Senior Interior Design Capstone Research Book by Chloe Erickson

A women focused Sexual Assault Center

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 3

contents 07 Identify 09 13 17 23 27 31

How does this effect my Community? Mind Map Problem, Hypothesis + Solution Why Alaska? Persona Demographics

35 Analyze 37-61 65-77 81-89 91-101 103 107 111-117

Case Studies Site Visits Surveys Interviews Experiment Observation of Behavior Design Theories

119 Respond 121 129 135 139 143-151 155 161 165 169 4

Functional Needs + Program Report Human Factor + FFE Wayfinding Structural Needs Sustainable Strategies Branding Concept Mood Sketches +Models

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 5

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

i dentify

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 7

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

How does this effect my community?

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 9

Women+Watertown I would define my community as two separate communities. I have my community in the town I live (Watertown) and also the community of women, as I am a woman. I live in a small farm town 45 minutes west of Minneapolis, Minnesota. People in my community may not know how big of an issue sexual violence/harassment really is in Watertown. Sexual harassment was an everyday occurrence in my high school and some of my friends and I experienced it often. I remember going to my counselor’s office to tell her about the sexual harassment that was happening to me at school. They told me to ignore it, and said if I really wanted to I could do weekly sessions. When I was in middle school, boys were constantly making lists about who was the hottest or who had the biggest butt and this upset many of the girls who were on the list and the ones who weren’t. Some of the girls ended up bringing it to one of our teacher’s attention and nothing was done about it. I remember the boys in my school thinking they had the audacity to share with the whole school the private pictures they had received from girls. I also know this is still going on because I know a girl who graduated this last May 2020, that has experienced sexual harassment and sexual violence.

When I began to go out to parties in high school at the age of 15 I noticed sexual violence. My friends or even girls I didn’t know were being touched or groped unwillingly and you could tell they were uncomfortable but didn’t know what to do. I then began to branch out to other schools for friends and it still was a common occurrence at their parties too. Even now that I am almost 4 years out of high school I still see and experienced it. Sexual violence and sexual harassment are effecting young women in my community whether my community wants to acknowledge it or not. These women have tried to speak about it and let it be known what has happened, but it seems nobody takes it seriously. The girls in my community need somewhere where they are wanted to be heard and believed, where there is no stigma around getting help and talking about their experiences. As a woman we have a community in our own, we women are a community. Every 73 seconds an American women is sexually assaulted and as of 2020, an estimated 25.5 million American woman have been victims of attempted or completed rape. Our community of women is being widely effected by sexual assault. Providing centers like the one I wish to create could help these women feel safe, and heal both physically and mentally. More access to these centers can make a difference.

analysis Focusing on women as a community and how we are effected by sexual assault is important.Yes, men are sexually assaulted and it is also important to recognize that issue as well, but women are far more affected by sexual violence than men. We need to recognize the fact that men are also the issue when it comes to sexual violence against women; 90 percent of perpetrators of sexual violence against women are men. I wanted to be inclusive and welcome everyone, but in some cases that just is not ideal especially for a sexual assault center where women are most often sexual assaulted by a man. Including men in this center could greatly affect how the women are healing; it could be triggering to have a man in the room after their assault. Sexual assault has effected so many women I know, including myself. If you look at the MeToo movement about sexual assault, there were 12 million posts using the hashtag MeToo and 19 million tweets using the hashtag and that is not even everyone who marched and protested. This movement shows how big of an issue it is in society and there need to be more resources for all of these people who are effected. I believe creating more centers like the one I wish to create will bring more help and awareness to these people who have and are experiencing sexual violence.

Talking about this subject and creating designs to help these people will bring a social change. These people could get their voice back, their protection, their bodies, their lives back. The self-defense classes included in this center would be open to the public for women to come and learn how to not have it happen or have it occur again; will make the community safer and possibly lower the sexual assault rate. This is a subject I am passionate about as I feel like my hometown community does to recognize it as an issue. Plenty of women I know including myself in my community have always been told to not to wear tank tops to school, shorts or skirt below our fingertips, no tight fitting skirts and no showing mid drift as if we women are objects and need to be told what to wear so men don’t look at us the wrong way. Women have been told maybe you wouldn’t have been raped or assaulted if you didn’t wear these types of clothing, weren’t under the influence, or didn’t act this way. This is reality and it needs to change and I hope to bring awareness and change to this subject matter throughout this research and design work. I want women to feel safe in society again and have their voices heard.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 11

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Mind Map

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 13

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 15

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Problem + Hypothesis + Solution

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 17

objectives 1

Problem- Sexual assault survivors often donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seek the help they need.

Individual and Group Therpay

Medical Clinic Tansitional Housing

Hypothesis- Developing a facility for sexual assault survivors to come together makes the community a better place. Goal- Designing a safe space and environment for survivors to heal and feel safe in society.

Reconnect with self-defense

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis When thinking of a subject for my capstone project I wanted to do something that had impacted my life and the first thing that came to mind was sexual assault and the MeToo movement. I started to research the statistics on sexual assault. This helped me gather who is impacted the most, who the perpetrators are, effects of sexual assault and how many people actually ended up getting help. I also was not sure what all was included in being classified as sexual assault and research informed me that rape—sexual intercourse against a person’s will; forcible sodomy—anal or oral sex against a person’s will; forcible object penetration—penetrating someone’s vagina or anus, or causing that person to penetrate her or himself, against that person’s will; Marital rape; unwanted sexual touching; sexual contact with minors, whether consensual or not; Incest (Sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion between family members) and any unwanted or coerced sexual contact are all acts of sexual assault. This information got me thinking of some of the aspects I wanted to include. Marital rape and incest drove me to including transitional housing; the reason being, what if this person was being sexually assaulted by their significant other and wanted to leave but didn’t know where to go or if they did leave they might become homeless, the same goes for those who have or are experiencing incest. 55% of sexual assaults occur at or near the survivor’s home.

Now to dive into some statistics that also drove my project direction. Starting off, 9 out of 10 survivors of rape are female and only 1 out of 10 are male. At first, I was considering including men but that statistic honestly showed me that women are more in need. Going off of that, I wanted to know how many people actually sought medical attention after their assault, and only 21% of adult survivors sought medical attention. I wasn’t actually surprised by that number because many people that I know who have been sexually assaulted did not seek medical attention. Also, survivors are at risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The average number of rapes and sexual assaults against women of childbearing age is approximately 250,000; the number of children conceived from rape each year in the United States might range from 7,75012,500.This made me want to include a small medical clinic within this center so it would be easier and less intimidating for the survivor to get medical care. There are also long term effects that sexual assault can have on the survivor. 94% of women who are raped experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the two weeks following the rape and 30% of women report symptoms of PTSD 9 months after the rape. There can also be life threatening effects. 33% of women who are raped contemplate suicide and 13% of women who are raped attempt suicide.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 19

Sexual assault is killing people and it is important that we address the mental effects it has on people. There are also effects on the survivorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationships. 38% of victims of sexual violence experience work or school problems. 37% experience family/friend problems, including getting into arguments more frequently than before, not feeling able to trust their family/friends, or not feeling as close to them. 84% of survivors who were victimized by an intimate partner experience professional or emotional issues, including moderate to severe distress, or increased problems at work or school. 79% of survivors who were victimized by a family member, close friend or acquaintance experience professional or emotional issues, including moderate to severe distress, or increased problems at work or school. 67% of survivors who were victimized by a stranger experience professional or emotional issues, including moderate to severe distress, or increased problems at work or school. This is why I needed to include multiple forms of therapy because not everyone one is the same when it comes to healing, there are many different paths and the paths are not linear. Also some people may not have the opportunity to go out and seek therapy, have a supporting family or know where to begin; having this center include this makes it easier.

Lastly I wanted to include self-defense so these women feel safe going back out into society and arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afraid anymore. Constantly women are told that men are stronger than them, and learning selfdefense can give women the chance to fight back and have control over what happens to their body. I thought this could also be a great way to include the community for those who may not have experienced sexual assault or have and need and opportunity like this to protect themselves. This could help the community as a whole be safer as well.

20 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 21

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Why Alaska? + Contextual Needs

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 23

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis I chose to go with the city of Anchorage Alaska because it is the highest populated city in Alaska. Alaska saw the highest rape rate in the United States in 2018, with 161.6 rapes per 100,000 inhabitants compared to the 42.6 per 100,000 people nationally. Reading this statement shocked me, Alaska was the last state I would’ve guessed and researching even further; 59% of Alaskan women have been victims of sexual assault, intimate partner violence, or both. Also Alaskan Native women are 9.7 times more likely than other Alaskan women to be victims of sexual assault. Researchers say that 63% of sexual assault go unreported, so it is a much bigger tissue than it may appear to the public. Government officials, law enforcement personnel, and victim advocates say some reasons for these statistics are from an abundance of male-dominated industries such as, oil drilling and the military, state’s vast geography, and many communities that have do not have roads and they have little law enforcement. Also Alaska experiences two phenomena’s called “Polar Night” and “Midnight Sun” which means they have an extreme dark season and an extreme light season. This can have many negative effects on mental and physical health, specifically the circadian rhythm, which is your internal clock. It was also proven that the longer light season brings more crime because warmer and brighter weather are tied to high crime rates.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 25

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Persona

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 27

Inaya- An 18 year old Muslim woman taking her first year of college at the University of Fairbanks Alaska. She had gone out to frat party with some friends she met in class. One of the boys at the party started to flirt with her and she had told him she wasn’t interested as she was there with her friends. He seemed to not care that she was not interested and began to grope her without consent. Some of her new friends saw and ended the situation and brought her back to her dorm because they didn’t know what to do.

Amelia + Desitiny- Are twins who both experienced sexual assault from the same care provider at the clinic they attended. Since their assault, they came out and told their parents, who were very understanding and got them therapy. They think group therapy could still benefit them and others.

Sofia- Is a 26 year old transgender woman who used to be in a long-term relationship where she was sexually abused and recently found the courage to leave. Her family lives in California and cannot take her in. Sofia is currently staying at a women’s shelter but they do not provide long-term services.

Anjij- Belongs to the Southern Eskimo group called Yuit, this means she is a native Alaskan. She and lots of other native women experience rape and sexual violence at a much higher rate. Anjij a the age of 28 and her mother,48, have both been raped by men outside their tribe and said that is normal in their community. Tribal courts do not have the jurisdiction to prosecute non-tribal members for many crimes like sexual assault and rape, even if they occur on tribal land. They need to share what they and their community are going through.

Kelli- Was put up for adoption when she was a baby and was in the foster system till she was 12 and was adopted by a loving family. During her time in the foster system she had been sexually assaulted numerous times by some of the staff member and the older foster boys. Since being adopted she now at the age 17 has struggled with her confidence and opening up to her family. Kelli’s family believes this is due to her experiences in the foster system and would love to get her help.

Katie- Is a star student; she has good grades, volunteers, and is a senior in college. She grew up in a more wealthy family that attends church on Sundays. Katie had really never experienced anything traumatic in her life. One day she was having a sleep over with her friends after prom night and her dad had a friend over. He came into her room and sexually assaulted her. Her family does not believe her and she has no support.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis Sexual assault can happen to any race, ethnicity, religion, age, and gender. I did narrow down my personas based on some of my surveys along with some statistics about how women are effected by sexual more often than men. Also, not everyone’s sexual assault story is the same, and there is no stereotype to sexual assault. I wanted to include a variety of stories, body types, races and religions to broaden the view of who sexual assault can happen too. Having this center based in Alaska, I made sure to include a persona based on one of the native tribes of Alaska; the indigenous community accounts for 15 percent of that state’s population, and constitute 61% of its survivors of sexual assault. I also included a persona that a had “good” or “perfect” life to show that, even the people who you think have it all can be affected by sexual assault; this persona also did not have an understanding family and they attend church, which some people may associate a functional family with that so called “perfect life”, but sometimes that is not the case. All of these personas needed or still need a center like the one I am designing to help get through their trauma and help others heal as well.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 29

30 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Demographics

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 31

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis The total population of Alaska is approximately 736,732. Out of the total population there are 387,296 men and 349,436 women; there are 37,860 more men than there are women. Alaskaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gender ratio is higher than the national average, which is 97 men to 100 women, but in Alaska it is 111 men to 100 women. The reason for this is Alaska has primarily male dominant industries. The median age is 32. Going into depth, it looks like the age range from 20-30 is the highest in population and within this age group there are more men than women. There is also a high number in the age range of 45-60 in the population. Primarily the population is white at 457,000 (62%) and the second highest coming in at 110,000 (15%) is other, which I am assuming is the native population along with any race that is not white, black, hispanic, asian, and mixed. Based on a source, Anchorage has the largest population of Natives at 100,000 residents which is 18% of the population. Alaskan Native women are highly effected as 90% have experienced sexual assault. Anchorage also houses the majority of the population at 299,320 residents. Fairbanks and Juneau are in close second as Fairbanks has 32,580 and Juneau has 33,230.

Alaska is the considered the rape capital of the United States. They have about 161 rapes per 100,000 residents which in total is approximately 4,575 people. 59% of women in Alaska have been survivors of sexual assault, intimate partner violence or both. Resources say these numbers are just a skim of the actual amount because sex crimes are generally unreported. The picture on the top on the slide before shows how greatly the female population of Alaska is affected.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 33

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

A naly ze

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 35

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 1 Biological Rhythms during Residence in Polar Regions by Josephine Arendt

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 37

Living in polar regions, you have to adapt to certain circumstances such as: extreme cold, day length and sometimes isolation for long amounts of time. The weather during polar winter has a huge effect on the residents. Transportation is often restricted in the winter due to the weather and distance. Satellite communication can also be affected due to the weather, it can make it hard to communicate with external contacts. These factors can lead the residents to feel isolated. The physiology of people and over-wintering have been studied; studying this they found out that it was the lack of natural light was the biggest problem. The evidence showed that the circadian system is disrupted by the polar winter due to the lack of natural light. The latitudes of 66.33’, north and south above the Polar Circle, the sun is above the horizon for 24 hours for at least one day out of the year (midnight sun) and it also goes below the horizon for 24 hours for at least one day out of the year (polar night). When you increase the latitude there will be more days where you either see no sunlight or constant sunlight. A study done at Halley Bay, where the sun doesn’t rise for 100 days in the winter and doesn’t set for 100 days in the summer, showed during the winter with only artificial light and minimal natural light, the maximum light exposure was 500-700 lux (which is a measurement of illumination). During the summer when the sun doesn’t set, the light exposure got up to around 40,000 lux.You can generate a light-dark cycle in summer, in the conditions of the sun not setting by using window treatments at certain time, keeping a normal sleep schedule and wearing night masks if needed. 38

In the winter, the light-dark cycle depends on artificial light in order to increase the maximum light exposure. Actually in most work environments the artificial light barley exceeds 300-500 lux. To maintain the circadian rhythm you need 200-1000 lux of white light. A number of studies show that morning light of sufficient intensity which would be 10,000 lux for 30 minutes; was enough to put people in remission of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder). A delay in circadian phase is the root of SAD. Data shows that women have a greater chance of getting SAD and have more sleep and mood problems than men. Based on a questionnaire, women suffer more from prolonged Antarctic residence than men. In a typical working polar environment, a problem reported frequently during the winter is sleep. “Mid-winter insomnia” is known by the difficulty of falling asleep in the region or northern Europe. Treatments were designed to advance circadian phase by using bright white light early in the morning for 30min-1hour, it was successful. It also succeeded in making the subjects fall asleep faster and reducing morning tiredness. In the summer, bright daylight during the night for night workers, will evidently help shift the circadian system to the night mode during the hours of sleep and artificial darkness. From a few small studies, the data suggests that delayed circadian phase in winter is due to lack of bright white light in the morning, and for the summer it is due to exposure to bright white light on the delayed part of the light phase, if the daylight is not artificially taken away in the evening and if work/sleep periods are not scheduled.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Furthering the study on white light, they found that short-wave length light (blue light) is the best type of light to use with regarding shifting the circadian system. Blue light proved to be better than the white light in the following categories; sleep timing, latency and length of sleep. Internal desynchrony (loss of synchrony between two or more circadian rhythms) of sleep impairs cognitive performance along with associating to developing heart disease and possibly cancer.

analysis Conclusion: The lack of natural light or bright light during the polar night means that the time which the circadian rhythm starts is diminished. In the summer during midnight sun, light exposure can hurt the circadian system by forcing phase shift. There are ways to treat both of these; during the polar night the use of white or blue light at an intensity of 200-1000 lux for 30 minutes can improve sleep and morning tiredness while also helping advance the circadian phase. In the summer exposure to bright white light during the delayed phase; to help delay the advance of the circadian phase you have to set work/ sleep schedules and during the night use black out blinds or an eye mask to block out the light. All of the data in this case study showed me some aspects I need to include. In the center I need to provide black out blinds during midnight sun and in polar night I need to include a certain intensity of white and blue light throughout. This case study also showed me I should include some type of light therapy as well, for the women who suffer from SAD; it also supported the fact that I am focusing on women for my center because women are more likely to develop SAD, sleep and mood disorders than men.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 39

40 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 2 Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment Approaches by Sherri Melrose

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 41

Seasonal Affective Disorder, also known as SAD, is a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern; most commonly it is the beginning of fall into the winter months. People with SAD overly produce melatonin, which is a hormone that responds to darkness casing sleepiness. As the day gets darker sooner, your body produces melatonin causing people with SAD to feel sleepy and lethargic. Also, people with this disorder have problems regulating their serotonin, which is responsible for mood balancing. Lower levels of serotonin can cause depression. The combination of both low serotonin and increased melatonin impacts the circadian rhythm. The circadian signal that indicates a seasonal change in day length has been found to be timed different in people with SAD; which means it is harder for their bodies to adjust to the seasonal change. Seasonal Affective Disorder occurs four times more in women than men and the age of onset is between 18 and 35. People who live further from the equator in the northern regions are most susceptible; 10% of the population in Alaska experiences SAD compared to the 1% in southern states. There are a few treatment options for people with this disorder such as: antidepressants, light therapy, vitamin D, counseling or combinations of these. Light boxes as light therapy that emit full spectrum light similar to sunlight are a good option. Symptoms of SAD may diminish by sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning for 20-60 minutes with exposure of 10,000 lux. This amount of bright white light is actually 20 times greater than ordinary indoor lighting. 42

analysis Conclusion: The ages 18-35 are at high risk for Seasonal Affective Disorder which is also the age range and demographic I was aiming towards; this case study helped support that decision. It also supported my decision for creating this center in Alaska because as stated in the case study northern regions are more susceptible and 10% or Alaskaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population experience SAD. I wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t entirely sure from my first case study on how bright 10,000 lux really was but this study showed me that it is actually 20 times brighter than average indoor lighting which is a lot. That statement made me rethink on my previous statement on wanting to incorporate that bright white light thought the building but instead make light therapy rooms or a light therapy group area.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 43

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 3 Understanding Controls, Behaviors and Satisfaction in the Daylit Perimeter Office: A Daylight Design Case Study by Julia Day M.A. , Judy Theodorson M.Arch., Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg M.Arch.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 45

Daylight can positively impact occupants if done the right way. Some benefits of natural daylight are: increased occupant satisfaction, psychological and physiology health benefits and increased productivity in the workplace. Even though daylight has many benefits, it is important to allow the user of the space control or manipulate the daylight within their environment because it can lead to increased energy from electric light and can take away the benefits from natural daylight. Illuminance can be described the total amount of light falling on a given surface. Illuminance is often measured horizontally at desk height, as it is the height where occupants normally work. Luminance is defined as the photometric quantity most closely associated with ones perception of brightness. In simpler terms; it usually refers to the amount of light that reaches the eye. Materials, reflectance of materials and colors can all affect the Illuminance value of a space. If there is high contrast of luminance values in a space there can be glare problems which is not ideal for people who work with computers. Glare or high brightness contrast can cause discomfort to the occupants. The location, latitude and climate should also be thought of when designing an interior space. The northern sky provides dim, diffused and bluish light. North or South facing windows are recommended with the use of overhangs to block out the direct sunlight. Blinds are a much need aspect to control glare, sunlight and overheating. They allow the occupants to control their environment as well. Horizontal blinds are used for high sun in the south and vertical blinds are used to intercept the low sun angles in the North, 46

to intercept the low sun angles in the North, East or West. Full spectrum light from daylight has both psychological and physiological effects as previously stated. People in daylight offices continuously report that they have a better well-being than being in the common florescent light. Daylight has been proven to have the potential to decrease headaches, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), reduce stress and eyestrain. This also applies to the windows having a view or landscape and nature.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis Conclusion: This case study informed me on how I should be thinking about the interior space especially in the Northern region, which is where my center will be located. It brought to my attention that I should definitely provide vertical window blinds due to the region and the fact that occupants prefer to control their personal environment. Having my center located in Alaska it is important to utilize all the day light in the winter months and also be able to shut it out during the 24hour light periods. In this case study they explained why it is better to have North or South facing buildings or windows because that it where you can get the most daylight; with that they suggest putting overhangs on the windows to cut out direct sunlight but In my case I think direct sunlight might be beneficial. There are also many health benefits for having daylight and a view in office or any spaces for that matter, which in my center I think is crucial to provide easy and minimal health benefits such as: reducing stress, increasing well-being, decreasing headaches and decreasing SAD.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 47

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 4 Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments by Kaitlin A. Chivers-Wilson.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 49

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in sexual assault survivors is extremely higher than the national prevalence of PTSD. Sexual assault is any form of sexual contact without consent. Healing from this trauma doesn’t mean the survivor will forget what happened or not have any symptoms. Recovering and healing is subjective meaning it is not linear and there are many paths; it is measured by whether the survivor acquires skills, attitude, and involvement in order to get their life back on track. There are many factors when on the road to recovery, including, support from others, previous self-concept, mental strength and professional treatment. The life time prevalence in women who have been sexual assaulted is 50%. Sexual assault is the most frequent cause of PTSD in women; 94% experience PTSD the first two weeks after the assault. There is no perfect treatment for everyone who experiences PTSD. When thinking of treatments you have to think about the biological, psychological and sociological impacts. Intervention also needs to be considered. After an assault, survivors experience something called “The Rape Syndrome” (RTS), this can affect all survivors of sexual violence, not just rape. There are three phases to RTS. The first is “The Acute Phase”, it occurs righter after the assault and the survivors experiences a wide range of emotions; shaking, crying, yelling or the opposite being calm and subdued. Secondly is, “Outward Adjustment”, it is when the survivor focuses on the assault, often high level of denial, and goes about their normal day to day.

The final one being “Long Term Reorganization”, in which the survivor integrates the assault into their view of themselves and resolves their feeling about the perpetrator. Cognitive factors play a huge part on the outcome of PTSD after sexual assault; these include, mental defeat and confusion, negative appraisal of emotions, avoidance and perceived negative responses from others. When a survivor of sexual assault thinks that there’s have failed to bring positivity and support, there is a greater risk of PTSD. Sexual assault is categorized as an uncontrolled event and is more distressing than a controlled event. Survivors will often attempt to blame themselves as they believe that negative outcomes can be avoided. To improve PTSD, treatments should emphasize on controlling the present situation and hat can be done about the impact of the event, rather than how it could’ve been avoided. Control over the recovery results in lowered distress levels. Group therapy can be very effective when helping survivors. They get the opportunity to share their experiences in a safe and understanding environment. According to a survey, over half the women who went through sexual assault never told anyone about their trauma. There are also many types of individual therapy including PTSD specific that can also really help these survivors as well.

50 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis Conclusion: This case study gave me an idea of how sexual assault really affects the female survivors. PTSD is a serious mental illness that 94% of women experience after sexual assault. Many people can act out in yelling, crying and shaking or the complete opposite and be calm and subdued. This information showed me I need to design psychologically safe for those people who experience a wide range of emotions; this will help keep them and everyone around them safe. The case study also explained the many treatments for people with PTSD and sexual assault; there were at least 4 types of individual types of therapy (one included medication). It will be crucial to include multiple individual therapy rooms for all types of therapy and have a medication closet in the medical center. Group therapy is very effective when helping these survivors and making sure it is a safe environment. Since it is so effective I should include multiple group therapy areas for different sizes of groups.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 51

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 5 Supporting survivors of sexual violence: protocol for a mixedmethods, co-research study of the role, funding and commissioning of specialist services provided by the voluntary sector in England

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 53

Sexual violence is one of the most pervasive forms of violence that effects women, men and children. Sexual violence can occur in family and intimate relationships. These survivors of sexual violence can and do recover but unfortunately there can be long term effects on health, well-being and social life. Rates of PTSD are the highest in people who have experienced sexual violence compared to all other forms of traumatic experiences. Depression, anxiety, suicide, self-harm, alcohol/drug abuse and sexually transmitted infections are also all higher in those who have experienced sexual violence. It also affects relationships with family members, friends and intimate partners and their ability to participate in community life. A company called Voluntary Sector Specialist (VSS) has helped in providing services to sexual violence survivors including; crisis and long term counseling/ therapy, telephone helplines, play therapy, support in accessing other services and support groups and social activities. They enable survivors to increase confidence and to thrive long-term. Based on a survey with 395 adultsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survivors and 175 child survivors; based on the survivorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s responses, they typically want timely, locally available services, a chance of therapy and long-term support from the agencies. They need to feel safe, believed and respected. Also counseling and psychotherapy were shown to be the most helpful sources.VSS did encounter the issue of waiting lists and a limited amount of time for a therapy session.

analysis Conclusion: This case study also showed me the severity that sexual assault can have. People may attempt self-harm or suicide and those are very serious and dangerous acts. It will be important for me to include safety in every aspect of my design, from the housing to the therapy and medical clinic. Something that supported the medical clinic aspect that STIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s were the highest in sexual assault survivors and to include that into my center would make it safer and easier for these women to seek the medical treatment. It was also said based on a survey that the survivors wanted support from the agency long term and I think that can be implemented thought the transitional housing especially but also through all other aspects.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 55

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 6 Transitional Housing for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 57

Many survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) find themselves homeless in effort to escape the violence. Leaving intimate partner violence is the leading cause of homelessness in the United States, especially for low income women and children. 92% of women who are homeless have experienced severe physical or sexual abuse in their struggle to find housing. Women who experience IPV and housing instability also report poor health outcomes, including depression, stress and worse self-care. Domestic violence shelters offer great needs for these survivors such as; confidential location and 30-60 days of stay but they often do having waiting lists. Transitional housing programs offer survivors long term suitable housing and often include additional services. The typical period of stay is 6 months-2 years and includes relevant support programming (counseling, employment assistance and case management. There are issues found with some transitional housing: cultural sensitivity and gender inclusion. Transitional housing can help these survivors move successfully to permanent housing.

analysis Conclusion: This case study focused on women and children who have been physically abused in an intimate partnership. This many not directly apply to sexual assault, but sexual abuse is still considered abused and it does happen with people in IPV. I think this case study helped me decide on whether or not I needed transitional housing for a shelter and it showed me transitional housing would be a better option because of the benefits it has. No matter the violence these women experience it is important that if it is done by their partner or family member that they have somewhere safe to live and figure out their next moves. Housing instability as stated in the study can cause poor health including depression. Stress and loss of self-care. For my center it is important that these women have some sort of stable housing if needed and this can help their overall health. One thing they said that stood out to me was cultural inclusion; my center being based in Alaska I should somehow address the indigenous culture of Alaska into the design as well.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 59

60 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Case study 7 The Perils of Institutionalization in Neoliberal Times: Results of a National Survey of Canadian Sexual Assault and Rape Crisis Centres by Melanie A. Beres, Barbara Crow and Lise Gotell

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 61

This article reports on a national survey of Canadian rape crisis and sexual assault centers in 2005. There have been pressures to redefine these women focused centers as “Victim Centers” to dismantle the gender specific centers but these Canadian Centers continue in social change activism and define themselves specifically as feminist/pro-women/equality seeking organizations. Early centers worked to organize support for raped women and to create a social change center embraced by womenfocused organizational forms, such as Take Back the Night marches, and supporting survivors helped create empowerment and political resistance. The goals of these centers was to challenge the system that enable sexual violence and women oppression and to provide places where women would be believed and would be strengthened both individually and collectively. Many centers grew and developed from that to employ staff and develop programs for crisis intervention; individual counseling and support; group counseling; advocacy; accompaniment to the police, courts and hospitals; public education and prevention; keeping records; and raising awareness about sexual violence. 15% of respondents from the survey of 135 centers in Canada, reported that transinclusion was actively being debated within their center; suggesting that the presence of transgender women would take away from the possible education on anti-rape activism for radical feminist.

analy sis Conclusion: This case study was what I had in mind for my centers goals and view from the community. I want this center to be women’s focused and not all genders, as I feel violence against women is a very big issue as also stated in this study. This study also showed all the aspects that’s these centers included and brought support for my decisions. One part that was brought was the inclusion of transgender women and whether or not they should be included and in my center they will absolutely be included as they ARE women. This made me think how I can be more inclusive in design for the transgender women; I could include transgender women signage and art to showcase transgender women inclusion.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 63

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Site Visit 1 Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 65

DATE + TIME - Thursday, October 29th, 1PM DEMOGRAPHICS – There were no people in the center except the staff that were all women; two being in their 20’s and the other in her 40’s. They also accept all genders and ages. Also they expect all genders. ACTIVITIES – Since there weren’t any people seeking the help of the sexual assault center at the time I went I didn’t get to see any activities going on. They provide many services such as: 24-hour crisis hotline, safety planning, one to one support counseling, harassment and restraining orders, Criminal Justice Advocacy, Professional + Community training/education, etc. CIRCULATION – One entrance from the main road which had an ADA compliable ramp. To the right of the entrance they had group therapy rooms and a kitchen. There were some stairs that lead to six private offices and a bathroom. On the left of the entrance there was a bathroom and a small library which was also the Childrens therapy room. Down the hall further there was a room for staff and extra storage for donations. They didn’t have much signage so it was a bit confusing on where to go. ACOUSTIC CONDITIONS- Thin walls. Wood floors. Some carpeted areas. Staff member said they did have some sound proofing insulation but wasn’t working well. Space echoed a lot. I could hear sounds/ voices through other rooms. LIGHTING CONDITIONS – There were many windows for natural light. Had bright ceiling lights and white walls to brighten the space. Every space had one window or more. 66

FF&E CONDITIONS – They had an abundance of furniture due to remodeling. Entry had four waiting chairs but a little further by the reception desk there was a pile of chairs and tables. Hallway had about 10 chairs. Group therapy rooms had couches, chairs, table and a rug. Offices had a desk, file cabinets and a couch. Staff room had a dining table and some couches along with a small TV area. AIR QUALITY – Seemed well ventilated as the average house would. TEMPERATURE - Comfortable.

analysis DESIGN CONCLUSION - I would say this space was an example of something I would not like to do. The acoustics were not good and in a space where people are sharing intimate moments or scenarios they wish not to share with others sound proofing is key and much needed. Also universal design is something I am going to design with and this space didn’t have any elevators for people in wheel chairs, no railings, but did have ADA bathroom and door way sizes. There was also no signage except for the bathrooms, so I found it very confusing on where to go or where things were. I did however like how the individual therapy and offices were upstairs and the more group activity based aspects were on the first floor.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 67

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Site Visit 2 Middle Way Housing

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 69

DATE + TIME - Thursday, November 5th, 10AM DEMOGRAPHICS – Seem to have a very diverse staff. They focus on women and children. ACTIVITIES – I did a virtual tour for their transitional housing and emergency shelter so I physically did not see an activity but they proved a 24 hr- crisis hotline, counseling, resident advocacy, crisis intervention and more. CIRCULATION – From a virtual tour it was a bit hard to see how well the place did circulate but it seemed it floor had a main square space with a long hallway to another main square space. Also each building has a vestibule with a locked door before entering the reception area. SPACES- In the shelter building they have 11 and 6 bathrooms including an ADA one. For the transitional housing they have 28 units with 2-3 bedrooms each. Each building has its own kitchen, pantry, laundry and donation room. They provide locked storage separate from the rooms because they do not lock the bedrooms. The shelter had around 15 offices and 2 meeting rooms. In the transitional housing it seemed they had maybe 4 office space behind the reception area. Also both seemed to have multi purpose rooms and children areas. LIGHTING CONDITIONS – Since I was not physically in the space it was a little bit hard to tell how good the lighting was. They used troffer lights in almost every single area and some space seemed darker than others, especially the hall ways. It seemed unevenly lit in both buildings. FF&E CONDITIONS – Nothing seemed to be physiological safe furniture. 70

analysis DESIGN CONCLUSION- The emergency shelter virtual tour showed the most and both building were very similar from what I gathered. I liked on the outside of the shelter they used frosted like glass that was very thick so people could not see into the shelter. In order to get into either buildings you had to buzz in and have someone come let you in. Right away each building had a small vestibule (with a locked door) but the shelter included some seating in theirs. The shelters reception desk had an all glass front with a small opening at the bottom for safety and the transitional housing had some hanging glass with a huge opening and didn’t seem very safe. In my center I would include these aspect of safety: including an buzz in system with locked door vestibule, and a reception desk that is both safe for the staff and clientele to make sure the entire process is safe. I didn’t really like how all units had more than one bedroom. In my center I would include options of, single and double just because my demographic is not families. It did bring to my attention of how many bathrooms I may need, the shelter had 6 bathrooms on the housing floor. Also these types building need quite a bit of storage for donations and supplies. One thing this site visit really helped me with was how many offices and staff space is needed, I thought open office space would be okay but from this site visit I realized that most staff with offices are staff that need to talk privately with a client.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 71

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Site Visit 3 Domestic Violence Solution

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 73

DATE + TIME – Thursday, November 5, 11PM DEMOGRAPHICS – They had a very diverse staff. They welcome mainly families and children and also include the LGBT+ community. CIRCULATION – Since this was a virtual tour it was hard to tell how good the circulation was and they only showed the bedroom units and not the entire building. Based on what the rooms seem very spacious, there is extra room for a play area and dining area. SPACES- It seemed there was a huge entry that could act as a living or dining area, another living area, small play room, bedroom and small kitchen. LIGHTING CONDITIONS – Based on the pictures it looked very well lit and had a lot of windows. FF&E CONDITIONS – All of the furniture was very updated but still not physiologically safe. They had tons of seating options and a coffee table. There were also some storage shelves for toys and personal belongings.

analysis DESIGN CONCLUSION- This site visit showed me how nicely designed these units can be and that they can be spacious. It was well lit, had nice furniture and enough space for a family. They did although include a small kitchen in the units and for my project I do not think that would be safe option for my users. In these units it also seemed like the windows were openable and again I don’t think that would be safe for people going through trauma. Considering the furniture was moveable and that there were some art work on the walls, they did not consider physiological safe furniture which is needed in these types of centers. I am going to make sure I include many safety aspects that they did not consider when designing these units.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 75

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Site Visit 4 Casa Youth Shelter

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 77

DATE + TIME – Thursday, November 5, 1PM DEMOGRAPHICS – Staff seemed somewhat diverse. They accept people from the ages of 12-17 and families are welcome to do counseling with their child. CIRCULATION – It was a bit hard to tell how good the circulation was due to it being a virtual tour. Based on what I could gather their public/office spaces seem very small and cluttered. The bedrooms however seemed very spacious. SPACES- There was a dining/TV room, kitchen + pantry, bedrooms, care closets, recreational room, minimal office space, multi-purpose/ therapy room, community room and a outdoor court yard LIGHTING CONDITIONS – Lighting seemed uneven. They used troffer lighting in all of the main space except the bedrooms which were well lit.

analysis DESIGN CONCLUSION- I would say their main public spaces are a good example of what not to do, but on the other hand their bedroom units were very well done. I liked how bright and open the bed rooms were, they also included a desk area in the bedroom and a big closet. I think having a desk space included is a very good idea that I will need to incoporate because some of these women may work or go to school. Even though their public spaces where cluttered and small they did at least provide room dividers for those spaces which I wish to utilize in my center as well. The lighting in this building was uneven and I think it is very important to have a well-lit setting because an uneven lit space can have negative effects on health and in these types of spaces we should be focusing on improving health.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 79

80 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Survey 1 General Sexual Assualt Survey

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 81

7.5% 10%

80%

15%

82%

10%

82%

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

12.5%

25%

17.5% 7.5%

67.5%

70%

20% 45%

7.5% 55%

72.5%

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 83

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Survey 2 General Sexual Assualt Survey

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 85

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 87

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

survey analysis For part of my research on designing a type of sexual assault healing center, I conducted two surveys. The first survey was a general survey to see how much sexual violence and assault affects the community. Both surveys included three questions; age, race and gender. I included these to show that sexual assault can happen to all ages, races and genders. In the first survey I included some gender based questions to see if including men in this type of center would be a good idea. The two gender based questions showed that men were the cause of the sexual violence and that most people wouldn’t feel comfortable having men in this type of center. From the first survey I did not get the results I was hoping for. Around 82% of females and 15% of males took my survey; the question asking, if the user had been sexually assaulted, 55% said yes and 45% said no. This led me to conclude that maybe sexual violence/assault isn’t as big of an issue or that the people taking my survey weren’t sure what sexual assault entailed. My next move was to send out a second survey. I sent out this survey on the exact same platforms and had very different results. This survey showed that I had significantly less males take this survey; there were 90% females and 5% males, the remaining percentage were non-binary. From this data led me to believe even more that I should not include men in this type of center.

The question that gave me the results that I was looking for was, “Below are examples of sexual assault: If you, someone you know, or have witnessed any of the acts below; please check which ones.” I then provided examples of sexual assault. Almost all of the participants checked more than one act of sexual assault; only 15% said they couldn’t relate to the question. That data showed me that sexual violence/assault is indeed an issue. I then asked the question of “How problematic is sexual assault in your opinion?” and 95% said that it was either very or extremely problematic. This shows that it is a problem in many people’s communities and society as a whole. My last question was, “Would you know how to defend yourself in a situation of sexual assault?” The results were about half yes and half no. The reason I asked this question was because for my center I wanted to include self-defense classes to help engage and make the community safe from sexual assaults happening. A participant of my survey brought up to me, that even if people think they know how to defend themselves, many people freeze in the moment or their attacker may be stronger than they are. That statement showed me it would be necessary to incorporate a self-defense aspect so these people can get back out into society safely.

Chloe Erickson - Women focused sexual assault center - Research 89

90 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Interview 1 Sexual Assualt Survivor Megan Muras

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 91

1. What was your age when your sexual assault happened? How old are you now? There was a couple, child molestation, and then most recent I was 23 years old. Now I am now 26.

2. Did you know the perpetrator? If so what were they to you? Yes, I knew the first man well because he was friends with my grandparents, so I would see him often. The most recent man I only knew from one date, I wouldn’t say he was trusted.

3. What was the perpetrators race and age? I think he was in his early 30’s and he was white.

4. What type of sexual assault occurred? Rape and molestation.

5. What setting did the assault occur? At his house. 6. What did you do after the assault? Did you seek out the police? Did you receive medical treatment? I went home and took a shower. I did not seek medical treatment, but did end up getting an STD test done a little later. 92

7. After the assault did you reach out to anyone and tell them about what happened (friend or family)? I didn’t tell anyone on the first day but a couple days later I did tell my mom and got a restraining order on the man from the most recent rape.

8. Did you go to therapy? If so how long after? If not, why? Yes I went to therapy, and treid out different therapy strategies; a Somatic therapist and did EMDR. Which is body healing like soul healing and then a specific kind of PTSD therapy.

9. 94% of women experience PTSD after sexual assault. Do you think you are part of that percent? Yes, I would hyperventilate. I was nervous to go anywhere and that if I did I would run into him. I couldn’t be hugged, cry for an hour almost every day, couldn’t sleep, and stopped partying. I was always anxious and didn’t want to go out. Felt like any made make me jump.

10. Did you ever consider suicide do to your assault? No, there were times I thought about but wouldn’t go through with it.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

11. Do you find anything more difficult after your assault? Dating, being alone, being around some of my guy friends, and opening up to people; because the man seemed really put together. I am still not good with hugging people, and don’t like to party or drink anymore.

12. Do you feel safe going out in public alone? No 13. Would you know how to defend yourself in a situation where a sexual assault would occur again? Do you think you could actually act upon the situation? She thinks now she wouldn’t freeze up. Megan said she’s not a violent person but she thinks she might be able too but it would be really hard. She carries pepper spray and a tazer.

14. Did your assault affect home/work/school life? School was a mess, and I couldn’t concentrate and got bad grades, but my teachers were somewhat understanding. I lost motivation. and was depressed. My sister had a baby, but it was hard for me to be happy about it. But my mom is a therapist so she was helpful.

15. If there were a place like the one I wish to create, would you have gone? Would you go now? I am very introverted, but I would really like group therapy and not to have any men around and just to have women to talk too about what happened to one another. Having a safe place with people that know what you’re feeling would be very helpful.

16. How beneficial do you think this would be for sexual assault survivors? Very helpful because not everyone has parents or friends like mine or has opportunity’s to go therapy or get help.

17. Do you think men who have been sexually assaulted should be able to attend? Or do think that could make some women uncomfortable? No, because I would think that it could trigger PTSD in some women and make them uncomfortable, unless flamboyantly gay.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 93

I Nterview analysis

I did an in person interview with a sexual assault survivor named Megan Muras. I chose to interview her because I wanted her story and her insight on the overall process and how it affected her. I had done some previous research on sexual assault statics, which helped me ask the right questions. Megan had gone through multiple cases of sexual assault from the time she was a child and up until three years ago when she was 23. Based on some research, 93% of sexual violence survivors knew their perpetrator and so did Megan. When she was a child she was molested by her grandparent’s friend who was a man and when she was 23 she was raped by a man she had been on one date with; she knew her perpetrators.

being alone, and opening up to people. She said she had a hard time opening up how they dress, what their job is, or what kind of car they drive, any type of man can. That wasn’t all she felt was difficult, she said it really affected her friendship with her guy friends and that she had a hard time being around them. Also, going out and partying or being drunk she felt she couldn’t do anymore. School, work and home life were also affected. She said her school life was a mess, she lost motivation and her grades were falling. As for home life she said her sister had a baby and she struggled to feel happy about because of what she was going through. On a positive note, Megan’s mother is a therapist and her family was very comforting and understanding.

Having someone you knew or wanted to get to know and having them commit an act of sexual assault against you has many negative effects. I had told her that 94% of women experience PTSD after sexual assault and asked if she felt like she contributed to that 94%; without hesitation she said yes and that she experiences multiple symptoms of PTSD still to this day. She would hyperventilate, have constant anxiety and fear that she would run into them, couldn’t go out with her friends, would cry every day, couldn’t sleep and more. I then asked her if she had found anything more difficult after her assault and again without hesitation she said yes. Megan stated that she has a hard time dating, being hugged,

There are some aspects I wish to include in my center. I want to include some form of medical center for the sexual assault victims to come and seek out after their assault. A recent study showed that only 21% of rape victims seek out medical help so I wanted to ask Megan if she was part of that 21% or not. What Megan did after her assault was, she went home and took a shower which many do because it helps them feel as if they washed away what happened. She did get an STD test a couple days later but no rape kit or immediate medical examination was done after her assault. The other aspect I wish to include is community self-defense classes for women. Even if people think they know how to defend themselves, many people freeze

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

up but it would be hard for her to fight back because she is not a violent person. Megan did seek out therapy and is still currently going. I asked her if there were a center out there like the one I wish to create would she have gone. Would she go now? She stated that she is very introverted, but thinks that she could benefit now from group therapy and having a safe place where people are going through what youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re going through would be really nice. I then asked how beneficial she thought my type of center would be for sexual assault survivors; she said, very helpful because not everyone has parents like hers or has the same opportunity to go seek therapy or medical treatment.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 95

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

I nterview 2 Planned Parenthood Employee Jenny Mattifs

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 97

1. Which Planned Parenthood do you work for? I work at the Boise Planned Parenthood.

2. Planned Parenthood for women and men or just women? Planned Parenthood offers services to both men and women.

3. What services are provided? We offer many services: - Periodic Well Visits/Pap Smears/Breast Checks - STI testing/treatment - Cancer Screening/Colposcopies/LEEPs - Medication abortions - Pregnancy Evaluations/Gestational Ultrasounds - Birth Control Services (pills, IUD, implant, rings, depo shot) - Immunizations (Gardasil series) - Gender Affirming Hormone Care (available to 18+) - Vasectomies - PrEP - Ectopic pregnancy/PUL oversight, care, and referral.

4. What would you say your most used service is?

5. Does your location provide services for sexual assault survivors? If not do you think all locations should? If so what are they? Currently, we do not have services dedicated to sexual assault survivors that visit us. We have select referrals that we partner with closely in the community to assist our patients in their recovery. I believe it would be beneficial for us to have a social worker on site; available for our patients, with a follow up plan if necessary.

6. How many doctors/ nurses do you have on staff on a normal day? On a normal day, we have 1-2 PA-Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s/RNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s on staff. We have our doctors on staff only for visits that require oversight. Doctors are on site 1-2 times per week.

7. How many exam rooms do you have? We have 7 exam rooms.

8. How many clients would you say come in, in a day? We see on average 35 patients per day.

Our most used services, by far, are our birth control services. On an average day, I would be comfortable saying we see about 40% birth control related visits.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

9. Are there any spots where you think Planned Parenthood is lacking? Operationally, I believe PP is an example of medical integrity, respect, and body autonomy. That being said, I believe PP could flourish by offering more volunteering opportunities. We currently have a teen-run group, and I see amazing things that come from that team. That opportunity being opened to the general community could really help us echo our message: care. No matter what.

10. For my type of center what services would you recommend? First off, super

cool that youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re doing this project. Secondly, I would recommend seamless integration for the client. Things like having insurance completely handled, or simply offering cash only visits. A large portion of anxiousness or hesitation to go through with visits are cost related. If these services are going to be offered via community support or grants, even better. Sound-proofed exam rooms. High-security, locks on exam room doors. Services I would recommend that you offer for your center: - Trauma processing - Home relocation services - Welfare application/review services - Access to local womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center for additional home/vocational/meal needs - Opportunity for gatherings of fellow survivors to share, if they would like. Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 99

INterview analysis I interviewed a Planned Parenthood employee, Jenny Mattefs. She currently works at the Boise, Idaho Planned Parenthood. I interviewed her because Planned Parenthood has many medical services for both women and men; I was not aware they also catered towards men. I wanted to know what kind of services they offered as it may apply to my type of center. Their services include: Periodic Well Visits/Pap Smears/ Breast Checks, STI testing/treatment, Cancer Screening/Colposcopies/ LEEPs, medication abortions, Pregnancy Evaluations/Gestational Ultrasounds, Birth Control Services (pills, IUD, implant, rings, depo shot), Immunizations (Gardasil series), Gender Affirming Hormone Care (available to 18+),Vasectomies, PrEP and, Ectopic pregnancy/PUL oversight, care, and referral. She said they currently do not have services dedicated to sexual assault survivors that visit them. They have select referrals that they partner with closely in the community to assist their patients in their recovery. Jenny believes it would be beneficial for the Planned Parenthood she works at to have a social worker on site: available for their patients, with a follow up plan if necessary. I then asked her what type of services she would recommend for my type if center she responded with, “Services I would recommend that you offer for your center: trauma processing, home relocation services, welfare application/review services, access to

local women’s center for additional home/ vocational/meal needs, opportunity for gatherings of fellow survivors to share, if they would like”. This answer showed me that I should include the transitional housing aspect. Instead of home relocation services, I would like my center to be one of those services along with additional/ vocational/meal needs. I also asked some questions to help give me an idea how big this medical aspect should be in my center. At Jenny’s place of work they have seven exam rooms and see around 35 patients per day in Boise, Idaho has around the same population as my location in Anchorage, Alaska. I then needed got know about how many doctors/nurses they have on staff for some space requirements. Jenny said, on a normal day, they have 1-2 PA-C’s/RN’s on staff. They have their doctors on staff only for visits that require oversight. Doctors are on site 1-2 times per week. This helped me gather I won’t need many individual offices in the medical area.

100 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 101

102 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Experiment Plant Growth

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 103

For my experiment I chose to take clippings from a Pothos plant. I chose to do this experiment to simulate that the effects of Polar Night and Midnight Sun would have on human beings and how a good night and day cycle would. These plant clippings can regrown in water or soil. I did not have any soil so I chose to put 3 clippings into 3 separate jars of water. I then put the first jar up by the window here it would get direct sunlight and also experience a normal night and day cycle. The second plant I put under a constant white light lamp; the reason for this is I wanted the plant to experience what Midnight Sun would be like and they said artificial light for this type of plant would work. Lastly I put the third plant in a kitchen cabinet that my family never opens, this was to simulate Polar Night. I let these clippings sit in their environment for a week as it said it usually take 7-14 days to show any major growth; as I was not looking for any major growth I ended it at 7 days. The plant that grew the biggest root was the plant by the window as it had the perfect setting for growth. Coming in second was the one in constant light, which surprised me a little because we would feel the plant would be overwhelmed by all the light and would die but that was not the case. Lastly the one in the dark barely grew at all because it got no light during the 7 days.

analysis This plant can grow roots in water in artificial light and darkness. I decided I needed three environments based on some research about mental health, Seasonal Effective Disorder, Midnight Sun, and Polar night. The first environment I set up a simulation of constant light by using a white light lamp. I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know what to expect since it was still able to grow in artificial light. After 7 days it ended up with a medium sized root coming out. The second environment I set up was a normal environment for a plant to grow; the normal day to day cycle of sunlight and then darkness. I put this clipping in a window that faces the sunrise and also gets the angle of the afternoon sunlight. This clipping ended up having a large root in a short amount of time, I was impressed. Lastly I put a plant clipping in space of constant darkness. As I suspected it did grow a small root. This experiment showed me that plant life is greatly effected by its environment just as people are. Plants need a stable environment to fully flourish as people do as well. It was clear that plants could still grow in the non-ideal environment but not much, they struggled more than the plant in the stable environment. People in Alaska experience extreme light and dark seasons and that can affect how someone functions both mentally and physically. The experiment showed how these environments effect life physically. In the center it will be crucial to really build that stable environment through design for each season.

104 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Day 1 Root Growth

Environments

Day 7 Root Growth

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 105

106 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Observat io n of Behavio r

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 107

I arrived at Mocha Monkey in Waconia Minnesota at around 2:50 pm on a Friday. Mocha Monkey is a coffee shop that has two levels; the first level has a few high-top tables, two regular tables with four chairs and then there are two plush leather chairs with a coffee table by the fireplace. I decided to go two the second floor as there are many more options for seating that I could observe. Walking up the stairs to the right they have some lounge seating, one high-top table and two tables with four chairs. To the left of the staircase there are multiple rooms, the first room has a booth and table arrangement (this is where I sat), two seat table and then a one chair desk by the railing. Into the middle room there is a rather large table with four chairs and a rocking chair in the corner. In the last room it is split into like two separate spaces; one half has a long table with six chairs and then another small table with one chair. On the other half there is also a long table with five chairs, one big plush leather chair and then a high-top table with the wrong heighted chairs. When I first walked in there were 3 women using the high-top tables and two women using one of the regular tables and no one was using the plush leather chairs by the fireplace, which I was surprised about because normally when I go there they are normally used. Moving on up to the second floor I sat in the wooden booth seating. To the left of the staircase there were some women around the age of 18-22 and seemed to be doing homework as they had laptops and books.

I do not know how long they were there before but from the time I got up there at 2:55, they left at 3:15. There were also two women kind of across from me talking and drinking a beverage; again they were there before me so I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know the exact time they stayed there but they ended up leaving at 4:20. I check to see if there were any people in the back rooms and there was one lady around the age of 40-50 and one other around the age of 13-15 maybe and they seemed to be doing work at the individual seated tables. I did not end up seeing them leave before me and I left at 5:30 pm. At around 4:30 two women around the age of 50-60 came in and one sat in the big plush leather chair while the other turned a chair around to talk and they only stayed for about 30 minutes. Another group of about four women around the age of 60-65 came in and they sat in the middle room with the long table that had six chairs; they stayed for about 20 minutes. A family of six ended up coming in and they practical used the whole left side of the stair case and ended up using the floor for sitting as well. The family stayed for about an hour. About 20 minutes after they left a group of five boys and two girls around the age 15-17 came in and used the lounge space and moved some of the tables and chairs around so they could all talk in a circle. The boys ended up going down stairs and used the two chairs by the fireplace while some of the others stood around them.

108 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis I chose to do an observation of what types of seating people preferred and how long they stayed in the seating arrangement they chose. Mocha Monkey has always had so many types of seating so I chose to go there. Normally my friend and I go there to work on homework as so do many other people. Since I went on a Friday I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see many people working on homework probably due to the fact it was the end of the week and most people just seemed to be hanging out having a beverage. Once upon a time before Covid-19 happened they used to have a group of couches and they were always full, but sadly they changed them to individual chairs for the lounge area. Normally I would choose a high-top, but I chose to sit in the booth because it gave me the most range to observe most of the seating. Overall I would say many people if they are doing some sort of work prefer to use a regular height table with a bigger table for some work space. The people who just came with one other person almost always chose to sit at a table made for two and seemed to stay a while. The women who were older seemed to seek out a more comfortable place to sit and when the lounge area was a taken they went to a table but neither groups of the older women stayed very long and it had me thinking maybe it was because the chairs were wooden and not very comfortable for someone in that age range.

The family of six was very interesting to watch. They used the entire left side so anyone that same upstairs during that time did not use that side. The kids ended up using every lounge chair and table space. Something that surprised me is after they used all seating types they ended up moving to the floor to sit and even the mom joined in. This made me think for my center I should include some comfortable floor like seating for those who prefer not to use a table, couch or chair. Overall this observation showed me I need to include private work spaces along with group workspaces for those people who may be brining school or work with them to this center. For the people coming and possibly making friends and talking with to others and hanging out might need some lounging options instead of tables and chairs. I noticed the group of teenagers made a circular like layout with the furniture and this made me think I should provide circular layouts of future so people can talk face to face with everyone they are talking too. Places to put your things was a big thing I noticed that people needed. A lot of people were not sure where to put their belongings so they would set them on the ground or in the chair next to them. There were some coat racks on the first floor but nothing on the second floor and I think maybe each setting area should have a place to set your things.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 109

110 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

De s ig n Th e o ry 1 Comfort Theory

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 111

Based on the Comfort Theory and Practice book by Katharine Kolcaba there were three types of comfort to begin with: relief, ease and renewal which later got changed to transcend. Relief is the experience of a patient who has had a specific comfort need met. Ease is a state of calm or achievement. Transcendence is the state in which one rises above problems or pain. Katharine began to research more on comfort theories, holism, and human experience. At first she just focused on the physical and mental aspect, but her researched pushed further into that there are actually four types of comfort when thinking about human experiences: physical comfort, psychospiritual comfort, environmental comfort and sociocultural comfort. The physical comfort aspect really focuses on patients in pain and being able to ease that pain. Some examples on how to achieve that are: homeostatic mechanisms such as fluid/electrolyte balance, stable blood chemistry, adequate oxygen saturation and other metabolic indications of health. In addition to physical comfort, positioning was very important. This means sitting correctly, having freedom to move independently, and well-fitting furniture need to be included to enhance physical comfort. Doing this can lead to increased function and activity. Onto physhospiritual comfort which is the combination of physiological health and spiritual health. It includes: self-esteem, faith in a higher being or order, being independent, feeling relaxed, being informed and feeling useful. 112

Psychospiritual comfort is basically whatever gives life meaning for someone and gives them self-esteem, self-concept, sexuality, and a relationship to a higher being or order. Environmental comfort is a key aspect when creating a design and is used to promote physical and cognitive functions. Some examples of environmental aides for comfort are: hand rails, non-glare lighting, grab bars in restrooms, calendars and clocks, minimal noise and ADA accessible furniture; which all contribute to better comfort and function. There are also some other things to think about when it comes to environmental comfort as a designer such as designing with external surroundings, conditions and influences in mind. Color, light, noise, ambience, temperature, window views access to nature and use of natural elements are all aspect we as designers have control over to make the space more comfortable. Lastly there is sociocultural comfort. A study found the friendliness and caring staff members was essential in achieving social comfort. The patients of this study stated that they looked to their nurses and other staff members for social comfort rather than their families but family was still important. Making the user feel at home, important, intelligent, supported and valued is also important. Culture has made its way into this context of comfort. When designing it is important to think about other cultures besides your own and some things to think about are: traditions, language, clothes and customs.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis This design theory implements the well-being and comfort of the user. For physical comfort as a designer I think physical comfort is really important in a center focused on healing. Some aspects I will be including for physical comfort are: well fitted furniture for all body types, ergonomically correct furniture and designing a space where the disabled feel abled. Physhospiritual comfort I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t necessarily think can be designed but it more can be achieved through the staff and personal but I think there are some ways to achieve it in design. First off, I think creating the space for the self-defense classes can indeed bring up someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s selfesteem and self-concept. Including many different types of therapy and transitional housing can also contribute to physhospiritual comfort because it can bring independence, relaxation and the feeling of being useful. The environmental comfort aspect spoke to me the most as a designer and how it promotes physical and cognitive function. I will be including hand rails, non-glare lighting, grab bars in restrooms, calendars and clocks, minimal noise and ADA accessible furniture; which will all contribute to better comfort and function for the users in my center.

Thinking about: color, light, noise, ambience, temperature, window views access to nature and use of natural elements are all things I have thought about and will continue to think about when designing to make sure these women are comfortable in this healing environment. Lastly, in sociocultural comfort I felt it was again more of the staff that can achieve this, but the study did say that culture was included in this. I will need to take in account, language and customs when designing this center especially the native culture. I want all users to feel comfortable and included while making a unique and functional design.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 113

114

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

De s ig n Theo ry 2 Place Attatchment Theory

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 115

Interior design influences the atmosphere and experiences created in spaces. When interior designing you want to be able to create a space were people have good place attachment so the users will keep coming back. Users from three different coffee shops were surveyed about some of the key characteristics and design elements that cause them to feel an attachment to their specific coffee shop. The top five design elements were: cleanliness, aroma, adequate lighting, comfortable furniture and a view of the outdoors. The survey also showed that seating by windows, walls or partial walls were most popular. The reason for this is because the people were drawn to elements of physical structure as it seems to provide protection and they can watch the people around them. Based on another study place attachment is an important concept for designers because it effects both functional and meaningful aspects of space. People create a strong sense of place attachment when they are satisfied with the environment, which supports both mental and physical health. The sense of belonging contributes to a person’s ability to experience attachment to a place. Place attachment involves different social relationships including individuals, groups, and cultures.

116

When designing a space to create this sense of place attachment there are few things to consider: • Include access to natural areas such as gardens or walking trails to increase mood, increase satisfaction, encourage communication and provide refuge for users. • Design space to create a sense of community to encourage place attachment through socialization. • Allow for spontaneous social interaction by crossing circulation paths. •

Use a variety of unique materials.

• Include areas for public display of achievement for the users to make them feel more connected to the space.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis For this womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focused sexual assault center I am designing it is definitely important to create a positive place attachment so these women will come back and continue to heal, while having a positive experience in the healing process. As stated in the research there are ways as a designer to help create positive place attachments to the space. Including adequate lighting will be very important for the space I am designing; based on previous research lighting will be key in this environment. It will help to have god lighting during both the long dark season and long light season. Some sort of connection to the outdoors can influence a positive effect on a person. Including large windows with a view to the outdoors I think would be the most beneficial for this center as it will allow for lots of daylight to come in as well as bring the positive influence with a view to the outdoors. Comfortable furniture is important as well you want the user to feel comfortable especially in a place where women have experienced trauma and are there to heal. Having comfortable lounge areas to encourage socialization could help these women during their process of healing. Making sure there is a comfortable layout of furniture by having seating by windows and walls will make the users feel safe and in a sexual assault center the biggest aspect is safety.

Something I found interesting was to increase socialization and community among users, as a designer you can design circulation paths to cross and I think doing this will be very helpful in the center. Increasing the sense of community can help a person feel they belong and for my center community, socialization and feeling belonged are all important aspects when healing to get back out into society.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 117

118

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

R esp o nd

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 119

120 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Functional Needs + Program Report

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 121

M e d ical C lin ic

Tra nsi st i o na l Ho u si ng

G ro u p/ I n d iv id ual T h e rap y

Se lf- d e f e nse C l a sse s

122 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis I am designing a women’s focused sexual assault center where there are four main aspects of healing after sexual assault, including; medical care, therapy, transitional housing and learning selfdefense. Based on research I chose to include these four element to try and heal most aspects of theses women’s lives. I felt it was important to have all these elements under one roof to make the process healing less stressful. It can be stressful going to a medical center, then trying find a place for therapy and looking for self-defense classes. Having them all together will make the process easier and less intimidating to seek the help. Starting we have medical care; a study showed only around 21% of people sought medical care after their assault. Also another factor as of why I chose to include medical care I this center is the average number of rapes and sexual assaults against females of childbearing age is approximately 250,000 which means, the number of children conceived from rape each year in the United States might range from 7,750—12,500. Proving this medical care in the center could make it easier and safer for these women to get the medical attention they need whether it be, an STD test, pregnancy test, abortion, rape kit, wound care or anything else that could fall under what they might need after sexual assault. Transitional housing is beneficial for those who were sexually abused/assaulted by someone in their family or by their significant other.

Often times if the survivor leaves they don’t have anywhere to go because they lived with that person who was sexually abusing them and don’t have a backup housing plan. I chose not to do an emergency shelter because transitional housing is for longer stays which will allow these women to have time to figure out their next move and get back on their feet. Both individual therapy and group therapy are crucial to the healing process of trauma. During my interview with Megan she stated that this was important to include because not many people know where to being when looking for therapy or they don’t have a good support system to help them. She also stated even though she had been in therapy for a while she had never tried group therapy and thought that could be very beneficial because there are people there that understand what you are going through and they can help each other heal. Lastly I wanted to create an aspect where these women could further protect themselves when going back out into society; self-defense came to mind. Some women may not know how to defend themselves in a situation of sexual assault or when it occurs they don’t act upon the situation due to being scared. Including this could help encage the community and bring awareness to how big of an issue sexual assault is in Alaska while also making the community safer.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 123

124 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis Diving deeper into the functional needs of the space I included the subspaces of the four main aspects while including general building aspects such as elevators, stairs, and a mechanical room. Starting off I broke down the entry area and what I am thinking of having I that space. There will need to be a reception desk for people to check in and I made it a bit larger than the average reception desk because of the amount of sexual assaults is so high in Alaska so they many need more than one staff member to check in people along with having storage for files. Upon entry a waiting area with various types of physiological safe furniture to ensure the safety of everyone in the building. I include these private talking pods for those who would rather talk privately. While people are waiting I decided to include a snack/beverage area to help increase socialization. In many of the site visit each place had a donation room and I thought having that room somewhat towards the entrance could help show that there are resources coming in for these women. For the medical clinic I interviewed a Planned Parenthood employee which really helped me gather what kind of spaces I need and how many. I also looked back Digestive Health Clinic I did junior year; it showed me what spaces usually go into a clinic in general. Based on the population of Anchorage I decided to go with 10 exam rooms that were 120 in square footage

to have them all be ADA accessible. In the medical clinic I decided to put a separate reception desk just for the medical clinic and wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be associated with any of the other services to make it easier on staff. A separate break room will also be in the clinic are just to try and keep the building more clean and sanitary, but this does to exclude them from venturing out into other parts of the building if need be. A smaller waiting area space from the entry will also be added into the medical clinic to really have that aspect function easier. I researched a lot about therapy and different kinds of therapy so I felt it was fair to include many types of therapy including light therapy because of the location. In some of the site visits and case studies I read often times they said there was a wait on people seeking therapy and I wanted try and have that not be an issue in this center so I included 20 individual therapy and 4 light therapy for a total of 24 rooms for individual therapy. I looked back at the program report from my Domestic Abuse Project form sophomore year and they had 2 group therapy areas. I think group therapy is very important and getting to socialize with others is a key part in healing so I included 4 group therapy rooms; along with the fact Alaska sexual assault rate is the highest in the U.S. so there should be more spaces for the amount of people. Also there is a multipurpose room for the self-defense classes or any other events the center may hold.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 125

Site visit really helped me in figuring out what I needed in transitional housing and how to design it. Normally in transitional housing they will only have a bed, desk and closet. It is not like a small apartment because the people coming here have experienced trauma and may want to endanger themselves so there is no kitchen or bathroom in the room itself, and no TV to encourage socialization. There are two group kitchen to account for the amount of people along with a large dining area. There is a group TV/entertainment room to increase socialization. Since there are no bathrooms in the room there will be group bathrooms similar to college housing but with more privacy as these womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bodies have been violated. The bathrooms will also have ADA access. There will be an administrative area for all extra resources to help these women get back out there. During the site visits they gave me an idea of how many extra services there are along with just working offices. I am more for work spaces for administrative work as I think it helps coloration. Due to HIPPA there needs to be privacy for these people to have private conversations. Just like any other business staff members hold meetings so I included two sized meetings depending on the meeting type. There will also be another donation room in this area to make it easier for staff to organization the donations in the same area where there are other staff members.

126 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 127

128 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Human factor + FF&E

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 129

130 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis The first image at the top shows and ADA accessible multi-shower and dressing compartment layout. For the transitional housing aspect of my design I decided to incorporate multi-shower and bathrooms for people to use instead of single use. The reason for this is, from one of my site visits they had group bathrooms and showers to make is safer for people in distress. I think the goal was to not have bathrooms in the room itself so people couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t harm themselves. Also a group style shower system can help people look out for each other and possibly even socialize. Having this type system it will be import to also include privacy so having individual stalls for showers, changing and toilets. In the site visit I referred to they had the ADA bathroom separate from all the other ones and there was only one and think it is important not to single out anyone and to make it inclusive. Based on the picture they have the 60 inch circle which is required and they have a larger shower space and place to sit. Next image down shows an example of bariatric seating. For some of the furniture elements that may not be custom it is important to think of all body types. This type of bariatric seating is form the healthcare company called Caroline and they have three bariatric seating lines. This chair in specific holds 500-1000 lbs. and overall has increased seat dimensions. I will be puting bariatric options in both waiting areas (entry and clinic) along with any lounge areas.

Lastly for the entire building I need to include clear floor spaces on the latch side of the door (pull side) which will allow a person using a wheelchair or scooter to pull the door open and then enter. The size of the clear floor space varies depending on the direction of approach (shown by the arrows) and the door swing. In this space it is important that everyone has smooth access and feels included. Including small changes like this can will include people with disabilities but not signal them out.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 131

132 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

a nalysis Starting off we have a recliner which will be used in the exam rooms for the clinic aspect. I chose to do a recliner instead of an exam table because it allows the user to have a back rest, more comfort and allows the doctor to place the patient at whatever angle is needed. Under the recliner we have a white light box and it is used for light therapy which treats Seasonal Effective Disorder: I will be including this type of therapy in my design as it portrays to healing the circadian rhythms. Moving over to the next column and the top one in the last column are all examples of psychiatric safe furniture implements. In this type of center where people are dealing with trauma, distress, depression, self-harm and even suicide it is important to keep all users in the space safe. Using these aspects in furniture will help the mobility of the furniture to be limited as well as not being able to be taken apart. Lastly in the bottom right circle we have office pods. This could be used as a less formal way of individual therapy or can be used for privacy when talking with a friend or two.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 133

134 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Wayfinding

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 135

Effective way finding cues with space planning and FF+E: • Clearly identify points of arrival • Provide convenient parking and accessible walkways located adjacent to each public entry • Locate information desks within each public entry visible from the front door. • Place elevator lobbies so they can be seen upon entering the building • Use consistent lighting, floor coverings and finishes in primary public corridor systems. • Situate memorable landmarks along corridors and at key decision points • Design public waiting areas that are visually open to the corridors • Distinguish public form non-public areas by using a variety of finishes, colors and lighting Graphic communication cues: • Signs • Color coding • Maps • Banners • Easy understood language • Establishes floor numbering system • Select letterforms and color combinations that comply with ADA guidelines Tactical commination cues: • Raised letters • Braille • Push doors or knurled door knobs • Textured flooring • Install “rumble strips” at the landing of stairs

analysis Based on some of the research I found I need to have clear points of arrival along with having the elevators being seen at the point of arrival. I think it will be very helpful to have color coding for each section of the building so people can identify where they are and having a big and bold floor number or section number to help with identification as well. Having the elevators also have a floor number on them when you walk up to it is very helpful so you know what floor you are on. I found an image that had some rainbow lines on the floor to help guide the user throughout the space and I thought that was a very good idea. They would have a line split off from the rest and where that line goes will be the space you’re looking for. This is a fun and a unique way to way find. Having the building be ADA accessible maybe the lies on the floor could have a texture to help those who bare sight impaired and braille signage needs to be included throughout as well. Incorporating a directory by the reception desk would be very beneficial as this will tell the user where they need go after they check in.

136 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 137

138 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Structural Needs

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 139

Level 1

Level 2

140 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis For my womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focused sexual assault center I am including four main aspects: a medical clinic, transitional housing, therapy and self-defense. Based on some case studies and site visits I have made the decisions to have transitional housing on a mezzanine floor so it can be more private and safe, this is located on the hatched portion of the plan. I did not use the whole floor for a second level because it was not needed, the housing aspect only needs around 6,000-7000 Sq. feet and the entire base plan is well over that amount. I picked this plan because it had two separate wings of the building. I felt his would help separate the medical clinic and the therapy areas while having the reception/lounge area in between. This base plan also has many windows which will contribute to helping the healing process and bringing the natural daylight. There are also many points of entry and will be very beneficial for staff and clientele; most points of entry will be used for staff and I would say one entry point will be used for the clientele. This plan will also be able to accommodate all aspects and the amount of people using it.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 141

142 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Su stainable St r ategy 1 Interiors Life-Cycle Impact Reduction

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 143

This sustainable strategy is from LEED and focuses on materials and resources. The intent of this category is to encourage adaptive reuse and optimize the environmental performance of products and materials. There are also requirements in order to make it LEED certified. Option one (2 points) is to reuse or salvage interior nonstructural elements for at least 50% of the surface area. Although hazardous materials must be excluded from the calculation. Option two (1 point) is to reuse, salvage, or refurbish furniture and furnishings for at least 30% of the total furniture and furnishings cost. Option three (3 points) has many factors to it but overall the goal is to conduct an integrative planning process to increase the useful life of the project space. Increase project space flexibility, ease of adaptive use, and recycling of building materials while considering differential durability and premature obsolescence over building design life and individual component service lives. To obtain the points you have to incorporate the use at least three of the following strategies: • Install accessible systems (floor or ceiling) for at least 50% of the project floor area to allow for flexible use of space and access to systems (under floor distribution systems) not entangled with other building systems. • Design at least 50% of interior nonstructural walls, ceilings, and floors to be movable or demountable. • Ensure that at least 50%, by cost, of nonstructural materials have integral labels (radio frequency identification, engraving, embossing, or other permanent marking)

containing information on material origin, properties, date of manufacture, in compliance with Canadian Standards Association CSA Z782-06 Guideline for Design for Disassembly and Adaptability in Buildings. • Include in at least one major component or systems purchase contract a clause specifying subcontractor, vendor, or on site take back system. • Ensure that at least 50% of nonstructural materials, by cost, are reusable or recyclable, as defined by the Federal Trade Commission Guide for Use of Environmental Marketing Claims, 260.12. • Implement flexible power distribution (i.e., plug-and-play) systems for at least 50% of the project floor area so that lighting, data, voice, and other systems can be easily reconfigured and repurposed. • Implement a flexible lighting control system with plug and play components such as wall controls, sensors, and dimming ballasts for a minimum of 50% of the lighting load. The system shall allow for reconfiguring and repurposing of luminaires and controls without rewiring such as having the capability to group and assign luminaires into zones and change those zones as needed. Also, the system shall be flexible so that as a space changes functions, the lighting levels can change to suit the needs of the space without rewiring or removing or adding luminaires

144 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysi s From the three main options I think option three has some really good options to utilize. Options one and two I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really have any control over in this project because they involve reusing existing materials and furniture which I will not have. In option three there are many options and it says you must incorporate at least three of them. For my project I think the best way to utilize this option would be by: Ensure that at least 50% of nonstructural materials, by cost, are reusable or recyclable; design at least 50% of interior nonstructural walls, ceilings, and floors to be movable or demountable; Implement a flexible lighting control system with plug and play components such as wall controls, sensors, and dimming ballasts for a minimum of 50% of the lighting load. The system shall allow for reconfiguring and repurposing of luminaires and controls without rewiring such as having the capability to group and assign luminaires into zones and change those zones as needed. Also, the system shall be flexible so that as a space changes functions, the lighting levels can change to suit the needs of the space without rewiring or removing or adding luminaires. The reason I chose those options was they seemed easier to implement in this project. Finding materials that are reusable or recycle I think could make a huge impact on the environment and the people using the building. For the next two, I chose the aspects

focused on lighting because lighting will be playing a huge part in my design; the reason for that is light Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be very important in the extreme dark and light seasons that Alaska experiences. Dimming lights and censored lights will help save on energy. Assigning luminaries into zones will also help be design which areas need as much and which areas will; areas that might not get a lot of window usage could benefit from having set luminaries.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 145

146 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Su stainable St r ategy 2 Low emitting materials

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 147

This sustainable strategy is from LEED and focuses on reducing concentrations of chemical contaminants that can damage air quality, human health, productivity, and the environment. There are requirements in order to meet this sustainable strategy; two product categories gets you 1 point, three product categories is 2 points, four product categories is 3 points and five product category and above is 3+ points. There are many factors to these product categories. Starting off we have paints and coatings; at least 75% of all paints and coatings, by volume or surface area, meet the VOC emissions evaluation and 100% meet the VOC content evaluation; this also goes for adhesives and sealants. Flooring must at least 90% of all flooring, by cost or surface area, meets the VOC emissions evaluation or inherently nonemitting sources criteria, or salvaged and reused materials criteria, this includes all types of hard and soft surface flooring (carpet, ceramic, vinyl, rubber, engineered, solid wood, laminates), wall base, underlaymentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, and other floor coverings. For wall panels and ceilings, 75% of all wall panels and 90% of ceilings, by cost or surface area, meet the VOC emissions evaluation, or inherently non-emitting sources criteria, or salvaged and reused materials criteria. Lastly furniture must be at least 75%, by cost, meets the furniture emissions evaluation, or inherently nonemitting sources criteria, or salvaged and reused materials criteria. LEED also has information on how to make sure products are meeting the VOC limit.

analysis Making sure the people sing the building are being impacted in a positive way is why I chose to look at the indoor environmental quality, because people spend most of their time indoors and it is important to make sure that indoor environment is benefiting the user. Breathing VOCs can irritate the eyes, nose and throat, can cause difficulty breathing and nausea, and can damage the central nervous system as well as other organs. Some VOCs can cause cancer. Incorporating low emissions of VOCs on the majority or even all walls, ceilings, floors, furniture and even what you are using to apply products would make the environment better. Considering my center is a place for people to be healing in many aspects it would be important to include making the indoor environment a place where you wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get sick from the building itself. Also, thinking about the outdoor environment higher VOCs can act as a greenhouse gas which contributes to climate change and can contribute to the ground-layer ozone which can cause health problems. I believe we can create spaces while also thinking about our planet.

148 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 149

150 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Su stainable St r ategy 3 Daylight

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 151

This sustainable strategy is also from LEED. Daylight is used to connect building occupants with the outdoors, reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the use of electrical lighting by introducing daylight into the space. There are four options to choose from when it comes to requirements but I will only be going over three as the first one I do not quite understand from a design standpoint. Starting off we have Illuminance Calculations. Find out the illuminance at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. on a clear-sky day at the equinox for each regularly occupied space for the location you chose. For example, illuminance levels are between 300 lux and 3,000 lux at both 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. Spaces with view-preserving automatic (with manual override) glare-control devices may demonstrate compliance for only the minimum 300 lux illuminance level. To calculate illuminance intensity for sun and sky for clear-sky conditions as follows: • Use typical meteorological year data, or an equivalent, for the nearest available weather station. • Select one day within 15 days of September 21 and one day within 15 days of March 21 that represent the clearest sky condition. • Use the average of the hourly value for the two selected days.

Spaces with view-preserving automatic (with manual override) glare-control devices may demonstrate compliance for only the minimum 300 lux illuminance level. And then with furniture, fixtures, and equipment in place, measure illuminance levels as follows: • Measure at appropriate work plane height during any hour between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. • If pursuing one point, take one measurement in any regularly occupied month. If pursuing two points, take two measurements: one measurement in any regularly occupied month, and take a second as indicated in Table 4. • For spaces larger than 150 square feet (14 square meters), take measurements on a maximum 10 foot (3 meter) square grid. • For spaces 150 square feet (14 square meters) or smaller, take measurements on a maximum 3 foot (900 millimeters) square grid. There is also a chart to show when you should be measuring the illuminance during the year.

Next we have Measure; measure illuminance in each regularly occupied space. Achieve illuminance levels between 300 lux and 3,000 lux.

152 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysi s For the basis of this project I have researched the circadian rhythm and how darkness and light can effect it and how that effects people. As previously stated daylight is used to connect building occupants with the outdoors, reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the use of electrical lighting by introducing daylight into the space. I think it is very important to include because the people that would use my center are in the process of healing and a stronger connection to the outdoors can help them heal physically and mentally. In Alaska during their dark season it is important to try and utilize as much daylight as you can to make the occupants feel better and keep their circadian rhythm on track. If you refer back to my case study 3 on daylight and artificial light in the office it explains why daylight is important and having glare control can make a difference in people health. Also reducing the amount of electrical light reduces energy which is better for the environment.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 153

154 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Branding Circa Diem - Day by Day Healing

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 155

156 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 157 2

158 1 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis When thinking of a name for this women’s focused center I really dove deep into Alaska’s overall mental health of its residents and why their crime rate is so much higher than the rest of the United States. Alaska experiences two phenomena’s called “Polar Night” and “Midnight Sun” which means they have an extreme dark season and an extreme light season. This can have many negative effects on mental and physical health, specifically the circadian rhythm. It was also proven that the longer light season brings more crime because warmer and brighter weather are tied to high crime rates. I dove more into the circadian rhythm is and what it means. The circadian rhythm is your inner clock and inner balance and women are more likely to experience their circadian rhythm unbalanced. The term circadian rhythm came from the Latin words “Circa Diem” meaning around a day. Our bodies go through a cycle around each day; a day and night cycle. I thought the words “Circa Diem” were a perfect fit on how the women coming to this center need to heal on daily basis and heal their circadian rhythms as when it unbalanced it can have many negative mental and physical health problems. The tag line I chose to go with was “Day by Day Healing” as this center will help women heal on the daily basis while also tying back to Circa Diem meaning around a day.

For the rest of my branding I wanted to go with a logo that represented day by day healing and Circa Diem (around a day). I looked up some inspiration of day and night logos, sunrises and sunsets, and anything that had a rounder shape to it. I ended up combining a sunrise look with another logo that had a round simplicity to it. I did many color combinations to see which one would turn out the best; I chose the top left one, as I felt it looked most like a sunrise and sunset at the same time and including the pop of blue. I was thinking of using the other iterations as some sort of wayfinding aspect in the center to really keep the brand moving throughout.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 159

160 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

concept Orbital Reveal

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 161

orbital reveal Spaces are revealed through orbital elements

or·bit·al /ˈôrbədl/

Relating to an orbit or orbits or (of a road) passing around the outside of a town.

re·veal /rəˈvēl/

Make (previously unknown or secret information) known to others.

162 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis Reveal

When thinking of concept I wanted it to tie back to the process of healing and what the center I think stands for. As stated before the name of the center is Circa Diem which means around a day and all my branding from that term. I really focused on what around a day would look like; this brought up of images of the sun, moon and earth and what those all had in common, and orbit. They are all circular and all orbit each other and I felt this also tied back to these women healing in almost like a cycle of; medical treatment, housing, therapy and getting back out into society. Reveal came from what I think this center stands for and that is these women revealing their stories and letting themselves be heard. I think it is a powerful statement letting these women reveal their experiences, whether that be to a therapist, a group of other survivors or taking the step to take care of themselves. I felt like I could implement both of these words into creating space while having meaning behind them.

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 163

164 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Mood Circa Diem - Day by Day healing

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 165

166 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

analysis Since I am creating a center focused on women I thought of the color that people associate femininity with, which is pink. The color pink is thought to be a calming color associated with love, kindness, and femininity. Some shades of pale pink are described as relaxing, while very bright, vibrant shades can be stimulating or even aggravating so I decided to go with a more muted tone of pink so it would not be to stimulating or aggravating. The article also state that pink can also be seen as joyful and creative. Sometimes I think pink can get a bad reputation because some people donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t like the fact that it is considered a feminine color but I think it should be embraced. I wanted to include another warm color that could balance out the pink and blues (which I will go through) so I chose orange, because it is the opposite of blue and has good properties. People often describe orange as bright, happy, and uplifting. Orange is also the color of many sunrises and sunsets as that ties back to my branding and concept. Next up I decided to incorporate two blue tones, one being a more dusty blue and the other a dark blue. Blue is a color often found in nature such as the pale blue of a daytime sky, which ties back to healing day by day. The color blue can bring feelings of calmness or serenity and can even lower blood pressure and body temperature and treat pain and soothe illness. It is often described as peaceful, tranquil, secure, and orderly. Based off of those statements I thought blue would work really well in this center for people who are trying to heal many aspects of their lives including their physical health. Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 167

168 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

sketches + Models Start of schematic design

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 169

170 Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 171

103

109

115

121

104

110

145

172

101

105

106

107

112

117

116

128

134

140

146

141

147

113

118

102

108

114

120

119

126

125

124

123

127

139

100

111

122

133

129

130

131

132

135

136

137

138

142

148

143

149

144

150

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Chloe Erickson - Women focused sexual assault center - Research 173

174

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research

Chloe Erickson - Women Focused Sexual Assault Center - Research 175

so urces

PORJECT STATEMENT https://www.marshall.edu/wcenter/sexual-assault/types-of-sexualassault/#:~:text=Sexual%20assault%20includes%3A&text=Forcible%20object%20 penetration%E2%80%94penetrating%20someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s,minors%2C%20whether%20 consensual%20or%20not https://theconversation.com/whats-the-difference-between-sexual-abuse-sexual-assaultsexual-harassment-and-rape-88218 https://www.rainn.org/statistics https://www.rainn.org/statistics/victims-sexual-violence https://www.rainn.org/statistics/perpetrators-sexual-violence https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084754/#:~:text=The%20current%20 study%20found%20that,of%20victims%20sought%20medical%20care. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/native-americans-struggle-with-high-rate-ofrape.html#:~:text=Alaska%20Natives%20are%2015%20percent,its%20victims%20of%20 sexual%20assault. Megan Muras- Sexual assault survivor LOCATION https://www.statista.com/statistics/232563/forcible-rape-rate-in-the-us-bystate/#:~:text=Alaska%20saw%20the%20highest%20rape,161.6%20rapes%20per%20 100%2C000%20inhabitants. https://apnews.com/ c2a0ea50e411439599d450355e1baedd#:~:text=ANCHORAGE%2C%20Alaska%20 (AP)%20%E2%80%94,a%20new%20FBI%20report%20said. https://www.alaskaoutdoorssupersite.com/travel/transportation#:~:text=Owing%20 to%20the%20limited%20road,people%20who%20live%20in%20Alaska. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/rape-culture-in-the-alaskanwilderness/379976/

DEMOGRAPHICS https://www.states101.com/gender-ratios/alaska https://statisticalatlas.com/state/Alaska/Age-and-Sex https://www.nativefederation.org/alaska-native-peoples/#:~:text=According%20to%20 the%202014%20Census,100%2C000%20residents%2C%20at%2012%25. https://www.infoplease.com/us/census/alaska/demographic-statistics http://ibis.dhss.alaska.gov/indicator/important_facts/Rape.html#:~:text=According%20 to%20this%20definition%2C%20the,per%20100%2C000%20females%20in%202016. https://andvsa.org/facts/ https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/rape-culture-in-the-alaskanwilderness/379976/ https://www.niccsa.org/alaska/#:~:text=The%20actual%20rate%20of%20sexual,has%20 not%20experienced%20sexual%20violence. https://andvsa.org/facts/ CASE STUDY LINKS https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323517/ https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/12/e035739 https://www.jstor.org/stable/canajsocicahican.34.1.135?read-now=1&seq=1#page_ thumbnails_tab_contents https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6751071/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138072/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793275/ http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/articles/Transitional%20Housing%20for%20Victims%20 of%20Intimate%20Partner%20Violence_final.pdf HEALTHCARE https://www.wbdg.org/space-types/clinic-health-unit Jenny Mattifs- Planned Parenthood employee https://specfurniture.com/behavioral-health-solutions?gclid=CjwKCAjwlbr8BRA0 EiwAnt4MTtUptokVN1LfFoq9bm8OKzOK1McxNDDYQZH5rJWXD7vrLICBg_ yEUhoCG0IQAvD_BwE SITE VISITS https://cmsac.org/ https://middlewayhouse.org/buildingtours/ https://dvsolutions.org/about/virtual-tours/ https://www.casayouthshelter.org/tour/ MOOD https://www.verywellmind.com/color-psychology-2795824

SURVEYS https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/LHWP3P9 https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/R9DNKD7 DESIGN THEORIES https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nduGie_ https://interior.design.umn.edu/admissions/documents/Chapter2_Final.pdf https://hathcockdesigns.weebly.com/design-blog/place-identity-in-interior-design HUMAN FACTOR https://www.ada.gov/pcatoolkit/chap7shelterchk.htm https://www.harborcitysupply.com/blog/ada-design-solutions-for-multiple-shower-anddressing-compartments/ https://carolina.ofs.com/pdfviewer?file=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.ofs. com%2Fs3fs-public%2FCAR_Voyage_Bariatric_Spec%2520Sheet. pdf%3Fv%3D1601669597#page=1&zoom=auto,-104,792 FFE https://www.nemschoff.com/products/pristo-recliner https://intereum.com/products/framery-q-office-pod https://ofs.com/products/space-defining/privacyacoustical/obeya https://specfurniture.com/behavioral-health-solutions?gclid=CjwKCAjwlbr8BRA0 EiwAnt4MTtUptokVN1LfFoq9bm8OKzOK1McxNDDYQZH5rJWXD7vrLICBg_ yEUhoCG0IQAvD_BwE WAYFINDING https://myhome.spu.edu/kgz/4209/article1.html http://www.encompasssign.com/blog/the-unbreakable-rules-of-successful-wayfindingdesign https://www.gnugroup.com/resources-6-wayfinding-signage-best-practices-to-get-themwhere-they-need-to-go/ SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/volatile-organic-compounds https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/0710011214_ED48749_ VOC_Incineration_-_CC_Report_v3.pdf https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_solutions/vocs_smog. html#:~:text=VOCs%20play%20a%20significant%20role,fine%20particulates%20in%20 the%20atmosphere.&text=The%20accumulation%20of%20ozone%2C%20fine,in%20smog%20that%20reduces%20visibility. https://www.usgbc.org

Senior Interior Design Capstone Research Book

Articles inside

Analyze