seqtemberi 2015
#6
civicus
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sarCevi
03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe
04 multikulturalizmi Tu kulturuli pluralizmi mari-agnes lamfsdorfi
06 respublikanizmi da multikulturalizmi grigol gegelia
10 tolerantoba rogorc ideologiuri kategoria (nawyveti) slavoi JiJeki
18 didi aliis dasawyisamde mariam guliaSvili
24 18 qarTveli ebraelis werili gaeros 28 somxurenovani Teatris Sesaxeb Temo beJaniZe
30 gorxana - muslimTa sasaflao TbilisSi levan lorTqifaniZe
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redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe
Civicus-is morigi nomeri umniSvnelovanes Temas ukavSirdeba. Cven gadavwyviteT, rom multikulturalizmis, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris urTierTobebze SevecadoT Tqveni yuradRebis gamaxvileba. Cveni saTqmelis TqvenTvis ukeT gadmosacemad axal gamocemaSi statiebi or kategoriad davajgufeT. nomris pirveli bloki Teoriuli Sinaarsisaa, sadac SesaniSnav mkvlevarTa naSromebs gTavazobT. germanelma specialistisma da Cemma Zvelma megobarma mari-agnes lamfsdorfma Tavisi gadatvirTuli grafikis miuxedavad ramdenime wuTi gamonaxa, raTa CvenTvis multikulturalizmsa da kulturul pluralizms Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba aexsna (misi pasuxi germanulidan Jurnalis redaqtorma Targmna). Tavi arc grigol gegeliam, ori universitetis leqtorma da resbublikanuri ideebis gulmxurvale mcvelma, dazoga. man Cveni gamocemisaTvis SesaniSnavad ganmarta respublikanizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da maTi urTirTmimarTeba multikulturalizmis problemasTan. uzomod madlieri var Cemi megobris, axalgazrda sociolog nuka zuraSvilis, romelmac CIVICUS-isaTvis Tavisi SesaniSnavi Targmani gaimeta. nukam Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi udidesi moazrovnis, slavoi JiJekis teqsti gadmoaqarTula. filosofiuri msjeloba yvelasaTvis martivad gasagebi SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes, magram darwmunebuli var, rom JiJekis Txroba yvelas daafiqrebs tolerantobasa da solidarobas, kulturaTa Tanaarsebobasa
da Tanasworobas Soris arsebul sxvaobaze. meore kategoriaSi Tqven SeZlebT waikiTxoT saqarTveloSi moqmedi eTnikuri Tu religiuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb. mariam guliaSvili Tavis statiaSi qarTveli ebraelebis gambedaobasa da maT antisabWoTa demonstraciaze mogiyvebaT. mariamis statiasTan erTad vaqveynebT qarTveli ebraelebis werils, romelic maT 1960-ian wlebSi gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komitets misweres. vfiqrob, yvelam unda icodes, rom bolSevikuri Zaladoba dauZleveli ar yofila da mis winaaRmdeg warmatebiT moqmedebas principuli adamianebi didi msxverplis miuxedavad mainc axerxebdnen. samwuxarod, amgvari gmirobebi Cveni yuradRebis miRma rCeba xolme. kidev erTi umcroskurseli, Temo beJaniZe mokle komentars gTavazobT Tbilisis somxuri Teatris Sesaxeb. Tbilisis Teatri erTaderTi somxuri Teatria, romelsac saxelmwifo statusi oficialuri erevnis nacvlad sxva qveynis kulturis saministrom mianiWa. Temo qobuleTelia. am SesaniSnavi qalaqis stumrobis dros, araerTi misi Tanatolisgan momismenia armenofobiuri gamonaTqvamebi, rasac araerTxel davumwuxrebivar. Sesabamisad, Temos kontribucias, mis keTilganwyobasa da moqalaqeobriv Segnebas CvenTvis gansakurebuli da simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs. aqve vaqveynebT cnobas gorxanis muslimTa tfilisuri sasaflaos Sesaxeb, romelic Cveni qalaqis kulturuli mravalferovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gamoxatuleba da saerTo kavkasiuri memkvidreobis erT-erTi uiSviaTesi Zeglia.
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multikulturalizmi Tu kulturuli pluralizmi mari-agnes lamfsdorfi
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi kulturuli mravalferovnebis aRsaniSnavad ramdenime cnebas iyeneben xolme. moqalaqeTa nawils cnebebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba uZneldeba. Sesabamisad, isini ganxilvebis dros terminebis arazustad gamoyenebis gamo xSirad gamousworebel Secdomebs uSveben. kulturuli pluralizmisa da multikulturalizmis cnebebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna Zalian bevrisaTvis dRemde gadaulaxav barierad rCeba. modiT, erTad SevecadoT bundovanebis gafantvas. ra aris multikulturalizmi? profesor basam tibis azriT, multikulturalizmis cneba sam ZiriTad garemoebas aerTianebs: 1. adamianTa jgufebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis gansazRvras, identificirebas. 2. aRmoCenili gansxvavebebis aRiarebasa da pativiscemas. 3. koleqtiuri wesrigis pirobebSi ZiriTadi kulturuli uflebebis dacvasa da daurRvevlobas. cxadia, aRniSnuli gansazRvreba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi mesame punqtis sakuTar TavSi araerT konfliqts, dasavleTisaTvis dRemde mougvarebel dilemas moiazrebs. warmoidgineT evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe muslimi qalis mdgo-
cultural pluralism
safety
m
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mareoba. erTi mxriv, mas, rogorc Tavisufali qveynis mcxovrebs, aqvs emansipaciis, daqvemdebarebisgan gaTavisuflebis ufleba. meore mxriv ki, mis meuRles, SariaTis kanonebis mimdevars aqvs ufleba multikulturalizmis politikis farglebSi sakuTari ZiriTadi kulturuli uflebis identificireba, aRiareba da koleqtiuri wesrigis pirobebSi SenarCuneba moiTxovos. ra aris kulturuli pluralizmi ??? kulturuli pluralizmis koncefcia Cven mier CamoTvlili sami punqtidan pirvel ors uyoymanod aRiarebs. kulturuli pluralizmiT gamorCeul sazogadoebebSic gansakuTrebul pativiscemas gamoxataven erT sazogadoebriv sistemaSi Tavmoyrili sxvadasxva jgufis mimarT, mravalferovneba am SemTxvevaSic misaRebi da misasalmebelia. mTavari gansxvaveba or kategorias Soris gaxlavT is, rom kulturuli pluralizmis koncefcia uyoymanod aniWebs upiratesobas koleqtiur wesrigs da masTan Seusabamo ZiriTad kulturul uflebebs ar aRiarebs. vfiqrobT, qarTveli studentebisaTvis saintereso unda iyos aRniSnuli terminebis Sesaxeb msjelobis dawyeba da maTi Sinaarsis Taobaze axali kvlevebis warmoeba.
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respublikanizmi da multikulturalizmi grigol gegelia
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, respublikanizmsac da multikulturalizmsac udavod gaaCnia aqtualuroba, gind es jer kidev mxolod faruli aqtualuroba iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc respublikanizmi da arc multikulturalizmi ar ikavebs mniSvnelovan adgils sajaro diskursSi, Tanamedrove saqarTvelo saboloo jamSi swored respublikanur da multikulturul momavlis landebs eTamaSeba. iribad, es is sakiTxebicaa, romlebic istoriulma viTarebam TviTon warmoSva. sakiTxis aqtualuroba kidev ufro mZafri saxiT gvevlineba, Tuki davuSvebT, rom respublikis Seqmna saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani idealia. magram, ramdenad gulisxmobs da moicavs respublika, rogorc forma da respublikanizmi, rogorc politikuri procesis Sinaarsi, multikulturalizms? am werilSi, upir-
veles yovlisa, mokled warmovadgenT respublikanizmis mniSvnelobas, Semdeg visaubrebT respublikanizmisa da pluralizmis farTo urTierTmimarTebaze da sabolood, ganvixilavT Tavisuflebis cnebas, rasac, vfiqrob, yvelaze mniSvnelovani gavlena gaaCnia multikulturuli respublikis bedis gansazRvrisas. rogorc cnobilia, etimologiurad, respublica sityvasityviT niSnavs "sajaro saqmes". saqmis sajarooba respublikuri filosofiisa da SemarTebis sruliad ganuyofeli nawilia. sxvamxriv, res publica aris ori mniSvnelovani ram: politikuri forma da politikuri procesis Sinaarsi. rac Seexeba politikur formas, yvelaze farTo da primitiuli gagebiT, respublika iseTi politikuri erTeulia, sadac ar arsebobs monarqia, saxelmwifos meTauri ki
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xalxis mier garkveuli droiT aris arCeuli. respublikur konteqstSi, Zalaufleba aucileblad Zevs xalxSi, xolo respublikanizmi iRwvis iseTi wyobis misaRwevad, sadac Zalaufleba maqsimalurad Zevs xalxSi da maqsimalurad aris xalxis. es aramarto teritoriuli mowyobis idealia, aramed aseve moqalaqis politikuri CarTulobis yvelaze pretenziuli da momTxovni xedva. swored imaves gamoxatulebaa federalisturi idealebi, romelic sakuTari arsiT zedmiwevniT respublikanuria. rac Seexeba politikuri procesis Sinaarss, vfiqrob, kidev ufro mniSvnelovania davafasoT respublikis, rogorc swored Sinaarsis mniSvneloba, radgan respublikanizmis aRsaqmelad is ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre monarqiis formalurad ar-arseboba. marTlac, monarqis ararseboba savsebiT ar warmoadgens garants respublikis arsebobisa. Tuki TviTon politikis Sinaarsi ar aris arsebiTad respublikanuri, respublika ar iarsebebs, gind mas xalxis mier arCeuli saxelmwifos meTauri marTavdes. rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, ukve or aTwleulze metia, rac saqarTvelo formalurad respublikaa (Tumca mas "saqarTvelos respublika"aRar ewodeba), radgan mas xalxis mier arCeuli meTaurebi gankargaven. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo arcerTi wuTiT ar yofila respublika misi damoukideblobis ganmavlobaSi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gaerTianebuli samefo, romelic konstituciur monarqias warmoadgens, erTerTi yvelaze ganviTarebuli respublikaa. politikuri procesis Sinaarsi, anu respublikanizmi, udavod upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa. mas gaaCnia sakuTari enobrivi veli da mdidari konceptualuri aparati, rac mas yvela sxva politikuri ideologiisagan gamoarCevs. res publica-s msgavsad, sakuTriv respublikanizmi, rogorc politikis Sinaarsi, erTdroulad bevri ramaa: mmarT-
velobis ideologia, samoqalaqo cxovrebisa da qmedebis filosofia, ise rogorc - Tuki nikolo makiavelis davesesxebiT - "Tavisufali cxovrebis wesi". respublikanizmis umTavresi svetebia: politikuri Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba da politikuri CarTuloba. rogorc respublikeli moazrovneebi miiCneven, Tu saxelmwifo ar aris politikurad damoukidebeli, anu TviTmmarTveli, iq ver iarsebebs politikuri Tavisufleba; xolo iyo TviTmmarTveli niSnavs TviTonve iRebde kanonebs, romelic adgens modus vivendi-s, rac, piriqiT, aucilebeli winapirobaa politikuri Tavisuflebis arsebobisa. respublikanizmi yovelTvis did Rirebulebas aniWebda politikur pluralizms, rac Zalauflebis gadanawilebas gulisxmobs. federalizmi swored respublikanuri mowyobis principia, ise rogorc Zalauflebis Sekaveba-gawonasworebis principi, romelic antikur droSi romSi, Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli helvetikis konfederaciaSi (Sveicaria) da renesansisas florenciaSi, sabolood ki amerikis SeerTbuli Statebis mowyobaSi iCens Tavs, saidanac is ukve mraval sxva saxelmwifoSi vrceldeba. Zalauflebis erT toposSi koncentraciisa da adamianTa erTi jgufis mier aRsrulebis nacvlad, respublikanuri xelisufleba piriqiT, Zalauflebas anawilebs sivrciTadac da struqturuladac. amis nimuSia faqtobrivad yvela respublikanuri konstitucia, maT Soris saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis - saqarTvelos miwaze pirveli da jerjerobiT erTaderTi respublikis - konstitucia. zogadad, respublika, Tavisi SinaarsiT, aucileblad pluraluri formaa. klasikur politikur filosofiaSi, respublika yovelTvis aRiwereboda, rogorc "forma bevrisa". es imas niSnavda, rom gansxvavebiT monarqiisagan an samTavrosagan, romelsac erTi piri ganagebs, respublikas yovelTvis erTdroulad bevri
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marTavs. istoriulad, sakuTriv es "bevri" sulac ar niSnavda Tanamedrove gagebiT demokratias, anu xalxis mmarTvelobas. respublika iyo moqalaqeTa sakuTreba, moqalaqeni ki xSirad - umciresoba. magaliTad, aTenur poliss, anu politikur sivrces, ar ekuTvnodnen qalebi, an metikebi (aTenis moqalaqeebi, romlebic warmoSobiT aTenidan ar iyvnen). magram, rogorc cnobilia, igive Cvens dros aRar exeba. Tumca, ukve meTxuTmete saukuneSi, florencieli humanisti da florenciis respublikis meTauri, leonardo bruni, respublikas aRiqvamda aramarto "bevris" mier Seqmnil politikur formad, aramed is respublikas acxadebda Riad yvelasaTvis, visac ki Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba aklda. rasakvirvelia, es ritorikuli gancxadebac iyo; brunis es teqsti panegerikia. da mainc, ukve meTxuTmete saukunis respublikanur diskursSi, respublika cxaddeboda, rogorc forma "bevrisa", rogorc Tavisufali da kanonis winaSe Tanaswori moqalaqeebiT Sekruli politikuri erTeuli da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rogorc iseTi politikuri erTeuli romelic ar iyo genetikurad, Tu istoriulad florencielTa sakuTreba. respublikanizmi iyo da aris kategoriulad daSorebuli nacionalizmis nebismieri formisgan. es erTi mxriv istoriuli mizezebiT aris ganpirobebuli - rodesac respublikanizmi iqmneboda, eri-saxelmwifo jer kidev ar arsebobda da Sesabamisad ar arsebodba nacionalizmi. respublikanizmi azrs iZenda momcro zomis qalaq-saxelmwifos politikuri qsovilis konteqstSi da ara didi teritoriuli saxelmwifos konteqstSi, rogoricaa Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifo. Tumca, imisagan rac momaval droSi nacionalizmi iqneboda, respublikanizmi imTaviTve Sors iyo ukve idealurad. respublika, rogorc idealuri forma, odiTganve iyo sakuTreba yvela moqalaqisa, miuxe-
davad maTi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebisa, iqneba is religiuri mrwamsi, eTniuri warmomavloba, socialuri klasi Tu seqsualuri orientacia. mas axasiaTebda patriotizmis specifiuri reJimi, rac yvelaze martivad kanonebisa da Tavisuflebis siyvaruls niSnavda da ara teritoriisa Tu eTnosis da Sesabamisad imTaviTve SeuTavsebeli iyo nacionalizmis nebismier gamovlinebasTan. leonardo brunic swored amas gulisxmobda. is acxadebda florenciis karibWes Riad yvelasaTvis, vis mimarTac samarTali ar aRsruldeboda, vinc idevneboda, visac aklda respublika, swored rogorc politikuri procesis Sinaarsi. politikuri erTeulisadmi msgavsi mikuTvnebulobisa da politikur cxovrebaSi CarTulobis aqtiuri reJimis idealad dasaxva yvelaze metad Tavisuflebis respublikanuri Teoriidan gamoedineba. rogorc vaxseneT, politikuri Tavisufleba umTavresi svetia respublikuri filosofiisa. SesaZloa, yvelaze arsebiTi "multikulturuli respublikis" ganxilvisas swored politikuri Tavisuflebis idea iyos. maS, ra aris Tavisuflebis respublikuri idea da ra ganasxvavebs mas liberaluri ideisgan? liberalur politikur filosofiaSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin, rodesac mas gaaCnia saSualeba sakuTari survilisa da SesaZleblobis mixedviT imoqmedos ise, rom mas am procesSi aravin ar SeuSalos xeli. es aris Tavisuflebis negatiuri idea, radgan Tavisuflebis mdgomareobis gansazRvrisas, umTavresi kriteriumi raRacis aryofnaa da ara raRcis yofna. kerZod, xelis SeSlis aryofna, gnebavT, ar-dabrkoleba (non-interference). liberaluri Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, respublikuri Teoria ufro radikaluri, ufro momTxovni da ufro mdidaria. liberaluri politikuri enis mier mowonebuli arCareva, anu negatiuri Tavisufleba, politikuri Tavisu-
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flebis respublikanuri aRqmis nawilic aris, magram is mxolod erTi nawilia da ara erTdaerTi. politikuri Tavisuflebis janmrTelobis gansazRvrisas, respublikeli ar kmayofildeba "arCarevis" martivi kriteriumiT. Tu liberali Tavisuflad miiCnevs adamians, romelic sakuTari nebis mixedviT moqmedebs da am procesSi mas xels aravin uSlis, respublikeli Tvlis, rom "xelis-ar-SeSla" savsebiT ar aris erTaderTi winaRoba, romelic Tavisuflebas emuqreba. respublikeli miiCnevs, rom adamiani SeiZleba iyos politikurad araTavisufali maSinac ki, roca mis qmedebas aravin ar abrkolebs liberaluri gagebiT. amis sapirispirod, respublikeli ufro radikalur kriteriums iyenebs, romelic gaxlavT - ardamokidebuleba, anu non-dominacia (non-domination). maSasadame, respublikelis azriT, Tavisufleba arsebobs iq, sadac aravin aris represirebuli da aravin represori, anu sadac aravin aris dominirebuli da aravin ar aris dominanti. rogorc ruso werda, Tavisufleba iq arsebobs, sadac mefoben ara adamianebi, aramed kanonebi. respublikelisaTvis Tavisufali mxolod is moqalaqea, vinc ar imyofeba damokidebulebis reJimSi, rodesac misi Tavisufleba damokidebuli ar aris mesame piris keTil nebasa Tu axirebaze, vinc ar unda iyos is: kerZo piri, korporacia, samoqalaqo asociacia Tu saxelmwifo. klasikuri magaliTi, romelic respublikel avtorebs - polibiuss, cicerons, livis - sakuTari argumentis ganvrcobisas mohyavT monis magaliTia. cxadia, Tu liberalur Teorias davnebdebiT, mona sworedac rom Tavisufali gamodis, radgan mis qmedebebs aravin uSlis xels liberaluri gagebiT. magram, mona Tavisufali ar aris, radgan mas ara aqvs unari Tavad, sxvisi Carevisa Tu nebarTvis gareSe, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi imaze Tu ra surs aq da axla da imoqmedos Sesabamiasd. mona damokidebulia sxvis
nebaze; is swored amitom aris mona. amis sapirispirod ki, moqalaqes kanoniT miniWebuli konkretuli socialuri da politikuri garantiebi gaaCnia, rac misi Tavisuflebis garantiacaa da mas moqalaqed yofnis saSualebas aniWebs. respublikanizmis Cveni mokle eqspoziciis daskvnis saxiT, vfiqrob, SegviZlia Tamamad ganvacxadoT, rom respublikanizmi da multikulturalizmi aramarto saTanadod Seesabameba erTmaneTs, aramed iq sadac erT politikur erTeulSi gansxvavebuli kulturebi gvxvdeba, erTmaneTs avsebs da amdidrebs. respulbikanizmi upirveles yovlisa samoqalaqo azrovnebisa da moqmedebis tradiciaa, ise rogorc cxovrebis filosofia. respublikanizmi ar ganasxvavebs moqalaqeebs eTniuri Tu sxva niSniT; mis konteqstSi, umTavresi moqalaqeobis reJimia, rac Tavis mxriv samoqalaqo idealebidan da Tavisuflebis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs. iyo Tavisufali respublikaSi, niSnavs gagaCndes socialuri da politikuri uflebebi, sxvanairad Tu vityviT, "aRiareba" kanonisa da saxelmwifos winaSe, ise rogorc unari politikuri CarTulobisa da adekvaturi meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom Tavad iyo kanonSemoqmedi. respublika arsebiTad pluraluri formaa, romelic ara uniformulobaze, aramed gansxvavebulobaze dgas, idealurad ise rogorc praqtikulad da konstituciurad. respublika aris politikuri forma, romelic gansxvavebulobiT Semdgari erTobaa, romelsac erTad kravs ara eTniuri warmomavloba, an kulturuli msgavseba, aramed samoqalaqo patriotizmi, kanonSemoqmedeba, sayovelTao TviTmmarTveloba da socialuri da politikuri aqtiuroba. respublika yvelas formaa, gansxvavebiT eri-saxelmwifosagan; respublikanuri patriotizmi ki gansxvavebulobiT Sekruli erTi politikuri erTeulisa da misi kanonieri da Tavisufali momavlis siyvarulia.
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tolerantoba rogorc ideologiuri kategoria nawyveti slavoi JiJeki
Targmani: nunuka zuraSvili
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politikis kulturalizeba ratom aRiqmeba dRes amdeni problema aratolerantobad da ara uTanasworobad, eqspluataciad, usamarTlobad? ratom aris SemoTavazebuli gamosavali tolerantoba da ara emansipacia, politikuri brZola, SeiraRebuli brZolac ki? pasuxi liberali multikulturalistis bazisur ideologiur operaciaSia: "politikis kulturalizeba" - politikuri gansxvavebebi, politikuri uTanasworobiT, ekonomikuri CagvriTa da a.S. gamowveuli gansxvavebebi naturalizebulia/neitralizebulia "kulturul" gansxvavebebSi, gansxvavebul "cxovrebis wesebSi", romlebic TavisTavad mocemulia, romlebic aris ara daZlevadi, aramed mxolod "Sewynarebadi". amaze, ra Tqma unda, beniaminiseul terminebSi unda vupasuxoT: politikis kulturalizebidan kulturis politizebamde. am kulturalizebis mizezi aris pirdapiri politikuri proeqtebis (keTildReobis saxelmwifo, socialuri proeqtebi da a.S.) warumatebloba, Cavardna. tolerantoba maTi post-politikuri Semcvlelia: tolerantobis dakanonebis gamo samarTlianobis ufro substanciuri xedvebidan ukan daxeva dRes moqalaqeobisa da Zalauflebis ufro zogadi depolitizebisa da Tavad politikuri cxovrebidan ukan daxevis nawilia. tolerantobis rogorc politikuri miznis danergva farulad axdens politikis rogorc im sivrcis uaryofas, romelSic SesaZlebelia konfliqtis efeq-
turi artikulireba da moazreba sivrced, romelSic moqalaqeebis transformireba maTive Tanamonawileobis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. post-politikuri liberaluri proeqtis araTandmimdevrulobas ufro metad albaT araferi gamoxatavs, vidre misi faruli identifikacia kulturasa da bunebasTan, or tradiciul dapirispirebul kategoriasTan: kultura Tavadaa naturalizebuli, miCneuli rogorc raRac TavisTavad mocemuli. kulturis rogorc "meore bunebis" idea, ra Tqma unda, moZvelebulia. politikis "kulturalizebis" yvelaze warmatebuli formula, ra Tqma unda, semuel hanTingtons ekuTvnis, romelmac dRevandeli konfliqtebis mTavari wyarod "civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba" miiCnia, didia cduneba, rom amas Cveni drois hanTingtonis daavadeba vuwodoT - rogorc is agrZelebs, civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, "ideologiis rkinis farda" "kulturis xaverdovanma fardam"Caanacvla. hanTingtonis "civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis" bneli perspeqtiva SeiZleba frensis fukuiamas naTeli xedvis - istoriis dasasruli msoflio masStabis liberaluri demokratiis saxiT - sruliad sapirispirod mogveCvenos: ra SeiZleba iyos fukuiamas "istoriis dasasrulis" fsevdo-hegelianuri ideisgan (saukuTeso SesaZlebeli socialuri wyobis saboloo formula napovnia kapitalistur liberalur demokratiaSi, romelSic Semdegi konceptualuri progresisaTvis adgili aRaraa, da mxolod empiriuli
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winaRobebiRaa gadasalaxi) ufro gansxvavebuli? hanTigntonis "civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis" rogorc 21-e saukunis mTavari politikuri brZolis idea? "civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba" a r i s politika "istoriis dasasrulSi". Tanamedrove liberalizmi ideologiebis, institucionaluri da arainstitucionaluri praqtikebis rTul qsels qmnis; Tumca, am mravalferovnebas safuZvlad udevs bazisuri opozicia, romelsac mTlianad liberaluri xedva eyrdnoba, opozicia maT Soris, romelnic mTlianad imarTebian kulturis mier, sruliad gansazRvrulni arian im sicocxlis-samyaros mier, romelSic isini daibadnen, da maT Soris romlebic ubralod sargebloben kulturiT, romelnic masze maRla dganan, Tavisufalni arian kulturis arCevaSi. amas meore paradoqsamde mivyavarT: "barbarizmis" mTavari wyaro swored kulturaa, calkeul kulturasTan pirdapiri identifikacia, rac adamians sxva kulturebis mimarT aratolerantuls xdis. amgvarad, bazisuri dapirispireba dakavSirebulia koleqtiursa da individualurs Soris arsebul dapirispirebasTan: definiciis mixedviT kultura koleqtiuri da calkeuli, viwro, sxva kulturebisgan eqskluziuria, rodesac - Semdegi paradoqsi - swored individia is, romelic universaluria, universalurobis sivrcea, imdenad ramdenadac is calkeuli kulturisgan acalkevebs Tavs da masze maRla dgeba. Tumca, vinaidan yoveli individi ramenairad unda "gamo-
calkevdes", man unda iarsebos calkeul sicocxlis samyaroSi, am Cixidan gamosvlis erTaderTi gza individis universalurad da calkeulad, sajarod da kerZod (romelSic "kerZo" moicavs ojaxis "usafrTxo zonasa" da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ara-saxelmwifo sajaro sferos (ekonomikas) gaxleCvaa. liberalizmSi, kultura arsebobas ganagrZobs, magram privatizebuli saxiT: rogorc cxovrebis wesi, rwmenebisa da praqtikebis nakrebi da ara rogorc sazogadoebrivi normebisa da wesebis qseli. imdenad, ramdenadac kultura Tavadaa "barbarizmisa" da aratolerantulobis wyaro, gardauvalia daskvna, rom aratolerantulobisa da Zaladobis daZlevis erTaderTi gza subieqtis arsebis birTvis, misi universaluri arsis kulturisgan gamocalkevebaa: arsobrivad, subieqti unda iyos kulturlos (germ. "ukulturo"- mTargmnelis SeniSvna). (es SemTxveviT axal saxes aZlevs iozef gebelsis cnobil sityvebs "roca sityva kultura mesmis, xeli iaraRisken gamirbis" - magram ara maSin, roca mesmis sityva civilizacia.) vendi brauni am liberaluri mosazrebis problematizebas ramodenime doneze axdens: pirveli, es araa WeSmaritad universaluri, kulturlos. vinaidan Cvens sazogadoebebSi Sromis seqsualizebuli danawileba isev dominirebs, rac mamakacs bazisuri liberaluri kategoriebisken (avtonomia, sajaro aqtivoba, Sejibri) ubiZgebs, qalebs ki ojaxisadmi solidarobisa da a.S. kerZo sferos miakuTvnebs,
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liberalizmi Tavad, sajarosa da kerZos dapirispirebiT, xels uwyobs mamakacis dominirebas. ufro metic, mxolod Tanamedrove dasavlur kapitalistur kulturaSi dgas avtonomia, individualuri Tavisufleba da a.S. ufro maRla, vidre koleqtiuri solidaroba, kavSiri, pasuxismgebloba sxva damokidebulebze, sakuTari Temis wes-Cveulebebisadmi pativiscema - isev, liberalizmi Tavad aniWebs upiratesobas garkveul kulturas, Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturas. braunis meore dartymis wertili arCevanis Tavisuflebas exeba - liberalizmi aqac Zlier winaaRmdegobriobas aCvenebs. is aratolerantulia, roca sxva kulturis warmomadgenel individebs ar eZlevaT arCevanis Tavisufleba(kliterodeqtomia, bavSvebis gaTxoveba, Svilis kvla, poligamia, ojaxis wevris mier gaupatiureba...); Tumca, yuradRebis miRma tovebs, magaliTad, Cvens liberalur sazogadoebaSi arsebul im udides wnexs, romelic qalebs plastikuri operaciebis, kosmetikuri implantebis, botoqsis ineqciebisa da a.S. gakeTebas aiZulebs, raTa konkurentunarianni darCnen seqsis bazarze. sabolood, yvela TviT-referenciuli paradoqsi aratolerantobis Sewynarebis CixSia centrirebuli. liberalisturi multikulturalizmi kulturebs Soris tolerantobas qadagebs, maSin rodesac naTlad acxadebs, rom namdvili tolerentoba mxolod dasavlur individualistur kulturaSia SesaZlebeli, da amgvarad samxedro inter-
venciebis rogorc sxvis aratolerantulobasTan brZolis ukiduresi meTodis legitimaciasac ki axdens - zogi amerikeli feministi aSS-s mier avRaneTisa da erayis okupacias mxars uWerda rogorc am qveynebis qalebis daxmarebis formas. Tumca, brauni cdilobs maqsimalurad gamoaaSkaravos es TviT-referenciuli paradoqsi, romelsac radikali liberali nebismieri araTanmimdevrulobisgan Tavisuflad miiCnevda: Tuki me mwams individualuri arCevanisa da sxvadasxva kulturebis mimarT Semwynareblobis, ra Tqma unda, es mavaldebulebs viyo "aratolerantuli" im kulturebis mimarT, romlebic arCevansa da tolerantobas pativs ar scemen. brauni am yvelafers amJamindel anti-islamizmze fokusirebiT xsnis, magram rac Seexeba nacizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas? gana aseve paradoqsi araa, rom mokavSireTa blokma sastiki omi gadaixada faSizmis winaaRmdeg tolerantobisa da mSvidobis saxeliT? mere ra? tolerantobas sazRvrebi aqvs, da aratolerantulobis mimmarT tolerantuloba ubralod mis mxardaWeras ("Sewynarebas") niSnavs. "Tavisufali arCevanis" liberaluri idea - Tu subieqts surs, mas SeuZlia im SezRuduli tradiciis arCeva, romlis wiaRSic is daibada, magram Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebisTvis is sxvadasxva alternativebiT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili - yovelTvis CixSi moxvedrisTvisaa ganwiruli: miuxedavad imisa, rom amiS axalgazrdebs formalurad aqvT Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis
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ufleba, pirobebi, romlebSic maT arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT, mas araTavisufals xdis. imisaTvis, rom maT saTanadod gaakeTon Tavisufali arCevani, isini yoveli SesaZlebeli alternativis Sesaxeb unda iyvnen informirebulni - Tumca amis erTaderTi gza maTi amiSTa Temidan mowyveta, anu maTi "gaingliseleba" iqneboda. es aseve naTels hfens muslimi qalebis mier Cadris tarebis mimarT dominantur liberalur damokidebulebas: maT SeuZliaT Cadris tareba, Tu es maTi Tavisufali arCevania da ara maT ojaxis wevrebis an qmrebis mier iZulebis Sedegi. Tumca, roca Cadris tareba qalis piradi arCevania(vTqvaT, misi sulieri realizebisaTvis), Cadris tarebis mniSvneloba sruliad icvleba: es aRaraa misi muslimuri Temisadmi kuTvnilebis niSani, aramed misi idiosinkratuli individualurobis gamoxatuleba; zustad igive gansxvavebaa Cinel fermers, romelic Cinur saWmels imitom miirTmevs, rom misi sofeli ase uxsovari droidan iqceva, da dasavluri megapolisis macxovrebels Soris, romelic Cinur restoranSi sadilobas irCevs. am yvelafridan gakveTili isaa, rom arCevani yovelTvis meta-arCevania, Tavad arCevanis modalobis arCevani: mxolod is qali akeTebs namdvilad arCevans, romelic irCevs, rom ar ataros Cadri. swored amitom arian Cvens sekularul arCevanis sazogadoebebSi substanciuri religiuri mikuTvnebulobis mqone adamianebi daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi: im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT nebas
rTaven hqondeT maTi rwmena, es rwmena "Sewynarebulia" rogorc maTi idiosinkratuli personaluri arCevani/mosazreba; swored amitomaa sajaro skolebSi religiuri simboloebis demonstracisa da locvis Tema aseTi sensitiuri: maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi kerZosa da sajaros Soris gamyofi xazis gabundovnebas, sajaro sivrcis neitraluri CarCos Selaxvas sayveduroben. es imas niSnavs, rom "Tavisufali arCevanis subieqti" mxolod adamianis calkeuli sicocxlis-samyarosgan mowyvetis, misi fesvebisgan gamoyofis ukiduresad veluri/ Zaladobrivi procesis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoCndes. universaluri liberaluri subieqtis ideologiis filosofiuri uaryofa da, am mizeziT, braunis mier liberalizmis kritikis mTavari filosofiuri samizne kartezianuri subieqtia, gansakuTrebiT mis kantianur versiaSi: subieqti, romelsac SeuZlia misi calkeuli kulturuli/socialuri fesvebisgan gaTavisufleba da misgan sruli avtonomiisa da universalurobis mopoveba: "racionaluri kamaTi da kritika, kritikis racionaluroba, pirovnebis moraluri avtonomiis ara mxolod niSani, aramed safuZvelicaa, avtonomiisa, romelic gulisxmobs sxvebisgan, zogadad avtoritetisgan damoukideblobas da Tavad azrovnebis damoukideblobas." dekartes universaluri daeWvebis poziciis safuZvelmdebare gamocdileba swored "multikulturaluri" gamocdilebaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor araa adami-
wyaro: Link
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anis tradicia sxvis "eqscentriul" tradiciaze ukeTesi: /.../ jer kidev kolejSi swavlis periodSi viswavle, rom SeuZlebelia imdenad ucnauri an naklebad sarwmuno ramis mofiqreba, rac jer sxva romelime filosofoss ar hqondes mofiqrebuli da Cemi mogzaurobis ganmavlobaSi ufro metad SevniSne, rom yvela, romelTa azrebic Cvengan gansxvavebulia, aucileblad barbarosebi an velurebi ar arian, aramed SeiZleba Zlier gonierni iyvnen, Cvenze metadac ki. Cogito-s mTavari maxasiaTebeli misi arasubstanciuri xasiaTia: "masze pozitiurad saubari SeuZlebelia; rogorc ki masze pozitiurad saubars daviwebT, misi funqcia ikargeba." [6] cogito aris ara substanciuri erTeuli, aramed wminda struqturuli funqcia, carieli sivrce - rogorc aseTi, is SeiZleba gamoCndes mxolod substanciuri Temur sistemebs Soris arsebul sivrceSi. amgvarad, kavSiri cogito-s gamoCenasa da substanciuri Temuri identobebis disintegraciasa da dakargvas Soris arsebiTia da es spinozas ufro metad exeba, vidre dekartes: miuxedavad imisa, rom spinozam gaakritika kartezianuli cogito, is mas akritikebda rogorc pozitiur ontologiur erTeuls - magram saubrobda ra, dekarteze metadac ki, socialuri sivrc(eeb)is gareT arsebuli poziciidan, ara rogorc ebraeli Tu qristiani, spinoza impliciturad sruliad aRiarebda radikaluri TviT-daeWvebidan mosaubre TviTobas, rogorc "gacxadebulis
pozicias". spinoza "filosofosi rogorc aseTia", misi ormagi gandevnilis subieqturi poziciiT (dasavluri civilizaciis gandevnilTa sazogadoebidan gariyuli); swored amitom unda gamoviyenoT igi paradigmad, romelic msgavsi gandevnis nakvalevebis, Temidan "amovardnis" aRmoCenis SesaZleblobas mogvcems sxva yvela did filosofosTan, maT Soris, nicSesTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac rcxvenoda germanelebis gamo da amayad usvamda xazs mis savaraudo polonur fesvebs. filosofosisTvis eTnikuri fesvebi, nacionaluri identoba da a.S., ubralod WeSmaritebis kategoria araa, anu, zustad kantianur terminebSi rom vTqvaT, roca eTnikuri fesvebis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, Cven gonebis kerZo gamoyenebas veweviT, romelic SezRudulia mudmivi dogmaturi wanamZRvrebiT, Cven vmoqmedebT rogorc "umwifari" individebi, da ara rogorc Tavisufali adamianebi, romelic gonebis universalobis ganzomilebaSi arseboben. kantsa da rortis Soris arsebul opozicias, romelic sajarosa da kerZos Soris gansxvavebas exeba, iSviaTad axseneben, magram miuxedavad amisa, sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa: orive mkveTrad ganasxvavebs am or sferos, magram sxvadasxva gagebiT. rortisTvis, didi Tanamedrove liberalisTvis, kerZo aris Cveni idiosinkraziebis sfero, romelSic SemoqmedebiToba da veluri warmosaxva marTavs, xolo moraluri mosazrebebi TiTqmis represirebulia, sajaro ki aris socialuri interaqciis sfero, romelSic wesebs unda davemorCiloT, raTa sxvebs
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ar vavnoT; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kerZo ironiis sferoa, sajaro ki - solidarobisa. kantisTvis ki, "msoflio-samoqalaqo-sazogadoebis" sajaro sfero universaluri erTeulobis, erTeuli subieqtis paradoqss qmnis, romelic ase vTqvaT, mokle CarTviT, calkeulis mediaciis gavliT, pirdapir monawileobs universalurSi. sworad amas gulisxmobs kanti "sajaroSi" "kerZos"sapirispirod "ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?"-s cnobil pasaJSi: Temuri kavSirebisgan gansxvavebiT, "kerZo"aris ara individualuri, aramed adamianis calkeuli identifikaciis Temur-institucionaluri wesrigi, sajaro ki adamianis mier gonebis gamoyenebis transnacionaluri universaloba. amgvarad, safuZvelemdebare formulis "iazrovne Tavisuflad, magram daemorCile!" paradoqsi isaa, romelic monawileobs "sajaro" sferos universalur ganzomilebaSi zustad rogorc erTeuli individi, romelic gamocalkevebulia misi substanciuri Temuri identifikaciisgan an SeiZleba masTan dapirispirebulic ki - adamiani WeSmaritad universaluri aris rogorc mxolod radikaluri sagani, Temur identobebs Soris arsebul sivrceebSi. swored kanti unda waikiTxos aq rogorc rortis kritikosi: gonebis SeuzRudavi Tavisufali gamoyenebis sajaro sferos miseul xedvaSi, is ganmaTavisuflebeli universalobis ganzomilebas adamianis socialuri identobis sazRvrebs, (socialuri) arsebobis wesrigSi arsebuli poziciis gareT ayenebs - ganzomilebaSi, romelic rortisTan ar gvxvdeba.
Targmani: nunuka zuraSvili
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didi aliis dasawyisamde mariam guliaSvili
gavrcelebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, ebrauli diasporis Semosvla pirvelad qarTlSi nabuqodonosoris mier israelis aoxrebis periods emTxveva. mogvainebiT, ebraelTa Semodinebis ramdenime etaps gamohyofen istorikosebi, romlebic palestinaSi momxdari politikur-ekonomikuri movlenebis Sesabamisi reaqciis gamoxatulebaa. yvelaze saintereso movlena ebraelTa migraciaSi isaa, rom isini martivad moergnen saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli mowyobis bazisurad gansxvavebul struqturas da miuxedavad 26 saukunovani stabiluri Tanacxovrebisa maT arasdros gasCeniaT separatistuli ganzraxvani, Tavis mxriv ki, Tu ar CavTvliT sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Seviwrovebis mcdelobas, ebraelebi arasdros gamxdaran saqarTveloSi rasobrivi diskriminaciisa Tu eTnikuri Seviwrovebis msxverplni. mainc ra gaxda am ori eris saukunod daZmobilebis mizezi?! tradiciuli Rirebulebebi Tu gadarCenisTvis brZolis gamocdili instiqti, romelic genetikurad kodirebulia, rogorc qarTvelebSi, aseve ebraelebSi. ori eris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda israelis warmoqmnasTan erTad, saqarTvelosTvis mZime 1992-1993 wlebSi, israelis saxelmwifo iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac Tavisi saelCo gaxsna saqarTveloSi da humanitaruli daxmarebis gamogzavna daiwyo. nebismieri qarTveli didi gatacebiT gesaubrebaT israelisaqarTvelos Zmobis Sesaxeb, Tumca
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wyaro: The Palmach Archive via the PikiWiki - Israel free image collection project
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sainteresoa Tu ra icis saqarTvelos mosaxleobam ebraelebis repatriaciis istoriis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebisTvis dRemde ucnobia, rom me-20 saukunis erTerT yvelaze masStabur da saintereso movlenas, swored saqarTveloSi Caeyara safuZveli. me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebi ebrauli diasporisTvis saqarTveloSi metad mZime aRmoCnda, miuxedavad imisa, rom aqedan maT aravin sdevnida , Tavad cdilobdnen saqarTvelodan israelSi gadasvlas, amis mizezi ki samSobloSi dabrunebis dauokebeli survili iyo . survilebis asruleba arc ise martivi aRmoCnda, rogorc erTi SexedviT sCanda, maT mondomebas xistad upirispirdeboda sabWoTa xelisufleba, ebraulma diasporam saqarTveloSi ki ar moisurva totalitalur manqanas Caeketa misTvis samSoblosaken mimavali gza. saqme isaa, rom repatriaciis molodinSi ebraulma ojaxebma daiwyes didi mzadeba samSobloSi dasabruneblad, Tumca dro gadioda da Tanxmoba ar sCanda , ojaxebi ki samsaxurisa da sacxovrebeli adgilebis gareSe elodnen sasurvel pasuxs . ase gaCnda ebraelebisTvis TbilisSi "sinais mTa" da didi gaWirveba . samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi maT ver ipoves TavianTi mxsneli da gadawyvites wasuliyvnen iseT riskze, romelsac SeeZlo maTi sicocxlec ki Seewira. 1969 wels, vakumSi, sadac adamianebma ar icodnen, rom maT sityvasac hqonda fasi; ar icodnen, rom sazRvrebs miRma arsebobda samyaro, sadac SeiZleboda Tavisufali gadaadgileba, ebraulma diasporam dawera werili gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebebis komisiis saxelze, romelSic dramatulad gadmosca sakuTari Tavgadasavali da udidesi survili sakuTar samSobloSi cxovrebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. am
werilma masStabur saprotesto aqcias Cauyara safuZveli, romelsac saxelad - " gauSvi Cemi xalxi " ewodeboda. " Cven davelodebiT Tveebi da wlebi, Tu daWirda - mTeli sicocxle, magram rwmenas da imeds ar vuRalatebT. gvwams: Cveni locvebi RmerTamde mivida. viciT: Cveni mowodebebi adamianebamdec miva. rameTu Cven viTxovT mcireds - gagviSvan winaparTa miwaze ... " 6 agvisto 1969 weli. repatriaciis dasawyisi, aliis pionerebs Zmeb mixelaSvilebs ukavSirdeba, swored maT moaxerxes 18 ebrauli ojaxis gaerTianeba saerTo miznisTvis sabrZolvelad. Tavdapirvelad, maT sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumSi waradgines TavianTi moTxovnebi. iq dahpirdnen, rom yvelas mousmendnen, oRond calcalke. Tumca, saqme erTad daiwyes da erTad apirebdnen mis dasrulebas, Tanac, marto maTi misvla didi biurokratiis morevSi, ambis saeWvo dasasrulTan asocirdeboda. ebraelebi sagonebelSi iyvnen Cavardnilni, rodesac erT-erT maTgans saprotesto aqciis gamarTva mouvida azrad. 34 Tbiliseli ebraeli sabWoTa kavSiris dedaqalaq moskovSi gaemgzavra da gorkis quCaze, centralur telegrafTan gamarTa mjdomare SimSilobis aqcia. aqciis monawileebma swrafad daimsaxures mTeli msoflios yuradReba, iq midiodnen amerikuli, inglisuri, franguli da sxva dasavluri mediis warmomadgenlebi, iRebdnen fotoebs da ambavs aSuqebdnen, rogorc admianis uflebaTa darRvevis saSinel faqts. SimSilobis momdevno dReebSi ki oficialuri da araoficialuri pirebic gamoCndnen arenaze, romelTac ar daiSures muqara da daSinebis mcdeloba. mesame dRe ki gaxda mizezi radikaluri moqmedebisa. Ramis oTx
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wyaro: Kluger Zoltan - Israeli National Photo Archive
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saaTze aqciis adgilze 300-ze metma samoqalaqo tansacmelSi gamowyobilma adamianma moiyara Tavi, romlebmac aqciis wevrebs TviTnebobis Sewyvetisken mouwodes, mogvianebiT ki moskovis gareubanSi miliciis ganyofilebaSi gadaiyvanes da TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke dakiTxes. maTi saqcieli ki qveynis Semarcxvenel qmedebad monaTles. amis Semdeg Tbiliseli ebraelebi Casxes vagonSi, romlis Sesasvlel-gamosasvlels SeiaraRebuli adamianebi amagrebdnen. protestandebi mgzavrobis dros SimSilobas kvlav agrZelebdnen. TbilisSi iZulebiT dabrunebul momitingeebs rkinigzis sadgurze uamravi adamiani Seegeba. marTalia, sabWoTa xelisuflebam iZulebis meTodiT daarbia aqcia, magram ver vityviT, rom mas Sedegi ar mohyolia. qarTveli ebraelebi moxvdnen miRebaze Sinagan saqmeTa ministr e. SevardnaZesTan, romelic maT moTxovnis dakmayofilebas dahpirda. cota xanSi marTlac daiwyo moqalaqeTa etapobrivi alia israelSi. 1970-71 wlebSi 18 ebrauli ojaxis gmirobam saqarTveloSi sabWoTa ebraelebis masobriv repatriacias Cauyara safuZveli, im dros saqarTvelodan israelSi 30 000 ebraeli gadavida sacxovreblad. israelis istoria aRiarebs Tbiliseli protestantebis, maTi gambedaobisa da simamaceis wvlils axali saxelmwifos ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
wyaro: Link
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wyaro: Link
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18 qarTveli ebraelis werili gaeros
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianTa uflebebis komisias:
Cven, saqarTvelos 18 morwmune ebraelTa ojaxi, mogmarTavT Tqven TxovniT dagvexmaroT israelSi gamgzavrebis saqmeSi. yovelma Cvenganma, miiRo ra mowveva naTesavidan israelSi, Seavso ssrk-s saTanado organoebis mier gamogzavnili anketa. yovelma Cvenganma miiRo zepiri dapirebani, rom mis gamgzavrebas aravin ar Seuqmnida dabrkolebas. TiToelma Cvenganma, eloda ra yovel dRe rom miiRebda nebarTvas, gayida qoneba da daeTxova samsaxuridan. magram Tveebi, zogierTisTvis ki - wlebi, gailia, gamgzavrebis nebarTva ki ar migviRia. Cven davagzavneT asobiT werili da depeSa - isini gaqren, rogorc cremlebi udabnos qviSaSi: gvesmis zepiri uari, werilobiTi pasuxi ar migviRia, aravin arafers ar gvixsnis, Cveni bedi aravis ar aRelvebs. magram Cven velodebiT, rameTu gvwams. Cven, saqarTvelos 18 morwmune ebraelTa ojaxi saWirod vTvliT avxsnaT, Tu ratom gvsurs israelSi gamgzavreba. yvelasTvis cnobilia ramdenad samarTlianad xorcieldeba sinamdvileSi ssrk-s nacionaluri politika, romlis Teoriuli safuZvlebi Camoyalibebuli iyo saxelmwifos damaarseblis v.i.leninis mier. didi xania qveyanaSi aRar aris ebraelTa darbevebi, geto da procentuli normebi. ebraels SeuZlia Tavisuflad iaros quCaSi, dasaxldes sadac surs, daikavos nebismieri Tanamdeboba, Tundac ministrisa, rac ssrk ministrTa sabWos
Tavjdomaris moadgilis, v.dimSicis magaliTzec moCans. umaRles sabWoSi aris ebraeli deputatic - a.Cakovski, "literaturuli gazeTis" mTavari redaqtori ... amrigad, rasobrivi diskriminacia ar gvaiZulebs davtovoT qveyana, maS iqneb religiuri? magram qveyanaSi daSvebulia sinagogebi, aravin gviSlis vilocoT saxlSic. oRond, Cveni locvebi - israelTanaa dakavSirebuli, rameTu gvianderZes: Tu dagiviwyo Sen ierusalimo, gaxmes marjvena Cemi. rameTu Cven, morwmune ebraelebi, vTvliT, rom ar arsebobs ebraeli rwmenis gareSe, rogorc rwmena ar arsebobs tradiciebis gareSe. raSi mdgomareobs Cveni rwmena da tradiciebi? xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi romis legionebi gars ertynen ierusalims. magram, blokadis cnobili saSinelebebis miuxedavad - SimSili, uwyloba, daavadebebi da mravali sxva - ebraelebma ar uRalates rwmenas da ar danebdnen. Tumca adamianis SesaZleblobebsac aqvs sazRvari - bolos da bolos wminda qalaqSi SeiWren barbarosebi. ase, aTaswleulebis winaT ganadgurda wminda taZari, da masTan erTad - ebrauli saxelmwifo. magram darCa eri: Tumca ebraelebma, vinc iaraRis xelSi daWera SesZlo, rom ar danebebuliyvnen mters, erTmaneTi daxoces, darCnen sisxlisgan daclili daWrilebi, moxucebi da bavSvebi. da vinc wasvla ver SesZlo, adgilze iqna mokluli.
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xolo vinc ki SeZlo, udabnoSi wavida, da Tu gadarCa - miaRwia sxva qveyanas, raTa eloca da dalodeboda. amieridan ucxo qveynebSi, maT moZule adamianebs Soris unda moeZebnaT sakvebi. mudam galanZRulni, Cirqmocxebulni, SezizRulni da devnilni, sisxliTa da ofliT moipovebdnen purs arsebobisa da zrdidnen Svilebs. maTi xelebi dakoJrili iyo, suli ki sisxliT savse, magram eri ar momkvdara - da rogori eri. ebraelebma msoflios misces rwmena da revolucionerebi, filosofosebi da mecnierebi, mdidrebi da brZenebi, geniosebi bavSvuri guliT da bavSvebi moxucis TvalebiT. ar arsebobs codnis, literaturis da xelovnebis arcerTi sfero, sadac ebraels Tavisi wvlili ar Seetanos. ebraelTa Semxizvneli arcerTi qveyana ar arsebobs, romelsac maT sakuTari SromiT madloba ar gadauxades. da ra miiRes samagierod? Tu yvelasTvis cxovreba gasaZlisi iyo, ebraelebi SiSiT elodnen sxva dros. da Tu yvelasTvis cudi dro dgeboda, ebraelebma icodnen: movida maTi aRsasrulis Jami, da maSin isini imalebodnen, an garbodnen qveynidan. da vinc garboda, yvelafers Tavidan iwyebda. xolo visac gaqceva ar SeeZlo iRupeboda. vinc ki kargad daimaleboda, eloda sxva droebas. vis aRar udevnia ebraelebi, am saqmisTvis yvela erTiandeboda! sakmarisi iyo uvargis generlebs
omi waegoT, iqve damnaSaves ebraelTa Soris eZebdnen. sakmarisi iyo politikur avanturists ar Seesrulebina mTebi micemuli danapirebebisa, iqve moiZebneboda mizezi - ebraeli. isini iRupebodnen espaneTis inkviziciis jurRmulebSi da faSisturi germaniis sakoncentracio banakebSi. antisemitebi droSasaviT afrialebdnen dreifusis saqmes ganaTlebul safrangeTSi da beilisis saqmes uwignur ruseTSi ... ebraelebs ki es yvelaferi unda aetanaT. sxvaTa Soris, maT SeeZloT sxvebsaviT mSvidad ecxovraT, sakmarisi iyo sxva rwmena mieRoT. asec moiqca zogierTi - sulmxdali yvelgan aris. magram milionebi gadarjulebas amjobinebdnen gawamebul sicocxles, xSirad ki - sikvdils. da Tu Seuxiznavni daexetebodnen isini dedamiwaze - RmerTTan yvelas moeZebna adgili. da Tu maTi ferfli gaifanta mTels msoflioSi, xsovna ar momkvdara. Cvens ZarRvebSi - maTi sisxlia, Cveni cremlebi - maTi cremlebia. asrulda winaswarmetyveleba: ferflidan aRsdga israeli, ar daviviwyeT Cven ierusalimi da Cveni xelebi sWirdeba mas. Cven 18 varT - maT, vinc am werils xeli moawera. magram cdeba is, vinc Tvlis, rom Cven mxolod 18 varT: xelis momwerTa ricxvi gacilebiT meti SeiZleba yofiliyo. amboben, rom msoflioSi sul 12 milioni ebraelia. magram cdeba is, vinc CaTvlis, rom Cven sul 12 mil-
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ioni varT. rameTu maTTan erTad, vinc israelisTvis loculobs, Cven aseul milioni varT, isini, vinc awvales, vinc aRar aris - CvenTan erT mwyobrSi arian, daumorCilebelni da mudam cocxlebi, brZolisa da rwmenis tradiciebis gadmomcemni. ai ratom gvsurs Cven israelSi gamgzavreba ... gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias istoriam daakisra udidesi misia - ifiqros adamianebze da daexmaros maT. amitom Cven moviTxovT, gaero-s adamianis uflebaTa komisiam iRonos masze damokidebuli yvela zomebi da umokles vadaSi miaRwios ssrk-s mTavrobisgan Cveni gamgzavrebis nebarTvis miRebas. gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba XX saukunis bolos adamianebs aukrZalo sadac maT surT iq icxovron. ucnauria, rogor SeiZleba daviwyeba mowodebebisa erTa TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb, da ra Tqma unda, yoveli eris Semadgenel adamianTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. Cven davelodebiT Tveebi da wlebi, Tu daWirda - mTeli sicocxle, magram rwmenas da imeds ar vuRalatebT. gvwams: Cveni locvebi RmerTamde mivida. viciT: Cveni mowodebebi adamianebamdec miva. rameTu Cven viTxovT mcireds gagviSvan winaparTa miwaze ...
1. SabaTa mixeilis Ze elaSvili q.quTaisi, jafariZis 53 2. mixeil SabaTas Ze elaSvili q.quTaisi, jafariZis 53 3. israel mixeilis Ze elaSvili q.quTaisi, kirovis 31 4. iakob aronis Ze eluaSvili q.quTaisi, maiakovskis 5 5. mordex isakis Ze xixinaSvili q.quTaisi, maxaraZis 19 6. mixeil samuelis Ze CikvaSvili q.quTaisi, xaxanaSvilis 33 7. moSe samuelis Ze CikvaSvili q.quTaisi, wereTlis 32 8. mixeil rubenis Ze beberaSvili q.quTaisi, klara cetkinis 9 9. iakob israelis Ze elaSvili q.quTaisi, wereTlis 54 10. xaim aronis Ze mixelaSvili q.foTi, cxakaiis 57 11. albert xaimis Ze mixailaSvili q.foTi, cxakaiis 57 12. aron xaimis Ze mixelaSvili q.foTi, jafariZis 18 13. xaim daviTis Ze TeTruaSvili q.quTaisi, jafariZis 42 14. isro zaqaris Ze wiwuaSvili q.quTaisi, Saumianis 25 15. efrem isros Ze wiwuaSvili q.quTaisi, Saumianis 6 16. bencion Salomis Ze iakobiSvili q.Tbilisi, barnovis 91 17. mixael rafaelis Ze batoniaSvili q.kulaSi, stalinis 53 18. mixael Salomis Ze TeTruaSvili q.kulaSi, stalinis 114
22 av 6 agvisto 1969w.
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wyaro: http://www.georgianjews.org/index.php
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somxurenovani Teatris Sesaxeb Temo beJaniZe am kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime adamians vkiTxe: gaixseneT TbilisSi arsebuli somxuri warmoSobis nageboba, qandakeba an reliefuri pano, romelic TqvenTvis somxuri da qarTuli kulturis Tavisufal Tanaarsebobaze metyvelebs-meTqi? mravali pasuxidan, yvelaze metad, petros adamianis saxelobis somxuri dramatuli Teatri movismine. diax, es is Teatria, romelic ukve saukune naxevarze mets iTvlis, Teatri, romelic sakuTar istorias grZnobs da Teatri, romelic istoriasTan erTad inaxavs yvela Taobis patar-patara saidumloebebs. 1858 wels, TbilisSi, somxurenovani saxelmwifo Teatri gaixsna. TeatrSi aRizarda gamoCenil msaxiobTa ramdenime Taoba. Teatrs mieniWa petros adamianis saxeli, romlis gansaxierebuli hamleti da otelos rolebi Teatris kritikosebis mxridan Sefasebul iqna, rogorc am nawarmoebebis gansakuTrebul interpretaciad, swored es rolebi ayenebs petross msoflios udides tragikosTa rigebSi. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde Teatri viTardeboda, es iyo "energiuli da dauRalavi" SemoqmedebiTi procesi. Teatri mWidrod daukavSirda im periodis xalxis cxovrebas. mis warmatebas Tu warumateblobas ganapirobebda sazogadoebis moTxovnebi. somxuri dramatuli Teatri mud-
mivad aRwevda xelmosaWid Sedegebs, radgan igi epoqaluri ideebiT iyo gamsWvaluli, siRrmiseulad asaxavda imdroindeli sazogadoebis problemebsa Tu Sinagan samyaros. es ambavi dResac grZeldeba. rogori Zvelic ar unda iyos kibeebi, kedlebi, Taobidan Taobaze gadasuli cxovrebis stili, aq dResac erTiandeba scenisa da mayureblis interesebi, dResac imarTeba mravalferovani warmodgenebi. "saqarTvelo somxebisTvis yvelaze maxlobela qveyana iyo, sadac maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT cxovreba" wers ivane javaxiSvili da gulisxmobs, rogorc erovnul da sarwmunoebriv , aseve, kulturul Tavisuflebasac. "kulturebma Tavisuflad unda icxovron, mudmivad Seejibron erTmaneTs. es axangrZlivebs maT arsebobas, saSualebas aZlevs evolucia da adaptacia ganicadon sicocxlis uwyvet nakadSi, Ria msoflios pirobebSi, yovelive faseuli, rac Senaxvas imsaxurebs adgilobriv kulturebSi, keTilis myofel niadags ipovis" - mario vargas liosas es sityvebi zustad "ergeba" somxuri kultruris Tanaarsebobas saqarTveloSi, amis dasturad ki mxolod Teatric SeiZleba movixsenioT, radgan petros adamianis saxelobis somxuri dramatuli Teatri msoflioSi erTaderTia, romelic somxeTis farglebs gareT saxelmwifo Teatris statusiT funqcionirebs.
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wyaro: repartarmenia.org
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Ggorxana muslimTa sasaflao TbilisSi levan lorTqifaniZe
gorxanis sasaflaos Sesaxeb pirvelad aleqsandre elisaSvilis werilidan Sevityve. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi mTawmindisa da didubis panTeonebis garda kidev ori akropolis aRmoCenaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli maTgani somxuri sasaflao gaxlavT, igi mtkvirs marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobs, Tbilisel muslimTa gansasvenebels ki botanikur baRTan axlos SeiZleba miagnoT. "gorxana" mecxramete saukuneSi dafuZnda. aq marxavdnen yvela Tbilisel muslims. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dedaqalaqelebi aRniSnul adgils gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiTa da pativiscemiT epyrobodnen. mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebam gabeda da Tbilisis mravalerovnebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes simbolos, bevri Cveni TanamoqalaqisaTvis wminda adgils specialuri teqnikiT gadauara, raTa uazrod gaefarTovebina botanikuri baRis teritoria da kidev erTi mizezi moeZebna erT qalaqSi mcxovrebi ori sxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenelTa dapirispirebisaTvis. sasixarulod, sabWoTa provokacia ar Sedga, sabWoTa provokacia CaiSala. gorxana dResac arsebobs, igi dResac inarCunebs Tavis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, uamravi azerbaijaneli periodulad stumrobs xolme am myudro da wynar adgils. botanikur baRTan axlos mdebare istoriul adgils ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori sZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. Tbilisis azerbaijanul
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sasaflaoze dakrZalulni arian Cveni mezobeli eris yvelaze gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi. mxolod ori maTganis dasaxelebac ki kmara akropolis mniSvnelobis warmosaCenad. msoflioSi pirveli muslimuri saxelmwifo, romelmac demokratiisa da respublikanizmis principebis mixedviT cxovreba gadawyvita, - azerbai-
jani gaxldaT. azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis daarsebaSi uamravma adamianma miiRo monawileoba. Tumca, respublikis damfuZnebelTa upirobo da gamokveTili lideri, maT Soris yvelaze didi moamage, antibolSeviki fatali xan xoiski gaxldaT. aravis gahkvirvebia is, rom xan xoiski respublikis pirvel premier-ministrad airCies,
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Semdeg ki ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi saministros portfelic gadauloces. azerbaijanuli demokratiis erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli magaliTis avtori TbilisSi ganisvenebs. gasul saukuneebSi aRmosavleT evropeli dramaturgebi xSirad saubrobdnen "TaTari molieris" Sesaxeb. Teatrmcodneebi amgvarad mirza faTali axundovs moixseniebdnen. mTel regionSi popularuli Tavisi piesebis saSualebiT "mirza faTali mondomebiT akritikebda islamSi gamefebul religiur fanatizms, fudamentalizmsa da crumorwmuneobiT ganpirobebul aRmosavlur tradiciebs. rig SemTxvevebSi upirispirdeboda Siituri samyaros usamarTlo marTlmsajulebis sistemasa da defeqtur biurokratias. nebismieri litraturuli qmnilebiT azerbaijaneli Tavis kulturaSi progresisa da ganmanaTleblobis elementebis Setanas uWerda mxars." mulimi molieris samudamo navsayudelic Tbilisis mTebze unda eZioT.
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civicus #6
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seqtemberi 2015
www.cela.ge/ge/civicus