Civicus #8

ivnisi 2016

civicus

#8

02 | CIVICUS#8

sarCevi

03 redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

04 morCileba, rogorc erTaderTi gamosavali TamTa WrikiSvili

09 didi britaneხTis evrokavSiridan gasvlis safrTxe SoTa narsia

12 konservatiuli internacionalis safrTxe avtori: benjamin bideri Targmani: levan lorTqifaniZe

16 kulturuli memkvidreoba evropuli ganviTarebis nawili naTia julayiZe

20 "ganaTleba, rogorc mizani da Sedegi - fineTi""' Temo beJaniZe

24 evropuli sauniversiteto cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi Teona gelaSvili

26 154 Ramis sizmari da "“ „ Cemi wili"“ evropa TinaTin maRedani

30 La Grande Belleza xatia Cxvimiani

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redaqtoris sveti levan lorTqifaniZe

saqarTvelo evropuli Tanamegobrobis sruluflebiani nawili unda gaxdes.

Cveni qveynis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesobisaTvis es debuleba TavisTavad cxadia. adamianebs eWvic ki ar uCndebaT saxelmwifos politikuri orientaciis Sesaxeb. Sazogadoebis dasavluri integraciis mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis Taobaze gansakuTrebuli erTsulovneba axalgazrdebs Soris SeiniSneba. damoukidebel saqarTveloSi dabadebulma moqalaqeebma yvelaze ukeT viciT, ratom da risTvis unda davamwaroT Cvens irgvliv evropuli wesrigi.

Tanatolebze da maT poziciebze dakvirveba maiZulebs imas, rom mSvidad viyo da ar SemeSindes im kvlevebis, romlebic prorusuli gavlenebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb migvaniSveben. gavlenebi SeiZleba gaizardos, magram is kritikul zRvars verasdros gadacdeba. gavlenebi SeiZleba gaizardos, magram TaobaTa cvlis paralelurad evraziuli ganwyobebis margi qmedebis koeficienti aucileblad Semcirdeba.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli sivrcisadmi kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebiTac arsebobs SexedulebaTa mravalferovneba. viRacebs dasavluri ojaxis wevroba mxolod formisTvis sWirdebaT, maT surT, rom konkretuli saxeli erqvaT, isini Sinaarsze

aRar fiqroben. aseT pirebs is mizani aqvT, rom CamorCenili metropoliis nacvlad ganviTarebuli imperiis kolonia gaxdnen. sasixaruloa, rom Cven Soris sxvanairi adamianebic arseboben. isini formaze metad Sinaarsze fiqroben, maT evrokavSiris wevroba imitom ar surT, rom sxvam Cveni gasakeTebeli saqme gaakeTos. maTTvis dasavluri integracia upirobo prioritetia, sagareo politikuri orientiris Sesaxeb isini kiTxvebs ar svamen. maT sxva kiTxvebi awuxebT: rogor evrokavSirSi vapirebT gaerTianebas? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi ukeTesobisken Secvla? maSasadame, isini dasavluri struqturebisken reformistuli xedvebiT miemarTebian, rac koloniuri da periferiuli azrovnebisgan Tavisuflebaze metyvelebs. mxolod ase SeiZleba realurad ganviTardeT da sakuTari funqcia SevasruloT yvelaze progresuli Tanamegobrobis SemadgenlobaSi. SeiZleba asoc kilogramiani, mouqneli adamiani aTletizmis klubis Rirseuli wevri gaxdes? ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, oRond is ufro moqnili da aTleturi unda gaxdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wevroba formaluri iqneba. saqarTveloc asea, Cven gvikvirs ratom ar gviReben kars, imaze ki ar vfiqrobT, rom uamravi problema gvaqvs. movagvaroT Cveni problemebi da uproblemod migviReben. "sivikusis" axali nomris avtorebi swored problemebis aRmoCenasa da mogvarebas cdiloben, maT formaze metad Sinaarsi ainteresebT, isini Tavisufali arian koloniuri azrovnebisagan. darwmunebuli var, rom momavalSi saqarTvelos dasavluri integraciis saqmeSi swored es adamianebi Seasruleben gansakuTrebul rols. isini evropulsazogadoebaze msjeloben.

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morCileba, rogorc erTaderTi gamosavali TamTa WrikiSvili

"berZnul miTologiaSi kasandra moixsenieba, rogorc lamazi gogona, romelic apolons Seuyvarda da saCuqrad winaswarmetyvelebis unari mianiWa. kasandram saCuqari ki miiRo, magram RmerTs sasiyvarulo urTierTobaze uari uTxra. ganrisxebulma apolonma gogonas miaxala, rom mis naTqvams veravin verasodes gaigebda da daijerebda. kasandra axdenili pesimisturi winaswarmetyvelebebis avtoria". evropisaTvis ucxoa sekularizmi, islami aq ZiriTadi religiaa. ganaTleba yuranis principebzea dafuZnebuli, ojaxis instituti da patriarqati ki cxovrebis ganuyofeli 1

nawilia. poligamia araTu misaRebi, aramed samarTliani principia qalisa da mamakacis TanasworobisaTvis - es uelbekiseuli momavlis evropaa, uaxloesi momavlis civilizebuli sazogadoeba. mis mier modelirebul samyaroSi "evropam sakuTari suicidi ukve ganaxorciela". "kasandras sindromi" 21-e saukunis evropaSi cocxldeba, romelsac Tvalwin aqvs yvela mosalodneli safrTxe, magram mainc Cveuli wesiT ganagrZobs cxovrebas. avismomaswavlebeli Rrublebi didi xania Sekrebila kontinentis Tavze, Tumca maTi danaxva aravis surs an ubralod ar xedavs. realurad, evropuli momavali SesaZloa sxvadasxva scenariT ganviTardes, Tumca miSel uelbekisaTvis aucilebeli dasasruli Tavisuflebis moyvaruli civilizaciis islamisadmi morCilebaa. is, rac erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo, realobad iqceva, "evropel aborigenebs" STanTqavs islamuri kolonizacia. es procesi ki didi xnis dawyebulia. uelbeki gvacnobs evropas, romelic dResac arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli detalebi umravlesobisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. islamis momZlavreba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi igrZnoba, dawyebuli ganaTlebidan damTavrebuli samzareuloTi - iusmansis1 specialisti profesori yovel saRamos aziuri sakvebis TanxlebiT atarebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki erTia - miuxedavad imisa, rom radikaluri cvlileba winaswar sagrZnobia, muslimuri propaganda sazogadoebaSi nergavs azrs, rom "sagangaSo araferia

Joris-karl iusmansi (Sarl mari JorJ iusmansi, 1848-1907) – frangi mwerali da xelovnebis kritikosi, gonkuris akademiis pirveli prezidenti.

da, simarTle iTqvas, arc did siaxles unda velodoT". uelbekis romanis TiToeul abzacSi igrZnoba islamuri safrTxe, romlis SeumCnevlobac sxva araferia, Tu ara usityvo morCileba. marTalia momavlis evropa mwerlis mieraa gamogonili, Tumca aRwerili movlenebi dRevandeli realobis analogiuria, rodesac parizisa Tu briuselis teraqtebis Semdeg evropa TiTqos eCveva mudmivi safrTxis reJimSi cxovrebas. "ori wlis win, rodesac pirveli SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebebi daiwyo, mediasaSualebebma Sokismomgvreli reportaJebis seria moamzades, magram axla amis Sesaxeb sul ufro cotas laparakobdnen, es yvelaferi Cveulebriv ambad iqca". saprezidento arCevnebisaTvis Zalebs ikrebs "muslimuri Zmoba"

da misi kandidati muhamad ben abesi, romelic antisemitizmiT gamoirCeva. am procesebs araTu ewinaaRmdegebian, aramed mahmadianebis mxardamWerebi Tavad frangi politikosebi aRmoCndebian. Jurnal "Journal des dix-neuviemistes" trimestruli koqteil-wveulebis dros moxdeba parizSi pirveli afeTqeba, Tumca gamoxmaureba minimaluria. arCevnebis dRes saarCevno olqebs arbeven, iRupebian adamianebi, magram arc es movlenebia yuradsaRebi farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. yovelive xom didi politikis nawilia, politikis, romelic kuluaruli SeTanxmebebis saSualebiT wyvets sazogadoebis beds. saboloo Sedegi ki aseTia - safrangeTis mexuTe respublikis prezidenti xdeba muhamad ben abesi da es dasasruli ar aris. evropam Tavad moawera Tavissave ganaCens xeli.

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evropis islamizaciis procesi miSel uelbekTan sam nawilad aris warmodgenili. pirvel etapze procesi TiTqos SeumCnevelia, TiTqos araferia ucnauri imaSi, rom momravlda aziuri ubnebi, amomrCevelTa SesamCnevi raodenoba mxars "islamur saZmos" uWers. Semdeg modis uSualo moqmedebis etapi - islami Setevaze gadmodis. mahmadianoba warmodgeba, rogorc evropis Cixidan gamoyvanis saukeTeso gza, amitom momravldeba mosazrebebi, rom "islamTan SeTanxmebis dro dadga", "arCevnebis mTavari Tema ekonomika ki ara, Rirebulebebi iqneba". sabolood ki islamuri "WeSmariteba" cvlis evropuls. "ben abesis namdvili ambiciaa evropis pirveli arCeuli prezidenti gaxdes - gafarToebuli evropis, romelic xmelTaSuazRvispireTis auzis qveynebsac moicavs".

Tuki SesaZlebeli iyo momavlis Seucdomeli winaswarmetyveleba, es albaT uelbeks saukeTesod gamouvida. Tu mis modelirebul momavals mivyvebiT, axlandeli evropa islamizaciisaTvis mosamzadebel etaps gadis - mudmivi areulobebi, teraqtebi, aRmosavleTidan wamosuli migrantebis didi nakadi. axali ambebic gajerebulia evropasa da aRmosavleTs Soris arsebuli xiluli Tu uxilavi konfliqtebiT. "simZimis centri evropidan samxreTisaken inacvlebs". uelbeki warmoaCens, rogor SeiZleba aRiqvamdes islami evropul civilizacias, romelic ZiriTadadqQ ristianobasTan asocirdeba. "maTTvis kaTolikebi morwmuneebi arian, kaTolicizmi wminda wignis religiaa. saWiroa mxolod maTi darwmuneba, kidev erTi nabiji gadadgan da islami miiRon; swored es aris muslimis mier danaxuli realuri qristianoba". mkiTxvelis pirveli STabeWdileba SeiZleba aseTi iyos - uelbeki ufrTxis momZlavrebul aRmosavlur kulturasa da civilizacias, evropas

islamizaciis mosalodnel Sedegebze afrTxilebs. Tumca religiuri kolonizaciis adgilze SesaZloa nebismieri ram yofiliyo, rac evropas gamosavals apovninebda. dRevandeli dasavluri sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari amocanebi, uelbekisaTvis islamiT gadawyvetili, marTlac saWiroebs gamosavals. sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi udidesi krizisi maSin dgeba, rodesac Zireuli Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobas eqmneba safrTxe. uelbekis evropaSi araerTi faseuloba dgas kiTxvis niSnis qveS da es sulac ar aris dRevandel realobas mowyvetili. sanacvlod ki Cndeba islamuri fundamentalizmi, romelic erTi xelis mosmiT agvarebs situacias da amiT yvela kmayofilia. evropuli ojaxi kriziss ganicdis. qorwinebaTa umetesoba ganqorwinebiT sruldeba, nagvianevi qorwinebebis an araformaluri urTierTobebis gamo bavSvTa raodenoba mcirea, Tavad ojaxis SigniT kavSirebiT TiTqmis gawyvetilia. profesor tanes aTeuli welia mSoblebi ar unaxavs, dedis gardacvalebis gagonebisas mxolod is fiqri uCndeba, axla vin mouvlis dedamisis sayva rel ZaRls. am dros islami amyarebs ojaxis institutis srul pativiscemas, ganaTlebis sferodan ganidevnebian qalebi, riTad wydeba demografiuli problema. poligamiur ojaxebSi maT erTaderT funqciad Svilebis gaCena da qmris msaxurebaRa rCeba. "imigranti mosaxleobis masobrivi moZaleba, romelic jer kidev daRdasmulia bunebrivi ierarqiebiT, qalis morCilebiTa da moxucebulTa pativiscemiT gamsWvaluli tradiciuli kulturiT, istoriul Sanss warmoadgenda evropis moraluri da ojaxuri cxovrebis reanimaciisTvis da Zveli kontinentis axali oqros xanis perspeqtivas qmnida". krizisia ganaTlebis sferoSic. sorbonis universitetSi bevri

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leqtori politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo airCeva (irCeven propalestinel profesors), xSiria pedagogebsa da studentebs Soris intimuri urTierTobebi da rac mTavaria, universitets arc Tu ise didi finansebi aqvs. am problemasac islami agvarebs - yalibdeba parizi-sorbonis islamuri universiteti, sadac qalebi arc swavloben da arc aswavlian, finansebi ki did nakadebad modis aRmosavleTis navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan. asea Tu ise, islami cxovrebis yvela sferos wesrigs uzrunvelyofs. vE ropel adamiansac, romelsac qaosuri, eklekturi RirebulebebiT aRsavse cxovreba hqonda, moswons simSvide da winaswargansazRvruli momavali. es evropis Sansia, daiwyos axali cxovreba axali wesebiT. "daaxloebiT ise, rogorc ramdenime wlis win mamaCemis cxovrebaSi moxda, mec axali cxovrebis dawyebis Sansi momecemoda; cxovrebis, romelsac winandelTan bevri araferi eqneboda saerTo. da arc arafers vinanebdi". aseTi radikaluri cvlilebis mTavari mizezi ki uelbekisaTvis ara islami an nebismieri sxva religiaa, aramed Tavad evropis axlandeli mdgomareoba, romelic ori sityviT ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes - RirebulebaTa krizisi. amitom miSel uelbeki afrTxilebs civili-

zebul sazogadoebas, rom fundamentur faseulobebze izrunos. swored es Rirebulebebi unda kravdes erT saxelmwifod :evrokavSirs" da ara saerTo ekonomika an politikuri kursi. Tuki ar ganmtkicdeba ZiriTadi faseulobebi, maSin evropad SeiZleba nebismieri saxelmwifo iwodebodes, romelTanac molaparakeba Sedgeba, iqneba es egvipte Tu libia. nawarmoebSi kargad Cans is memarcxene, memarjvene da centristuli damokidebulebebi, rac dRevandel evropaSi TvalSisacemia. TiToeuli mxaris warmomadgeneli, realuradac, sakuTari ideologiuri mrwamsis mixedviT gansazRvravs TiToeul nabijs da am ideologiur WidilSi ukana planze iwevs Rirebulebebi, ZiriTadi adamianuri saWiroebebi da faseulobebi. amitomac, sazogadoeba islams aniWebs upiratesobas, radgan is metad uzrunvelyofs stabilurobas da gansazRvravs cxovrebis konkretul wess. islami Tavad iqceva politikad. "yvelaferi ki antiislamuri provokaciiT daiwyo: meCeTze Tavdasxma; qali, romelic muqariT aiZules niqabi moexada da raRac amgvari". evropuli RirebulebaTa krizisic SeiZleba imiT dasruldes, ris sawinaaRmdegodac is daiwyo. es ar aris mxolod islami, aramed nebismieri relgiia, ideologia, mrwamsi Tu politikuri sistema, romelsac dRevandeli evropis qveynebi akritikeben da winaaRmdegobas uweven. formula martivia, Tu ar ganmtkicda evropeli adamiani Tavis ZiriTad RirebulebaTa sistemaSi, misi erTaderTi gamosavali morCileba iqneba, morCilebas ki evropeli adamianisaTvis Rirebuli goni ver egueba. uelbekiseuli evropis momavali ki morCilebaa, radgan islamuri kolonizaciis Semdeg "adamianuri bednierebis mwvervali absulutur morCilebaSia".

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d D idi britaneTis evrokavSiridan gasvlis safrTxe SoTa narsia 1963 wlis 14 ianvars safrangeTis prezidentma, Sarl de golma, erTerT preskonferenciaze ganacxada, rom britaneTi ar aris WeSmariti evropa. 1 am gancxadebas win uswrebda britaneTsa da evropis ekonomikur gaerTianebas Soris arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba mTel rig mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, maT Soris TviT erTianievropisSesaxebac.didibritaneTi Tavidanve skeptikurad uyurebda erTiani evropis ideas, evropuli qveynebis erT organizaciaSi integracia utopiurad miaCnda. swored amitom britaneTi ar SeuerTdaSumanisgegmasdaarSevidaevropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebis damfuZnebeli6qveynis(germania,safrangeTi, italia,belgia,niderlandebi,luqsemburgi) rigebSi. evropuli gaerTianebebis ganviTareba britaneTis gareSe mimdinareobda, romelTa warmatebulma ekonomikurma Zvrebma TandaTanobiT didi britaneTic daainteresa, Tumca zedized orjer daibloka misi wevrobis ganacxadi Sarl de golis mier. 1969 wels de golis Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis SemdegkigaerTianebulisamefosevropul gaerTianebebSi gawevrianebis procesi daCqarda. 1973 wels didi britaneTi evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis sruluflebianiwevrigaxda.2wlisSemdegki britaneTmamolaparakebebisTavidandawyeba da gawevrianebis xelSekrulebis gadaxedva moiTxova. 1975 wels gaerTianebul samefoSi Catarda referendumi evropis ekonomikur gaerTianebaSi darCenis Sesaxeb. referendumSi monawileTa 67,23%Cloake, J.A. (1994). Britain in the Modern World.

Oxford University Press. 129 1

ma mxari dauWira gaerTianebaSi darCenas, 32,77% ki winaaRmdegi iyo. britaneTis gaerTianebaSi darCenis miuxedavad, gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegobebi amiT ar dasrulebula. margaret tetCerma wamoayena didi britaneTis mier gaerTianebis biujetSi Sesatani Tanxis odenobis Semcirebis moTxovna. ramdenime etapiani molaparakebebis Semdeg ki britaneTis moTxovna dakmayofilda, ramac gaerTianebaSi krizisis procesi Seamsubuqa. Semdgom periodSic didi britaneTigaerTianebisyvelaze“meamboxe” wevria. evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis safuZvelze evrokavSiris Camoyalibebis Semdegac didi britaneTis politika ar icvleba. gaerTianebul samefoSi evroskepticizmi kvlavac Zlieria. igi ar SeuerTdaSengenisadaevrozonebsac.dRes britaneTi evrokavSirSi gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs da gansxvavebuli wesebiTac moqmedebs.

2014welsxelisuflebaSikonservatorebis mosvlis Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlierda evrokavSiris mimarT winaaRmdegobebi, rac erovnuli suverenitetis mcvelTa simZlavres ukavSirdeba. paralelurad, gaRrmavada molaparakebebic. londonis eqs-merma, boris jonsonma, BBC-isTan interviuSi gancxada, rom didi britaneTi evrokavSirSi suverenuli ar iqneba...B2016 wlis 23 ivniss gaerTianebul samefoSi referendumi tardeba. britanelma xalxma TviTon unda gadawyvitos, surs Tu ara evrokavSirSi darCena. devid qemeronma evrokavSirisliderebTanmolaparakebebis Semdeg,mTavrobissxdomaze,mosaxleobas urCia, rom qveynis reformirebul evrokavSirSi darCenas dauWiron mxari.

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"mearmiyvarsbriuseli.memiyvarsbritaneTi. Tumca kiTxva SemdegSi mdgomareobs viqnebiT Cven ufro Zlieri da ukeTesi reformirebulevropasTanerToblivad muSaobisas Tu calke yofnis SemTxvevaSi? "ganacxada britaneTis premier-ministrma . ramdenadaa mosalodneli britaneTis evrokavSiridan gasvla, es mTavrobis mier referendumamde warmoebul politikaze, kampaniebsa da gaerTianebuli samefos moqalaqeTa ganwyobazea damokidebuli, manamde ki did britaneTSi evrokavSiris mimarTmosaxleobisukvearsebulganwyobebs gavecnoT. gaerTianebul samefoSi evrokavSiris institutebis mimarT mosaxleobis damokidebulebis gasaanalizeblad sainteresoa evrobarometris kvleva, romelicCatarda2015wlis16-dan27maisamde periodSi evrokavSiris wevr 28 qveyanaSi, 5 wevrobiskandidatsaxelmwifosa(makedonia, TurqeTi,montenegro,serbeTidaalbaneTi) da kviprosis Turqul nawilSi, romelsac ver akontrolebs kviprosis respublikis mTavroba. kvlevis mixedviT, did britaneTSi gamokiTxulTa mxolod 32% uyurebs evrokavSirs sruliad dadebiTad. am maCvenebliT britaneTi evrokavSiris wevr 28 qveyanas Soris mxolod 2 maTgans uswrebs, (avstria - 29%, kviprosi - 24%). gamokiTxulTa 37 procenti evrokavSiris mimarTneitralurdamokidebulebasiCens, xolo 28% sruliad uaryofiTad uyurebs evrokavSirs. bolo maCvenebliT ki didi britaneTi28qveyanasSorisme-4adgilzeada mxolod kvipross (42%), saberZneTsa (37%) da avstrias (36%) CamorCeba. kiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad eTanxmeba an ar eTanxmeba imazrs,rommaTixmaevrokavSirSi iTvleba, did britaneTSi gamokiTxulTa 63% pasuxobs, rom sruliad ar eTanxmeba, mxolod 31% eTanxmeba srulad aRniSnul mosazrebas (ix. diagrama #1). rac Seexeba evrokavSiris momavlis Sesaxeb damokidebulebas, did britaneTSi gamokiTxulTa43%evrokavSirsmomavalSi sruliad pesimisturad, 49% ki sruliad

optimisturadaRiqvams.miuxedavadimisa,rom gamokiTxulTaumravlesobaoptimisturad afasebs evrokavSiris momavals, sxva qveynebTanSedarebiT,britaneTipesimisturi damokidebulebiTmxolodevrokavSiris wevr4qveyanasCamorCeba,xolooptimisturi xedvismaCvenebliTmxolod2saxelmwifos (kviprossa da saberZneTs) uswrebs (ix. diagrama #2). evropiserTianiekonomikuridasavaluto kavSiris, evros, mxardaWeris maCvenebliT (20%) didi britaneTi evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris bolo adgilzea. am mxriv evrokavSiris saSualo maCvenebeli 57%-s Seadgens.racSeexebaevrosmowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvs, igi 72%-s Seadgens da am mxriv britaneTi mxolod erT qveyanas, CexeTs, CamorCeba da isic mxolod 1%-iT. kidev erTi maCvenebeli, riTac didi britaneTi, kvlevis mixedviT, mowinave rigebSia,evrokavSirismoqalaqeobisaRqmas ukavSirdeba. gamokiTxulTa 42% sruliad ar aRiqvams Tavs evrokavSiris moqalaqed. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gamokiTxulTa 56% Tavs sruliad aRiqvams evrokavSiris moqalaqed. Tumca es ricxvi gacilebiT dabaliasxvaqveynebTanSedarebiTdaammxriv britaneTi bolo xuTeulSia. rogorc kvlevidan Cans, did britaneTSi evrokavSiris mimarT mosaxleobis didi nawili skeptikuradaa ganwyobili, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, rTulia imis dasaxeleba, Tu ra SedegiT dasruldeba referendumi, radgan am etapze TiTqmis Tanabrad iyofa gaerTianebidan gasvlisa da darCenis momxreTa ricxvi. referendumis Sedegebi ki damokidebulia britaneli xalxis pragmatul gaTvlaze, Tu ra ufro momgebiania maTTvis, evrokavSirSi yofna Tugasvlaamorganizaciidan.rasafrTxeebi SeiZlebawarmoSvasgaerTianebulisamefos ekonomikisaTvis kavSiridan gasvlam an ramdenad Seuwyobs xels es qveynis erTianobas, an xom ar gaaZlierebs qveyanaSi regionul Zalebs - es britanelma xalxma unda gansazRvros.

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diagrama #1 wyaro: Standard u E robarometer 83

diagrama #2 wyaro: Standard u E robarometer 83

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Kkonservatiuli internacionalis safrTxe avtori: benjamin bideri Targmani: levan lorTqifaniZe germanuli moZraoba "pegida", franguli "nacionaluri fronti", ungreTis premieri orbani: ruseTi inarCunebs axlo kontaqtebs evropel memarjveneebTan. axali qselis SeqmnaSi umTavres rols TamaSobs erTi oligarqi, romelsac ruseTis imperiis, caristuli saxelmwifos aRdgena surs. evropel memarjvene eqstremistebs Soris ufrodaufro popularuli xdeba axali simbolo - rusuli droSa. rusuli droSa frialebs italiuri "CrdiloeTis ligis" mxardamWerebis Tavze, drezdenSi moZraoba "pegidas"demonstraciaze, mas gansxvavebuli formiT aseve iyeneben neonacistebi saqsoniur qalaq haidenauSic. ruseTma mWidro kavSirebi daamyara evropis memarjvene moZraobebTan. marin lepenis "nacionaluri frontis" yrilobaze moskovis warmomadgeneli sapatio stumari gaxldaT. frangi nacionalistebis kongress kremlis partiis "erTiani ruseTis" wamyvani figura da dumis vice-spikeri - andei isaievi eswreboda. igi auditorias daamaxsovrda mwvave SetevebiT, romelic politikosma evropis "amerikuli TaRliTuri okupaciis" winaaRmdeg miitana. is amtkicebs, rom fransua olandisa da angela merkelis msgavs politikosTa devizi gaxlavT: "rogorc uoSingtons moesurveba". mateo salvini, "CrdiloeTis ligis" lideri siamovnebiT iwonebs Tavs putinis maisuriT. is ukanaskneli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxgzis Cavida ruseTSi. kremlis partiaSi amboben,

rom salvinis vizitebis mizani politikuri konsultaciebis Catareba gaxldaT. putinis memarjvene partniorTa sia grZelia. siaSi iricxeba germanuli radikaluri konservatiuli partiis "alternativa germaniisaTvis" vice-Tavmjdomare aleqsandr gaulandic. dawvrilebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT Cveni fotogalerea statiis bolos.

ruseTi komunisturi internacionalis koncefciis msgavs axal struqturas aSenebs. sabWoTa dros kominternis saSulebiT moskovi sazRvargareTel komunistebTan kavSiris damyarebas cdilobda, raTa dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTa Sida politikaze gavlena moepovebina da saidumlo samsaxurebisaTvis damatebiTi resursebi moezida. warsulisgan gansxvavebiT kremlis axali fronti memarcxene mimarTulebis aRar aris, amjerad aqcenti eqstremistul memarjvene tendenciaze keTdeba. rusi blogerebi axal, kominternis msgavs gaerTianebas "SavrazmelTa internacionalad" moixsenieben. axali internacionalis struqtura dafuZnebulia aleqsandr duginis neoevraziuli eqspansionizmis ideebze, wers Cexuri BIS. moskovis universitetis profesori dugini ocnebobs sayovelTao msoflio "konservatorul revoluciaze". is ruseTis dumis Tavmjdomaris mrCevelia da xSirad gamodis federalur telearxebze. duginis wignebi geopolitikis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb genStabis oficerTa savaldebulo saswavlo literaturad aris aRiarebuli.

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> qselis SemadgenlobaSi elebic iricxebian

german

opozicioneri hakerebis mier aRmoCenili eleqtronuli werilebi adastureben imas, rom dugini Sesabamis partniorebs eZebs evropaSi. saubari midis elituri jgufebis formirebaze, romelTac informaciis gavrcelebaze eqnebaT gavlena. mravalTa Soris amgvar jgufTa wevrebad moixseniebian maTeus piskorsi, premieri orbani, partia "iobikis" mxardamWerebi da aseve germaneli manuel oqsenraiTeri. oqsenraiTeri memarjvene eqstremistuli "germanuli samxedro JurnalisTvis" wers da ukve ori welia kremlis propaganda aqtiurad citirebs mis frazebs. bulvaruli rusuli portali "laifniusi" mas mkiTxvels "germanel politologad" warudgens xolme. yirimis fsevdo-kenWisyris dros Russia Today-m igi germanel damkvirveblad gaacno sazogadoebas. duginis garda, rusebs meore mTavari figura hyavT am mimarTulebiT: konstantine malofeevi, radikali konservatori oligarqi. erT-erT eleqtronul mimoweraSi vebgverdis “Russia Insider"-is damfuZnebeli finansuri daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTavs mas. inglisurenovani portali dasavleTSi putinis fanebs Soris sakmaod popularulia da amtkicebs, rom mxolod momxmarebelTa SemowirulobebiT cxovrobs.

>"es e.w. liberalizmi" 39 wlis konstantin malofeevi moskovuri sainvesticio fondis, "marSal-kapitalis" xelmZRvanelia. is sakuTar Tavs "orTodoqs monarqists" uwodebs. interviuebSi igi moiTxovs, rom ruseTi "ruseTis imperiis samarTalmemkvidred" gamocxaddes da daiwyos carizmis aRdgena. oligarqma garkveuli roli Seasrula yirimis aneqsiis drosac. operaciis dawyebidan ramdenime kviraSi igi sevastopolSi

Cavida. misi TqmiT, man Suamavlis roli Seasrula kremlsa da yirimis kremlis erTgul premier sergei aqsionovs Soris. malofeevis PR-TanamSromelma amasobaSi doneckis saxalxo respublikis mTavrobis xelmZRvanelobac moaswro.

Marshall Capital konstantin malofeevi - rusi konservatori, romelic caristuli reJimis aRdgenaze ocnebobs. mxardaWerili putinis mTavrobis mier. saqmianobs komunikaciebis biznesSi. epatia 225 milionis vali viTibi-bankis mimarT. mas konservatorTa darazmvisTvis iyeneben.

2015 wels malofeevma ruseTSi axali televizia "Cargrad TV" daafuZna da dasaxmareblad amerikel jek heniks uxmo. heniki warsulSi Fox News-ze muSaobda. evrokavSiris mimarT sakuTar miznebs rusi oligarqi ar malavs. misi azriT, moskovis mizania evropa "e.w liberalizmis, tolerantobisa da Tavisuflebis" totalitarizmisgan gaaTavisuflos. rusebis saqmian partniorad ganixileba belgieli investori pier luvrieri, romelic "Tanamedroveobis gmirs" uwodebs rus militarist igor girkins (masTan erTad gadaRebuli fotos komentirebisas). malofievs kargad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi avstriaSic. 2014 wels is duginTan erTad miwveuli iyo sapatio Sekrebaze lixtenStainis sasaxleSi. saRamos specialuri stumari ki lepenis Semdeg evropel memarjvene-populistTa mTavari varskvlavi hans-qristian Straxe gaxldaT.

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>putinis memarjvene megobrebi: gabor vona - ungreTis memarjvene radikaluri partia "iobikis" lideri. is ruseTs "WeSmariti evropuli Rirebulebebis mcvelad" da "gamyidveli evrokavSiris" sapirwone Zalad miiCnevs.

2013 wels aleqsandr duginis mowveviT man sityviT mimarTa lomonosovis universitetis studentebs. viqtor orbani - misi partia "fidesic" inarCunebs myar kavSirebs moskovTan da duginTan. orbans ruseTi araliberaluri saxelmwifos, araliberaluri demokratiis mSeneblobis simbolod miaCnia.

iohan bekmani - fineli samoqalaqo aqtivisti, SeTqmulebis Teoretikosi, romelic amtkicebs, rom depresiaSi myofma ana politkovskaiam Tavisi sikvdili Tavad gaiTamaSa da putins misi oponentis winaaRmdeg araferi moumoqmedebia. bekmani yirimis damoukideblobis referendumsac akvirdeboda da is saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis mixedviT absoluturad legitimurad gamoacxada.

maTeuS miskorski - polonuri neonacisturi, populisturi partiis "smianas" lideri, yirimis referendumis damkvirvebeli, rusuli vebgverdis "TeTri samyaros" avtori.

marin lepeni ruseTs "patriotuli ekonomikis nimuSs" uwodebs da mxars uWers ruseTis politikas ukrainis mimarT. ruseTs misi partia ganixilavs "anglosaqsuri matricis" winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavar placdarmad. lepenis partias oficialurad aqvs miRebuli dafinanseba rusuli bankebisagan.

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partia "ataka", bulgareTi - misi lideri volen sidorievi gamoirCeva antisemituri poziciebiT. igi dRevandel ukrainaSi xedavs "radikali ebraelebis xrovas, romelsac amerikeli kapitalisti ebraelebi afinanseben". 2012 wels igi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda dimitri medvedevis nacvlad putinis prezidentad xelaxal arCevas "rogorc iqna ruseTs isev is mmarTveli hyavs, romelic sWirdeba". sidorievi dajildovebulia rusul-bulgaruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis.

udo fogti da germaniis nacionalur-demokratiuli partia - putins didi xania gavlena aqvs germanel memarjvene eqstremistebsa da neonacistebze. "putinis ruseTi aris SeuSinebeli axali Zalebis mier, damoukidebeli da Tavisufali", ase aqebs saqsonia-anhalteli eqstremisti putins. gasul wels fogti monawileobda ruseTis konservatiul forumSi. evroparlamentaris gamosvliT da misi saarCevno lozungiT (gazs mivceT) aRfrTovanebulma, "ieZinarosma" deputatebma is antifaSistadac ki moixsenies.

aleqsander gaulandi - "alternativa germaniisaTvis" vice-Tavmjdomare (partia warmatebas miaRwia bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebul germaniis yvela regionalur arCevnebSi), bolos igi dekemberSi gaxldaT ruseTis saelCoSi stumrad misuli politikur audienciaze. igi eswreboda malofeevis fondis mier organizebul RonisZiebebs sankt-peterburgSi.

mateo salvini - "CrdiloeTis ligis" lideri da ruseTis sanqciebis dawesebis mTavari mowinaaRmdege. salvini ruseTs evropis bunebriv partniors uwodebs, putinis partias ki moZme organizaciad ganixilavs. is siamovnebiT iRebs fotoebs rusuli droSis fonze yirimSi da putinis maisuriT wiTel moedanze. 2014 wels salvini putinma piradadac miiRo.

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kulturuli memkvidreoba evropuli ganviTarebis nawili naTia julayiZe

yvela vTanxmdebiT imaze, rom nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis kulturuli memkvidreobaudidesisimdidrea,racufro mravalferovanidamravalricxovaniiqneba, miT ukeTesi... magram vin unda daicvas igi? ra formiT? vis ekisreba pasuxismgebloba? - am kiTxvebze pasuxebi xandaxan, gansakuTrebiT CvenTan, saqarTveloSi, bundovania... maSin roca istoriuli mniSvnelobis Zeglebi aTwleulebisa Tu saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qveynis Rirsebas icaven, mniSvnelovania maTi dacvis pasuxismgeblobac aiRos vinmem, raTa drom da siZvelem veraferi daaklos. rogorc wesi, es valdebuleba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, erTnairad ekisrebaT saxelmwifo struqturebs (zogierTi qveynis SemTxvevaSi es kulturis saministroa), sajaro moxeleebsa Tu rigiT moqalaqeebs. kulturuli memkvidreobis aRdgena-restavraciasakmaoddidTanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc xSirad am xarjebs kerZobiznesiswarmomadgenlebianmecenatebi iReben sakuTar Tavze. magram gacilebiT rTuladaa saqme, roca saWiroa kulturuli memkvidreoba daicva ara mxolod siZvelisgan, aramed Tavad saxelmwifosa da mis mier nebadarTul biznes seqtorisgan, romelic Tavisi biznes gegmis Sesrulebas istoriuli Zeglebis dazianebis an sulac ganadgurebis sanacvlod apirebs...

evropuli RirsSesaniSnaobis xsenebisas, albaT, maSinve Tvalwin warmogvidgeba bukingemis sasaxle, vestminsteris saabato, luvri, romis kolizeumi da a.S. Tumca, aq azradac aravis mouva magaliTad trafalgaris skverze, RirsSesaniSnaobebis gverdiT arqiteqturuli eqsperimentebi Caataros,saSualebamiscesaxalarqiteqtorebs ambiciebi daikmayofilos da Tanamedrove stilis konstruqciebi ise miuSenos gverdiT kulturul memkvidreobas, TiTqos Zvelis dakninebasa da daCagvras cdilobso. vinmem SeiZleba gaifiqros kidec, magram amis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mas minimum sakanonmdeblo baza an qalaqis ganviTarebis gegma ar miscems, romelic mkacrad sazRvravs sad da ra formiT SeiZleba urbanuli sivrcis arqiteqturuli ganviTareba - im logikiT, rom qalaqi cocxali organoa, nebismieri cvlilebis Sesaxeb ki mas unda davekiTxoT. ase iqcevian germaniaSi - qalaqs ekiTxebian-quCebismokirwyvlasadabilikebis dagebas xalxisgan gaTelil zolSi iwyeben, es yofila yvelaze mosaxerxebeli savali gza da imitom... gansxvavebiT sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebisgan, saqarTveloSi memkvidreobaze "miSenebis"/"daSenebis" survili xSirad uCndebaT da metic, ideis ganxorcielebas samarTlebrivi normebi araTuaferxebs,aramedfarToduxsnisgzas.

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amasTan erTad erT argumentsac movismenT - qalaqs gaviTareba da axali sicocxle Wirdebao. ra sakvirvelia, qalaqisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania, rogorc istoriuli Rirebulebebebis dacva, ise axlis Seneba, magram aucilebelia zustad ganisazRvros sad da ra formiT vaSenoT. evropul qalaqebSi aravin ambobs uars arqiteqturis axal stilze, viTardeba kidec qalaqebi, magram axali mSeneblobebi ara istoriul centrebSi, aramed gareubnebSi an saerTod auTvisebel teritoriebze iwyeba, ris Sedegedac qalaqi farTovdeba irgvliv. magaliTad londonSi SuSis nagebobebi, biznes centrebi e.w. "niu siTebSi" gadaaqvT, Sedegad ra dorsac ar unda gadavwyvitoT britaneTis dedaqalaqSi mogzauroba axla Tu ramdenime aTwleulebis Semdeg, qalaqis istoriuli nawili mainc iseTive movlili da "xelSeuxebeli" dagvxvdeba, rogoric axlaa. magram britaneTis dedaqalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, sakmarisia Cveni dedaqalaqidan ramdenime TviT gaxvide, axalCamosuls SenTvis aqamde nacnob adgilebSi ucnobi konstruqciebi(xSiradarcTuiseesTetiuri), usaTuod dagxvdeba... dResdReobiT, am problemis saTave ki qalaqis ganviTarebis gegmis ar arsebobaa. sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi Tbilisma sami ganviTarebis gegma gamoicvala. pirveli 1936 wels berias mier iyo inicirebuli, romelicmiznadisaxavdaTbilisiscentris Tavisuflebis moednidan, gmirTa moedanze gadmotanas, ris Sedegedac miviRebdiT vake-saburTalos saxiT soacialistur Tbiliss. meore gen.gegmis monapovaria Tbilisis metropoliteni, rasac miwisqveSa Tbilisis Zireuli cvlilebebi moyva - Sida wylebi, romelic manamde mtkvars uerTdeboda, Caiketa da Sesabamisad wyalic erT sivrceSi dagrovda, xSirad amas asaxelebenurbanistebisololakSiarsebul

kulturul memkvidreobaze gaCenili bzarebis mizezadac. mesame generaluri gegma ki, romelic 1971 wels miviReT, Tbilisis "mrgval qalaqad" gadagcevas isaxavda miznad, romlis centradac ukve Tbilisis zRvis mimdebare teritoria moiazreboda. marTalia TiToeuli maTganis sikargeze SeiZleba vidaoT, magram faqtia, rom qalaqis ganviTarebis erTiani strategiuli xedva TviTneburi mSeneblobebis SesaZleblobas imTaviTve klavda... gorbaCovis "persetroikasTan" erTad kapitalizmic nel-nela Semoipara, kerZo sakuTrebac momravlda, qalaqis, rogorc saerTo sakuTrebis gancda ki arc manamde arsebobda. damoukidebel saqarTveloSi, ukve tendenciad iqca xelisuflebis xelgaSliloba "martivi biznesisadmi", martivi biznesi Zvelis (kulturuli memkvidreobis)ngrevas,mis ncvladkorpusis mSeneblobas da binebis imaze Zvirad gayidvas gulisxmobs, vidre mSenebloba dajda. kidev erTi tendencia RirsSesaniSnaobebis avTenturobisdakargvaa-restavraciasakmaod rTuli da ZviradRirebuli proceduraa, amitomac kulturuli Zeglis dangreva da mis nacvlad iaffasiani masaliT msgavsis aSeneba, TbilisisTvis gamocdil praqtikad iqca. oficialuri monacemebiT dedaqalaqSi 1770-mde Senobas aqvs kulturuli Zeglis statusi,Tumca"hamqris"monitoringisSedegad dadginda, rom maTi didi nawili yalbia da zemodxsenebuli tendenciis Sedegad avTenturoba dakarguli aqvs.

Tbilisze mzrunveli sazogadoeba "tfilisis hamaqri" oficialurad 2006 wels daarsda da istoriuli monacemebis aRdgenasTan erTad, dedaqalaqis kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva daisaxa miznad. Tavi kulturuli memkvidreobis damcvelad gamoacxado da es sisruleSic moiyvano saqarTveloSi

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sakmaod rTulia, radgan erTdroulad kompleqsur problemebTan giwevs SeWideba. "hamqris" angariSze bevri kritikuli Tu sarekomendacio werili, bevri saprotesato aqcia modis - "imelis" SenobiT dawyebuli, dRevandeli panoramiT damTavrebuli... magram imisTvis, rom davinaxoT Tu ramdenad xangrZlivi procesia magsvsi tipis problemebTanSeWidebagudiaSvilismoednis magaliTis ganxilvac kmara. gudiaSvilis skveri dResdReobiT erTaderTiistoriulimoedania,romelic dedaqalaqs SemorCa. gvian Sua saukuneebSi moedans "bejanas baRi" erqva. 1828 wlamde xalxi mas moRnisis (moRnis, igive moRninis) saxels uwodebda moednis axlos mdgari RvTismSoblissomxurieklesiispativsacemad.

XIX saukuneSi es teritoria ruseTis imperiis kavkasiurisamflobeloebisadministraciul centrswarmoadgenda.aqiyomefisnacvlisada jaris sardlobis adgilsamyofeli. 1827 w. abas-abadis moedani ewoda general paskeviCis mier iranis amave saxelwodebis cixesimagris aRebis aRsaniSnavad. gamorCeulia moednisa dalermontovisquCiskuTxeSimdgomisaxli, e.w. gazeT "literaturuli saqarTvelos" redaqcia. swored am SenobaSi iyo ganTavsebuli rusuli armiis Stabi, hauptvaxti da oficerTa sastumro, sadac 1838 wels Rame gauTeviapoetmixeillermontovs.sworedam faqtisgamomieniWamoednidansololakisken aRma mimaval quCas lermontovis saxeli.

1923 wels moedans bolSeviki stefane alaverdovis (alaverdianis) saxeli uwodes. ladogudiaSvilissaxelimoedans1988wels mieniWa. dResdReobiT moednis garSemo 11

Senobadgas,romelTaganaccxrasistoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs. wina xelisuflebam teritoria kerZo investors miyida, romelmac aq arsebuli nagebobebis dangreva da mis nacvlad axlis ageba daisaxa miznad. swored aman gamoiwvia saprotesto muxti lozungiT - "gaamagre gudiaSvili", romelic ukve me-8 welia aqtualobas ar kargavs. saprotesto talRis dawyebis umTavresi mizezi is "saidumlo" xelSekruleba iyo, romelic Tbilisis ganviTarebis fondsa dainvestorsSorisdaido.xelSekrulebiT Zalzed bundovani rCeboda ras apirebda investori - istoriuli moednis ngrevas Tu mis restavracias. am bundovanebas meriis areTgvarovani damokidebulebac emateboda, romlis mixedviTac sarestavracio samuSaoebi xan damtkicebuli iyo, xan ara. aseTi bundovaneba ki, rogorc wesi avis momaswavlebelia. maSin roca xelisfulebasTan investorTan dialogis reJimma ar gaWra, "hamqarma" da gudiaSvilis moednis gulSematkivrebma xelSi sastvenebi, sayvirebi moimarjves da permanentuli aqciebi daiwyes. 2008 wlidan moyolebuli xSirad movismendiT saprotesto muxtiT gaJRenTil SeZaxilebs am skveridan. 2012 wels moedanze ngreviTi samuSaoebi daiwyo. im imediT, rom saarCevno wels mainc ufro martivad miaRwevda gzavnilebi adresatamde da adresaticgulisyuriTmousmendamas,aqciebis masStabi gaizarda, mosaxleobac ufro metad dainteresda istoriuli moednis bediT. Tbilisis ganviTarebis fondis danapirebma, rom investors mxolod restavraciis SesaZleblobaeqnebodamRelvarebaCaacxro. magramarcsaarCevnowelmagaamarTladaarc danapirebiSeesabamebodasimarTles-moedani ganwiruli iyo istoriuli mniSvnelobis dakargvisTvis, rasac "gudiaSvilobebis" kidev erTi talRa moyva - amjerad 2014 wels.

2014 wels sazogadoebam protestis

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tradiciul saxeze (yvirilze, stvenaze, SeZaxilebze...) uari Tqva da miuxedavad susxiani dReebisa TiTqmis mTeli erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSigudiaSvilismoedanierT-erT yvelaze mimzidvel da sasiamovno adgilad aqcia. es iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis udidesi gamovlineba, roca amdeni ucnobi adamiani saerTo miznisTvis- istoriuli moednis gadasarCenad gaerTianda. musikaluri jgufebi, individualuri Semsruleblebi sruliad usasyidlod ukravdnen, mRerodnen da ase gamoxatavdnen TavianTwilprotests. xelovanebmaTavianTi naxatebi, naqargebi, xelnakeTebi Taroebidn CamoiRes da gamofena-gayidvaze gamoitanes. aravin dainana Tavisi Semoqmedebis maqsimumi gamoevlina - aq SegeZloT SegeZinaT kocna 1 larad, gecekvaT gogonasTan simbolur fasad an metic geyidaT bedniereba.

Semosuli Tanxa aqciis momdevno dRis dasagegmad ixarjeboda. Zalian pozitiuri slogani "gudiaSvilis baRSi dagelodebi" yoveldRiurad iq yofnis survils giCenda. ganwyoba gadamdebi aRmoCnda Tu dRes marto modiodi gudiaSvilis gasamagreblad, xval megobrebic mogyavda, Sedegad ufro metma adamianma gaigo saerTod sad iyo gudiaSvilis moedani da skversac dRes gacilebiT meti stumari yavs, vidre aqamde yolia. xangrZlivma da xalxmravalma "aratradiciulma" aqciebma,

moaxloebulma meris arCevnebma Tu orivem erTadSedegigamoiRo.merobisTiToeulma kandidatma xeli moawera memorandums, romlis mixedviTac gudiaSvilis moednis reabilitacia unda ganxorcielebuliyo sarestavracio meTodologiis sruli dacviT. meri avirCieT da memorandumis pirobebis Sesrulebis droc dadga, marTalia cota dagvianebiT, magram saboloo jamSi Tbilisis meris, fondis warmomadgenlebis, tfilisis hamqris da kulturuli memkvidreobis eqspertebis SeTanxmebiT gadawyda gudiaSvilis moednisa da mimdebare teritoriis konservaciis gegmaze konkursis gamocxadeba. konkursis gamocxadebas safuZvlad daedo 3 sxvadasxva eqspertis kvleva, sadac dasabuTebuli iyo, Tu ratom ar Seesabameboda realobas

da sarestavracio meTodologias is proeqtebi, romelic fondis dakveTiT Sesrulda. Ria konkursis Sedegad gaimarjva ICOMOS-is erovnulma jgufma konservaciis gegmaze muSaoba ukve dasrulebulia. konservaciis gegma warmoadgens CarCodokuments, romlis farglebSic unda imoqmedos, rogorc ganviTarebis fondma, aseve - investorma. imedia, konservaciis gegma srulyofiladSesruldeba-arwarmoSobs damateboT kiTxvebsa Tu eWvebs,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom sazogadoeba mzadaa Tundac xangrZlivi mobilizaciisTvis, ukve TavianTi sayvareli skverisa da istoriuli moednis dasacavad...

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"ganaTleba, rogorc mizani da Sedegi - fineTi""' Temo beJaniZe

akademiuri miRwevebiT fineTi gaxda erT-erTi lideri saxelmwifo bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. finuri ganaTlebis mTavari sayrdeni aris saskolo sistema, romelic Tanabrad orientirebulia nebismier moswavleze, miuxedavad maTi gansxvavebuli socialurekonomikuri mdgomareobisa, unarebisa, regionuli adgilmdebareobisa, religiuri mrwamsisa Tu erovnebisa. am gansxvavebebis miuxedavad saskolo ganaTleba aZlevs moswavleebs saSualebas, rom Tanabrad miaRwion ganviTarebis maRal dones. finuri ganaTlebis sistemis, rogorc sxvebTan SedarebiT yvelaze warmatebulis, miRwevebze saubaria filmSi ,,The Finland Phenomenon: Inside the Word’s Most Surprising School System�.

filmSi saubaria finuri ganaTlebis sistemis mTavar miRwevebze. sistemaze, romelic pedagogobas Rirseul profesiad miiCnevs, moswavles SesaZleblobebis Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs da sistemaze, romelic srulad gamoricxavs testirebebis akviatebul politikas, romelic dRes farTod aris gavrcelebuli amerikul ganaTlebis sistemaSi. PISA saerTaSoriso kvlevaa, romelic miznad isaxavs Seafasos 15 wlis mozardebis mier skolaSi SeZenili codna da unarebi. 2001 wels ISA-s Sedegebma erTgvarad ,,mcire Soki" miaRebina msoflios, kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, rom fineTi 2001 wels gaxda yvelaze mowinave saxelmwifo ganaTlebis kuTxiT da aCvena msoflios, rom miznobrivma da myarma reformebma fineTs misca saSualeba, rom TandaTanobiT

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mieRwia SedegebisTvis da gamxdariyo wamyvani saxelmwifo moswavleTa ganaTlebis kuTxiT. amis Semdeg ki fineTi maleve moeqca msoflios yuradRebis centrSi, ris gamoc finuri skolebi gaxda erTgvarad turistuli daniSnulebis. asobiT saganmanaTleblo sivrcis specialistebi yovelwliurad miemgzavrebian helsinkSi, raTa gaigon am sistemis warmatebis saidumlo. rogor daiwyo yvelaferi?

1970-ian wlebSi fineTs naklebadganviTarebuli ganaTlebis sistema hqonda, fineTi agraruli ekonomikis saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelic mxolod satyeo meurneobaze idga. amitom, maT kargad icodnen, rom unda gaeumjobesebinaT ganaTlebis sistema da mTeli resursebi am sistemisTvis daeTmoT. finuri ganaTlebis sistemis transformirebis sawyisi etapi 1970-ian wlebSi iwyeba. reformebis pirveli talRa pedagogebs Seexo, mTavari mizani gaxda pedagogTa profesiuli codnis amaRleba da ganviTareba. pedagogs sul mcire magistris xarisxi unda hqonoda, rom survili gamoeTqva gamxdariyvnen profesiiT ,,pedagogi". gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is faqti, rom fineTma Zalian mokle droSi SeZlo da maswavlebloba gaxda yvelaze Rirseuli da dafasebuli profesia sazogadoebis mier, rac yvelaze mTavaria pedagogoba ar iyo maRalanazRaurebadi profesia. maswavleblobis msurveli aTi adamianidan mxolod erTi Tu miaRwevda saklaso oTaxamde. aman ki Sedegad is moitana, rom PISA-s saerTaSoriso SefasebiT fineTma ufro maRali Sefaseba miiRo,

vidre sxva dasavlurma qveynebma, aRmosavleTSi ki Zalian cota qveyanaa, romlebic igive Sedegebs aRweven TavianT ganaTlebis sistemebSi. cxovreba gamocdebis gareSe albaT bevri bavSvis ocnebaa, rom ar arsebobdes gamocdebi. fineTi swored am qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba. fineTSi ar arsebobs standartizebuli testireba, fineTis ganaTlebis mTavari devizia ,,ende profesionalizmis saSualebiT" swored amitom isini endobian sakuTar maswavleblebs, fineTSi moswavleTa saSualo qulebiT ar arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Zlier da sust skolebs Soris, es im pirobebSi, roca qveyanaSi araviTari testireba ar arsebobs. finelebi

marTlac miiCneven maswavleblebs mecnierebad, saklaso oTaxebs ki laboratoriebad.

warmatebis safexurebi finur ganaTlebis sistemaSi finuri ganaTlebis sistema gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs specialuri saWiroebebis mqone bavSvebs. maTTvis arsebobs ,,specialuri maswavlebeli", romelic hyavs yvela skolas. isini arian specialuri programiT datreningebuli maswavleblebi, romlebsac mWidro TanamSromloba aqvT klasis damrigeblebTan, raTa moaxdinon aseTi studentebis identificireba da maTi daxmareba.

ZiriTadi devizia ,,resursebis mimarTva ufro metad maTken, visac isini yvelaze metad sWirdeba". miuxedavad imisa, rom fineTSi mxolod 6%-s esaWiroeba specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroeba,

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maTi 90% aris inkluzirebuli Cveulebriv skolebSi, mxolod 10% swavlobs specialur skolebSi. ganaTlebis specialistebs sjeraT, rom Tu adreul asakSive moxdeba specialuri saWiroebebis mqone bavSvebis integracia sxva bavSvebTan bevri maTgani SeZlebs, rom martivad adaptirdnen garemosTan da hqondeT ufro meti socialuri urTierTobebi. finuri skolebi sakmaod pataraa, TiToeul maTganSi maqsimum 300 moswavle swavlobs. klasSi 20-ze meti moswavle ar iricxeba. skolis Senobebi kargad aris aRWurvili. saganmanaTleblo da pirovnuli TvalsazrisiT moswavleebze zrunva mTavar princips warmoadgens. moswavleebi uzrunvelyofilni arian yoveldRiuri kvebiT, samedicino momsaxurebiT, transportirebiTa da saswavlo masalebiT, romlebic maTTvis sruliad ufasoa. finuri skolis saklaso oTaxSi iSviaTad vnaxavT moswavleTa winaSe mdgar maswavlebels, romelic 50 wuTis ganmavlobaSi aswavlis. nacvlad amisa, moswavleebi maswavlebelTan erTad gegmaven Sesabamis saganSi Sesasrulebel samuSaos, romelsac Semdeg damoukideblad arTmeven Tavs. tipur saklaso oTaxSi moswavleebi patar-patara jgufebad muSaoben, agroveben informacias, SekiTxvebs usvamen maswavlebels da saxaven gegmebs. pedagogebi qmnian

araerT aqtivobas, romlebic xels uwyoben moswavleebis maqsimalur CarTvas sagakveTilo procesSi. skola saSualebas aZlevs moswavles ganiviTaros metakognituri Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sakuTari saswavlo procesis ufro produqtiulad warmarTvaSi exmareba. rac Seexeba umaRles ganaTlebas fineTSi ori tipis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebi arsebobs: tradiciuli universitetbi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebebis universitetebi. universitetSi miReba xdeba saSualo skolis GPA-s mixedviT. SerCevis procesi aris absoluturad gamWvirvale, obieqturi. SerCevaSi araviTari adamianuri resursi ar monawileobs, aqedan gamomdinare SerCevis procesi Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis SerCevis procesisgan. universitetebSi mTavari aqcenti keTdeba mecnieruli kvlevebis Catarebaze. bakalavriatis mTeli kursi ZiriTadad moicavs kvlevas da nebismieri mecnieruli Teoria Seiswavleba swored kvlevebis saSualebiT.

fineTis ganaTlebis sistemis safuZvlianad Seswavlas am sistemasTan uSualod Sexeba sWirdeba. finuri ganaTlebis sistema, rom erTgvari idealia evropaSi amaze dRes ukve aRaravin daobs. da mainc ra aris is mTavari miRwevebi, rac gvaTqmevinebs, rom fineTs marTlac

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unikaluri ganaTlebis sistema aqvs. ganaTlebis specialistebi 12 mTavar miRwevaze saubroben: > fineli moswavleebi umaRles qulebs iReben saerTaSoriso kvlevebSi. > fineTSi gazrdilma emigrntma moswavleebma, romlebmac monawileoba miiRes saerTaSiroso kvlevebSi (PISA) aCvenes igive Sefaseba, rac erovnebiT finelma moswavleebma. > skolaSi moswavleebs ar aZleven bevr saSinao davalebas. > maswavleblebi pasuxismgebelni arian moswavleebTan. > swavla-swavlebis procesi fokusirebulia SemoqmedebiTi unarebis gamomuSavebaze. > fineTSi yvela skola sajaroa. > ar arsebobs standartizebuli testebi (gansxvavebiT amerikisgan). > maswavlebloba bevr treningsa da ganaTlebas gulisxmobs. (araformaluri, progresuli ganaTleba). > maswavleblebs sazogadoeba did pativs scems, rogorc profesionalebs. > fineTis saganmanaTleblo

sistemaSi yvelaferi TanamSromlobazea dafuZnebuli da ara konkurenciaze. > fineTi cdilobs Seqmnas codnaze damyarebuli ekonomika. > fineTis warmatebis ZiriTadi elementi- ndobaa. rekomendaciisTvis ki SemogTavazebT, rom naxoT filmi ,,The Finland Phenomenon: Inside the Word’s Most Surprising School System”.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. OECD. Finland - Slow and Steady Reform for Consistently High Results. PISA. P 118-121; 126-128 2. Peter Grey. Children teach themselves to read – Finland. https://www.psychologytoday. com/blog/freedom-learn/201002/childrenteach-themselves-read

evropuli sauniversiteto cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi Teona gelaSvili

qarTveli studentebisaTvis evropa erTgvar aRTqmul miwas warmoadgens. TiToeuli studenti ocnebobs, erTxel mainc dadgas fexi am kontinentze da eziaros evropul sauniveristeto cxovrebas. mTavari kiTxvac swored esaa, Tu ratom izidavs Cvens studentebs evropuli swavleba da ras sTavazoben isini maT iseTs, rasac Cven ver vuzrunvelvyofT. studentobas, yovelTvis saukeTeso wlebad moixseneben. albaT, imitom, rom am periodSi pirvelad gamodixar farTo sazogadoebriv asparezze da euflebi profesias, romelic erTguli TanamgzavriviT dagyveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. es gaxlavT

Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobisa da individualizmis Ziebis wlebi. am CamoTvlili Tvisebebis SeZenaSi ki universiteti mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, igi socializaciisa da akademiuri saqmianobis farTo asparezs gTavazobs. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi universitets ar aZlevs saSualebas, studentebis winaSe Seasrulos dakisrebuli misia. amitomac, qarTveli studentebisaTvis prioritetuli evropuli ganaTlebis sistema da sauniversiteto cxovreba xdeba.

E e vropuli sauniversiteto cxovrebis mTavar Rirsebad, stu-

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dentis individualizmis mxedvelobaSi miReba da masSi analitikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba miiCneva. evropuli universitetebi cdiloben, TiToeul students srulyofili akademiuri sivrce Seuqmnan. rac, maTi Sesabamisi literaturiT uzrunvelyofas, konferenciebis, treiningebis, kvlevebis, proeqtebisa da staJirebis SeTavazebas gulisxmobs. qarTveli studentebi, ZiriTadad, yvelaze did mniSvnelobas analitikuri da kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis Sesaferis xelSemwyob garemos aniWeben, rac universitetis ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens. saleqcio procesSi upiratesoba eniWeba studentis xedvas, mosazrebasa da Sefasebas. swored am bazisze dgas Sefasebis moqnili sistemac, rac analitikuri eseebisa da e.w “Research Paper� -is daweraSi gamoixateba. E e s ki, arCeuli profesiis avtomaturad dauflebas niSnavs. evropuli sauniversiteto sivrce Tavisuflebisa da siaxleebisaken ganawyobs studentebs. multikulturuli garemo ki saSualebas aZlevs maT, moisminon gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone adamianebis Sexedulebebi, gaiazron da gamoitanon Sesabamisi daskvnebi. es ki Tvalsawieris gafarToebis erTgvari gzaa. rac saSualebas gaZlevs, movlenebs erTi kuTxiT aRar uyuro da Sesabamisad, iwyeb aRiarebuli WeSmaritebis xelaxla gaazrebasa da Sefasebas. evropuli sauniversiteto cxovreba, akademiuri garemos garda, studentebs mravalferovan cxovrebasac sTavazobs.

Ppirvel rigSi, mniSvnelovania multikulturuli garemo, sad-

ac sxvadasxva erovnebis mqone adamiani erT sivrceSi ,ganaTlebis misaRebad, erTiandeba. swored am sivrcis saSualebiT ecnobi gansxvavebul kulturas, tradiciebsa da wes-Cveulebebs. giyalibdeba sakuTari Sexeduleba, romelic xSirad stereotipebisagan daclilia. E e vropuli sauniversiteto sivrce Zalian bevr ucxoels izidavs, rac studentur cxovrebas gacilebiT sainteresos xdis; datvirTuli erovnuli saRamoebiT, ucxo adgilebis erTad monaxulebiT da megobruli urTierTobebis CamoyalibebiT. konkretulad aseTi socializaciis farTo arealis safuZvelze yalibdebian saerTo interesis garSemo Sekrebili studenturi jgufebi, romlebic universitetis daxmarebiT marTaven sxvadaxva saxis RonisZiebebs, riTac sauniversiteto cxovrebas ufro mravalferovans xdian. amrigad, aRniSnuli ganaTlebis modeli da sauniversiteto sivrce orientirebulia individis ganviTarebaze. es individebi ki, warmoadgenen saxelmwifos saxes, romlebic swored mis aRmSeneblobaSi iReben monawileobas. Sesabamisad, evropuli saunivrsiteto cxovrebisa da swavlebis gamocdileba mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, raTa sistemaSi arsebuli problemebi aRmoifxvras da prioriteti analitikur da kritikul azrovnebaze dafuZnebul ganaTlebas. statia momzadda, qeTa goleTianTan intervius safuZvelze (tartus universitetSi gacvliTi programiT myofi qarTveli studenti) .

154 Ramis sizmari

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da C„ emi wili“ evropa TinaTin maRedani

iyo da ara iyo ra, erTxel erTma qarTvelma gogonam zurgze moikida Tavisi wili "qarTveloba" da vilniusis universitetSi wavida gacvliTi programiT saswavleblad, gadawyvetili hqonda, aRmoCenebisa da siaxleebisTvis daeTmo saxlidan Sors gasatarebeli 154 dRe. asec moiqca, gaicno sxva mTebisa da zRvebis Svilebi da maTTan erTad daiwyo cxovreba erT did sasaxleSi. ai, bolo sityvaSi ukve Zalian gatyuebT! es namdvilad ar iyo sasaxle. warmoidgineT, WuWyiani samzareulo, 2 WuWyiani saSxape 20 gogonaze da pawawina oTaxSi Sen garda kidev 2 mezobeli. "arauSavs, cota xani gavZleb da mere sadme ukeTesSi gadaval". da mere... davalageT yvelaferi, Semiyvarda da SeveCvie xalxs da 5 TviT SemovrCi saerTo sacxovrebels, romlis

derefanSic sakmarisi iyo ubralod gagecina, rom ramdenime Rimiliani saxe erTdroulad gamoiWyiteboda oTaxidan da saubars gagibamda. Tu gareT ar gavdiodiT, derefanSi, fanjris rafasTan xSirad imarTeboda "Cai piwieebi", TamaSobani da sicil-xarxarobani. mokled, Tu Zalian ar moindomebdi, arasdros moiwyendi. saerTo sacxovrebelSi msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynidan iyvnen studentebi, rac garda kulturuli mravalferovnebisa, araCveulebriv kulinariul mravalferovnebasac qmnida da derefnebSi SeerTebul magidebze uamravi qveynis gemrielobebi xSirad iyo warmodgenili. qarTulma da italiurma samzareulom erTxmad daimsaxura sayovelTao mowoneba. garTobasa da mzareulobas Soris swavlac aucilebeli iyo,

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amitom xSirad vstumrobdiT biblioTekas, romelic kviraSi 7 dRe 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs.

Tu studenti mTeli Rame apirebs swavlas, bunebrivia, 2-3 saaTi Sesveneba-daZinebac moundeba, amisTvis gamoyofili iyo specialuri gasaSleli savarZlebi. garda standartuli magida-skamebisa yvela sarTulze mravlad iyo komfortuli savarZlebi, ufaso iyo skaneri da ar arsebobda "qseroqsis rigi", radgan yvela sarTulze idga sakmarisi aparati da Tavad SegveZlo sasurveli masalis amobeWdva da aslebis gadaReba, aseve nebismier msurvels SeeZlo gamoeyenebina mikrotalRuri Rumeli sakuTari sakvebis gasaTbobad. ra Tqma unda, arc wylis aparatTan Tavdeboda Wiqebi da arc qaRaldi sapirfareSoSi. biblioTekaSi Sesvlisasac ar gvatovebinebdnen

CanTebsa da qurTukebs da amiT zedmet dros ar gvarTmevdnen studentebs. mgoni, zedmetad dawvrilebiTac ki aRvwere iqauri biblioTeka, magram daweril sityvas didi Zala aqvso da iqneb TsuSic gveRirsos msgavsi bedniereba! mokled, iqauri sauniversiteto sistema rom maqsimalurad aris studentze morgebuli, aseT detalebSic kargad Cans. es rom ase iqneboda gamgzavrebamdec mivxvdi, radgan Txovnidan maqsimum 1 saaTSi migzavnidnen saWiro sabuTebis el-versias. Tsu-Si ki albaT yvelas gvirbenia ramdenime dRe 5 wuTSi gasakeTebeli sabuTis asaRebad. gansxvavdeboda administraciac.

Cven zrdilobiani da profesionali kadrebi ufro gvakvirvebs, vidre utaqto da araprofesionali. administraciis yvela warmomadgeneli, visTanac ki urTierToba

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momiwia, Zalian megobruli iyo. rodesac universitetis TanamSomels, romelsac etyoboda rom sadRac mieCqareboda, auditoriis nomeri vkiTxe, ubralod miTiTebis nacvlad 2 sarTuli CemTan erTad iara, cota rTuli misagnebia is audtioriao. SeiZleba es yvelaferi aRniSvnadac ar Rirda, magram aseTi detalebiT geqmneba universitetze warmodgena. Cven imdeni problema gvaqvs, rom ar maxsovs aqciis gareSe dagvewyos swavla, iq ki yvela fakulteti sakuTari droSebiTa da atribuciiT monawileobs sazeimo studentur msvlelobaSi da swavlis dawyeba marTlac zeimia. studentebs ar zRudaven semestrSi 18 gamocdiT, rogorc Cven, da ZiriTadi aqcenti daskvniT gamocdasa da naSromis weraze keTdeba. rac Seexeba ganaTlebas, german-

eli studentebi aSkarad yvelaze ukeT flobdnen inglisur enas, magram sxva mxriv ar migrZvnia didi gansxvaveba Cvensa da romelime qveynis warmomadgenlebs Soris. zedmetad zedapiruli iqneba, mxolod ase Seafaso vinmes ganaTlebis done, magram megona saqarTveloSi bevrad uaresad gvqonda saqme. ho, kidev, davrwmundi, rom dayofa evropa-saqarTvelo sruliad arabunebrivia da Cvensa da sxva evropelebs Soris zustad iseTive sxvaobaa, rogoric Tavad qarTvelebs Soris. zogi germaneli midis miunhenidan berlinSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dasacavad gamarTul aqciaze, zogi ara. isvee, rogorc zogi qarTveli midis Tbilisidan svaneTSi xudonhesis mSeneblobis gasaproteseblad, zogi ki - ara. erTi sityviT,

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"garyvnili evropis" SiSi sazogadoebis nawilSi ubralod SiSia raRac ucxos mimarT. uh, ra Sors wavedi... arada, am blogiT evropaSi gatarebuli "154 Ramis sizmari" unda momeyola... mokled, ra momca am xuTma Tvem?!

SesaZlebloba memogzaura rva qveyanaSi, menaxa Cemi sayvareli mxatvrebis - klimtis, dalis, modilianis, magritis, miros, munkisa da sxvaTa tiloebi, romelTa naxvasac megona mxolod "didobisas" SevZlebdi, wamekiTxa milan kunderas nawarmoebis Tundac ramdenime gverdi iq, saidanac Tavad mweralia, venis rkinigzis sadgurze ramdenime saaTiT vyofiliyavi moxalise sirieli ltolvilebisTvis, dameZina sruliad ucnobi adamianebis saxlSi da aRvrTovanebuliyavi maTi stumarTmoyvareobiTa da adamianebisadmi ndobiT, rodesac

1 saaTis gacnobil adamianebs sakuTari saxlis gasaRebs gvaZlevdnen. kidev erTxel davrwmundi, rom adamianebis yovelgvari dayofa, Tundac religiuri - xelovnuria, ar SeiZleba religia erTmaneTs gvaSorebdes! qristianebma, budistebma, muslimebma da sxva konfesiis warmomadgenlebma erTad aRvniSneT erTmaneTis dResaswaulebi, erTad vcxovrobdiT 5 Tve da ar maxsovs raime dapirispireba, mxolod vusmendiT erTmaneTs da vcdilobdiT, rac SeiZleba meti gagvego erTmaneTis Sesaxeb. im 5 Tvis mTavari monapovari swored es adamianebi arian. da monapovaria isic, rom axla 100%-iT var darwmunebuli - "Cemi wili" evropa saqarTveloa...

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"diadi silamaze" federiko felinisTan yvelaze xSirad asocirebuli avtoris, italieli reJisoris, paolo sorentinos tragikomediaa Tanamedrove italiis privilegirebuli klasebisa da maTi yoveldRiuri, morals amofarebuli, fasaduri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. filmis mTvari personaJi asakovani Jurnalisti jef gambardela, romis maRali sazogadoebis mdidruli wveulebebis xSiri maspinZeli Tu stumaria. man saxeli 20ian wlebSi dawerili noveliT gaiTqva, romlis Semdegac mis kalams araferi dauweria, Tumca, is mainc yvelasTvis cnobili darCa. jefi sarkazmiT gamsWvalul niRabs atarebs, romlis miRmac cxovrebisadmi imedgacruebisa da guliswyvetis Zlieri gancda imaleba. misi TvalTaxedva savsea politikosebis, kriminalebis, mRvdelTmsaxurebis, monazvnebis, mxatvrebis, keTilSobili ojaxis pirmSoebis, realuri Tu moCvenebiTi inteleqtualebis saxeebiT, romelTagan TiToeuls sevdanarev sarkazms upirispirebs. "diad silamaze"-Si warmodgenli italiuri, kerZod ki romauli sazogadoeba, evropuli sociumis mikro models qmnis, romlis yoveli wevric gansazRvrul moRvaweobas eweva, aq profesiaTa farTo speqtri iSleba, arsebobs myari socialuri struqturebi, humanuri urTierTobebi, warsulis gancda da memkvidreobis mZlavri SegrZeneba. es ganviTrebuli evropaa Tavisi RirebulebebiT, Tumca jef gambardelas TvalSi is mxolod efemera da iluziaa.... gambardela megobrebs mimarTavs: "Cven yvelani sasowarkveTis zRvarze varT, mxolod is dagvrCenia, erTmaneTs saxeSi vuyuroT, gavamxneoT da cota gavixumroT". jefma icis, rom yvela adamiani diad silamazes eZebs. jefma isic icis, rom misi povna Zalian rTulia.

La Grande Belleza xatia Cxvimiani

filmis dasawyisSi vxedavT iaponel turistebs, romlebic aRtacebiT aTvaliereben roms, STambeWdavia maTTvis evropa da is koloriti, romelic aq sufevs. ucxo TvalisTvis evropa upirvelesad vizualuri esTetikiT gancdili siamovneba da warsuli sidiadis SegrZnebaa, modernistuli da tradiciuli samyaros sinTezi, romelic filmSi erTmaneTis monacvleobiT gardamavali mdidruli wveulebebisa da romis Zveli ubnebis amsaxveli scenebiT, pop musikisa da simfoniuri orkestris hangebiT gamoixateba. aq ikveTeba evropuli Rirebulebebis amosavali wertili, uZveles civilizaciebsa da masze mdgar diad kulturas rom emyareba - memkvidreobis SenarCunebis dauokebeli survili Sejvarebuli axlisa da Tanadroulis ZiebasTan aris is ZiriTadi, rac evropas sxva sivrceebisgan gamoarCevs. filmis gmirebi pirdapiri Tu

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iribi formiT mianiSneben,rom evropa upirvelesad kulturis Sesaxeb ambiciuri ganacxadia. moda, musika, arqiteqtura, poezia, mxatvroba, kino da sxva misTanani is dargebia, romlebSic pirveloba samarTlianad ganuzraxavs mas. TviT jef gambardelas figura, vampiriviT eleganturi, warmosadegi da glamuruli persona, umTavresi evropuli Rirebulebis Tavisuflebis naTeli gamoxatulebaa, igi gvaCvenebs, rom evropa namdvilad aris sivrce, sadac sakuTari Tavis povna, gamoxatva da realizeba SegiZlia. aq yoveli wami WeSmaritebis, TviTSemecnebis da sxvaTa Seswavlisaa. filmSi Cans mravalferovani sazogadoeba, romlis wevrebsac erTurTisgan bevri ram ganasxvavebs, Tumca es xels ar uSlis erTiani evropuli organizmis arsebobis ideas. erTianoba mravalgvarobaSi msgavsi interpretacia SeiZleba movuZebnoT mas.

sagulisxmoa, rom sorentini films lui fernand selinis novelidan "mogzauroba Ramis dasalierSi" amoRebuli citatiT iwyebs: "mogzauroba sasargeblo ram aris, warmosaxvas aviTarebs, sxva yvelaferi imedgacrueba da momqancvelobaa, Cveni mogzauroba Tavidan bolomde warmosaxvis nayofia, amaSia misi Zala". jef gambardelac amgvarad gvamogzaurebs evropis akvnad aRiarebul italiaSi , misi TavliT danaxuli romi uimedod ganwiruli, gadagvarebuli da amoraluri fenomenia, afsurdis Teatrad qceuli movlena, romelic Svelas iTxovs. aRniSnuli suliskveTeba gambardelas 65-e iubilisadmi miZRvnil wveulebaze gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba, gancxromas, hedonizmsa da ukontrolobas micemuli romis maRali sazogadoeba metaforulad bibliur babilons gvagonebs, romelic STainTqmeba, manam sanam misi mosaxleni myife urTierTobebis qsels rudunebiT qsoven. jefisa da misi megobrebis saubrebSi, monologebsa Tu dialogebSi evropuli Rirebulebebis ramdenadme gacveTa, gaufasureba igrZnoba. mayurebeli xvdeba, rom erT dros moqmedi sazogadoeba axla umoqmedobis WaobSi iZireba, terasebze moseirene mdidrebi valebis, ojaxuri urTierTobebisa da faruli intrigebis Sesaxeb msjeloben, moCvenebiT morals ki gare fasadad iyeneben. sorentini filmis SesavalSi, juzepe garibaldis qandakebze arsebul minawerze miapyrobs Cvens yuradRebas "romi an sikvdili". namdvili romi aRar arsebobs, mas RirebulebiTi fundamenti gamoecala, xalxi STainTqa, mxolod turistebi darCnen, romlebic gambardelasTvis romSi mosiarule , yvelaze kargi adaminebi arian. tragizmis, sevdisa da sisustis ukiduresi gamovlinebaa jefis pirveli siyvarulis, siymawvilis naTeli mogonebis, qera qaliSvilis sikvdili,

es ukanaskneli imedis dakargvas, sasos sabolood warkveTas hgavs. aRsasrulis molodinSi sicocxle kvlav grZeldeba, gaucxoeba da adamianebsgan izoliereba fufuneba ufroa vidre realuri gamosavali,swored amitom grZeldeba jefis cxovrebac, romelic gancdil tkivils tragikiul iumors upirispirebs. me vfiqrob, rom filmSi dominirebuli ZiriTadi idea maRalzneobrivi idealebisa Tu faseulobebis ramdenadme gacveTa, karikaturad qcevaa. is adamianebi, romlebic maTdami erTgulebas ificebian, realurad maT sapirispirod moqmedeben. es italiuri, ufro zogadad ki evropuli sazogadoebis sasowarkveTili xatebaa, romelic

raRac diadis keTebas ufro iCemebs vidre realurad axorcielebs . filmis gmirebs evropuli sazogadoebisa da masSi gamjdari Rirebulebebis: Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, uflebaTa pativiscemis, pluralizmis da a.S. dacis ambicia aqvT, isini keTilSobilebad warmogvisaxaven Tavebs, Tumca Ralats, Surs, mtrobasa da amoralobas ukan malaven, swored amitom es aris gza aRsasrulisken. Tumca am apokalipsuri xedvebis ukan imedis sxivic gamosWvivis, gamosworebis, ganaxlebis da diadi silmaziT aRvsebis, jefi uerTdeba usasrulobas,"ar maRelvebs ra iqneba Semdeg" ambobs is da amgavrad tkbil mogonebebSi brudneba, iq sadac misi istoria daiwyo.

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civicus redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: TinaTin davaZe Jurnalze muSaobdnen: TamTa WrikiSvili SoTa narsia naTia julayiZe Temo beJaniZe Teona gelaSvili TinaTin maRedani xatia Cxvimiani

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civicus #8 | ivnisi 2016

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