda, amasTan komisias miaCnda, rom 1918 wlis bolos somxeTTan mimdinare samxedro eskalacia ganeldeboda. Tumca 29 dekemebrs saarCevno komisiis winaSe warsdga saSinao saqmeTa ministri noe ramiSvili da komisias mimarTa TxovniT, arCevnebis TebervalSi Catarebis Sesaxeb, iqidan gamomdinare, rom parizis sazavo molaparakebebze qveyanas ukve oficialurad arCeuli parlamentis delegacia mievlina. 30 dekembers centralurma saarCevno komisiam daadgina arCevnebis TariRi. kerZod, 14,15 da 16 Tebervali. saarCevno komisiis dadgenileba SemdgomSi daamtkica parlamentmac. centralurma saarCevno komisiam daakompleqta samazro da saolqo komisiebi, maT ki Tavismxriv saubno komisiebi, yvela donis komisias gaegzavna Sesabamisi finansuri saxsrebi. centraluri, samazro, saolqo da saubno komisiebi kompleqteboda partiebis wamromadgenlebiT. masSi Sediodnen sxvadasxva partiis siebSi warmodgenili kandidatebic, magaliTad komisiis Tavmjdomare iyo aleqsandre lomTaTiZe romelic social-demokratiuli partiis siaSi

1919 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis saarCevno kampaniidan, socialdemokratebis saagitacio teqsti:

"ai, aqve, am adgilas gamaTavos zeciT mexma Tu erovnul-demokratebs mivaSavo kviras me xma!"

1919 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis saarCevno kampaniidan, socialist-federalistebis saagitacio teqsti:

"marTalia, megobaro Senc mogbezrda, Senc daRaldi, magram mainc erTxel kidev daiWire es qaRaldi, inaxule Sens ubanSi saarCevno yuTi didi da CauSvi Cveni sia: mxolod xuTi, mxolod xuTi."

sadeputato mandatebis gadanawileba 1919 wlis damfuZnebel krebaSi:

saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Sedegebi (14-16 Tebervali 1919):

centralurma saarCevno komisiam kanonierad aRiara: 505477 biuleteni damfuZnebel krebaSi erTi deputatis gasayvanad aucilebeli iyo 3748 xmis dagroveba.

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11-e nomeri iyo da SemdgomSi damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomris amxanagad (vice spikerad) iqna arCeuli. aseve komisiis xazinadari gaxlda erovnul-demorkatiuli partiis me-4 nomeri giorgi gvazava. centralurma saarCevno komisiam partiebs misca saSualeba Tu maT eqnebodaT survili Tavad daebeWdaT biuletenebi, sxva SemTxvevaSi komisia uzrunvelyofda saarCevno dokumentebis gamocemas. komisiis gadawyvetilebiT biuletenebi daibeWda qarTul, rusul, somxur da TaTrul enebze. 24 ianvridan komisia moqalaqeebs mouwodebda saarCevno siebSi sakuTari Tavis gadamowmebas. 27 ianvars centralurma saarCevno komisiam daasrula saarCevno subeiqtebis registracia, oficialur registraciaSi gaatara 15 politikuri subieqti.

30 ianvars komisiam daazusta olqebi, romlebSic sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo arCevnebi ver Catardeboda. arCevnebi gadaido soxumis olqSi, saxalxo sabWoebisa da erobebis arCevnebis mimdinareobis gamo, aseve arCevnebi ar Catarda axalcixis, axalqalaqisa da borCalos mazraSi saomari moqmedebebis (borCaloSi somxeTTan omi, samcxeSi ki ajanyebis) gamo, arCevnebi uamindobisa da didTovlobis gamo gadaido svaneTisa da TianeTis mazraSi. 31 ianvars saqarTvelos parlamentma ukanaskneli sxdoma Caatara da uflebamosileba SeiCera. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis winasaarCevno procesi sakmaod mwvave politikuri dapirispirebebis pirobebSi mimdinareobda, Tumca es dapirispirebebi metwilad kostruqciuli gaxldaT. amasTan xSiri iyo partiul gazeTebSi erTmaneTis kritika da arc Tu iSviaTi lanZRvac. opoziciuri partiebisaTvis mTavar samiznes marTveli (marTa-

lia koaliciur mTavrobis lideri, magram mainc) partia warmoadgenda, xolo yvela partiisaTvis kritikis mTavari samizne somxuri daSnakciuTuni gaxldaT, romelic somxeTTan samxedro eskalaciis pirobebSi aSkarad antisaxelmwifoebrivi politikis gzas adga. opoziciuri partiebi social-demorkatebis mxridan saarCevno kanonis darRvevaze da arCevnebis procesSi saxelisuflebo resursis gamoyenebaze saubrobdnen, Tumca Tavad social-demokratiuli partia amas uaryofda. Sinagan saqmeTa ministris (noe ramSvili) 12 Tebervlis gancxadebiT, yvela administraciuli moxele, romelic Caereva arCevnebis procesSi umkacresad iqneba dasjili.

14 Teberval dilis 8 saaTze daiwyo damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, ubnebi saRamos 8 saaTze ixureboda yuTebi ki iluqeboda, 16 Tebervals 8 saaTze ki arCevnebi dasrulda. opoziciuri partiebis gazeTebi saubrobdnen darRvevebze, Tumca yvela maTgani aRiarebda social-demorkatebis didi upiratesobiT gamarjvebas.

9 marts damfuZnebeli krebis centralurma saarCevno komisiam, samazro, saolqo da saubno saarCevno komisiebis saarCevno oqmebis safuZvelze daamtkica arCevnebis Semajamebeli oqmi. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi 130 mandatidan 109 moipova social-demorkatiulma partiam, 8-8 mandati social-federalisturma da erovnul-demokratiulma partiam, xolo 5 mandati social-revolucionerTa partiam. 130 mandatidan 122 mandati zomierad memarcxene da radikalurad memarcxene partiebma miiRes. memarjvene erovnul-demorkatebma ki mxolod 8 mandati moipova da arCevnebSi mesame adgils dasjerda.

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1919 wels damfuZnebeli krebis kidev 2 damatebiTi arCevnebi Catarda, agvistosa da seqtemebrSi arCevnebi gaimarTa soxumis olqSi, axalcixis, axalqalaqis, borCalos mazrebSi, svaneTsa da TianeTSi. ganmeorebiTi arCevnebis Sedegad ki damfuZnebel krebaSi mandatebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda. social-demokratiuli partia - 102 mandati, social-federalisturi partia - 9 mandati, erovnul-demorkatiuli partia - 8 mandati, social-revolucionerTa partia- 6 mandati, daSnakciuTuni - 3 mandati, saqarTvelos erovnuli partia - 2 mandati.

1919 wlis bolosaTvis damfuZnebeli kreba ukve eqvspartiuli gaxldaT. 1919 wlis saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi mravali faqtoris gamo gamorCeuli iyo. pirvel

rigSi gamorCeuli iyo sayovelTaobis maRali xrisxiT, saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdebloba xmis micemis uflebas aZlevda yvela moqalaqes sqesisa da wamromavlobis ganurCevlad. saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebaSi arCeul iqna 5 qali, maSin roca am drois msoflios saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi qalebs ar gaaCndaT xmis micemis ufleba, 1919 wlis 12 marts krebis pirvel sxdomaze ki prezdiumis wevrad (mdivnad) arCeuli iqna social-demorkati, qali qristine SaraSiZe. garda qalTa CarTulobisa arCevnebSi xmis micemisa da deputatad arCevis saSualeba (gansakuTrebiT social-demokratiuli partiidan) aqtiurad miecaT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs.

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1919 wlis 12 marts mTavrobis sasaxlis (dRevandeli moswavle-axalgazrdobis) TeTr darbazSi sazeimod Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma, romlis paraleluradac rusTavelis gamzirze namdvili saxalxo dresaswauli mimdinareobda, gazeT saqarTvelos respublika werda: "martis Tormets mziani dRe dadga, Tumca cota hqroda, magram dari saerTod namdvili gazafxulisa iyo. da swored rom es meore gazafxulia saqarTvelosaTvis, rogorc bunebisa, ise politikuri. am dRes gaixsna srulaid saqarTvelos pirveli damfuZnebeli kreba... sasaxlesTan teva aRaraa, quCis orTave mxare savsea xalxiT. nemsi ver Cavardebao, rom ityvian swored isea, tramvais moZraoba SeCerebulia".

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debatebi \ saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema saqarTveloSi Temo beJaniZe nebismier saxelmwifoSi politikurad yvelaze aqtiuri winasaarCevno periodia. am dros politikuri urTierTobebis Suamaval rgolad e.w "meoTxe xelisufleba" anu media gvevlineba, politikuri socializaciis procesi gadamwyvet fazaSia Sesuli da iwyeba mudmivi dialogi, kamaTi saarCevno sistemis xarvezebis Sesaxeb. am mxriv, arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens gamonakliss. saarCevno sistemis uaryofiT maxasiaTeblebze saubari mudmivad mimdinareobs rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan, Tumca faqtia, rom rekomendaciebi naklebad aris gaTvaliswinebuli da saarCevno urTierTobebi kvlav uamravi nakliT aris datvirTuli.

1990 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTveloSi "hibriduli" anu Sereuli saarCevno Sistema muSaobs, rac gulisxmobs rogorc proporciuli, aseve maJoritaruli sistemis gamoyenebas. statiaSi ganvixilavT maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas da saqarTvelos magaliTze davasabuTebT mis gardauval saWiroebas. pirvel rigSi ganvsazRvroT zogadi debulebebi. saarCevno sistema martivad, rom vTqvaT es aris politikosebis arCevis procesi, romlis drosac "xmebi iqceva (transformirdeba) mandatebad". aRsaniSnavia, rom saarCevno sistema metwilad ganapirobs sabolood arCevnebis Sedegebs. ras gulisxmobs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema da ra Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi gaaCnia mas? foto | Š aNDre KerTes, wvimiani dRe, tokio

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"gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs" (winner takes all) xSirad am fraziT gansazRvraven maJoritarul sistemas, romelic yvelaze Zveli sistemaa, saxeli warmoiSva franguli sityvidan majoritĂŠ, rac umravlesobas niSnavs. aseT dros, sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi erTmandatian olqebSi iyrian kenWs da gamarjvebuli xmaTa umravlesobiT vlindeba. imis mixedviT Tu ra umravlesobaa saWiro ganasxvaveben fardobiTi umravlesobis maJoritarul sistemas, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom arCeulad iTvleba is kandidati, romelmac TiToeul mis oponentze meti xma miiRo, Tundac es upiratesoba ramdenime xmas Seadgendes. absoluturi umravlesobis maJoritaruli sistemis dros, aucilebelia amomrCevelTa xmebis absoluturi umravlesobis (50%+1) dagroveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia gaimarTos meore turi. am sistemis upiratesoba misi potenciuri demokratizmia, radgan is iTvaliswinebs amomrCevelTa umravlesobis interesebs. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom meore turSi absentizmis ricxvi gacilebiT matulobs da SesaZlebelia amomrCevelTa dabali aqtivobis Sedegad airCion esa Tu is pirovneba. da bolos, es aris kvalificiuri umravlesobis maJoritaruli sistema, am dros arCeulad iTvleba kandidati, romelic miiRebs amomrCevelTa xmebis gansazRvrul raodenobas. (2/3 an 3/4 an ufro mets daagrovebs. saqarTveloSi es modeli gamoiyeneba, Tumca arCeulad iTvleba is kandidati, romelic xmebis 1/3-s daagrovebs. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis dros individs ekisreba mniSvnelovani pasuxismgebloba. sistema uzrunvelyofs mTavrobis SedarebiT martiv formirebasa da, rac mTavaria, stabilurobas. sistema xels uwyobs amomrCevlebsa da kandidatebs Soris mtkice urTierToba Camoayali-

bos. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis Rirsebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT is, rom kandidatis arCeva xdeba ara partiuli kuTvnilebis aramed pirovnuli Rirsebebis da damsaxurebebis mixedviT. gamomdinare aqedan, mcirdeba partiis saxels amofarebuli uRirsi adamianebis moxvedris albaToba parlamentSi, rac saqarTvelos politikur sistemaSi farTod gavrcelebuli movlenaa.

dReisTvis saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis erTi nawili moiTxovs maJoritaruli sistemis gauqmebas, aqcents ki akeTeben Semdeg problematur sakiTxze: amomrCevelTa xmis wonis uTanabroba - yvelaze didi saarCevno olqis quTaisi amomrCevelTa raodenoba - 160 000ze metia, xolo yvelaze patara olqis yazbegis amomrCevelTa raodenoba 6000ze naklebi, Sesabamisad yazbegis olqis 1 amomrCevlis xma = quTaisis olqis 32 amomrCevlis xmas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia msxvili olqebis gayofa, ris Sedegadac uTanasworoba saqarTveloSi arsebul olqebs Soris SedarebiT dabalansdeba da SesaZlebeli gaxdeba amomrCevelTa Tanabari raodenobiT warmodgenili olqebis arseboba. swored am rekomendacias gvTavazobda veneciis komisia, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqna. Tumca es sakiTxi aranakleb aqtualuria, faqtia, rom maJoritaruli olqebis sazRvrebi, ZiriTadad, municipalitetebis sazRvrebs emTxveva. Sesabamisad politikurad Zalian rTuli iqneba saarCevno olqebis xelaxali gadanawileba da olqebisa da munipaluri sazRvrebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. es sistema gavs safrangeTSi aprobirebul meTods "olqebis daWras", safrangeTSi am sistemiT mmarTveli Zala cdilobda olqebis danawilebis principiT damatebiTi mandatebi moepovebina, am sistemam saqarTveloSi ver gamaarTla.

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da mainc, ras gvaZlevs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema: •upirveles yovlisa, saqarTveloSi ar aris Camoyalibebuli partiuli politikuri kultura, xSirad iqmneba "fsevdopartiebi" winasaarCevno periodSi, ase, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis dros mcirdeba partiis saxels amofarebuli "uRirsi" adamianebis moxvedris albaToba parlamentSi. •es sistema saSualebas aZlevs damoukidebel kandidatebs da patara partiebs, rom daamarcxon finansuri resursebis mqone partiis kandidatebi, xolo proporciuli sistemis dros amis albaToba gacilebiT ufro mcirea.

•aseve rac mTavaria, xelisuflebis wyaro xdeba xalxi da ara politikuri partiebi, rac demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari gamovlinebaa. daskvnis saxiT, SemiZlia vTqva, rom saqarTveloSi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis arseboba mniSnvelovania da aucilebelic, amis ramdenime mniSvnelovani argumenti arsebobs. pirveli es aris qarTuli politikuri klasis dabali saarCevno, politikuri Tu samarTlebrivi kultura da meore - politikuri partiebis ararseboba, vinaidan dRevandel partiebs met-naklebad gaaCniaT ideologiuri Tu moraluri Rirebulebebi. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom proporciuli saarCevno sistemis dros sustia kavSiri amomrCevlebsa da parlamentarebs Soris, aseve Zalian didia kandidatis damokidebuleba partiul aparatze da xSir SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba sirTuleebi mTavrobis formirebis dros. Sesabamisad, proporciul sistemaze gadasvliT am periodSi roca sazogadoeba ar aris mozmadebuli am sistemisTvis zianis momtani SeiZleba aRmoCndes saxelmwifosTvis. foto: Wayne Miller

foto | © veine miler

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risi eSianiaT mmarTvel partiebs ??? levan lorTqifaniZe

nebismieri politikuri sistemis samarTlebriv safuZvels sami ZiriTadi iuridiuli dokumenti gansazRvravs. konstituciis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb kanonisa da saarCevno kodeqsis ZiriTadi principebis gaazrebis gareSe partiebisaTvis faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia qveynis politikuri scenis sazRvrebis dadgena. albaT, SeniSnavdiT, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi arc erTi aRniSnuli dokumenti ar warmoadgens xangrZlivi sazogadoebrivi diskusiebisa da politikuri SeTanxmebis produqts. yoveli axali xelisufleba mxolod Tavisi politikuri gemovnebis mixedviT cdilobs politikuri sistemis reformirebas. Sedegad, saqarTvelos politikuri cxovreba arastabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. mdgradi sistemis Seqmna mxolod konsensusis miRwevis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.

2016 wlis saparlamento kenWisyris moaxlovebasTan erTad politikuri aqtorebisaTvis dapirispirebis mTavar sagnad saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi iqca. ganvixiloT saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdeblobis yvelaze problemuri zogadi debulebebi. politikis mecnierebaSi saarCevno sistemis or ZiriTad tips ( maJoritarul da proporciul) gamoyofen. maTi kombinaciis safuZvelze yalibdeba

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mesame, Sereuli saarCevno sistemac.

1995 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelo swored Sereuli saarCevno sistemiT xelmZRvanelobs. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad dadgenili saarCevno procedurebi mravalgzis Seicvala. odesRac miRebulma Sereulma sistemam Tavisi saxe dakarga, rac maJoritarTa warmomadgenlobis SesamCnev zrdaSi gamoixata. kerZod, Tu Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos parlamentSi maJoritar deputatTa raodenoba mxolod 35% gaxldaT (235-dan 85), 2008 wlis Semdeg Cveni qveynis sakanonmdeblo organos TiTqmis naxevars erTmandatian olqebSi arCeuli parlamentarebi akompleqteben (150-dan 73). maJoritaruli kenWisyriT arCeul pirTa aseTi kolosaluri wili kontinenturi evropis TiTqmis arc erT saxelmwifoSi (garda safrangeTisa) ar arsebobs. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis umravlesoba cdilobs upiratesoba mianiWos proporciul arCevnebs an regionaluri warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelsayofad Seqmnas parlamentis calke palata. ra ZiriTadi naklovanebebi axasiaTebs maJoritarul arCevnebs saqarTveloSi ??? oficialuri monacemebiT qalaq quTaisSi 160 aTasamde amomrCevelia registrirebuli, xolo lentexis municipalitetSi mxolod oTxi aTasamde adamians aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. dasaxelebuli olqebis mosaxleobis raodenobebs Soris arsebuli kolosaluri gansxvavebis miuxedavad orive regioni saqarTvelos parlamentSi erT maJoritar deputats irCevs. assamoc aTas adamiansac da oTxi aTas amomrCevelsac erTi parlamentari warmoadgens saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organoSi (!). Sedagad, udavod darRveulia demokratiis erT-erTi umTavresi principi - erTi amomrCeveli erTi xma. saqarTveloSi moqmedi maJoritaruli saarCevno

sistema arRvevs saerTo evropul standartsac, romlis mixedviTac maJoritaruli olqebis amomrCevelTa raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba 10-15%-s ar unda aWarbebdes. saqarTveloSi moqmedi maJoritaruli sistemis defeqturobas SesaniSnavad warmoaCens Cvens qveyanaSi Catarebuli ukanaskneli arCevnebis Sedegebic. Tbilisis sakrebulos 2014 wlis arCevnebze samTavrobo koaliciam xmaTa mxolod 46.01% moipova. maSasadame, dedaqalaqSi "qarTul ocnebas" amomrCevelTa naxevaric ar uWerda mxars. miuxedavad amisa, koaliciam sakrebulos wevrTa mandatebis 74% moipova (37 mandati 50-dan). ratom ganviTarda movlenebi amgvari scenariT? "qarTul ocnebas"absoluturi umravlesoba TiTqmis yvela maJoritarul olqSi gamarjvebam moapovebina. maSasadame, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema mmarTveli partiisaTvis absoluturi umravlesobis mopovebis efeqtiani meqanizmia. aRniSnuli sistema erTi partiis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentraciis winapiroba xdeba xolme. dominanturi maJoritaruli sistema realurad amaxinjebs qveynis partiul politikur landSafts samTavrobo koaliciis sasargeblod. amasTanave, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobebi adekvaturad ar aisaxeba warmomadgenlobiTi organos Semadgenlobaze, rac saxelmwifo institutisadmi ndobis Semcirebasa da politikuri umciresobebis marginalizacias ganapirobebs. wesisamebr, gariyuli politikuri organizaciebi radikalizaciis gzas daadgebian xolme da Sovinisturi, populisturi ritorikiTa Tu Zaladobisken mowodebebiT cdiloben

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sakuTari Tavis politikur scenaze damkvidrebas. saqarTveloSi pirveli demokratiuli arCevnebi 1919 wels Catarda. respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis asocdaaTive wevri proporciuli wesiT airCies. maSin respublikis liderebma proporciuli sistemis sasargeblod arCevani ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT gaakeTes. upirveles yovlisa, kanonmdebelTa mizani gaxldaT qveyanaSi arsebuli realuri ZalTa balansis parlamentSi warmodgena. amasTanave, maT amocanas warmoadgenda respublikaSi moqmedi umciresobebis interesebis dacvac (proporciuli sistemis wyalobiT damfuZnebel krebaSi moxvda politikuri umciresoba "eserebis" saxiT, maT mosaxleobis 4% uWerda mxars. parlamentari gaxda somxuri partia "daSnakciutunis" sami warmomadgenelic). mgoni, dRevandel saqarTveloSic aranakleb mniSvnelovania realuri ZalTa balansis parlamentSi asaxva da qveyanaSi moqmedi yvelaze mcirericxvovani jgufebis politikuri uflebebis dacvac. ratom eSiniaT saqarTvelos mmarTvel partiebs proporciuli saarCevno sistemis? pasuxi martivia. proporciuli warmomadgenlobis dominirebis SemTxvevaSi nabijebi avtoritari lideris erTfirovnuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze ver gadaidgmeba xolme. gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad meti droisa da energiis daxarjva xdeba saWiro. samTavrobo koaliciebi biujetisa da sxva mniSvnelovani kanonebis damtkicebis dros iZulebulebi arian iTanamSromlon opoziciur politikur jgufebTan. parlamentSi absoluturi umravlesobis ararseboba

politikur Zalebs molaparakebebisa da TanamSromlobis, konsensusis kulturis gamomuSavebisken ubiZgebs. konsensusi ki, rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, stabilurobis winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes. msoflioSi arsebul praqtikas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, saarCevno sistemis demokratizaciisaTvis "qarTul ocnebas" ramdenime gza SegviZlia SevTavazoT: • orpalatiani parlamentis Camoyalibeba, sadac maJoritaruli wesiT dakompleqtebul zeda palatas SezRuduli uflebamosileba eqneba miniWebuli.

• maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis gamsxvileba da saparlamento mandatebis axali principiT gadanawileba (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo organos Semadgenlobis mxolod 1/3 an - SeiZleba dakompleqtdes maJoritaruli wesiT) • axali saarCevno kodeqsiT regionuli proporciuli arCevnebis institutis damkvirdreba (amgvari saarCevno sistemis damkvidrebis Sansi 2008 welsac gvqonda, magram maSin "nacionalurma moZraobam"da "demokratiuli moZraobis" dRevandelma liderma aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba Caagdes).

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saarCevno sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi: 3 kriteriumis mixedviT baCo jojua

sanam maJoritarul sistemasa da proporciul warmomadgenlobaze visaubrebde, msurs mkiTxvels mokled avuxsna Tu ra aris saarCevno sistema. saarCevno sistemis yvelaze mokle da kargi ganmartebis povna, pipa norisis naSromSi SevZeli. pipa norisi saarCevno sistemas ase ganmartavs: politikosebis arCevis dros, "xmebi skamebad iqceva". msoflioSi arsebobs ori yvelaze gavrcelebuli saarCevno sistema, formula Tu algoriTmi, romlebic migviTiTeben Tu rogor "iqceva xmebi skamebad"... esenia, maJoritaruli sistema da proporciuli warmomadgenloba. vinaidan Cemi mizania, zogadi STabeWdileba SegiqmnaT orive saarCevno sistemaze da ase vTqvaT, dagexmaroT maT ufro martivad SedarebaSi, kargi iqneba Tu amisaTvis imis gaanalizebas daviwyeb, risi SemoTavazebac am or sistemas SeuZlia. maJoritaruli sistema tradiciuli saarCevno sistemaa, fokusirebulia ra "efeqtur marTvaze". es sistema SeiZleba iyos pluralisturic da absoluturad maJoritarulic, am ukanasknels ki mTavrobis formirebisTvis 50% +1 validuri xma esaWiroeba. misTvis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba, erTi, dominanti partiaa... damatebiTi Tvisebebis mokle CamonaTvali ki ase gamoiyureba: mTavrobis SigniT erTianoba, sru-

li angariSvaldebuleba, efeqturoba da rac mTavaria stabiluroba, Tu rogori saxis stabiluroba, amas odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilav. meores mxriv, proporciuli reprezentacia, gulisxmobs yvelas CarTulobas. "kargi demokratiis dros, yvela da yvelaferi warmodgenili unda iyos ara, disproporciulad, aramed proporciulad". stiuart milis am mosazrebas bevri politikis Teoretikosi eTanxmeba, maT miaCniaT, rom reprezentatuli anu warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisas, sociumis yvela segmenti Tanabrad unda iqnas CarTuli politikur procesebSi. Tavad proporciuli reprezentaciac imisTvis aris mowyobili, rom yvela amomrCevlisTvis gamoinaxos adgili qveynis "umaRles sakrebuloSi". parlamentSi ki adgilebi, partiis siis mier aRebuli xmebis mixedviT gamoiTvleba. politikur partiebs SeuZliaT hqondeT rogorc "Ria" aseve "daxuruli siebi". Ria siebis dros, amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs erT kerZo individs partiaSi. daxuruli siebis dros ki, xalxi xmas aZlevs partias da Semdeg, siaSi rigis mixedviT, partia wyvets, Tu vin moxvdeba parlamentSi. ase da amgvarad, orive saarCevno sistemis zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg, davadgineT, rom maJoritaruli

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sistema proporciulisgan didad gansxvavdeba, radganac erTs erTi dominanti partia hyavs, meores ki ramdenime partia, romelic sociumis yvela fenasa Tu jgufs warmoadgens. am ori sistemis erTmaneTTan Sedareba SeiZleba Zalian didxans gagrZeldes, swored amitomac gadavwyvite gamomeyo is mTavari Tvisebebi, romelTa Sedareba aucilebelia da romlebic sakmaod did rols TamaSoben saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi. aseTi ki sami niSan-Tviseba minda gamovyo: socialuri reprezentacia, angariSvaldebuleba da stabiluroba.

CemTvis, rogoc moqalaqisTvis, angariSvaldebuleba pasuxismgeblobas ukavSirdeba, es ukanaskneli ki swored is pasuxismgeblobaa, romelic mTavrobam Cemgan arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg moipova. vinaidan maJoritarul sistemaSi, erTi domimanti partiaa da mTeli Zalaufleba ZiriTadad swored am erT partiazea morgebuli, rasakvirvelia kiTxvaze - Tu vin unda grZnobdes Tavs pasuxismgeblad sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, pasuxi Zalian martivia. ase da amgvarad, maJoritaruli sistemis pirobebSi, swored gamarjvebuli partiaa valdebuli xalxis winaSe, radganac mTeli Zalaufleba, swored mis xelSia. proporciuli reprezentaciis

ganxilvisas, ki kidev erTxel unda vaxseno is faqti, rom eseTi mTavroba Sedgeba mravali partiisgan, romlebic urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze iReben gadawyvetilebebs. warmoudgenelia proporciuli warmomadgenlobisas mxolod erT partias daakisro sruli pasuxismgebloba, swored amitomac proporciuli reprezentacia pasuxismgeblobis naklebobas ganicdis. swored amitomac daskvnis saxiT unda vTqvaT, rom maJoritaruli sistema am mxriv ufro efeqturia vidre proporciuli reprezentacia da am SemTxvevaSi erTi qula SegviZlia maJoritarul sistemas mivaniWoT. Semdegi niSan-Tviseba socialuri reprezentaciaa. SegviZlia socialuri reprezentacia ase ganvmartoT: misi meSveobiT SegviZlia davadginoT Tu ramdenad aris warmodgenili parlamentSi, sxvadasxva politikuri, socialuri, eTnikuri Tu sxva erTobebi. proporciuli reprezentacia uzrunvelyofs parlamentSi sxvadasxva jgufebis, magaliTad, qalebis an Tundac sxvadasxva eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlobas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TiToeul aseTi saxis amomrCevels sakuTari politikuri partia aqvs, romelic mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. TiToeuli politikuri

foto | Š bruno barbei

partia, parlamentSi adgils imis mixedviT ikavebs, Tu ramdeni xmis mogrovebas SesZlebs arCevnebis periodSi. maJoritaruli sistemis pirobebSi, adamiani xmas aZlevs im partias, romelsac is mxars uWers. maJoritaruli arCevnebis Semdeg, partia Tavad xdeba mTavroba. aseTi SemTxvevebis dros ki, umciresobebs sakmaod mcire adgils uTmoben xolme, vinaidan da radganac mTavroba ufro met efeqturobaze morgebas saWiroebs. oRond egecaa, sakamaTo SeiZleba gaxdes is faqti, rom maJoritaruli sistemis dros, arCevnebis Sedegi, naTlad aCvenebs Tu realurad visi xilva surs eleqtorats xelisuflebaSi. ase da amgvarad, proporciuli reprezentacia gvTavazobs socialuri warmomadgenlobis sakmaod maRal xarisxs, maSin roca, igive

faqti, maJoritarul sistemaSi kiTxvis niSnis qveS rCeba, magram mainc, ZiriTadad maJoritaruli sistema, aseTi "fufunebis" saSualebas ar iZleva, swored amitomac, am kategoriaSi qula SegviZlia proporciul warmomadgenlobas mivaniWoT. Sedarebis daskviniT etapi, mTavrobis SigniT stabilurobaa. mTavrobis SigniT stabilurobaze saubrisas, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani faqti: stabiluroba, mTlianad damokidebulia arsebul eleqtorul sistemaze. maJoritaruli sistemis momxreebi, amboben, rom maJoritaruli sistema sakmaod stabiluria, vinaidan da radganac iq mxolod erTi partiaa, romelic mTavrobas akontrolebs, es ukanaskneli ki mTavrobis SigniT erTobasa da efeqtur mmarTvelobas uzrunvelyofs. meores mxriv, isini proporciul

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"kargi demokratiis dros, yvela da yvelaferi warmodgenili unda iyos ara, disproporciulad, aramed proporciulad". sistemas akritikeben da amboben, rom proporciuli reprezentaciis dros, mTavroba naklebad aris stabiluri, vinaidan Zalaufleba ramdenime partias aqvs gadanawilebuli. sakiTxis aseTi kuTxiT ganxilivsas albaT udao favoritad maJoritarul sistemas movnaTlavdiT...

Tumca... politikuri stabiluroba maSin dgeba safrTxis winaSe, roca legitimaciis krizisi iCens Tavs. proporciuli reprezentacia ki, cdilobs qveyana politikurad da socialurad ufro stabiluri gaxados, imis xarjze, rom sistemam, mopovebuli xmebis meSveobiT, mmarTvelebs legitimacia Tavad mianiWos. legitimaciaze saubrisas, pirveli rac maxsendeba, jon lokis socialuri kontraqti da misi legitimaciaa. mokled rom vTqvaT, jon loki gveubneba, mmarTvelebi da marTulebi socialuri kontraqtis meSveobiT

arian erTmaneTTan dakavSrebulnio. gvmoZRvravs, Tu liderebi Zalauflebas kanonis farglebSi gamoiyeneben, maSin xalxi maT martivad daemorCilebao. oRond egecaa, xalxi srulebiTac ar aris valdebuli xelisuflebas daemorCilos, Tu es ukanaskneli sakuTar avtoritets SebRalavs. maJoritaruli sistema umciresobebisaTvis iseTive efeqturi ver iqneba, rogorc proporciuli reprezentacia.

Sevecade saarCevno sistemebi erTmaneTisaTvis Semedarebina, warmomeCina ra maTi ZiriTadi naklovanebebi da aseve pozitiuri mxareebi... kiTxvaze: - Tu romeli sistemaa ukeTesi, pasuxis gacemis ufleba, msurs mkiTxvels mivando.

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„pirveli“ mariam miqiaSvili

Tanamedrove msoflio istoriuli procesebidan momdinareobs, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom istoria hgavs Tanamedroveobas. arc dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebas etyoba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mraval evropul saxelmwifoSi ultrakonservatizmi da Seumwynarebloba mefobda. msoflioSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo umravlesobis diqtatura, oRond ara imdenad politikuri, ramdenadac socialuri: idevnebodnen eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri umciresobebi, gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamianebi. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan albaT Rimilismomgvrelic ki aris, rom Sua saukuneebSi tolerantoba arabTa saxalifosa da osmaleTSi ufro faseuli iyo. Tumca TandaTan daiwyo ganmanaTlebloba, humanizmi, niderlandebis revolucia, Semdeg safrangeTis, britaneTSi damkvidrda kanonis uzenaesoba... Sors wagviyvans im movlenaTa analizi, romlebmac araerT "pirvel" precedentamde migviyvana, Tumca Tavad am "pirvelTa" ganxilva, vfiqrob, saintereso unda iyos. mecxramete saukunis bolomde politika TeTrkaniani mamakacebis sferod rCeboda. SeZlebuli ojaxebi ukeT arTmevdnen Tavs Svilebis inteleqtualur aRzrdas, Tanac jer kidev bevrgan moqmedebda batonymuri sistema, amitom politikosebis TiTqmis sayovelTao niSani ekonomikuri keTildReobac iyo.

Tumca, "droni mefoben da ara mefeni" da

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msoflios xalxTa Segneba TandaTan "pirvelebis" misaRebad emzadeboda... istoriulma aucileblobam jer rasobriv umciresobebs arguna arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba, Semdeg ki - qalbatonebs. "pirvelTa" Soris pirveli iyo hiram revelsi, 1870 wels misisipis StatSi arCeuli Savkaniani respublikeli senatori. winaaRmdegoba revelss mainc Sexvda, radgan bevr adamians ar surda afroamerikelis senatSi xilva da uamrav konstituciur interpretacias warmoaCenda, raTa igi Tanamdebobidan CamoeSorebinaT. da mainc, sayovelTao Tavisufleba qveyanaSi mxolod xuTiode wlis miRweuli iyo da siamayiT aRsavse senatorebma batoni revelsis mier SenobaSi Sesvlas fexze adgomiTa da aplodismentebiT sces pativi. Tumca yvelas mogvexseneba, rom samoqalaqo omiT afroamerikelTa uflebebi srulad ar realizebula. maT rogorc Tavisufleba, ise Tanamdebobebic etapobrivad, didi brZolis Semdeg miiRes - pirveli afrikuli warmoSobis gubernatori mxolod 1990 wels airCies virjiniaSi - lorens duglas uilderi. am as weliwads Seucvlia afroamerikelTa partiuli ganwyobac, Tuki omis dros respublikuri partia SavkanianTa uflebebis damcvelad gamodioda, uilderis dros Tanasworoba demokratiulma partiamac gaiTavisa da Tavis eqskluziur Temad aqcia. qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZola ufro nela, gangrZobilad da rac mTavaria, axlac mimdinareobs. saudis arabeTSi qalebma wels pirvelad unda miiRon arCevnebSi monawileoba. am qveynis qalebze asi wliT adre gaumarTla irlandiel grafinia markieviCs, Tumca gaumarTlac rTuli saTqmelia - is nacionalisturi

"sin feinis" partiis wevri iyo da antibritanul ajanyebaSi monawileobda 1916 wels, amitom londonis cixeSi ijda da iqidan iyrida kenWs dublinis mandatisaTvis 1918 wlis dekemberSi. markieviCma mandati miiRo da britaneTis TemTa palatis de iure wevri gaxda, Tumca Tanamdeboba, mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ver daikava. markieviCi mainc darCa istorias pirvel arCeul qal warmomadgenlad. pirveli realuri warmomadgeneli, visac muSaobaSi xeli ar SeSlia, aSS-Si dabadebuli nensi astori gaxda. is colad britanel politikoss, uoldorf astors, plimut satenis grafs gahyva da amave mandatiT TemTa palatis konservatori wevri gaxda.

Tanamdebobas 1945 wlamde, pensiaze gasvlamde ikavebda. gavida dro da, Tavs uflebas mivcem, vTqva, Tamasa aiwia - qali saxelmwifo meTauris arCevis jeri dadga. monarqiuli memkvidreoba ucxo arc qalbatonebisTvis yofila, isec momxdara, rom respublikur sistemaSi gauTvaliswinebeli procesebis Sedegad uceb qali aRmoCeniliyo qveynis saTaveSi (izabel martines de peroni, argentina, 1974). aseve meuRlis "memkvidreobiT" miRebuli legitimacia ar iyo ucxo indoeTsa da Sri lankaSi - benazir bhuto da sirimavo bandararaike. pirvel qal prezidentad mainc peroni miiCneva, magram minda gamovyo pirveli realurad da sxvisi gavlenis gareSe arCeuli qalbatoni - vigdis finbogadotiri, islandiaSi, 1980 wels. islandia qalTa moZraobis mxriv yovelTvis gamorCeulad aqtiuri iyo. is ar aurCeviaT didi upiratesobiT, sul 1 procentiT mougo oponents, Tumca dRemde Tanamdebobaze yvelaze didxans myof qal prezidentad miiCneva - 1996 wlamde. finbogadotiri

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dResac cocxalia. da bolos, aucileblad minda aRvniSno pirveli qali Savkaniani prezidenti, elen jonson sirlefi, liberiis moqmedi prezidenti 2006 wlidan, afrikis kontinentze pirveli qali meTauri. is iyo finansTa ministri, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis maRalCinosani, 1997 wels arCevnebSi damarcxda, Tumca mainc ar dauxevia ukan. meore vadiT arCevisas man 90.7% miiRo. sirlefs uamravi kritikosi hyavs, Tumca amas misi eri da istoria gansajis. "pirvelTa" mokle mimoxilvis SesaZleblobac ki yvela im mamaci adamianis damsaxurebaa, vinc aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi TavganwirviT ibrZoda sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis, ramac samudamod Secvala msoflio azrovneba da politikuri cxovreba. warmatebis miuxedavad, bevri problema rCeba, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianTa cnobierebaSi cvileba arc swrafad xdeba da arc martivad, amitom mjera, kidev bevr sferoSi gamovavlenT Rirseul "pirvels".

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grZeli rigi Tavisuflebamde TinaTin maRedani

foto | wyaro: http://eeas.europa.eu/eueom/missions/1994/south-africa/index_en.htm

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samxreT afrikis respublikaSi 1994 wlamde arsebobda rasobrivi diskriminaciis erT-erTi yvelaze sastiki forma aparteidi, romlis Sedegadac samxreT afrikis moqalaqeTa udides nawils aRkveTili hqonda samoqalaqo, socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. aparteidis dasruleba SesaZlebeli gaxda 1994 wels Catarebuli pirveli sayovelTao, Tavisufali da demokratiuli arCevnebis meSveobiT. milionobiT amomrCeveli moTminebiT idga rigSi saaTobiT, raTa xma miecaT TavisuflebisTvis. evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis monacemebiT, potenciuri 20 milioni amomrCevlidan zustad 19 726 579 moqalaqem miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba. erT-erTi adgili, sadac amomrCevelTa gansakuTrebulad grZeli rigi idga iyo saarCevno ubani souetoSi, iohanesburgis gareubanSi, sadac aparteidis periodSi iZulebiT asaxlebdnen Savkanian afrikelebs. soueto 1994 wlamdec gamoirCeoda aparteidisadmi SeugueblobiT. 1976 wels souetos axalgazrdobam demonstraciebis gziT gailaSqra mCagvreli sistemis winaaRmdeg. isini aprotestebdnen mTavrobis politikas ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT da moiTxovdnen, rom TeTrkaniani samxreT afrikelebis msgavsad esargeblaT ganaTlebis uflebiT. gamosvlebs policiasTan Setakeba mohyva da sxvadasxva wyaroebiT 176-dan 700-mde demonstranti daiRupa, aTasobiT moqalaqe daiWra da Zalian bevri daapatimres. mkacri aparteidis pirobebSi amgvari gamosvlebi namdvilad did gambedaobas moiTxovda. am gamosvlebiT cxadi gaxda, rom miuxedavad mCagvreli sistemisa, mosaxleoba da gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdebi, ar iyvnen nihilizmiT Sepyrobilebi, jer kidev inarCunebdnen mebrZol suliskveTebas da surdaT sakuTari uflebebisTvis brZola. mSvidobiani

gziT sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebis saSualeba ki maT 1994 wlis arCevnebSi miecaT. swored amitom, amomrCevelTa aqtivobis maRali done gasakviri sulac ar iyo. samxreT afrikis respublikis moqalaqeebma samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis kargi magaliTi uCvenes msoflios. amomrCevelTa mobilizeba ar momxdara iZulebiT da moqalaqeebi sakuTari nebiT, TavianTi uflebebisa da TavisuflebisTvis idgnen rigSi. isini acnobierebdnen, rom arCevnebis dRe iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gadamwyveti dRe maTi qveynis istoriaSi. dRe, rodesac saSualeba miecaT daesrulebinaT aparteidi da esargeblaT yvela im uflebiT, ra uflebebiTac sargeblobda qveynis TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba. represiul sistemaSi mudmivi SiSis qveS cxovrobis Semdgom, es iyo imedi, rom arCevnebis gziT dasruldeboda maT mimarT sastiki mopyroba, damcireba da raRac aucileblad Seicvleboda ukeTesobisken. da marTlac, amomrCevlis aseTi aqtivoba logikur dasasrulamde mivida da 1994 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad nelson mandela gaxda prezidenti da samxreT afrikis respublikam, realurad, amis Semdeg daiwyo msoflio sazogadoebasTan reintegracia.

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom 1994 wels amomrCevelTa uzomod maRali aqtivoba aparteidis dasrulebis survilma ganapiroba da es aqtiuroba spontanuri da erTjeradi iyo, magram sainteresoa is faqti, rom aparteidis dasrulebidan 20 wlis Semdegac ki 2014 wels saarCevno ubnebTan isev idga uzarmazari rigebi da amomrCevlebi moTminebiT icdidnen, raTa arCevnebis gziT ebrZolaT axla ukve ara aparteidis dasrulebiTvis, aramed cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. souetosa da zogadad samxreT afrikis respublikaSi Zalian didia progresis wyurvili da grZeli rigi saarCevno ubnebTan cvlilebebis erT-erTi gzaa.

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am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier. masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.

civicus redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe

Jurnalze muSaobdnen: Temo beJaniZe baCo jojua mariam miqiaSvili irakli iremaZe TinaTin maRedani

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