civicus | #3

marti 2015

civicus

3

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02 | CIVICUS#3

sarCevi 03 redaqtoris sveti giorgi lolaSvili

04 jakartis konferenciis Sesaxeb ramin maWaraSvili

06 stumris blogi Tornike adamaSvili

08 sityvis Tavisufleba - misi mniSvneloba da funqcia qeTi qurcikiZe

13 molaparake kedlebi iranSi mariam CalabaSvili elene CitiSvili

16 internetcenzuris geografia fiqria fiCxaZe qeTi qurcikiZe

22 sabWouri wiTeli kalami qeTi sarTania

03 | CIVICUS#3

redaqtoris sveti giorgi lolaSvili

"Tu Tavisufleba saerTod raimes niSnavs, is niSnavs uflebas, uTxra adamianebs is, risi gagonebac maT ar surT" - jorj orvelis es sityvebi Cemi azriT, sityvis Tavisuflebis or mTavar aspeqts yvelaze kargad gamoxatavs: pirveli, es aris ufleba, rodesac pirovnebas SeuZlia gamovTqvas is, rasac fiqrobs, mecniers - ikamaTos sapirispiro azri mqoneebTan, Jurnalists - amxilos danaSauli da usamarTloba, politikosebsa da sazogadoebas - wamoWran diskusia mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. meore mxriv, es aris Tmenis valdebuleba, rodesac pirovnebas miuTiTeben Secdomebze, rodesac mecnieris naSroms akritikeben, rodesac Jurnalists werilis adresati pasuxobs, rodesac diskusiaSi romelime mxares argumentebs uqarwyleben. CvenTvis sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba umetes SemTxvevaSi mis pirvel aspeqtTan asocirdeba, valdebulebebi ki ugulebelyofilia. swored amitom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Cven gamovxatavT sakuTar azrs sajarod, magram sapirispiro azrs Zaladobrivi gzebiT vebrZviT, vcdilobT ara argumentirebuli msjelobiT, aramed dapirispirebuli xmis CaxSobiT mivaRwioT gamarjvebas. Cven mudmivad vaxdenT sapirispiro azris represirebas gonebaSic da realobaSic. arada, sityvis Tavisufleba da Tmenis valdebuleba es erTi urmis ori borbalia. SeuZlebelia, romelime maTganis gareSe SevqmnaT sazogadoeba, romelic iqneba Semguebluri sapirispiros mimarT da Semwynarebeli gansxvavebulis mimarT. bolo wlebSi xSirad yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac sazogadoebis erTi nawili acxadebs, rom sxva jgufebis mier maTi poziciis sajarod dafiqsireba, TavianTi azris gamoxatva, maT uflebebs laxavs. magram am adamianebs aviwydebaT, rom sxva politikuri partiebis aqciebi, maTgan gansxvavebuli adamianebis uflebaTa dacvis moTxovnebi, an Tavad am adamianTa Sexedulebebis kritika maTi uflebebis Selaxvas ki ara, aramed maTi Tmenis valdebulebas ukavSirdeba.“Civicus�-is mesame nomerSi swored sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze gveqneba saubari, romlis mniSvnelobac jerjerobiT srulyofilad ar gvesmis. Jurnalis dizainerma, marex gorgilaZem isev SinaarsiT datvirTuli yda SemogvTavaza - masze gamosaxuli lursmanCarWobili Tojinebi swored im arasasurvel adamianebs asaxiereben, romelTa xmis dadumebasac mudmivad vcdilobT.

jakartis konferenciis Sesaxeb ramin maWaraSvili ramini Cveni stumari iyo " civicus"-is wina nomerSi, romelic SSm pirebs mieZRvnaT. man Cvens JurnalSi sakuTari cxovrebis erTi kvira aRwera.

2015 wlis 28-29 ianvars miwveuli viyavi indoneziis dedaqalaq jakartaSi konferanciaze, romlis Tema iyo SSm pirebi da arCevnebi. piradad Cemi moxseneba exeboda saqarTveloSi arsebul zogad realobasa da axalgazrdebis rols arsebuli problemebis mogvarebaSi. konferencia tardeboda IFES-is, indoneziaSi avstraliis saelCosa da ASEAN-is (azia-wynari okeaneTis qveynebis asociacia) iniciativiT. iq warmodgenili iyvnen aRniSnul sakiTxebze momuSave sxvadasxva organizaciebi aziis, evropis da amerikis qveynebidan.

me, rogoc axalgazrduli SSm pirTa organizacia "cvlilebebi Tanabari uflebebisaTvis" damfuZnebeli, IFES saqarTvelos iniciativiT momiwvies saqarTvelos warmomadgenlad. aRniSnuli konferencia iyo mniSvnelovani im kuTxiT, rom moxda im gamocdilebis gaziareba, rac aRniSnul qveynebs aqvT SSm pirTa saarCevno uflebebis dacvisa da realizaciis kuTxiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom ASEAN-is wevr qveyanaTagan yvelas ar aqvs ratificirebuli gaeros 2006 wlis SSm pirTa konvencia, magram isini cdiloben TavianTive gaerTianebis mier miRebul savaldebulo rezoluciebSi asaxon gaeros konvenciis debulebebi da am kuTxiTac Seuwyon xeli maT gavrcelebas azia-wynari okeaneTis qveynebSi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom zogadad

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mdgomareoba TiTqmis igivea, rac CvenTan. magaliTad, araadaptirebuli garemo, Senoba-nagebobebi, sajaro dawesebulebebi, transporti, da a.S. xelmiuwvdomeli ganaTleba, dasaqmeba, saarCevno procesebSi naklebi CarTuloba, sazogadoebis stereotipuli damokidebuleba.

Tumca, zogierTi qveyana winaa wasuli. magaliTad, rogorc indoeTis warmomadgnelma aRniSna, indoeTs SSm pirTa saerTo monacemTa baza aqvs. aseve, indonezia gegmavs SSm pirebisTvis xmis micemis eleqtronuli sistemis danergvas, rac nawilobriv moxsnis saarCevno ubnebis araadaptirebulobis gamo SSm pirTa pasiurobis problemas.

aseve, visaubre sazogadeoebis sworad informirebis mniSvnelobaze da am kuTxiT axalgazrdebze aqcentebis gakeTebis aucileblobaze. rogorc me, aseve indoeTis warmomadgenelma yuradReba gavamaxvileT sainformacio kampaniebis, aqciebis

organizebasa da dagegmvaSi axalgazrdebis ufro met CarTulobasa da am kuTxiT socialuri qselebisa da internetis gamoyenebis efeqturobas arasamTavrobo seqtoris mxridan. aRniSnuli konferencia CemTvis iyo Zalian nayofieri, radgan gavicani da avimaRle codna am sferoSi sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebis Sedegad, rasac aucileblad gamoviyeneb Cemi organizaciis saqmianobaSi. bolos, minda madloba gadavuxado IFES saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobas da maT TanamSromlebs, rom momeca Sansi mimeRo saWiro codna da gamocdileba, romelic aucileblad gamomadgeba rogorc organizaciis, aseve pirad saqmianobaSi. minda madloba gadavuxado aseve Cveni saelCos TanamSromels jakartaSi TaTia gaguas, romelic Tarjimnobas miwevda da mexmareboda indoneziaSi yofnis periodSi.

ramin maWaraSvili | jakartis konferenciis Sesaxeb

rac Seexeba Cems moxsenebas, me gavacani saqarTveloSi wingadadgmuli nabijebi da aRvniSne, rom Camoyalibda SSm pirTa sakiTxebze momuSave mTavrobis sakonsultacio sabWo. Cemi organizaciis iniciativiT partniorebTan erTad moxda analogiuri sabWos Camoyalibeba aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobasTan. aseve, 2014 wlis saarCevno periodSi Cvenma aqtiurma CarTulobam adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saarCevno procesebSi gamoiwvia is, rom SSm pirTa sakiTxebi mudmivad aqtualuri iyo da baTumis merobis kandidatebTan permanentuli SexvedrebiT, am problemebis ganxilviT mivaRwieT SeTanxmebas, rom visac ar unda gaemarjva, pirad mrCevels daniSnavda SSm pirTa sakiTxebSi. marTlac, saqarTveloSi pirvelad, swored baTums hyavda pirveli mrCeveli aRniSnul sakiTxebSi.

06 | CIVICUS#3

Tornike adamaSvili stumris blogi

am Temaze diskusia magonebs situacias, roca erTsa da imave oTaxSi adamianebis jgufebi kamaToben, unda gamoaRon Tu ara fanjara, radgan oTaxSi gazis sunia. erTi nawili problemad miiCnevs, rom SesaZoa gaigudnon, xolo meore nawili Tvlis, rom fanjris gamoReba maT gacivebas da sikvdils gamoiwvevs. diskusia fanjris irgvliv - im dozebze Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiRos fanjara umtkivneulod - Tavidanve afsurduli mgonia. "yvelasTvis misaRebi doziT" oTaxis ganiaveba ver moxerxdeba, sanam oTaxSi gazis suni idgeba. ar SeiZleba, Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianis fundamenturi movaleoba sxvisi arCevanis Tavisuflebis pativiscema yvelasTvis misaRebi ar iyos da mainc viTxovdeT "gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas", - es Zalian araTanmimdevruli midgoma mgonia.

SeiZleba saxelmwifom, sxva organizaciebma formalurad uzrunvelyon (da es rom aucilebelia, martivi WeSmaritebaa) gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, daicvan umciresobebi da gariyuli jgufebi, Seecadnon adamianebisTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnas, magram es Zalian moCvenebiTi da zedapiruli midgoma iqneba, manam sanam yvela adamianisTvis Tanasworobis filosofia bunebrivi mdgomareoba ar gaxdeba qvecnobier donezec ki. aseT evoluciur ganviTarebamde jer raTqmaunda, bevri gviklia. sanam Tanasworobis ideas myife safuZveli aqvs adamianTa tvinebSi ,saxelmwifoca da sxva organizaciebic uZlurebi arian iseTi qvec-

07 | CIVICUS#3

nobieri Tu cnobieri Zaladobrivi amoxeTqvebis winaSe, rogoric andres breiviki, Sarli ebdos teroristebi, stalini Tu saqarTvelos amJamindeli ZeglTa ngrevis ministri iqnebian. yovelTvis gamoCndebian faruli SeTqmulebi, romlebic Cvenda uCumrad barTlomes Rameebs dagegmaven da ganaxorcieleben. protestis gamoxatvam ki xan SeiZleba uSvelos saqmes xan piriqiT provocireba moaxdinos axali Zaladobrivi aqtebis dagegmvisa da msxverplis mateba miviRoT Sedegad. es Zalian rTuli procesia. mag: 17 maiss yvela seqsualuri orientaciis pativiscemis moTxovnis aqciam sazogadoebaSi arsebuli binZuri cnobiereba dagvanaxa, maT Soris eklesiaSi (mrevlSi) arsebuli Zaladobisa da zizRis araqristianuli faqtebi amoqeqa da cxvirwin dagvilaga _ moaxdina gamomJRavneba. meore wlis 17 maiss ki protesti aRar gamoxata, radgan amiT msxverplic airida da icoda, rom miznisTvis miRweuli hqonda, sabednierod youtube arsebobs da 17 maisis nagavi yovelTvis SeuZlia diskusiaSi cxvirze aafaron mofilosofoso mwignobar moZalade morwmuneebs. vfiqrob es Wkvianuri gaTvla "gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis" sakvlevad saintereso magaliTia aramarto saqarTvelosTvis.

CemTvis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sakiTxSi yvelaze saintereso adamianis sakuTar qvecnobierTan Widilis Temaa. sakuTar seqsualur kompleqsebTan, sakuTar gamocdilebebTan, naklovanebebTan pirispir dadgoma

da sarkis win gaSiSvleba _ TvalebSi Caxedo pirad Secdomebs da gamoutyde Tavs, rom sadRac Secdoma dauSvi. an raRac ar mogwons sakuTar TavSi, sxeulSi, raRac organos Tvals ver usworeb, ar mogwons... mxolod Semdeg iwyeba sxeulis Seswavla da kompleqsebis daZleva. gaxseneba imisa, rom odesRac bavSobaSi viRacis naTqvamma "ar SeiZlebam" an TviTSezRudvam ise Cagaketina romeliRac Temis ganxilva, rogorc afrikul tomebSi sityva "tabu" da megrul enaSi sityva "vaSiners".

Tuki ar gamoutydebi, Tavs, rom sakuTari tuCi ar mogwons, zarmaci xar an is, rom Senze bavSobaSi viRac (Tundac garemo) cud zegavlenas axdenda... Tu mudam pirad daSvebul Secdomebs, naklovanebebs gaurbixar, malav da sxvas abraleb, Zaladoba gamogiva, ise rom verc mixvdebi... gagaRizianebs sxvisi azrebi da albaT misi gafaCunebac ki. argamoxatva dagakompleqsebs maSinac, roca sxvisi tuCis silamaze mogxiblavs da mas amaSi ver gamoutydebi... roca viRac "Caxutebas" "bodiSs" an "madlobas"gTxovs da esec ar SegiZlia, radgan ver bedav. Tu am gaubedaobasac ar aRiareb, albaT, mere viRacas moklav an burTs gauxeTqvav ezoSi bavSvebs... Zalain Znelia, davadginoT saidan modis Zaladoba Tu gamoxatvis (gamotydomis) problemebze ar davfiqrdebiT. gaumarjos zigmund froidis "kulturiT ukmayofilebas" da Jan luk godars. girCevdiT axal filmebs Day night day night da "biWi velosipediT".

08 | CIVICUS#3

sityvis Tavisufleba misi mniSvneloba da funqcia interviu daviT kldiaSvilTan

qeTi qurcikiZe yovelTvis, rodesac gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze vsaubrobT, adamianTa nawils aqvs kiTxvebi, Tu sad aqvs mas sazRvari; aris Tu ara yovelTvis mizanSewonili; aris Tu ara sakiTxebi, romlebic mis gareT unda darCes da a.S. bolo TveebSi evropaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma saqarTveloSi swored am sakiTxebze diskusia warmoSva.�Civicus�-i am Temebze da imaze, Tu zogadad ras niSnavs sityvis Tavisufleba da ra roli ekisreba mas, gaesaubra saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis sabWos mdivans, iurist daviT kldiaSvils.

09 | CIVICUS#3

- sityva yvela droSi iyo yvelaze Zlieri meqanizmi nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis. mas iyenebdnen imisTvis, rom SeecvalaT wes-wyobileba, SebrZolebodnen aralegitimur Zaladobas Tu reJims. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis istorias, vnaxavT, rom yvelaze didi mniSneloba eniWeba sityvis Tavisuflebas.

Tumca, dResac arsebobs araerTi saxelmwifo, sadac sityvis Tavisufleba SezRudulia da sazogadoebas ar SeuZia Tqvas is, rac surs. arsebobs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ori ZiriTadi standarti: amerikuli da evropuli. amerikuli standarti gamoxatvis srul, SeuzRudav Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs. xolo evropaSi (magaliTad, germaniaSi) gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SedarebiT SezRudulia, rasac Tavisi motivebi aqvs. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba dakavSirebulia kritikasTan da rogorc cnobilma frangma moazrovnem Tqva – "Tu ginda gaigo vin gakontrolebs, gaige visi gakritikeba ar SegiZlia". imisaTvis, rom yvela Cvengani iyos Tavisufali, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis arseboba aucilebelia.

- SegviZlia Tu ara, visaubroT rame konkretul Sedegebze, romelic antidiskriminaciuli kanonis amoqmedebas mohyva?

- Cemi azriT, antidiskriminaciuli kanonis miReba im saxiT, ra saxiTac dRes arsebobs mxolod ubralo Jesti iyo. pasuxismgebloba gadaeca iseT organos, rogoricaa saxalxo damcveli, rac paradoqsulia, radganac mas es pasuxismgebloba antidiskriminaciuli kanonis SemoRebis gareSec hqonda. iqidan gamom-

dinare, rom am kanonidan uamravi ramea amoRebuli da Camatebuli, man dakarga realuri Zala, amitomac me mas mxolod pirobiT mniSvnelobas vaniWeb.

- rogor SeafasebdiT saqarTveloSi mediis mier eklesiis kritikis gaSuqebis sixSires? SeiniSneba Tu ara TviTcenzura am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT? - ra Tqma unda, SeiniSneba. realurad yvela media reitingzea damokidebuli, amitomac is iZulebulia angariSi gauwios sazogadoebis interesebs da cdilobs moamzados iseTi siuJeti, romelsac sazogadoeba dadebiTad gamoexmaureba. xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sazogadoebis, Cemi azriT, arajansaR damokidebulebas, advilia TviTcenzuris mizezebis povna am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

- rodis aris gamarTlebuli saxelmwifos mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva?

- gamoxatvis Tavisufleba Zalian farTo cnebaa da misi gamarTlebuli SezRudva winaswar unda iyos gawerili. magaliTad, me SemiZlia gavixseno erTi SemTxveva, roca agvistos omis periodSi saqarTvelom CaaxSo zogierTi rusuli telearxis sixSire da dabloka zogierTi rusuli internetsaiti. Cemi azriT, am SemTxvevaSi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva gamarTlebuli iyo, radganac saqarTvelo oms awarmoebda da mters gaaCnda informaciuli upiratesoba. arsebobs sxva magaliTic, roca saqarTvelos erT-erT mezobel qveyanaSi xelisuflebam opoziciur partias aukrZala sakuTari mediasaSualebebis funqcionireba. amitomac saWiroa mkveTri xazis gavleba.

qeTi qurcikiZe | interviu daviT kldiaSvilTan

- rogor ganmartavdiT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis arss?

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- SeiZleba Tu ara gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT SeizRudos sxvisi uflebebi?

qeTi qurcikiZe | interviu daviT kldiaSvilTan

- Tuki adamiani sajaro piri ar aris, misi piradi informaciis gasajaroeba Cveni kanonmdeblobiT mkacrad aris daculi. piradi informaciis gavrceleba da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, ra Tqma unda kavSirSia, magram Tuki am personaluri monacemebis gasajaroebis ufleba pirs ar hqonda, es sxva saqmea da Sesabamisad, igi pasuxs agebs kanonis winaSe. nebismier SemTxvevaSi amosavali wertili aris is, rom Tuki gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT vinmes ziani miadga, am zianis garCevis sakiTxi iyos samoqalaqo, kerZo urTierToebebi da ara sisxlis samarTali an saxelmwifos represiuli manqana. dRes sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom Tu viRac akritikebs eklesias, amiT sxvis uflebebs laxavs. am SemTxvevaSi mrevli fiqrobs, rom eklesiis kritika misi piradi uflebis Selaxvaa. es aris problema, rodesac xdeba sajaro sivrcis, sajaro Temis personalizacia. aq zRvari ar arsebobs da Tuki vinme zRvris gavlebas Seecdeba, ewinaaRmdegebian. magaliTisTvis moviyvan Zalian cnobil SemTxvevas, rodesac laSa buRaZem dawera moTxroba Tamar mefeze (istoriuli faqtebi iyo mxatvrulad Selamazebuli). am nawarmoebze gamoxmaureba iyo Zalian uaryofiTi. zogi imasac werda, rom Tamar mefe dedasaviT miyvars da Sen rom mas Seuracxyofas ayeneb e.i. dedaCems Seuracxyofo. aseve "Sarli ebdos" magaliTi SegviZlia moviyvanoT. muhamedis karikaturis dabeWdviT viRacas uflebebi Seelaxa, imitom rom mas muhamedi mamasaviT uyvars. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba grZnobebis uflebebad gasaReba. religiuri grZnoba ufleba ar aris. uflebebs aqvs mkacrad gansazRvruli kriteriumebi, romlebSic grZnobebi ar jdeba. ayenebs Tu ara

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba sxvadasxva saxis grZnobebs Seuracxyofas, amaze msjelobac ki ar unda iyos. sityvas SegviZlia davupirispiroT mxolod sityva. daxato karikatura, moawyo manifesti da a.S.

- dRevandel mediaSi, gansakuTrebiT presaSi, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac vrceldeba gadaumowmebeli informacia, romelic Seicavs ciliswamebasa da braldebas. ra SeiZleba daupurisipiron amas braldebis adresatebma?

- braldebis adresats SeuZlia mimarTos kerZo sasjeliT sasamarTlos da moiTxovos cnobebis uaryofa.

Tu aman zianic gamoiwvia, Sesabamisad moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba. zogierT qvyanaSi xdeba ciliswamebis kriminalizacia. Tuki araswori informacia gaavrcele, SeiZleba sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZras Sens winaaRmdeg. amis erTaderTi alternativa aris evropuli da amerikuli midgoma - TviTregulireba. Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTi aviRoT arsebobs Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia, romelsac SemuSavebuli aqvs TerTmeti principi. am principebidan pirveli aris - Jurnalistma yvela Rone unda ixmaros, rom gadasces swori da gadamowmebuli informacia, pativi sces sazogadoebas, miawodos swori informacia. Tuki aris eWvi, rom sazogadebas miewoda araswori informacia, SesaZlebelia mimarToT eTikis qartias. qartia Seiswavlis sakiTxs da Tuki dadasturda, rom informacia mcdari iyo, amas gamoaqveynebs. dReisaTvis qartias 48 gancxadeba aqvs ganxiluli da umetesoba zustad pirvel muxls, araswori informaciis gavrcelebas exeba. qartias sanqciebi ar gaaCnia, ubralod xdeba faqtis saaSkaraoze gamotana. bevrisTvis materialur anazRaurebas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mniSvnelovani is aris, rom vinme

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kompetenturma pirma daadasturos faqtis simcdare.

- yvela saxis mediasaSualebaSi sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT siZulvilis enas. romel mxares ekisreba mTavari roli am situaciis gamosworebaSi? saxelmwifos, medias Tu sazogadoebas?

...xdeba grZnobebis uflebebad gasaReba. religiuri grZnoba ufleba ar aris. uflebebs aqvs mkacrad gansazRvruli kriteriumebi, romlebSic grZnobebi ar jdeba. ayenebs Tu ara gamoxatvis Tavisufleba sxvadasxva saxis grZnobebs Seuracxyofas, amaze msjelobac ki ar unda iyos. sityvas SegviZlia davupirispiroT mxolod sityva. qeTi qurcikiZe | interviu daviT kldiaSvilTan

- siZulvilis ena Zalian didi problemaa. viRaceebs surT siZulvilis enis kriminalizacia moxdes, rac aris absoluturad dauSvebeli, vinaidan es iqneba kidev erTi berketi saxelmwifos xelSi da mas rogor gamoiyenebs, aravin icis. siZulvilis enis winaaRmdeg brZolis ori saSualeba arsebobs: pirveli, es aris sazogadoeba. Tuki SenTvis miuRebelia siZulvilis ena, Sen ar iyidi im gazeTs, ar mousmen im mediasaSualebas, romelic siZulvilis eniT saubrobs. Cemi azriT, "Sarli ebdo" ar iyo dakavebuli eTikuri JurnalsitikiT da zustad magitom hqonda 64-milionian qveyanaSi 60 aTasi tiraJi. anu, frangebi ar kiTxuloben araeTikur Jurnals, iqidan gamomdinare, rom maTTvis miuRebelia is, rasac es konkretuli mediasaSualeba akeTebs. saqarTveloSi ki piriqiT xdeba - yvelaze metad romeli gazeTic saubrobs siZulvilis eniT, is aris yvelaze maRalgayidvadi. meore: SegiZliaT mimarToT Jurnalisturi eTikis qartias, romlis meSvide muxlic krZalavs diskriminacias (romelic pirdapir kavSirSia siZulvilis enasTan). araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda movaxdinoT siZulvilis enis kriminalizacia. saxelmwifom aseT dros umjobesia iribi zemoqmedeba moaxdinos sazogadoebaze da izrunos xalxis ganaTlebaze. Tuki sazogadoeba ar iqneba homofobiuri, qsenofobiuri da a.S. Sesabamisad, aRarc media iqneba siZulvilis eniT gaJRenTili.

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foto, wyaro: http://www.fatcap.com/country/iran-1/artists.html?page=1

13 | CIVICUS#3

foto, wyaro: http://www.dontpaniconline.com/magazine/arts/iranian-graffiti-with-icy

molaparake kedlebi iranSi mariam CalabaSvili elene CitiSvili irani sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mxriv misabaZ qveyanaTa rigs namdvilad ar miekuTvneba. mmarTveli Zalis Secvlis Semdeg qveyanaSi odnavi progresi igrZnoba, Tumca, mTavroba kvlav agrZelebs presis, televiziisa da radios kontrols.

Zala, romelic arsebul sistemas gamudmebiT da jiutad ewinaaRmdegeba, mxatvarTa sxvadasxva jgufebia. isini qveyanaSi arsebul SezRudvebs da sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvas axerxeben kedlis mxatvrobiTa da sxvadasxva sloganiT.

quCis kedlebi sabrZolo velad saxelmwifos mier ideologizirebul da damoukidebel mxatvrebs Soris iranis 1979 wlis revoluciis Semdeg gadaiqca. dReisaTvis xelovneba asaxavs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis diqotomias iranSi: mSvidobisa da omis Temebs, siRaribesa da uTanasworobas, kulturul identobasa da socialur usamarTlobas. Tavdapirvelad, quCis mxatvroba dakavSirebuli iyo saxelmwifos ideologiis gavrcelebasTan, mogvianebiT ki gaizarda damoukidebel xelovanTa raodenoba, romelTac araTu kavSiri hqondaT xelisuflebasTan, aramed ewinaaRmdegebodnen maT ideologias da protests gamoxatavdnen. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, iranSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda quCis xelovnebisa da warwerebis popularoba. iranelma mxatvrebma ara mxolod am saqmianobis organizeba

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da erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba SeZles, aramed sakuTari namuSevrebi gamofines mTeli msoflios masStabiT. amaSi maT socialuri media daexmara. 2012 wlidan iranuli mxatvrobis Sesaxeb gaSuqebas iwyebs media arjami (Arjam), koleqtivma gamoaqveyna mTeli rigi statiebi iranuli quCis mxatvrobis Sesaxeb, statiebma moicva xelovnebis gamofenebi niu-iorkSic. quCis mxatvroba 30 welze didi xania viTardeba da dResdReobiT Camoyalibda sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi, aqdan erT-erTia Ralamdari (Ghalamdar), romelic 20 welia viTardeba. is gaJRenTilia endemuri kaligrafiuli stiliTa da miniaturuli ferweriT, romelic pirvelxarisxovania me-20 saukunis modernistuli xelovnebisaTvis.

Ralamdaris cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Zmebi aisi da soTi (Icy and Sot), romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben usaxlkaro bavSvebisa da qalebis uflebebsa da socialur-ekonomikur pirobebze. Zmebi sxva araideologizirebuli mxatvrebis msgavsad arian WeSmaritebis maZiebelni. maTTvis quCis xelovneba warmoadgens erTgvar politikis xelovnebas, iqidan gamomdinare, rom isini uSualod adamianebs esaubrebian. aisis da soTis namuSevrebSi qalebi da bavSvebi warmodgenilni arian rogorc daucvelni Zaladobisa da tragediisgan, naxatebSi asaxulia arasrulwlovani bavSvebis eqspluatacia. amasTanave, maT mier Sesrulebuli moxucTa por-

tretebi gamoxataven tradiciasa da modernizacias Soris dapirispirebas. iraneli Zmebis quCis mxatvroba warmoadgens Tanamedroveobis Sepirispirebas tradiciebTan. maTi sakmaod cnobili namuSevaria, naxati - Beer is not crime. aisim da soTim miiRes monawileoba niu-iorkis, berlinis, amsterdamisa da milanis gamofenebSi. 2012 wlis gamofenaze Zmebma jildod miiRes aSS-Si xelovanTa sacxovrebeli viza. quCis mxatvrobis kidev erTi cnobili warmomadgenelia medi (Mad), romelic xatavs trafaretiT. mis namuSevrebSi ZiriTadad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia mSvidobis Tematikaze. misi cnobili namuSevaria naxati jariskacebisa da sami bavSis Sesaxeb, romlebic iqca mSvidobis simbolod. nafir a.k.a (Nafir a.k.a) kidev erTi cnobili iraneli mxatvaria, romelic sakuTar Tavs ase axasiaTebs - me var yvirili kedelze. misi namuSevrebis mTavari Temaa bavSvebi, rogorc daviwyebuli Taoba dakarguli identobiT. quCis mxatvrobas iranSi arc Tu ise cota mimdevari hyavs. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mas iranis politikasa da kulturaSi sakuTari adgili ukavia.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi namuSevrebi, romlebic winaaRmdegobaSi modis saxelmwifo ideologiasTan, Sesrulebidan ramdenime saaTSi nadgurdeba.

foto, wyaro: http://www.fatcap.com/country/iran-1/artists.html?page=1

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internetcenzuris geografia fiqria fiCxaZe qeTi qurcikiZe

dResdReobiT, rodesac yvelaze Zvirad informacia fasobs, misi gavrcelebis yvela Tanamedrove saSualebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi Tanamedrove adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi udides rols asruleben. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom Zalauflebis mqone, an misTvis mebrZol adamianTa jgufebisTvis maTi kontroli yvelaze Zlieri survilia. interneti masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebidan yvelaze mzardi da yvelaze rTulad mosaxelTebelia, swored amitomac, bevri politikuri reJimisaTvis yvelaze did problemas swored misi kontroli warmoadgens. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT saxelmwifoebis mier internetcenzuris politikis zogierT magaliTs. erT-erTi wyaro, romlis mixedviTac internetis SezRudvis dadgena xdeba, aris giganturi saZiebo sistema "Google". "guglis" angariSis mixedviT indoeTma mas 67 moTxovna warudgina, romlis gamoc daaxloebiT 282 saZiebo masala daibloka. maT Soris “Youtube“-is videoebic iyo. "Google" imasac aRniSnavs, rom is rogorc wesi moTxovnebis 80 procents ar akmayofilebs.

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cenzuris gareSe mcire cenzuriT cenzuris zedamxedvelobis qveS mkacri cenzura

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fiqria fiCxaZe, qeTi qurcikiZe | internetcenzuris geografia

TurqeTi miuxedavad imisa, rom 21-e saukuneSi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, Cven mainc gvaqvs ramdenime magaliTi, rodesac saxelmwifo Tavis mosaxleobas internetcenzuras uwesebs. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT TurqeTi. TurqeTis mTavrobam gaugzavna sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba TurqeTis teritoriaze momuSave yvela internetprovaiders imis Taobaze, rom gaeTiSaT “YouTube” da Sedegad videoarxi TurqeTis mTel teritoriazea gaTiSuli. mizezad ki aTa Turqis Seuracxmyofeli videorgoli dasaxelda, romelic am videoservisze iyo ganTavsebuli, magram TurqeTis premier-ministrma, rejef Taif erdoRanma Jurnalistebis winaSe aRiara, rom maT kvlav SeuZliaT “YouTube”-s estumron Ria proqsis gamoyenebiT.

irani iranSi arsebobs moflioSi yvelaze mkacri internet cenzura. iranSi ukanonod iTvleba seqsualuri da politikuri saxis vebgverdebi, blogebi da informaciis gavrceleba qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb.

2003 wels iranelma Jurnalistma farnaz seifim Seqmna blogi saxelad "amSaspandani" (“Amshaspandan”)

romelSic man iranuli mTavroba gaakritika da genderuli Tanasworobis damyarebisken mouwoda. Tavidan cenzura arc ise mkacri iyo, magram eqvsi Tvis Semdeg mTavrobam "brWyalebi" gamoaCina da seifis internetsaqmianobis mkacri kontroli daiwyo. seifis araerTxel daemuqrnen sikvdiliT da misi blogic cenzuris qveS mohyva. 2007 wels is daapatimres roca indoeTSi kiberJurnalistikis konferenciaze gamgzavrebas cdilobda. mas bralad wauyenes ucxour ZalebTan kavSiri da ramdenime Ramis ganmavlobaSi uwyobdnen dakiTxvebs, sabolood ki aiZules, daetovebina qveyana da daexura blogi. iranis mosaxleobisTvis, vebgverdebi “Wikipedia”, “IMDB” da “Youtube” daixura 2006 wlis 3 dekembers. mizezad dasaxelda saxelmwifos brZola dasavluri kulturis zegavlenis winaaRmdeg. 2009 wlis 23 maiss, aRniSnul saitebs SeuerTda socialuri qseli “Facebook”. aRniSnuli cenzura im droisTvis iranSi gasamarT saprezidento arCevnebs ukavSirdeboda. “Facebook”-is dablokviT, imJamindelma xelisuflebam scada xeli SeeSala reformatori kandidatis popularobis zrdisTvis.

2009 wlis 12 ivniss gamarTul arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma Zalam, mahmud

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akrZalul saitebze Sesasvlelad iraneli internetmomxmareblebi iyenebdnen e.w. froqsi serverebs (froqsi serveri warmoadgens "Suamavals" klientsa da sxva vebservers Soris da amowmebs,"filtravs" klientis moTxovnas vebserverisadmi, zrunavs maT Soris kavSirze) . qseluri blokadis gadalaxvaSi, didi roli iTamaSa anonimurma qselma – TOR. 2012 wlis 10 agvistos iranis informaciisa da komunikaciis ministrma, reza tagipurma ganacxada, rom 2013 wlisTvis igegmeboda, internetis gamoyenebis srulad akrZalva rac internetisvrcis arasaimedoobiT axsna. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia rom msgavsi akrZalva ar ganxorcielebula. iranis axali prezidenti - hasan ruxani, sazogadebas Sepirda, rom internetcenzura Semsubuqdeboda. 2013 wlis 16 seqtembers, iranis internetsivrces daubrundnen “Facebook” da “Twitter”.

kuba saxelmwifos mier sazogadoebisTvis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis kidev erT magaliTad SegviZlia kuba davasaxeloT. kuburi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ufleba SezRudulia. presis Tavisufleba kubaSi SezRudulia mmarTveli, komunisturi partiis mier. yvela oficialurad nebadarTuli masobrivi informaciis gavrcelebis wyaro kontroldeba mmarTveli partiis mier. JurnalistTa dacvis komitetis mier Sedgenil reitingSi kuba mkacri cenzuris TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi mecxre adgils ikavebs.

2009 wlis noemberSi kubeli blogeri ioani sanCesi havanasken miemgzavreboda, roca ucnobma pirebma gaitaces: "isini meubnebodnen, rom yvelaferi damTavrda. marTla megona, rom Cems mokvlas apirebdnen," - es komentari blogerma mas Semdeg gaakeTa, rac tyveobas Tavi daaRwia. es mxolod erT-erTi Tavdasxma iyo, romelic misma saqmianobam gamoiwvia. ioanis blogi “Generación Y“ kastros reJimis uaryofiT mxareebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da mas yovelTviurad 14 milioni mkiTxveli hyavs. kubelebs ekrZalebaT mousminon an uyuron ucxour tele an radioga-

fiqria fiCxaZe, qeTi qurcikiZe | internetcenzuris geografia

ahmadinejadis xelmZRvanelobiT, akrZala opoziciis mier gavrcelebuli nebismieri saxis informaciis gaSuqeba. gaTiSuli iyo rogorc internetsivrce, aseve satelituri arxebi. maleve “Youtube”-sa da “Twitter”-ze gamoCnda informacia imis Taobaze, rom mosaxleoba aprotestebda arCevnebis Sedegebs da iTxovda xmebis xelaxla daTvlas.

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fiqria fiCxaZe, qeTi qurcikiZe | internetcenzuris geografia

dacemebs, miiRon ucxouri presa an wignebi sxva qveynebidan an turistebisgan. am akrZalvebis damrRvevs dapatimreba emuqreba.

2004 wlamde internetis gamoyeneba SeeZloT mxolod eqimebsa da maRali Tanamdebobis warmomadgenlebs, isic xelisuflebis nebarTviT. raul kastros mmarTvelobis periodSi, internetis moxmareba SeeZlo mosaxleobasac, magram arasrulyofilad, rac aixsneba qveynis infrastruqturis ar arsebobiT.

CrdiloeT korea cenzura CrdiloeT koreaSi, aris zomebisa da kanonebis kompleqsuri erTianoba, romelic mosaxleobas garkveuli doziT uzRudavs wvdomas arasasurvel informaciasTan. bunebrivia imas, Tu romeli informacia aris arasasurveli, mTavroba adgens. CrdiloeT koreaSi cenzuris Zalian maRali donea. faqtobrivad,

ar arsebobs Tavisufali presa. Tavisufali presis yovelwliur reitingSi, romelsac "reportiorebi sazRvrebs gareSe" adgens, CrdiloeT korea TiTqmis yovelTvis bolo adgilebs ikavebs.

CrdiloeT koreaSi, yvela mediasaSualebas saxelmwifo akontrolebs. magaliTisTvis, yvela axal ambavs mediasaSualebebi iReben koreis centraluri sainformacio saagentosgan. mediasaSualebebi, metwilad ewevian politikur propagandas da adideben umaRles lider kim Cem ins.

CrdiloeT koreis mediasaSualebebi gamoirCevian qristianobis, aSS-is, evropis, iaponiisa da samxreT koreis mkacri kritikiT. radiomimRebebs da televizorebs, romlebic iyideba CrdiloeT koreaSi, SeuZliaT mxolod adgilobrivi signalis miReba. Sesabamisad, CrdiloeT koreis macxovreblebs SeuZliaT uyuron mxolod adgilobriv telearxebs da mousminon adgilobriv radioebs.

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gavsi sityvebi dablokili aqvs. aseve dablokilia Cineli aqtivistebisa da CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi 2600- demokratiisTvis mebrZol adamianTa ze meti vebgverdia dablokili qvey- saxelebi. anaSi moqmedi internetcenzuris politikis gamo. magaliTad, ustream. ruseTi tv – saiti, sadac axal ambebs videoebis saxiT ixilavT, dablokilia 2011 cnobilma rusma teleJurnalistma, wlis aprilidan. "norvegiuli sam- vladimir poznerma, sazogadoeauwyeblo korporaciis (NRK)” saiti brivi palatis sxdomaze ganacxada, imis gamo daibloka, rom 2010 wels rom ruseTSi ar arsebobs sityvis Tanobelis prizi gadaeca Cinel human- visufleba. TiTqmis imaves imeorebs adamianis uflebaTa damcveli sarqiist aqtivists liu qsiaobos. sa darbiniani: "cenzura faqtobrivad CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi aseve qveyanaSi dabrunda". dablokilia socialuri qselebi da videoebisa da fotoebis gamavrce- 2012 wels, rusulma parlamentma axali lebeli platformebi. magaliTad, kanoni miiRo, romlis mixedviTac “Facebook”, “Youtube”, “Twitter”, “Goo- mTeli rigi vebgverdebisa "Sav siaSi" gle +”, “Wordpress”, “Blogpost” da a.S. moxvdnen. oficialurad kanonis daniSnuleba bavSvebisaTvis pornografi"vikipediis" Cinuri da sxva versie- uli resursebis misawvdomobis Sezbi droebiT misawvdomi gaxda 2007 Rudva iyo, Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, wels. 31 agvistos "vikipediac" da rom ruseTis mTavrobas es kanoni "vikimediac" cenzuris qveS moeqca. srulfasovani internetcenzurisaTgavrcelebuli xmebiT, maTze wvdo- vis sWirdeboda. cenzoris rols, ma SesaZlebeli iyo HTTPS daculi kritikosebis azriT, roskomnadzokavSirebiT. 2008 wlis zafxulis ri (internet resursebis erTiani olimpiur TamaSebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo reestri) asrulebs. sanam pekinSi ucxoeli Jurnalistebis yof- kanons dumaSi pirvelad Seitandnen, nis gamo "vikipedias" cenzura droe- rusulenovanma vikipediam 24 saaTiT biT gauuqmda. amJamad Tavisufali SeaCera funqcionireba, popularulma enciklopediis politikuri statiebi saZiebo sistema “Yandex”-ma ki mTavar isev dablokilia. 2009 wlis ivlisSi gverdze gamotanil sakuTar lozu"vikimediis" yvela suraTi amoRebul ngSi "yvelafers vipovniT", sityva "yveiqna Cinuri internetservisprovaid- laferi" gadaxaza. erebis mier. saerTaSoriso organizacia "reporrac unda gasakviri iyos, CineTis sax- tiorebi sazRvrebis gareSes" angarialxo respublikaSi Tu saZiebo velSi Sis mixedviT, 2008 wels msoflioSi CawerT Semdeg sityvebs - demokra- dablokili da daxuruli iyo 1740 tia, adamianis uflebebi, diqtatura, vebgverdi, 105 blogeri dazaralda antikomunizmi, genocidi, tiananme- internetSi gamoqveynebuli masalis nis moednis sisxlisRvra, CineTis gamo, maT Soris erTi moklul iqna, 59 demokratiuli moZraoba, dalai-la- dapatimrebuli, 45 ki fizikuri Seurama, tibetis damoukidebloba da a.S. cxyofis msxverpli gaxda.

Tqven veranair Sedegs ver miiRebT, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom CineTis mTavrobas zemoTCamoTvlili sityvebi da Sinaarsobrivad maTi ms-

fiqria fiCxaZe, qeTi qurcikiZe | internetcenzuris geografia

CineTi

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sabWouri wiTeli kalami interviu Tamar belqaniasTan qeTi sarTania

cenzura sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri sistemis erT-erTi umTavresi detali iyo. risTvis sWirdebodaT is bolSevikebs, rogor muSaobda da rogor Seexo imdroindel saqarTvelos, es is Temebia, romlebzec “Civicus�-s Tsu-is profesori Tamar belqania esaubra. Qalbatoni Tamari studentebs saarqivo Jurnalistikas ukiTxavs da sabWoTa cenzurasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebi da istoriebi misTvis ucxo araa.

- Tavdapirvelad, sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul cenzuris formebsa da maT konkretul magaliTebze rom visaubroT. - sabWTa epoqa ZiriTadad damyarebuli iyo erTpartiul ideologiaze. es iyo marqsizmi da bolSevizmi. yvelaferi rac qveyanaSi xdeboda, eqvemdebareboda am partias - xelovneba, mecniereba, sporti unda damdgariyo sabWoTa relsebze. magaliTad, xelovnebaSi iyo konkretuli miTiTebebi, rogori unda iyos kino, rogori unda iyos scenari, vin unda monawileobdes konkretul filmebSi. mecnierebaSi iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba, sabWoTa istoriografia unda daiweros ase da ase, magaliTad, saqarTvelos istoria ganixileboda ase, rom iyo erTi qarTuli tomi, qarTli da maT Zaladobrivad gaaerTianes danarCeni tomebi, imereTi, guria, sxvebi. am Teorias qarTlizacia hqvia. xSirad gamoiyeneboda termini "antisabWoTa". es sityva niSnavda erovnu-

li Rirebulebebis propagandas. roca 1918 wels ivane javaxiSvilis meTaurobiT iqmneboda universiteti, rusuli imperializmi did winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. kavasiaSi qarTulenovani pirveli umaRlesi saswavleblis gaxsna niSnavda erovnuli fesvebis gaZlierebas, iq saxelmwifoebriobis gancda dadgeboda samecniero relsebze da Cveni saxelmwifo sxvagvarad ganviTardeboda. amis gamo didi winaaRmdegoba ivane javaxiSvilsac Sexvda. mas ewinaaRmdegebodnen iseTi mecnierebi, rogoric iyo niko mari, Tumca es imdenad daxuruli informaciaa, rom ase ar aris saqarTvelos istoriaSi es movlenebi Sesuli. swored es aris problema, sabWoTa kavSiris dros es imdenad daxuruli informacia iyo, imdenad alternatiuli istoria Seqmnes sabWoTa istoriografiis saxiT, rom verc mixvdebi, saerTod ra moxda.

- rogor muSaobda cenzura instituciur doneze?

- iyo erTi centralizebuli cenzi, organizacia, romelic yvela mokavSire respublikaSi ganagebda Tu vis ra filmi unda gadaeRo, rogori filmi unda gadaeRo, rogori aqcentebi unda gakeTebuliyo. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi "moskino" iRebda "giorgi saakaZes". arqivSi aris unikaluri dokumenti, Tu rogor waikiTxa stalinma am filmis scenari, gadawyvita, rom ase scenari ar iwereba, Tavad Seitana cvlilebebi masSi, gaugzavna moskinos im moTxovniT, rom gadaegzavnaT orive avtorisTvis, orive avtors gadaegzavna da bunebrivia, maT miiRes igi. ufro metic, am scenarSi man Seitana swored is saxelmwifoebrivi xedva, rac im periodSi sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda. meore magaliTia, roca beria xvdeboda qarTvel mwerlebs da pirdapir aZlevda miTiTebebs. arsebobs werilobiTi dokumenti, stenografiuli Canaweri Tu vin daukra taSi, vin taSs ar SeuerTda, "taSi gardamavali ovaciebSi", "mxurvale taSi"... amas beria

qeTi sarTania | sabWouri wiTeli kalami

23 | CIVICUS#3

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iyenebda imis dasadgenad, ramdenad adekvaturad gamoexmaura mis sityvas publika.

- ra mizans emsaxureboda aseTi saxelmwifo politika?

- kontroldeboda absoluturad yvelaferi, adamianis azradac ki ar unda gaefiqrebina, rom alternativa arsebobs an partiis, an lideris an kinos saxiT. iyo erTi kinoTeatri, erTi tansacmeli, erTi coli, erTi fexsacmeli. sabWoTa kavSirma miiRo is, rom alternatiuli azri Zalian cota adamians hqonda. Tavisufleba ki ra aris? Tavisufleba ganisazRvreba alternativis raodeobis mixedviT. im periodSi ki yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda sabWoTa ideologias, Sesabamisad iyo cenzura.

- Tumca, radgan arsebobda cenzura, SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom arsebobda alternativac.

nikolai eJovi, axalgazrda mamakaci stalinis marcxniv moklul iqna 1940 wels, ris Semdegac sabWoTa cenzuram is amoSala pirveli fotodan.

- rom visaubroT alternatiul disidentur mwerlobaze, robaqiZis da mixeil javaxiSvilis garda, vin gegulebaT? mxatvrobaSi iyvnen daviT kakabaZe, petre ocxeli, dimitri SevardnaZe. eseni iyvnen adamianebi, romlebmac gadawyvites, rom ar undodaT leninis xatva. erTaderTxel aqvs kakabaZes daxatuli mitingi, romelsac ase hqvia "mitingi imereTSi" - es aris imereTis peizaJi da kargad Tu ar daakvirdi, verc mixvdebi, rom mitingia. aseTi adamianebi Zalian cotani iyvnen. arqivSi aris sami dokumenti, romelic gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeboda adamianebis dasja, rogori iyo maTi dakiTxvis meqanizmi: jer civ kamerebSi uSvebdnen, mere cxel kamerebSi, amis Semdeg cxeli Sxapi eloda, mere civi, mere TovliT savse kamerebSi uSvebdnen adamianebs. Semdeg cols gauupatiurebdnen... aqedan gamomdinare, SewinaaRmdegeba Zalian did gmirobas

25 | CIVICUS#3

- albaT yvelaze cxadad cenzura presaSi Canda, adamianebi ZiriTadad informacias presidan iRebdnen...

- pirveli, riTic bolSevikebma sakmaod Zlieri xelisufleba, mefis ruseTi Scvales, iyo gazeTi "Искра" ("ali") maTi slogani iyo "alidan cecxli aenTeba" da asec gaakeTes. pirveli, rac xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg gaakeTes, am gazeTis daxurva da gazeT "pravdis" Seqmna iyo, romelic dRemde gamodis didi tiraJiT da es gazeTi ZiriTadad reklamirebas ukeTebs sabWoTa wyobas. gazeTSi saubari alternativaze an Jurnalistur gamoZiebaze ar aris. bunebivia, rom am 70 wlis ganavlobaSi saqarTveloc am yvelafris gavlenis qveS moeqca _ Cveni mediac sakmaod korumpirebulia, zustad iseve aris korumpirebuli, rogorc sabWoTa periodSi, ubralod dRes sxva hyavs damkveTi.

- sabWoTa periodSi, miuxedavad am cenzurisa, arsebobda "samizdatebi", TviTgamocemebi, rogor axerxebdne isini arsebobas? am alternatiul medias ilia WavWavaZem Cauyara safuZveli. media Zalian mZlavri iaraRia. iyo bevri qarTuli TviTgamocemac (magaliT-

ad, "cisferyanwelebi"), Tumca beriam yvela daxura, roca naxes, isini eris konsolidacias prioritetad ayenebdnen. Semdeg beriam daiWira yvela da misca miTiTebebi, rom girCevT sabWoTa moqalaqeebi, sabWoTa mwerlebi, sabWoTa publicistebi gaxdeTo.

- Tumca, iyo periodulad SemTxvevebi, rodesac raRac Temebze Tavisuflad iwereboda presaSi, an filmebs irebdnen. ra sakiTxebi iyo aseTi? - kinos Tema SedarebiT ufro rTulia. kinos gadaRebas bevri fuli sWirdeboda da is an "leskinos" (leningradis kino) iyo mibmuli an "moskinos" (moskovis kino). rac Seexeba stambas, stamba aris stategiuli obieqti, radgan SeuZlia prkolamacia, statia, yvelaferi dabeWdos.

Tumca, ucxoeTSi, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi disidenturi moZraobidan, mainc axerxebdnen dafinansebas, magram yvelaferi mainc totalurad kontroldeboda. rac Seexeba cenzuris formebs, arqivSi arsebobs pavle ingoroyvas unikaluri wigni. am wignSi, romelic dailuqa Tavis droze, pavle ingoroyva werda rogori soflis meurneoba unda yofiliyo Cveni tipis qveyanaSi. garda amisa, aRwerili hqonda yvela sazRvari, mosazRvre saxelmwifoebi, kilometrebSi da saqarTvelos yvela regionSi Seswavlili hqonda wyali, miwa, klimati da tenianoba. magaliTad, kivi ar aris iseTi aRmosavleT saqarTeloSi, rogoric dasavleT saqarTvloSi - yvelafers Tavisi klimati aqvs. mikvirda, wigni, romelic wesiT qveynis konstitucia unda yofiliyo, ratom Semoinaxes ase. arafriT ar awyobda sabWoTa kavSirs, rom saqarTelos hqonoda damoukidebeli ekonomika.

qeTi sarTania | sabWouri wiTeli kalami

moiTxovda. aseTi magaliTia konstantine afxazi, Zalian cnobili, legendaruli adamiani, romelmac Tavi dado am yvelafrisTvis. aseve iyo konstantine andronikaSvili, romelic 42 wlis asakSi daiWires Seficulebis wevrobis gamo. is 1924 wlis ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda. misi dakiTxvis oqmidan vigebT, rom Turme profesiiT Jurnalistia, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT. am adamianma gauZlo yvelafers, arc aravin CauSva, Tumca ase ver mosTxov yvelas Tavganwirvas. uamravi adamiani cxovrobda ase da iRebda am yvelafers, rogorc cxovrebis wess.

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am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier. masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.

civicus redaqtori | koreqtori: giorgi lolaSvili proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe

Jurnalze muSaobdnen: qeTi murusiZe qeTi qurcikiZe ramin maWaraSvili Tornike adamaSvili mariam CalabaSvili elene CitiSvili fiqria fiCxaZe qeTi sarTania

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civicus #3 | marti 2015 www.cela.ge