Shanghai - World Cities beyond the West A Node in the Global Economic System
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
A Node in the global economic system (The reading argues that for Shanghai to become a world city)
Shanghai must create greater openness for foreign investors
capitalize on FDI (foreign direct investment)
Shanghai must revamp municipal policies to enhance competitiveness & foster stronger quality of life.
Sustainable strategies (30% of waste water is treated incomparison to 7% in China
Joining WTO, Improve Telecommunications
But as of 2010...
Increase per capita living space from 11sqm to 23sqm
http://lh4.ggpht.com/_Nnk6mwGcgcc/RrV8mPUO5YI/AAAAAAAABiw/kgrNJXa-W64/DSC02584.JPG
Located in People’s Square, the museum of Urban Planning of Shanghai showcases the past and the future of urban planning in Local, Regional and Global Scales.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city
Criteria - World Cities Economic
Corporate headquarters, international financial institutions, stock exchanges Significant financial capacity/output: city/regional GDP Stock market indices/market capitalization Financial service provision; e.g., banks, accountancy Costs of living personal wealth; e.g., number of billionaires
Social/Cultural
Infrastructure
Political December 15, 2010
Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments), A lively cultural scene, several influential media outlets with an international reach The ability and historical experience to host international sporting events Educational institutions World Heritage sites, Tourism throughput City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or symbolic actions
An advanced transportation system, Extensive and popular mass transit systems, prominent rail usage, road vehicle usage, major seaports Airports with significant passenger traffic and international passengers traffic or cargo movements. An advanced communications infrastructure Prominent skylines/skyscrapers
International events and world affairs; Hosting headquarters for international organizations (World Bank), NATO headquarters A large proper, population of the municipality or agglomeration Quality of life standards or city development Expatriate communities
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Criteria - World Cities Economic
Fortune 500
As of 2000, 254/500 Fortune 500 Companies Moved Regional Headquarters to Shanghai As of 2010, the number has increased to almost 300.
Social/Cultural
Pudong
1999 it accounted for 1/5 of metropolitan GDP of Shanghai. 2008 it accounted for 1/4 of the metropolitan GDP of Shanghai With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, Pudong’s new gross domestic product amounts to an estimated RMB370 billion (US$53.98 billion), roughly equal to that of Slovenia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong
Infrastructure
Numbers
The Shanghai area represents: 1% of China's population 5% of China's GDP 10% of China's contracted FDI 13% of China's Imports http://www.export.gov/china/shanghaicontacts.asp
“The strategy seeks to capitalize on Shanghai’s industrial capabilities to build a hightechnology manufacturing sector, to greatly expand the logistics infrastructure already in place, and to create a complex of finance and business services that rival those of HK.” (27)
Political December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://www.photos4travel.com/shanghai_china/Pudong_Puxi.jpg
“Several types of functions that are commonly associated with world city status include: finance, transnational corporate headquarter functions,, global services, transport, information, a site for international conferences, exhibitions, and cultural activities.� (35)
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Alpha - World Cities Alpha ++ World Cities London & New York City
Alpha + World Cities Hong Kong, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, Tokyo
Alpha World Cities
Seoul, Mumbai, Kuala Lumpur
Alpha - World Cities Jakarta, Bangkok, Taipei
The Globalization and World Cities Research Network
A roster of world cities was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four “advanced producer services�: accountancy, advertising, banking/ finance, and law.[5] The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Global Cities Index - World Cities 2010 Ranking
10
15 20
5
Foreign Policy noted that "the world’s biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions."
3
1. New York City 2. London 3. Tokyo 4. Paris 5. Hong Kong 6. Chicago 7. Los Angeles 8. Singapore 9. Sydney 10. Seoul 11. Brussels 12. San Francisco 13. Washington DC 14. Toronto 15. Beijing
16. Berlin 17. Madrid 18. Vienna 19. Boston 20. Frankfurt Am Main 21. Shanghai 22. Buenos Aires 23. Stockholm 24. Zurich 25. Moscow 26. Barcelona 27. Dubai 28. Rome 29. Amsterdam 30. Mexico City
8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_city
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
GDP in the Region
- Top Competitors 2010 Ranking
21
38
7
25
1
16
29
40
Shanghai’ GDP is higher than most of the asian countries except for Seoul, Tokyo, Osaka and Hong Kong.
27
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Shanghaistockexchange.jpg
In order to compete with Hong Kong, Shanghai will improve its manufacturing capacity, infrastructure, financial capibilities, and business services.
Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world’s sixth largest stock market by market capitalization at US$2.4 trillion as of Aug 2010. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors due to tight capital account controls exercised by the Chinese mainland authorities.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Manufacturing Sector - Shanghai Automobile
Electronics & Telecommunications
Zhangjiang high-tech park has 110 research and development institutions and 327 companies. It’s role is to drive future economic growth and higher employment. http://www.cannondesign.com/FILES/original/2009/06/29/ccd23ba81d20f43a1711b8ae5073aa5a2b987f8f.jpg
Power Station Equipment
Steel
Pharmaceutical
Home Appliances December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Criteria - World Cities Economic
Aging Population The rapidly again population presents Shanghai with another difficult challenge. Those over age 65 accounted for 12.5% of the total population in 1996 and 13.3 in 1998, and on current trends are epxected to account for 26% in the year 2020.
Population of long term residents in 2008 - 18.88million
2000 census
Social/Cultural
2%
3.871mil
19%
0.38mil
25%
Shanghai Municipality
residents
4.79mil
migrants
migrants 13.71mil
16.738mil
81%
Infrastructure
Population in different age groups 15% 2.752mil
Population of foreigners in 2007 - 0.38million
9%
1.469mil
26% 0-14
etc
15-65 6512.661mil
Political
etc
73%
0.13mil
foreign expatriates
74%
76%
“Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region (2004) in China Statistics 2005” http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/4_9_age_composition_and_dependency_ratio.html “Expat Evolution: Is Shanghai’s full-package expat going extinct?”. City Weekend Guide http://www.cityweekend.com.cn/shanghai/articles/blogs-shanghai/cw-radar/expat-evolution/
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
4.5M
5M
7.7M 4.5M
7.7M
4M 6M Population of BRAZIL 190,000,000 People (2010 official Census)s)
3.4M
GDP ARGENTINA: 310 Billion USD (World Bank) Shanghai-Hangzhou-Wuxi Megalopolis; “around Shanghai and extending westward along the Yangtze River Valley is one of the 2 most prosperous economic hinterlands in China with an urban population of 200 Million and a GDP of nearly $300 Billion (1995 dollars at market prices).� Page 34
December 15, 2010
19M
8M 4.3M Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Linkages - Shanghai-Wuxi-Ningbo
Wuxi
Shanghai
Hangzhou
Ningbo Railway Ship
Population - City Proper 1st
8th
2nd
10th
SHANGHAI
Seoul-Incheon-Gyeonggido
MUMBAI
JAKARTA
16,650,000
13,831,900
SHANGHAI
10th
16,650,000
SEOUL
20,550,000
10,464,051
Seoul-Incheon-Gyeonggido
2nd SEOUL
20,550,000
MUMBAI
5th
9,588,198
JAKARTA
19,200,000
6th
11th TOKYO
BEIJING 18,900,000
19,200,000
13,830,884
9th 12,500,000
10,123,000
POPULATION 1st 19thCITY METROPOLITAN POPULATION 12,500,000
Population - Metropolitan Region 13,831,900
10,464,051
13,830,884
9,588,198
8,887,608
TOKYO
BEIJING
18,900,000
32,450,000
10,123,000
32,450,000
8,887,608
CITY POPULATION METROPOLITAN POPULATION
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Places/Images/shanghai-bund-jbg-040808-0166-lw.jpg
The bund was first European community when it was established in the 1800s. A lot of foreign banks, companies and consulates are located in this area.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/83/Shanghai_-_Nanjing_Road_.jpeg
Nanjing Lu is the main shopping street in Huangpu district. People’s square is located here. People’s square is the site of the municipal government headquarters building. It’s used as the standard reference point for measurement of distance in Shanghai municipality.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://collapsingbarrycade.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/xintiandi2.jpg
Xintiandi is an affluent car-free shopping, eating and entertainment of Shanghai.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Tongji university was established as “German School of Chinese Medicine in Shanghai�
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://www.bing.com/slideshow/search?q=Shanghai+China&FORM=DTPSLM
The Yuyuan Garden is considered one of the most lavish and finest Chinese gardens in the Shanghai region. It is a good example of preserving Shanghai’s local heritage.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
After the whole project is done, a lovely and quiet town will be a modern community of more than 50,000 people.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/109/284607887_1d19ad3a6d.jpg?v=0
Thames Town, which cost about 5 billion yuan ($635 million), is expected to house 10,000 people.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Criteria - World Cities Economic
Social/Cultural
Infrastructure
Political December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Railway Trends - Shanghai KM OF RAIL 1.3 billion
SHANGHAI
1.323 billion
HONG KONG
1.457 billion
BEIJING
2.048 billion
SEOUL
3.160 billion
TOKYO 0
100
200
300
400
500
KM OF RAIL December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://www.chinaodysseytours.com/pictures-of-china/images/shanghai/nightlife_in_shanghai/nightlife-in-shanghai08.jpg
Despite having one of the longest rail systems, sprawling Shanghai is still a cardominated city.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://www.chinaodysseytours.com/pictures-of-china/images/shanghai/nightlife_in_shanghai/nightlife-in-shanghai08.jpg
Despite having one of the longest rail systems, sprawling Shanghai is still a cardominated city.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://injapan.gaijinpot.com/2010/04/30/visiting-the-shanghai-expo/
Chongming high speed rail station connects by rail to Nanjing.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Yangshan-Port-Containers.jpg
Yangshan port is annexed to the existing port of Shanghai to be able to host the world’s largest cargo ships. Shanghai plays a significant role among all the ports in around Asia.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Ports in China - Top Competitors 2008 Figures by Cargo Tonnage (thou) Qinhuangdao Dalian
Tianjin
Qingdao
Shanghai Ningbo-Zhoushan
Guangzhou
01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Singapore Shanghai Rotterdam Tianjin Ningbo-Zhoushan Guangzhou Qingdao Hong Kong Qinhuangdao Dalian Busan Korea Nagoya Japan Shenzhen
515,415 508,000 421,136 365,163 361,850 347,000 278,271 259,402 252,000 246,000 241,683 218,130 211,000
Shenzhen Hong Kong
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pudong_Airport_Terminal_2_Outside.jpg
Pudong International Airport is a major hub in the east asia region.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World’s_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World’s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic
Airports - Top Competitors
2009 Statistics by Passenger Volume
41 40 34 33 23 22 21 16 13 5 3
Seoul Incheon International Airport
28,677,161
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
29,682,093
Shanghai Pudong International Airport
32,102,549
Narita International Airport
32,135,191
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
37,048,712
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
37,143,719
Singapore Changi Airport
37,203,978
Suvarnabhumi Airport
40,500,224
Hong Kong International Airport
45,558,807
Tokyo International Airport
61,903,656
Beijing Capital International Airport
65,372,012 0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
2009 Statistics by Tonnes of Cargo Kuala Lumpur International Airport 28 Tokyo International Airport 24 21 Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Suvarnabhumi Airport 20 Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport 15 Beijing Capital International Airport 14 Singapore Changi Airport 11 Narita International Airport 10 Seoul Incheon International Airport 4 Shanghai Pudong International Airport 3 Hong Kong International Airport 2
601,620 779,118 955,270 1,045,194 1,358,304 1,475,649 1,660,724 1,851,972 2,313,001 2,543,394 3,385,313 0
December 15, 2010
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Criteria - World Cities Shanghai was one of the earliest trading ports, surpassed Guangzhou in 1853
Economic
“During its golden age in the 1920’s, with a population of over 2 million, Shanghai was ‘a meeting ground for people from all countries, a great and unique city, one of the most remarkable in the world’ (Pott 1928, p 1)” (28)
Social/Cultural
1950’s-1980’s - 30 years of neglect and disinvestment, no infrastructural improvements (however, largest contributor of the country’s revenue, pillar of planned economy) 1980’s - rapid path of modernization Between 1991-1998, about 12,000 work units as well as 400000 houseeholds were moved from downtown to the city’s suburbs.
Infrastructure
1997-1998 - Crisis in Asia By the end of 2001, 21 foreign banks had established their main offices in Shanghai; Over 1160 enterprises were listed on the Shanghai or the Shenzhen stock exchanges by the end of 2001 and market capitalization was close to 4.4 trillion yuan (530 billion) (40)
Political December 15, 2010
1992 - The Shanghai Urban Construction Investment and Development Company was formed to mobilize, allocate and manage funds for urban construction.
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Shanghai
Administrative Divisions - Shanghai Shanghai Proper - Puxi Huangpu District Luwan District Xuhui District Changning District Jing’an District Putuo District Zhabei District Hongkou District Yangpu District Shanghai proper
574,500 328,900 1,064,600 702,200 305,400 1,051,700 798,600 860,700 1,243,800 6,930,400
Shanghai Suburbs Pudong New Area Baoshan District Minhang District Jiading District Inner Suburbs
3,187,400 1,228,000 1,217,300 753,100 6,385,800
Outlying Districts Jinshan District Songjiang District Qingpu District Fengxian District Outer suburbs
December 15, 2010
580,400 641,100 595,900 624,300 2,441,700
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/83/Shanghai_-_Nanjing_Road_.jpeg
This building at the World Expo stands for Chinese Wisdom in urban development. It is highlighted by traditional Dougong style, and will be one of 5 permanent buildings of Expo 2010.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Expo_Cultural_Center.jpg
The Shanghai Expo Cultural Center will be one of 5 permanent buildings of Expo 2010.
December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China
Thank You! - Questions? Economic
Social/Cultural
Infrastructure
Political December 15, 2010
Christian Wagner & Kyu Suk Byun
Urbanism in China