civicus | #7

marti 2016

#7

civicus

02 | CIVICUS#7

sarCevi

03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

04 Cven da erovnuli yriloba kato miqelaZe

08 qalTa moZraoba saqarTveloSi zura gamTenaZe

11 sqesi da profesiuli arCevani Temo beJaniZe

15 sabavSvo baRebi da qalTa emansipacia sandro tabataZe

16 aris Tu ara qarTveli qali gandegili? mariam guliaSvili

20 margaret etvudi: mxevlis wigni Teona gelaSvili

24 bibi aiSa mzeona kaxniaSvili

26 interviu nino beqiSvilTan SoTa narsia

03 | CIVICUS#7

redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionul biuros Tavisi feministuri vebgverdi aqvs (http://www.feminism-boell.org/). fondis TanamSromlebma vebgverdisaTvis patara postis dawera SemomTavazes. cxadia, didi sixaruliT davTanxmdi da Sevecade pasuxi gameca kiTxvaze: vis eSinia feminizmis saqarTveloSi? maSin davwere: "me ar mesmis saerTod ratom unda eSinodes adamians feminizmis, miT umetes, Tu qalis Cagvra aseTi upirobo da martivad SesamCnevia. vis interesebSi Sedis feminizmisadmi SiSis gaRviveba? vin sargeblobs sazogadoebaSi danergili amgvari SiSiT? feminizmi mxolod politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis mcirericxvovani, usamarTlod dawinaurebuli jgufebisTvis aris saSiSi. daqvemdebarebisgan gaTavisuflebuli, emansipirebuli adamianebi mxolod Cagvris xarjze dagrovebul simdidresa da gavlenas uqmnian safrTxes, mets arafers! ra aris namdvili antifeministebis mTavari iaraRi? saqarTveloSic da mTel msoflioSic isini erTsa da imave taqtikas iyeneben. maTi mizania, rom emansipatorulma (socialisturi, qalTa, ekologiuri) moZraobebma saerTo ena ver gamonaxon. maT wisqvilze yvelaze metad

wyals asxamen is aqtivistebi, romlebic mxolod klasobriv uTanasworobasa da Cagvras amCneven, da meorexarisxovan problemebad miiCneven, magaliTad, seqsualur Zaladobas. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT im adamianebzec, romlebic araekonomikur Cagvras mudam, yovelTvis saerTo ekonomikuri usamarTlobis gamoricxvis safuZvelze ganixilaven. mjera, rom saqarTveloSi ramdenime wlis win gaaqtiurebuli samoqalaqo moZraobebi Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili elitebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros ar daiviwyeben saukunis win naTqvam sityvebs: 'ar arsebobs socializmi qalTa gaTavisuflebis gareSe da ar arsebobs qalTa gaTavisufleba socializmis gareSe"."

2015 wlis ukanasknel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis avtorebma Cemi mosazreba damidastures. isini sabavSvo baRebis, qalTa moZraobebis, feministuri literaturis, mtkivneuli statistikis, klasikuri literaturisa da msoflioSi aqtualuri portretebis Sesaxeb weren. marTalia, statiaTa nawils sizarmace etyoba, magram faqtia, rom Cveni avtorebi adastureben TavianT mzaobas genderuli demokratiis damkvidrebis mimarTulebiT. isini kato miqelaZis memkvidreobas iziareben, memkvidreobas, romelic man saqarTvelos yrilobaze dablokili sityviT Semogvinaxa.

04 | CIVICUS#7

Cven da erovnuli yriloba

kato miqelaZe (1878-1942)

"

aRsrulda didi xnis natvra da saqarTveloSi moqmedma politikurma partiebma 19 noembers q. TbilisSi gadadges istoriuli nabiji, moxda morigeba didi xnis sadao sakiTxze da icvnes mtrisgan ganawamebi samSoblo misma vaJebma mzrunvelobis Rirsad. es yriloba iyo erTgvari konsiliumi mkurvnel vaJebisa, romlebic dRemde sxvadasxva diagnozs uyenebden avadmyof dedas da romlis gamo amdeni ayal-mayali da ganxeTqileba sufevda maTSi. 19 da 20 noembers dostaqrebi SeTanxmdnen amave diagnozis dayenebis dros da gamouweres maT erTnairi wamali e.i. is, rom mas

sWiria Tavisufleba da am Tavisuflebis kanonis ZaliT dacva. miiRes da cvnes saWiroT saqarTvelos teritoriuli avtonomia, anu maTi sityviT rom vsTqvaT, aRiares misi kanonmdeblobiTi TviTmmarTveloba. dReidan yvela moqmed partiebs saqarTveloSi aqvs saerTo sazrunveli sagani da es sagania Cveni moxuci de da - saqarTvelo. amdens azrTa sxvdasxvaobaSi qarTvels ers daebada erTi rwmena, romelic ixsnis maT daqsaqsulobisgan da romelic xdeba safuZvlad Cveni sazogadoebrivi ZalTa gaerTianebisa da es rwmenaa movla da patronoba Cveni samSoblo qveynisa.

05 | CIVICUS#7

ra unda yofiliyo ase martivad da advilad gasagebi da misaRebi, rogorc imis Segneba, rom TiTeuls qveyanas, rogorc TiTeuls ojaxs, sWiria Tavis SvilTa da wevrTa mier dacva da Wirisufloba, magram 15 weliwadze metia, rac aseTs bunebriv da ubralo sakiTxis gadasawyvetad Cven Zmebs erTi Cxubi da aliaqoTi hqondaT, ramac Tanamedrove saqarTvelos udides mgosans "deda da Svilebi" daawerina, romelSiac, sxvaTaSoris, Semdegi sityvebi aTqmevina: "sanam ugunur maCxubrebsa, vai hqondaT da vaglaxi, didma mgelma Seupovrad amoagdo ojaxi"

da am suraTis danaxvaze gamwarebuli dedis piriT mas Semdegi natvra aRmoskda: "RmerTo Cemo, radgan bedma, me SvilebSi momatyua, SviliSvilebs mainc miec, SeZleba da meti Wkua" mgosnis survili axda axla ufro adre, vidre is moeloda da sanam SviliSvilebi moeSveleboden, TviT Svilebma, roca dainaxes, rom eg didi mgeli aramarto ojaxs ungrevda, aramed yvelas erTad SeWmas emuqreboda, gamoiCines Tavdasacvelad eg mgosnis mier nanatri Wkua da am didi mglidan Tavisuflebis saWiroeba erTnairad dainaxes da

06 | CIVICUS#7

daadastures q. TbilisSi 19 da 20 noembers. ai, dedaazri pirveli qarTuli erovnuli yrilobisa. arsebiTad, es yriloba iyo ara erovnuli, aramed vaJuri, sadac Tavi moeyaraT saqarTvelos sxvdasxva kuTxis vaJebs, sadac 5 qali Zlivs eria. vaJebi Cxubobden. vaJebi Serigden da am Serigebas erTi meores ulocavden. qarTvel qals araTu monawileoba ar miuRia am yrilobaze, aramed mas Tavis sixarulis gamoTqmis nebac ar misces. 20 noembers, rodesac batonma noe Jordaniam politikur Sinaur TviTmmarTvelobaze moxseneba waikiTxa da aRiara saqarTvelos teritorialuri avtonomia, kreba 15 wuTiT Seswyda da Tanac gamoacxada, rom, visac sityvis Tqma surdaT, Caweriliyvnen. amdens momlocvel da Tanxmobis gamomcxadebel mamakac oratorebSi erTi qali aRmoCnda sityvis gamRebi, romelmac werilobiT mimarTa mdivans, rom CaeweraT igi. miuxedavaT adre gancxadebisa, oratorTa siaSi igi rogorRac sul bolo moxvda. es qali viyav me, kato miqelaZe, delegati quTaisis qalTa interpartiul organizaciisa. ilaparakes aTma mamakacma stumrebma da partiis wevrebma, ris Semdeg sia daxures. mdivanma maniSna, rom sityvis Tqmis ufleba mospobili maqvs. me vfiqrobdi: marTalia, arc stumari var da arc ama Tu im fraqciis saxeliT molaparake, magram me var qarTveli qali dRemde politikur cxovrebas mowyvetili. dRes ki revoliucionurma demokratiam, roca me da Cems samSoblos politikuri ufleba mogvaniWa da saqarTvelosTan erTad, qarTveli qal-

ic monobidan ganTavisuflda, me, rogorc warmomadgenels qalTa organizaciisas, ufleba maqvs da Tanac sababi, rom gadavsce qarTvel erovnul yrilobas (Tu rom erSi Cven, qalebic viTvlebodiT) Cemi amomrCevelTa maTdami madloba da maTi fiqrni da zraxvani Sesaxeb momaval qarTuli politikuri cxovrebisa. rodesac aseTi mwveli survilis gamoTqmis SesaZleblobas mispobden da sulier Sewuxebas ganvicdidi, mirCies im dros, rodesac kreba ramodenime wuTiT xelaxla Seswyda, avsuliyavi baton CxenkelTan, romelic im dRes Tavmjdomareobda da meTxova misTvis sityvis warmoTqmis neba. mec avdeqi da mivmarTe mas, romelmac Cems winadadebaze Semdegi pasuxi momca: "Cven qarTul organizaciebs sityvis Tqmis uflebas ar vaZlevT".

- Cven amas ise gavigebT, rom Tqven pirvel erovnul yrilobaze qarTvel qals Tavisi sixarulis gamoTqmis neba ar mieciT! - mase ar SeiZleba amis gageba!

- Cven sxvanairad amas ver gavigebT - vupasuxe mas da gamovbrundi. ras vizamdi, davmorCildi ufrosTa siZlieres da guldawyvetili mivaSure Cems skams, magram Cemi sulieri Sewuxeba miT ufro mwveli iyo CemTvis, roca erTi TanamgrZnobi ver vipove amdens mamakacebSi. iseni ise gatacebulni iyvnen erovnul sakiTxSi SerigebiT da imis warmodgeniT, rom momavali erovnuli cxovreba maT yvelafers pirdeboda da aZlevda, rom maTTvis sakiTxi qarTveli qalis uflebisa, Tu ra adgils moiTxovda is momaval erovnul SenobaSi, roca am Senobas saZirkvels uyriden guSindeli maCxubari Zmebi da dRes ki Serigebulni, sruliad ar agondebodaT da arc ainteresebdaT. maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT kmayo-

07 | CIVICUS#7

filebas grZnobden qalTa uflebis mterni da baton akaki Cxenkelisadmi madlobasac, rom maTi yurTasmena ar Seawuxa ukanasknelma qalis mier politikuri da moqalaquri uflebis moTxovnis mosmeniT. erTi mxriT, qalTa mcirericxovanma delegatebma da meore mxriT, qalTa umetyvelobam am dids istoriul yrilobaze iseTi Sedegi gamoiRo, rom erovnul sabWos arCevis dros erTi qalic ar iyo dasaxelebuli, garda qalbatoni minadora toroSeliZisa, romelic arCeuli iyo ara rogorc qalTa warmomadgeneli, aramed rogorc fraqciis wevri da isic ukandidatoT. amgvarad, erovnul sabWoSi qarTvel qalebs Tavisi specialuri dedakacuri interesis damcveli aravina yavs. qarTvel qalebs amis saSvaleba mouspes orma cnobilma socialistma - noe Jordaniam, yrilobis mier qarTvel beladaT aRiarebulma da akaki Cxenkelma.

Cven kategoriulad vacxadebT, rom arcerTi qveynis socialistebi, romel qveyanaSiac qals SesZleboda erovnul yrilobaze delegataT Sesvla, ar mouspobda qalebs sityvis Tqmis saSualebas, Tu rom aseTs survils romelime maTgani gamocxadebda. arcerT qveyanaSi, sadac ki SesaZlo iqneboda qalis arCeva, erovnul sabWoSi socialistebi qalTa organizaciis warmomadgenelT aurCevlad ar dastovebda da Tu es CvenSi moxda, mxolod misTvis, rom batonebma, Jordaniam da Cxenkelma TavianTi socialisturi misia ukve daasrules da socialistur saqmeTa sawarmooT maTi astavkac moaxlovebulia, rom eg ori beladi dRes aseTs ideur xanaSi Sesuli brZandebian. amas ara Tu bolSevikebi, aramed TviT maTi Tanamoazre menSevikebis didi nawi-

li aRiarebs CvenTan erTad. batoni Jordania odnavac ar SemkrTala im SekiTxvaze, romelic misma amxanagma cercvaZem dauyena: "yvelaferi kargi, magram risTvis qalebs Tavisi warmomadgeneli ara yavT erovnul sabWoSi, rad dagaviwydaT qarTveli qalio" gaisma darbazSi mWeqare xma moxuci socialistisa.

- Cven qalebi gvyavs - upasuxa Jordaniam.

Cven viciT, rom mas qalebi yavs, magram ar viciT ramdenaT misi qalebi daicaven qalTa uflebas damfuZnebel krebaze da gabedaven partiul CarCodan gamosvlas. diad baton Jordanias qalebi yavs, magram misi wyalobiT qarTvel qalebs Tavisi interesis damcveli dRes aravina yavs. win kidev dro gvidevs vnaxoT, ras auwyebs qarTvel qalebs momavali adgilobrivi damfuZnebeli kreba, sadac erTaderTi kanonmdebelni mamakacebi iqnebian. Cven SegviZlia mxolod vauwyoT maT, Tu rom qalebi qveynis marTva-gamgeobidan gamoricxuli darCen, amaoT fiqroben qarTveli eris beladni, rom qarTveli qalebi maT mier gamocemul kanonebs daemorCilon".

wyaro: TamTa melaSvilis publikacia "kato miqelaZe: feminizmis ucnobi istoria"

08|CIVICUS#7

qalTa moZraoba’’ ’ ” saqarTveloSi zura gamTenaZe

1789 weli, parizi, safrangeTi. aTasobiT frangi quCaSia gamosuli da skandirebs “Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba”, Tavisuflebas absolutizmisgan da Tanasworobas politikuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis miRebisas.

SeZlebisdagvarad warmatebasac miaRwies. Tumca, Tavisufali da Tanaswori yvela erTdroulad ar gamxdara. safrangeTis revoluciis warmatebaSi uzarmazari wvlilis Setanis Semdeg, sazogadoebis naxevari, qalebi, faqtobrivad, kvlavac revoluciamdel mdgomareobaSi darCnen. TiTqosda sakuTari “wilis” miuReblobis gamo, swored am dros Caisaxa pirveli qalTa moZraobebi, romlebic Semdegi ori saukune grZeldeboda da dRemde grZeldeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom is ukve TiTqmis mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli. qalTa pirveli moZraobebidan moyolebuli dRemde, brZolis xasiaTi icvleboda imisda mixedviT, Tu ra problemuri sakiTxi iyo sazogadoeba-

Si aqtualuri, romeli epoqa idga, Tavad sazogadoebis kultura da struqturac ki ganapirobebda miznebis misaRwevad brZolis meTodebis arCevas, dRis wesrigSi dasayenebel sakiTxebsa da a.S. yvelaferi daiwyo politikuri sakiTxebiT. erTsaukunovani brZolis Semdeg es problema nawilobriv gadawyda, sufraJistebis mier. qalTa Semdegi moZraobebi, ufrodaufro, farTovdebodnen masStabiTa da arsiT. sakiTxi saojaxo sferosac Seexo. miuxedavad politikuri uflebebis Tanasworobisa, ojaxi da, zogadad, genderuli gaazreba qalisa da kacis rolebis Sesaxeb, sakmaod arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi ayenebda Cagrul identobas. metic, xSirad mamakacebis mxridan sakuTari uflebebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebis gadameteba iwvevda femicids, qalebze Zaladobis Sedegad maT sikvdils. aRniSnulma garemoebebma warmoSva qalTa axali moZraobebi, romlebic swored e.w. privatul sakiTxebSi cdilobdnen qa-

09 | CIVICUS#7

lsa da kacs Soris maTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis mniSvnelobebis xelaxal, aradiskriminaciul gadaazrebas. saqarTveloSi qalTa moZraobebi ise farTod ar yofilan gaSlilni, rogorc es maTi warmoSobis adgilebSi. Tumca, pasiurobiT arc Cven gamovirCeodiT. Tavdapirveli qarTuli feministuri gamosvlebi, romelic XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze SeimCneoda, ZiriTadad, Semoifargleboda publicisturi werilebiT. publicistebi qalebisTvis politikuri uflebebis mopovebisken iltvodnen. maTi brZolis Sedegi aisaxa 1918-1921 wlebis pirveli demokratiuli respublikis arCevnebzec, rodesac damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi qalebic iRebdnen monawileobas. metic, krebis 130 deputatidan xuTi iyo qali. es sakmaod didi warmateba iyo qalsa da kacs Soris Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi. Tumca, warmateba gaaqarwyla sabWoTa okupaciam, romelic Tavisi, TiTqosda egalitaruli ideebiT, genderul Tanaswo-

robas qadagebda, magram realurad, swored sabWoTa kavSiriSi gacilebiT ufro saSineli mimarTulebiT ganviTarda qalTa mimarT ukve arsebuli stereotipebi.

Tumca, cvlileba, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos sabWoTa daSlis Semdeg daiwyo. ukiduresi ekonomikuri da socialuri gaWirvebis fonze, swored qalebma SeZlebs situaciasTan adaptireba da garkveulwilad ojaxuri problemebis mogvarebac, ramac stimuli gauCina maT, rom ufro metad gamxdariyvnen socialurad aqtiurebi. aRniSnuli stimulis etapobrivma zrdam gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia mamakacebis mxridan, romelic xSirad qalebze saSineli ZaladobiT “mTavrdeboda� (rom damTavrebuliyo, problemac naklebi iqneboda). situacia ufro da ufro mZimdeboda, qalebi ufro metad izRudebodnen ojaxSi, xSirad politikaSic. Zaladoba mizanmimarTulad iyo qalebis winaaRmdeg, romelic sistemur xasiaTs iRebda, maSin roca

10|CIVICUS#7

maRalganviTarebul demokratiebSi, es sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, aRarc iyo dRis wesrigSi. saqarTveloSi genderuli sakiTxebis problemuroba aSkara iyo da iqmneboda kidec mravali arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic aRniSnul sakiTxebze muSaobda, Tumca, erT-erTi, rogorc misi erT-erTi damfuZnebeli, baia pataraia amtkicebs, spontanurad Seqmnili organizacia, “qalTa moZraoba”, swored 2014 wels femicidis xSiri miyolebiTi SemTxvevebis Semdeg Seiqmna, romelmac, faqtobrivad, yvela feministuri organizacia gaaerTiana. saqarTvelos “qalTa moZraobam”, gansxvavebiT sxva organizaciebisgan, ar airCia erTi profiliT muSaoba, aramed, rogorc qalbatoni baia ambobs - “qalTa moZraobas” ainteresebs yvela aspeqti qalis ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri cxovrebisa. prioritetebs varCevT simwvavisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. vmsjelobT da virCevT mimarTulebas, imas sadac vTvliT, rom raimes Secvla xelgvewifeba. es logikuricaa, radgan “moZraoba” mravali feministuri jgufis gaerTianebis Sedegia, amasTan erTad, genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli mxolod erT sferoSi ar iCens Tavs, aramed isini erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare da kompleqsuria mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, arc is garemoeba unda gagvikvirdes, rom “qalTa moZraoba”, absoluturad yvela socialuri fenis qalebisgan Sedgeba da qalebTan TanamSromlobs, romelTa ricxvi ramdenime aseulia, Sesabamisad, rogorc aRvniSneT, “moZraoba” yvela socialur fenasa da yvela sferoSi arsebul problemebs ganixilavs da cdilobs maT mogvarebas. qarTuli feminizmi saintereso femonemia. gasakviri arc unda iyos, rom Tavdapirvelad termini “feminizmi” uaryofiT konteqstSic ki moixsenie-

boda, Tumca, yvelaferi etapobrivad Seicvala, rodesac qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis Sedegad, moxarxes genderuli problemebis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba. dRes ukve absoluturi umravlesoba aRar davobs am sakiTxze, magram problemuria, Tavad problemis mogvarebis gzebi. “qalTa moZraoba”, rogorc baia pataraia irwmuneba, cdilobs yvela qalaqSi gamarTos proeqtebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba qalebis uflebebis detaluri gacnobisken, qalebze Zaladobis sawinaaRmdego aqciebiT Tu sxva RonisZiebebiT. amasTanave “moZraoba”, ZiriTadad, atarebs ramdenime dRian kampaniebs, erT-erTi ukanaskneli kampania eZRvneboda adreul asakSi gogonebis iZulebiT gaTxovebis sawinaaRmdegod. sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis garda, qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave jgufebis gaerTianeba aqtiurad TanamSrlomlobs gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebTanac. qarTuli feminizmi ar xasiaTdeba konsolidirebuli da stategiuli qmedebebiT, aramed is ufro danawevrebuli da spontanuria, rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis xasiaTi. albaT, swored es aris imis mizezi, rom miuxedavad uamravi mcdelobisa, genderul sakiTxebSi progresi arc Tu ise swrafad igrZnoba. axlad dafuZnebuli "qalTa moZraoba", SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored qarTuli feminizmis konsolidaciis mcdelobaa, romelic yvela socialur fenasa da urTierTobis yvela sferos moicavs da iltvis problemebis mogvarebisken. moklevadian periodSi "moZraobis" Sedegebis danaxva cota rTulia, Tumca, konsolidaciisa da moqmedebis erTiani xedvis SemuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, warmatebebi genderul sakiTxebSi ucilobliv iqneba.

11|CIVICUS#7

sqesi da profesiuli arCevani Temo beJaniZe

arsebobs garkveuli profesiebi, sadac sazogadoeba qalis dasaqmebas ufro optimalurad da bunebrivad miiCnevs, sqesis niSniT profesiaTa diferenciacia dRemde miRebuli da sakmaod gavrcelebul stereotipad iTvleba. saqarTveloSi gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi Catarda kvleva "sazogadebrivi damokidebulebebi genderul Tanasworobaze politikasa da biznesSi“, romlis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, qalisTvis Sesaferisad Semdegi profesiebi ganixileba: pedagogi, farmacevti, eqimi, Jurnalisti, bankis operatori. aRsaniSnavia, rom pedagogikis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sazogadoebrivi aRqmis doneze pedagogi qali momavali Taobis aRmzrdelia. am kuTxiT igi axdens ojaxSi sakuTari rolis gadmotanas ufro farTo masStabiT. kvlevam aCvena, rom sazogadoeba qalis mTavar saqmed ojaxis movlas aRniSnavs (ix.cxrili #16) kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom kacisTvis kariera ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre qalisTvis. Tumca, gamokiTxulTa sakmaod didi nawili aRniSnavs, rom arc kacisTvis da arc qalisTvis kariera ojaxze ufro prioritetuli ar unda iyos, rac isev da isev qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis ojaxis institutis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. (ix.diagrama #21) kacobriobas orive sqesi sWirdeba, miuRebelia profesiaTa dajgufeba sqesis mixedviT. is, rom mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebisTvis garkveuli profesiebi miuReblad aRiqmeba pirdapir kavSirSia araswor aRzrdasTan. qalis kacisadmi

12 | CIVICUS#7

13 | CIVICUS#7

daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba ganpirobebulia ara bunebiT, aramed socialur garemoSi aRairebuli wesebiT.

"qalebi yvelgan am savalalo mdgomareobaSi arian, radgan maTi umankoebis – rogorc Tavazianad uwodeben umecrebas – SesanarCuneblad maT WeSmaritebas umalaven; isinic iZulebulni arian, ukve manamde moirgon xelovnuri xasiaTi, sanam maTi unarebi gaZlierdeba. maT bavSvobidan aswavlian, rom silamaziT miiRweva Zalaufleba da maTi gonebac sxeuls ergeba; da Tavis mooqrovil galiaSi gamomwyvdeuli, mxolod imasRa eswrafvian, es sapyrobile gaalamazon. mamakacebis yuradReba mimarTulia sxvadasxva saqmianobisa da miswrafebisken, romlebic maT gonebas ayalibebs. xolo qalebis ZiriTadi sazrunavi erTi raRacis garSemo trialebs da isini gamudmebiT fiqroben imaze, rac maTSi yvelaze umniSvneloa. amitom maTi Tvalsazrisi iSviaTad scildeba uSualod awmyo interesebs. magram, Tu maTi azrovneba odesme gaTavisufldeba im monobisgan, romelSic isini Caagdo, erTi mxriv, mamakacebis ampartavnebam da avxorcobam, da, meore mxriv, sakuTarma SezRudulma miswrafebebma maSin, albaT, maT sisusteze aRar visaubrebT.“ meri uolstonkrafti (qalis uflebebis dacva, 1792) mdedrobiTi sqesis profesiuli SesaZleblobebis mimarT winaswari

negatiuri ganwyobebis Secvlas cdiloben evropuli da amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis mkvlevarebi. mimdinareobs aqtiuri socialuri kampaniebi, romelic miznad isaxavs gogonebis dainteresebas im profesiebis mimarT, romlebzec didi moTxovnaa dasaqmebis bazarSi. ilustraciaze naCvenebia qali policielebi. policieloba erT-erTi Seusabamo profesia aRmoCnda qalisTvis, sazogadoebis warmodgeniT. • gadaiWras xarvezebi anazRaurebaSi zogadad, qalebi 25%-iT naklebs gamoimuSaveben, vidre kacebi. magram mizezi, Tu ratomac gamoimuSaveben kacebi mets, ari samuSaos tipebi. saintereseoa, rom samuSaos tipis mixedviT icvleba gamomuSavebis saSualo maCvenebli. kidev erTi stereotipuli xedva aCvena kvlevam. sazogadoebis 60%-ze meti eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom kaci ufro ambiciuria da amis gamo is ar daTanxmdeba dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurs. (ix. cxrili #22) sazogadoeba valdebulia xeli Seuwyos arsebuli stereotipebis Secvlas.

wyaro: gaeros ganviTarebis fondi. kvleva "sazogadoebis damokidebulebebi genderul Tanasworobaze politikasa da biznesSi

14 | CIVICUS#7

15 | CIVICUS#7

sabavSvo baRe`bi da qalTa emansipacia sandro tabataZe

termini emansipacia XIX saukuneSi gaCnda da asaxavda qalTa moZraobas arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. tradiciulad, qalebi mijaWvulni iyvnen saojaxo saqmeebs,isini mxolod dedebad da diasaxlisebad miiCneodnen da moklebulni iyvnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umetes sferos. swored es gaxda mTavari mizezi qalTa moZraobis dawyebisa, romlis ZiriTadi moTxovna uflebrivi Tanasworoba gaxldaT. amave periodSi, 1837 wels fridrix foebelma daarsa pirveli sabavSvo baRi. mas miaCnda, rom skolamdel asakSi bavSvis gonebrivi, fizikuri da sulieri aRzrda mniSvelovnad gansazRvravda mis momavals, arsebiT rols iTamaSebda aRsazrdelis xasiaTis formirebaSi. ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes am or movlenas? germaniaSi sabavSvo baRebis gavrcelebam sxva evropul saxelmwifoebzec moaxdina gavlena, skolamdeli ganaTlebis es forma ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg aSS-Sic gaCnda. am procesma qalTa emansipacias Seuwyo xeli. foebeli miiCnevda, rom sabavSvo baRebis daarseba xels Seuwyobda qalTa dasaqmebis zrdas. misi mtkicebiT, saukeTeso aRmzrdelebi dedebi iyvnen, amitom maTi nawili am sferoSi dasaqmdeboda,Sesabamisad maT eqnebodaT saSualeba socialurad ufro aqturebi gamxariyvnen.

SesaZlebelia erTi saintereso sakiTxis gamokveTa. radganac arsebobda sabavSvo baRebi, qalebs saSualeba miecaT aramxolod saojaxo saqmeebiT dakavebuliyvnen, aramed met-naklebad CarTuliyvnen sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi. swored am periodSi Cndeba xedva imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi socialurad damokidebulebi ar unda iyvnen mamakacebze, isini sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevrebi arian, amitomac genderuli niSniT diskriminacia dauSvebelia. moZraoba gamodioda mniSvnelovani socialuri reformebis moTxovniT sikvdiliT dasjis, omebis, cixeebis, alkoholis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. SemdgomSi Camoyalibda sufraJistuli moZraobebi, romlebic iTxovdnen qalebisTvis xmis micemis uflebis miniWebas.

Tu qalebi isev iqnebodnen dakavebulebi sayofacxovrebo saqmeebiT, ramdenad eqnebodaT maT SesaZlebloba gamoexataT TavianTi pozicia, yofiliyvnen samoqalaqo aqtivizmis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala da ebrZolaT arsebuli genderuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg? garda imisa, rom qalebis nawili dasaqmebuli iyo sabavSvo baRebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom skolamdeli dawesebulebis Camoyalibebam da gavrcelebam ufro farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina. man xeli Seuwyo qalebis aqtiurobis zrdas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoSi da biZgi misca qalTa emansipacias. dResdReobiT, sabavSvo baRebis qalebis dasaqmebis erT-erT xelSemwyob pirobad iqca. isini samuSao saaTebis periodSi itoveben bavSvebs da amiT dedebs saSualebas aZleven aqtiurad CaerTon sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.es, erTi mxriv, skolamdel asakSi aviTarebs aRsazrdelis zogad unarebs da umartivebs gzas zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisken da meore mxriv, saSualebas aZlevs dasaqmebul qalebs ar miejaWvon mxolod sayofacxovrebo saqmeebs.

16 | CIVICUS#7

aris Tu ara qarTveli qali “ gandegili”? domenika erisTavis istoria mariam guliaSvili

Tanamedrove qarTveli qali metad saintereso da amavdroulad mravalferovani subkulturaa, masSi SevxvdebiT rogorc aqtiur, karieraSi warmatebul qalbatonebs, amavdroulad iseT adamainebsac, romelTa warmatebac "ojaxis qalis“ funqciis kargad SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. sakiTxis sazogadoebrivi ganxilvis safuZveli amave sazogadoebaSi myarad damkvidrebuli problemaa.

21-e sakunis dasawyisSi, jer kidev vebrZviT ojaxuri Zaladobis, qalis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisgan mowyvetis, ojaxSi, samsaxursa Tu ubralod quCaSi genderuli niSniT adamianis diskriminacias. daaxloebiT erTi saukunis win, igive problemebiT iyvnen Sewuxebulni qarTveli qalebi, Sesabamisad, igive problemebis arseboba xdeboda am sakiTxis sayovelTao ganxilvisa da qarTveli qalebis feministuri aqtivizmis safuZveli. maSin rodesac, msoflios danarCen nawilSi jer kidev aqtiurad mimdinareobda brZola qalebisTvis saarCevno

17 | CIVICUS#7

xmis mosapoveblad, saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriT gamoirCeoda meore feministuri talRa, romelic ibrZoda, rogorc samoqalaqo da politikuri, aseve socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis feministuri aqtivizmi moicavs ramdenime aqtivistisa da ramdenime sazogadoebriv-politikuri gaerTianebis saqmianobas. SeuZlebelia yuradRebis miRma dagvrCes 1919 wels damfuZnebel krebaSi arCeuli 5 qali deputati, erT-erTi maTgani qristine (Cito) SaraSeniZe sakanonmdeblo organos prezidiumis wevris statusiTac sargeblobda. 1916-1917 wlebSi aRsaniSnavia quTaisis qalTa politikuri klubisa da pirveli qarTuli feministuri gazeTis "xma qarTveli qalisa“ saqmianoba , romelic ZiriTadad kato miqelaZis saxels ukavSirdeba . meores mxriv, ki 1914 wlidan moqmedia "qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba", romlis damaarsebladac miiCneva domenika erisTavi, sazogadoebis wevrebi iyvnen aseve efemia mesxi, nino nakaSiZe, nino

18 | CIVICUS#7

maWavariani da a.S. nino nakaSiZis saqmianoba dakavSirebuli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan, "wiTeli jvris" muSaobasTan da mravali sxva saxis samoqalaqo aqtivizmTan. rogorc Cans, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi feministuri aqtivizmisa da qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTulobis done sakmaod maRalia, Tumca, saintereso sakiTxia Tavad is motivi, rac maT aqtivistur suliskveTebas aZlevda dasabams. am mxriv, mniSvnelovania, domenika erisTavis saqmianoba da Sexedulebebi. domenika erisTavma moRvaweoba qalTa uflebebis dacviT daiwyo, is saubrobda qalTa Cagvrasa da Tavisuflebis SezRudulobaze, rac cnobili frangi mwerlis JorJ sandis ideebis gamoZaxili iyo. amitomac qarTuli sazogadoeba mas uwodebda "qarTvel JorJ sands". sakmaod rTuli iyo axalgazrda qarTveli mwerlisTvis literaturul asparezze Tavis damkvidreba da gansakuTrebiT Zneli iqneboda es gza Tu is ar gamoacxadebda Tavis Tavs, rogorc uflebrivad Tanaswors mamakacTan da Tanabari sargeblis momtan personad sazogadoebisTvis. domenika erisTavis Sexedulebebi qalTa uflebebisa da misi sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani funqciis Sesaxeb gadmocemulia werilSi "patara eris didebulni asulni". werili 1929 wels, Jurnal "saxalxo frontSi" daibeWda, am weriliT domenika erisTavi cdilobda erovnuli TviTSegneba gaeRviZebina qarTvelebSi da gansakuTrebiT qalbatonebSi. werilSi axsenebs saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobil "didebul asulebs" : wminda nino, Tamar mefe, qeTevan dedofali. is fiqrobs, rom warsulSi maT

gadaarCines samSoblo da misi azriT, swored aseTi asulni sWirdeboda imdroindel saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. amave werilidan vigebT sityva gandegilis mniSvnelobas, romelsac igi saqarTvelos uwodebs. qalis saogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebas gandegili cdilobs "saxalxo gazeTSi" gamoqveynebul statiaSi : ,, ...dedakaci erTaderTi utyuari sazomia eris sulieri Zlierebisa, ramdenad mTliani Tavisufali pirovnebaa dedakaci, imdenad saRia azrovneba. es wveTia kacobriobis okeaneSi. yoveli didi SemoqmedebiTi niWi iq warmoiSobis, sadac dedakaci mona ki ar aris, aramed Tavisufali adamiania. Tu ki ram sakacobrio Seqmna mamakacma, es dedakacis nebis da uneblie gavleniT. mospeT dedakaci rogorc pirovneba da moispoba TviT mSveniereba." gandegili miiCnevda, rom sazogadoebrivad gariyuli da Tavisuflebas moklebuli deda ver SeZlebda aRezarda Tavisufali, Sromeli moqalaqe. aseTi moqalaqeebi, Tavisufali da sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri qalbatonebi ki sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisani iyvnen imdroindeli saqarTvelosTvis. domenika erisTavis sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba 1914 wels ,,qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebis" daarsebas ukavSirdeba. organizaciis daarsebidan maleve daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi, ramac gamoiwvia domenika erisTavis mier frontis xazis dasaxmareblad aqtiuri moRvaweoba. saWiro saxsrebis mosapoveblad awyobdnen koncertebsa da literaturul saRamoebs, Tumca, Semosavlebis simciris gamo, maT saWirod miiCnies gaexsnaT salonisaCaie ,,Zmuri nugeSi", romelic

19 | CIVICUS#7

maleve gadaiqca imdroindeli qarTuli literaturuli wris Sekrebis adgilad. gandegilis saqmianoba, mxolod feministuri aqtivizmiT ar Semoifargleba, gandegili dainteresebuli iyo saqarTveloSi marganecis damuSavebiT. misi, rogorc patriotis mizans warmoadgenda arsebuli sakiTxis irgvliv Seeswavla problemebi, raTa marganecis sabadoebi ar aRmoCeniliyo ucxo qveynidan mosuli kapitalistebis xelSi. is fiqrobda, rom amiT wvlils Seitanda saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. gandegili aqtiurad iyo CarTuli me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qarTul JurnalistikaSi. wlebis manZilze xelmZRvanelobda sapolemikosamecniero, saliteraturo gazeTs - ,,nobaTi“, Tumca, mis statiebs SevxdebiT sxva Jurnal-gazeTebSic. domenika erisTavi iyo pirveli koreqtori qali, romelic muSaobda gazeT ,,iveriaSi“, is asworebda iakob gogebaSvilisa Tu sxva qarTveli cnobili moRvaweebis Semoqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri arcaa, rom gandegili didi pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT sargeblobda imdroindel qarTul saliteraturo wreebSi. marTlac sainteresoa, ratom SeiZleba adamianma sakuTar Tavs uwodos gandegili, imitom rom Tavs marTlac gandegilad miiCnevs? Tu imitom , rom sazogadoebas agrZnobinos Tavisi danaSauli misi nawilebis mowyvetasa da gariyvaSi? qarTveli qali marTlac iyo gandegili, erTi saukuniT adre, rodesac mis mTavar Rirsebas sazogadoebaSi saojaxo funqciis warmatebiT ganxorcileba gansazRvravda, magram ras vityviT

imaze, rom mTeli erTi saukunis gasvlis Semdegac, sazogadoebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi am arguments iyenebs genderuli uTanasworobis, ojaxur Tu sazogadoebriv sferoSi qalsa da mamakacs Soris inteleqtualuri disbalansis dasasabuTeblad. sazogadoeba, romlis udides nawilSi mTavar Rirebulebas stereotipi qmnis, yovelTvis iqneba Tavisufali azrovnebis mCagvreli, magram Cagvra mxolod maSin aris warmatebuli saqmianoba, roca moqmedebis Tavisufeba eZleva mas. qali ar aris meorexarisxovani moqalaqe, qali arc mamakacis nawilia, es yvelaferi mxolod normatiuli aqtis doneze ar unda darCes, amisaTvis ki saWiroa Taavd qalbatonebma daayenon sazogadoebaSi uflebrivi Tanasworobis sakiTxi, rogorc es gaakeTa domenika erisTavma erTi saukunis win. ,, qarTvelo qalebo! qarTveli eris momavali Cvenzea damokidebuli: ,,Cven unda vSvaT myobadi, Cven unda mivceT momavali xalxs .."

domenika erisTavi , 1915 ,,saxalxo furceli"

margaret etvudi: „mxevlis wigni“ Teona gelaSvili

21 | CIVICUS#7

XVIII-XIX saukuneebidan qalebi sakuTari uflebebis mosapoveblad ibrZodnen, risTvisac Zalisxmevas ar iSurebdnen. isini sxvadasxva manifestaciiTa da gamosvliT cdilobdnen sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebas sazogadoebaSi, sadac imJamad mxolod kacebi iyven gabatonebulni. amgvari ideebis gaCenas mohyva feministuri talRebis dawyeba, romlebic gangrZobiTni aRmoCndnen da drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli moTxovnebiT iyvnen gajerebulni, dawyebuli saarCevno uflebebis mopovebiT da damTavrebuli sruli genderuli Tanasworobis moTxovniT. saerTo Zalisxmevamac ar daayovna da qalebma miiRes im uflebaTa nawili, romlebic manamde mxolod kacebis privilegia gaxldaT. dReisaTvis ki isini sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi arian warmodgenilni da wamyvan Tanamdebobebsac ikaveben, rac manamde SeuZlebeli iyo. saukuneebis ganmavobaSi gaweuli Zalisxmeva SesaZloa warsuls Cabardes da qalebi kvlev uufleboni aRmoCnden. es swored maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rodesac garkveuli Zalebi Seecdebian xelisufleba daamxon, liberaluri demokratia gaauqmon da diqtatura daamyaron religiur wignebze dafuZnebiT. swored viTarebis cvlilebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas margaret etvudi "mxevlis wignSi", romelic mkiTxvels gulgrils namdvilad ar datovebs. mas Semdeg, rac margaret etvudma 1958 wels "mxevlis wigni" (Handmaid’s Tale) gamoaqveyna, misma popularobamac ar daayovna. gaiyida wignis milionibiT egzemplari, iTargmna uamrav enaze da damatebiTi tiraJebiT gamocemac ar Sewyvetila. Tumca, wignSi moTxrobilma ambavma sazogadoebaSi garkveuli miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia, amitomac skolebSi wignis kiTxva aikrZala. mxolod internet sivrcesa Tu xvadasxva blogze ganixileboda nawarmoebSi aRwerili qalTa emansipacia. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wignis popularoba mas Semdeg gaorkecda, rac wignis siuJetze dayrdnobiT ga-

daiRes filmi da dadges opera. "mxevlis wigni" erTgvari winaswarmetyvelebaa, romelic SesaZloa erT mSvenier dRes dadges, yvelaferi ki katastrofiT daiwyos, sadac xelisuflebas daamxoben, liberalur mmarTvelobas gaauqmeben, daxuraven yvelanair dawesebulebas, gazeTebs cenzuras dauweseben, qalebs qonebas CamoarTmeven da Zvel aRTqmaze dafuZnebul diqtaturas daamyareben. galaadSi (sadac moqmedeba viTardeba) yvelaferi ganadgurebulia, rac reJimisadmi Seuferebladaa miCneuli. adamianis dasaxiCreba, koloniebi, CamoxrCobebi, iZulebiTi fexmZimoba da segregacia galaadis savizito baraTia. reJimis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kastebad dayofil qalebzea gadatanili, romlebic sruliad uufleboni arian. maT arafris floba ar SeuZliaT, maT Soris saxelisac ki. Tumca sistemis mmarTvelebma bolomde ar daCagres qalebi da maT TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaferisi bibliuri wodebebi moufiqres. qalebi Semdeg jgufebad dahyves: "mxevlebi", romlebsac bavSvis Soba evalebaT; "marTebi", romlebic ZiriTadad saojaxo saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni, "deidebi"- e.w "dedaoebi", romelTa movaleobasac mxevlebis aRzrda da swavleba warmoadgens. wignSi "mxevali qali" fredisa mTavari personaJia, romelsac reJimi daaSorebs ojaxs da monad aqcevs. misi Tavgadasavali, gancdebi da fiqrebi ukeT warmoaCens galaadSi mxovrebi qalebis yofas, reJimis sisastikesa da daundoblobas. arsebulma sistemam fredisa iseT adamianad aqcia, romelsac sakuTari grZnobebze fiqri codvad da miaCnia. igi sakuTar samossac ki ver uwodebs sityvas "Cemi", vinaidan es reJimisaTvis Seuferebelia. miuxedavad, arsebuli realobisa mweralma personaJebs ukan mosaxedi gza dautova da rogorc yovelTvis xdeba xolme Seuqmna "maisis Tve" da "miwisqveSa rkinigza" ukeTesi cxovrebis imedad. mxevlis wignSi gadmocemuli siuJeti

22 | CIVICUS#7

mwerlis mier gamogonili ar aris. mas ar surda iseTi rame daewera, rac manamde ar iyo gamogonebuli an naTqvami. adamianebis dasaxiCrebas, saxrCobelebs, kastebisa da klasebisTvis specifikur tansacmels, iZulebiT fexmZimobas, reJimebis mier bavSvebis gatacebas, ganaTlebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebis warTmevas da sxva SemTxvevebs waawydebiT evropis istoriaSi, yvelafers ipoviT ara sxva romelime kulturasa da religiaSi, aramed dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi, Tavad "qristianul" tradiciaSic ki. galaadi aSS-s axali saxelwodebaa wignSi. albaT, Cndeba kiTxva ratom amerika? imitom, rom mwerals ufro metad surda liberaluri demokratiisasTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesi warmoeCina, romelic xandaxan dromoWmuli Rirebulebebis tyveobaSia. am romanis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi aris is, rom Sobadobis maCvenebeli industriul dasavleTSi safrTxis winaSe dgas. tendencia ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sasurveli servisebis saukeTeso wili swored Sobadobis unaris/reproduqciis

asakSi myof qalebze modis, eseTebi ki swored mxevlebi arian, romlTa flobis uflebac maRali statusis mqone adamianebs aqvT. sainteresoa, ram miiyvana adamianebi am mdgomareobamde?! droTa ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis moqalaqeobrivi interesi TandaTan iklebda, Zaladobaze aravin iRebda xmas. maSin rodesac galaadis mkvidrT es ambavi daatydaT Tavs, arc erT maTgans ar gauprotestebia arsebuli viTareba, piriqiT cdilobdnen saxlidan ar gamosuliyvnen, damaluliyvnen an saerTodac gaqceuliyvnen qveynidan. am yvelafers ki mxolod kerZo interesebi ganapirobebda. SesaZloa wignSi gadmocemuli ambavi relurad arc arasodes axdes, magram mTavari is gaxlavT, rom Tu didxans davxuWavT Tvals Zaladobaze, patara SemTxvevas sazogadoebriv problemad ar aRviqvavT, ar davafiqsirebT Cvens azrsa da ar SevecdebiT problemebis mogvarebas, SesaZloa Cvenc mogviwios iseT sazogadoebaSi gaRviZeba, romelic saukuneebis win qars gavataneT. ilustraciebi: Balbusso Sisters

27 | CIVICUS#6

24 | CIVICUS#7

25 | CIVICUS#7

bibi aiSa mzeona kaxniaSvili

fotoze gamosaxuli pirovneba ganasaxierebs avRaneTSi ojaxuri Zaladobisa da monobis qveS Cumad myofi aTi aTasobiT qalis saxes. yvelaferi mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac bibi aiSas biZam momavali siZis naTesavi mokla, sisxlis sanacvlod mxverplis ojaxs aiSas ojaxma ori qaliSvili, aiSa da misi umcrosi da, gadasca. rodesac bibim garkveul asaks miaRwia, Talibanis mebrZolze daaqorwines, Tumca amas araferi Seucvlia. aiSas da mis das ise epyrobodnen, rogorc monebs. biZis danaSaulis gamo xSirad fizikuradac uswordebodnen. aiSam mudmiv tanjvas, wamebasa da Seuracxyofas veRar gauZlo da gaiqca kandaharSi, Tumca misma qmarma miagno, ukan daabruna, oruzganis provinciaSi da mTis ferdobze ganaCenic aRusrula, moaWra cxviri da yurebi da iqve datova. rogorc bibi SemdgomSi aRniSnavs,mas arc ki axsovs, Tu rogor moaxerxa daxmarebis moZebna. provinciis saswrafo daxmrebis samsaxurSi momuSave amerikelebma igi qabulSi, avRaneli qalebis TavSesafarSi, gadaiyvanes. miRebuli tramvis gamo Tavdapirvelad mas laparakis unaric dakarguli hqon-

da, Tumca fsiqologTan konsultaciebis Semdeg Zalebi moikriba, daiwyo xelnakeTi nivTebis Seqmna.

TavSesafarSi yofnis periodSi aiSas mama estumra, romelmac scada Svilis darwmuneba saxlSi dabrunebis Taobaze, Tumca uSedegod. marTalia, bibim daaRwia Tavi ,,jojoxeTs"-, magram es sulac ar niSnavs bednier dasasruls, radgan misma umcrosma dam es ver SeZlo da aravin icis, ra pirobebSi uwevs arseboba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es foto daibeWda qalaq niu-iorkis yoveldRiuri gazeTis, ,,niu iork Taimsi"-is, garekanze, rasac didi rezonansi mohyva sazogadoebis mxridan. adamianis uflebaTa damcvelma organizaciebma daiwyes diskusia imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad eTikuri iyo es gadawyvetileba. gazeTis redaqtorma riCard stengelma gamoaqveyna werili, sadac bodiSi mouxada yvela mkiTxvels, maT Soris, bavSvebs, romlebzec aRniSnulma fotom didi gavlena moaxdina, Tumca man aseve dasZina, rom es suraTi aris fanjara realobaSi, romelic arsebobs da omSi, romelSic CarTuli varT.

26 | CIVICUS#7

interviu nino beqiSvilTan SoTa narsia

2015 wlis nobelis premia literaturis dargSi belorus rusulenovan mweralsa da Jurnalists, svetlana aleqseeviCs mieniWa. is me-14 qali mweralia, romelmac nobelis premia miiRo. rogorc SvedeTis akademiis gancxadebaSia aRniSnuli, "aleqseeviCs premia misi polifoniuri prozisa da Cveni drois gmirobisaTvis gadaeca". mas sxva araerTi prestiJuli literaturuli premiac aqvs miRebuli. maT Soris premia "triumfi" (ruseTi, 1997), r. gaiSendorferis premia (germania, 2000w.), remarkis premia (germania, 2001w.), amerikel kritikosTa premia (aSS, 2006w.), germaniis wigniT movaWreTa gaerTianebis mSvidobis premia (frankfurti, 2013w.), mediCebis premia da wlis saukeTeso wignis premia (safrangeTi, 2013w.), centraluri evropis literaturuli premia "angelusi" (poloneTi, 2013w.). svetlana aleqseeviCi sabWoTa epoqas "wiTeli adamianis epoqas" uwodebs. mas gamocemuli aqvs wignebi "oms qalis saxe ar aqvs" (1985), "TuTiis biWebi" (1991), "sikvdiliT mojadoebulni" (1993-1994), "Cernobilis locva"(1997) da "seqend hendi - dro" (2001). am xuTi wignisagan Semdgar cikls avtorma "utopiis xmebi" uwoda. aleqseeviCis wignebi araerT enazea Targmnili. misi erT-erTi wigni "Cernobilis locva" qarTulad nino beqiSvilma Targmna, romelic gamomcemloba "artanujma" gamosca. Cven, swored, aleqseeviCis Semoqmedebis qarTvel mTargmnelTan, qalbaton ninosTan, CavwereT interviu.

27| CIVICUS#7

qalbatono nino, pirvelad rodis da ratom gagiCndaT survili, rom svetlana aleqseeviCis erT-erTi wigni, "Cernobilis locva", geTargmnaT? survili, rom wigni meTargmna, gamiCnda wakiTxvisTanave, Tu ar vcdebi, 2011 wels, Tumca, 2015 wlamde es ver moxerxda. gamiCnda imitom, rom mgonia, rom qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis da gansakuTrebiT qarTveli axalgazrdebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu rogori qveyana iyo sabWoTa kavSiri... da me vTvli, rom amas Zalian kargad asaxavs aleqseeviCis wigni. is sabWoTa kavSiri, romelsac dRevandeli axalgazrdebis mSoblebi moeswrnen, namdvilad aRar iyo usastikesi reJimis qveyana, iseTi, rogoric iyo sabWoTa kavSiri stalinis sicocxleSi. am qveyanaSi iyo garkveuli socialuri daculoba, erTi SexedviT iyo sakuTari Tavis realizaciis saSualebac. Tumca, is, rasac aleqseeviCi aRwers Tavis wignebSi da maT Soris "Cernobilis locvaSic", yvelaze naTlad asaxavs sabWoeTs mTlianobaSi da imas, Tu Tundac SedarebiT rbili totalitaruli reJimi ras uSveba adamians, romelsac, erTi SexedviT, arc Sia, arc sciva, samsaxuric aqvs da minimaluri socialuri dacvac. rogorc iciT, aleqseeviCma Tavis 5 wigns "utopiis xmebi" uwoda. ra saxiT ismis mis SemoqmedebaSi sabWoTa utopiis xma? mis SemoqmedebaSi da mis am 5 wignSi zustad ai, am sabWoTa adamianis xma ismis da Zalian kargad Cans is, Tu ramdenad utopiuri iyo komunizmis idea da ra emarTebodaT adamianebs. sxvaTa Soris, Zalian niSandoblivia erTi ram, rom 70-80-iani wlebis qar-

Tuli konteqsti, romelic me maxsovs, Zalian gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac svetlana aleqseeviCma aRwera; imitom, rom am dros, 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi, saqarTveloSi gulanTebuli komunistebi ukve aRar iyvnen. maTi umravlesobac ki, vinc partiul samuSaoze iyo, Zalian cinikurad uyurebda sabWoeTs. amis damadasturebelia, Tundac, is, rom rogorc ki sabWoTa kavSiri damTavrda, komunisturi partiac damTavrda masTan erTad (griSa onianis "komunisturi partia" raRac Zalian marginaluri da Zalian sasacilo ramea). rac ar momxdara ruseTSi, belorusSi, ukrainaSi. iq sabWoTa reJimi, rogorc Cans, gacilebiT ufro mZime iyo. mZime iyo imis gamoc, rom es CrdiloeTis qveynebia, sadac bunebrivi pirobebis gamo bevrad ufro mZimea cxovreba da amasTan, centri iyo iq da, albaT, ufro kontroldeboda. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, saqarTvelo (ar vici, ramdenad Rirs amaze saubari am intervius farglebSi) raRac sxvanairad gaxrwna komunisturma reJimma.

Cven korufcia SevisisxlxorceT, Zvalsa da rbilSi gagvijda. korufcia totaluri iyo da karg tonad iTvleboda. Tu saxelmwifos paravdi, ar iyo sircxvili. da raRacnairad, yvelaze cudi, rac 60-iani wlebis Semdeg komunisturma reJimma saqarTvelos gaukeTa, zustad is iyo, rom adamiani gaixrwna, adamianma ifiqra, rom SeiZleboda mogepara da es moparuli Segergeboda. Zalian sainteresoa, raRac kargi ambaviviT dadioda saqarTveloSi, roca erTerT cekas mdivans aCvenes axalaSenebuli saxlebi samegreloSi da uTxres, rom ai, es saxlebi engurhesidan moparuli cementiTaa aSenebulio, da man

28 | CIVICUS#7

Tqva - Zalian kargi, Tu qarTvelebs didi da kargi saxlebi eqnebaTo. mokled rom SevajamoT, ras etyodiT ufrosi Taobis im warmomadgenlebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi "kargi cxovreba" iyo? me maT verafers vetyvi, imitom, rom es aris im adamianebis axalgazrdoba da axalgazrdobas adamiani yovelTvis romantizmiT uyurebs. albaT, umetes SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa kavSiris nostalgia sakuTari axalgazrdobis nostalgiaa da aq ra unda uTxra adamians, verafersac ver vetyvi. davubrundeT isev svetlana aleqseeviCis Semoqmedebasa da cxovrebas. ras gamoarCevdiT aleqseeviCis cxovrebidan? am adamians sabWoTa adamianisTvis Zalian Cveulebrivi biografia aqvs. misi cxovrebidan raimes gamorCeva namdvilad miWirs. daibada ukrainaSi, imitom, rom deda ukraineli hyavda (TviTon mama - belorusi) da mama msaxurobda ukrainis erT-erT provinciaSi. Semdeg Jurnalistikis fakulteti daamTavra da didxans muSaobda, rogorc Jurnalisti... da sadRac 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo wera. Zalian gauWirda pirveli wignis gamoqveyneba. misi pirveli wigni Seexeba me-2 msoflio omSi mebrZol qalebs, ufro sworad, am qalebis monaTxrobia. didi xani wigns ar ubeWdavdnen, magram ramdenadac ucnauri iyos, mainc SeZlo am wignis gamoqveyneba. sabWoeTSi arsebobda raRac gzebi cenzurisTvis gverdis avlis, imitom, rom is, rac am wignSia, raRacnairad, mTlianad angrevs sabWoTa adamianis warmodgenebs me-2 msoflio omze. sabWoTa propaganda

am oms aRwerda, rogorc mxolod da mxolod gmirobis ambavs (da, ra Tqma unda, es iyo gmirobis ambavic), magram is, rasac aleqseeviCi aRwers, erTi SexedviT, Zalian naturalisturi da Zalian tragikulia. is ar erideba arafers, ar alamazebs arafers. qalebis monaTxrobi ki Zalian mZimea. am wignSi aris naCvenebi is, Tu rogor gamousadegars xdis omi qals mSvidobiani cxovrebisTvis. es adamiani ukve normaluri cxovrebiT veRar cxovrobs, umZimesi travma aqvs miRebuli, rasac axla, dRes ukve viciT, rom Sesabamisi reabilitacia, fsiqoTerapia esaWiroeba, rom adamiani amxela travmis mere daubrundes cxovrebas... magram sabWoTa dros sabWoTa qveyanaSi aranairi reabilitaciis saSualeba ar iyo... rogor fiqrobT, aleqseeviCis Semoqmedeba Jurnalisturi namuSevaria, Tu literaturuli? me minc mgonia, rom literaturaa. gansxvavebuli literaturaa, ara iseTi, rogoric aqamde Cven vicodiT, magram mainc aris literatura da ara - publicistika. Cven ar viciT, ras cvlis aleqseeviCi im mzepiri istoriidan. namdvilad namdvili ambavia, magram is, Tu rogor aris dawerili es ambavi, ramdenad zustia es monaTxrobi, ar viciT. zepiri istoriis Janri, romelic istorikosebs kvlevisTvis sWirdebaT da gamoiyeneba, gulisxmobs zust gaSifvras da am teqstebis kvlevisTvis Senaxvas. rac Seexeba aleqseeviCs, Cven ar viciT, ras cvlis da ras ara, es erTi. meorec, misi wignebi moqmedebs, rogorc literatura da arsebobs iseTi literatura, romelic ar aris zepiri istoriis meTodiT dawerili, magram namdvil ambebs efuZneba.

Cven viciT, rom is aris literatura,

29 | CIVICUS#7

e.w. non fiqSen, romelzec dRes Zalian didi moTxovnaa da Zalian popularulia, anu, ara gamonagoni, aramed namdvil faqtebze dayrdnobili literatura. am wignSi, "Cernobilis locva", aleqseeviCi ambobs, rom Cernobilis Semdeg Cven sxva samyaroSi vcxovrobT. rogoria es sxva samyaro? es sxva samyaroa im adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac Cernobilis tragedia piradad SeexoT. es aris ukrainisa da belarusis mosaxleoba. saqarTveloSi sxva epoqa Cernobilis Semdeg, bunebrivia, ar damdgara da adamianebis cxovreba ar Secvlila.

Tumca, samyaro Cernobilis Semdeg ara mxolod belorusebisTvis, aramed mTeli msofliosTvis Seicvala im mxriv, rom miTi mSvidobian atomze damTavrda da yvelam dainaxa, rom Turme SeiZleba, es mSvidobiani atomi erT mSvenier dRes katastrofis mizezi gaxdes. magram yvelaze metad es SeexoT im konkretul adamianebs, romelTac dakarges yvelaferi, dakarges axloblebi, dakarges, janmrTeloba, Svilebi uCndebaT umZimesi daavadebebiT da a.S. svetlana aleqseeviCisaTvis nobelis premiis miniWebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas riTi xelmZRvanelobda komiteti? nobelis komitetma aRniSna, rom "misi polifoniuri Txzulebebi Cveni drois tkivilisa da gambedaobis Zeglia".

Jurnal Civikus-is axali nomeri genderul Tanasworobas eZRvneba. ras etyodiT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qalebs? qalebs ar unda gveSinodes imis, rom davrCeT sakuTari Tavis erTguli da davicvaT Cveni uflebebi,

SevecadoT, rom vibrZoloT TanasworobisTvis yvelgan, sadac Cven es SegviZlia. da bolos, gegmavT Tu ara aleqseeviCis sxva wignebis qarTulad Targmnas? diax, axla gamomcemloba "artanujma"Seisyida ufleba, aleqseeviCis ukanaskneli romanis, "seqend hendi - dro", gamocemaze. romani Seexeba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom periods. sxvaTa Soris, am romanis wakiTxvis Semdeg Zalian cxadi xdeba Tundac is, Tu ratom uWers mxars, ruseTis mosaxleobis amxela procenti putins. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg sxvadasxva respublikaSi, rogorc viciT, Zalian aboboqrda da gaRvivda eTnikuri nacionalizmi, rac saqarTvelosac Seexo. sabWoeTis daSla saqarTvelosTvis sakmaod tragikulad damTavrda - ori omiT da samoqalaqo omiT. belorusebi da gansakuTrebiT rusebi, adamianebi, romlebic sabWoTa utopiaSi cxovrobdnen, magram hqondaT yoveldRiuri saarsebo minimumi, aRmoCndnen sruliad daucvelebi, sruliad mitovebulebi saxelmwifos mier. cnobilia, Tu rogori veluri meTodebiT wavida privatizacia da rogor gaRatakda mosaxleobis Zalian didi nawili. aleqseeviCi wers imaTzec, visac eTnokonfliqtebis gamo mouwiaT sakuTari saxlebis datoveba da am wignSi aRwerilia is dro, romelic Zalian mZime iyo postsabWoTa teritorize. es dro mZime iyo saqarTveloSic, Tumca misi seriozuli mxatvruli gaazreba, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac mcdelobebi aris, ar momxdara. am wignis Targmnas vapirebT da imedia, 2015 wels gamovcemT.

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociacia www.cela.ge

am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier. masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.

civicus redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe

nomerze muSaobdnen: Temo beJaniZe zura gamTenaZe sandro tabataZe Teona gelaSvili SoTa narsia mzeona kaxniaSvili mariam guliaSvili

http://www.cela.ge/ge/civicus info@cela.ge https://www.facebook.com/celageo

civicus #7

|

marti 2016