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Building Services (ARC 2423) Project 2- Case Study, Analysis and Documentation of Building Services System
Tutor: Mohd Adib Bin Ramli Name: Christopher Ng Man King
0309552
Gary Chong Wee Ming
0302527
Eunice Quah Xuet-Wyne
0302968
Ang Min Qi
0302123
Lim Pei Xuan
0303862
Goh Kee Woon
0303315
Astari Razak
1101P11983
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CONTENT 1.0 2.0
3.0 4.0
Introduction Air Condition System
2-3 4-7
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
4 4 4 5-6 7
Mechanical (Transportation)
8-15
3.1 3.2
8-12 13-15
16-37
4.1 4.2
16 16-21 22-33 34-37
4.4
6.0
Introduction Literature Review Components Universal Building By Law (UBBL)
Electrical System
38-61
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.0
38 38 39 40-41 42-59 60-61
Introduction of the system What is Electricity? What are the systems available in the building? Electrical Devices Available on Site
Analysis of System Uniform Building By-Laws
Sanitary, Sewerage and Drainage System
62-79
6.1 6.2 6.3
62 62 63-66 67-76 77 78-79
6.4 6.5 6.6
7.0
Introduction Universal Building By Law ( UBBL ), Malaysia
Fire Protection System 4.3
5.0
Introduction Implementation of air conditioners Thermal comfort Refrigeration cycle Uniform Building By Law ( UBBL ), Malaysia
The Evolution of Sewerage Treatment Introduction Literature Review Case Study & Components
On Site Photos Uniform Building by Law (UBBL 1984)
Water Distribution
80-91
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
80 80-81 82-86 87-90 91
7.5
Introduction to Water Distribution System Rainwater Harvesting System Incoming water from SYABAS Overall System Operation Uniform Building By-Laws (ACT 133)
8.0
Drainage
92-100
9.0
References
101-103
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1.0 Introduction
Figure 1.0 Faรงade of Kuala Lumpur Baptist Church Kuala Lumpur Baptist Church has been given a 0.6 acre religious ground in the Desa ParkCity township located in the affluent north-western district of Kuala Lumpur. This place is one of the fastest growing and best-selling master planned communities in the country. Within walking distance are the International School ParkCity and Sime Darby Medical Centre ParkCity. the new 4-storey church costing rm8.2 million houses a: 350-capacity church kindergarten & home school senior residence. Designed by Clement Wong Architecture whom office is located at 240, Jalan Desa, Taman Desa, Off Jalan Klang Lama, 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Aimed to be a sustainable building utilizing natural ventilation on site, thus reduce environmental impact and be energy efficient.
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Site selection address
: LOT PT. 17507, MUKIM BATU,JALAN RESIDEN UTAMA, DESA PARKCITY, KUALA LUMPUR
Site location name
: DESA PARKCITY
Type of building
: 5 STOREY CHURCH
Project Participants Client
: KUALA LUMPUR BAPTIST CHURCH
Architect
: Clement Wong Architecture
Civil & Structural Engineer
: SETIA RUNDING SDN.BHD
Mechanical & Electrical Engineer : KVA KONSULT Quantity Surveyor
: ECONCOS CONSULTANTS SDN.BHD
Landscape Architect
: ONG PAY CHEE
Contractor
: PINGAT SEJAHTERA SDN.BHD
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2.0 Air conditioning system 2.1 Introduction Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to a more habitable condition, typically on countering the problems regarding temperature and humidity. Besides, it can also be referred to various application such as heating, cooling, de-humidification, humidification, cleaning, ventilation, air movement and others that modifies the condition of air. The invention of air conditioning has not just made inhabitable spaces habitable, but making it more comfortable in which hugely increases the overall productivity of employees, workers, professionals and even machinery in the community. Air conditioning has proven sustainable and health conscious when it gives optimal air quality, reduces dust, smoke and harmful microorganisms in the air. Hence, it is also very efficient and protects other electrical equipment.
2.2 Implementation of air conditioners Several factors are taken into considerations when the implementation of air conditioning in a space of building is determined. It starts with the building orientation to the position of the sun. Absorption of heat is more prominent when the longer side of the building is on the east or west facade compared to north and south side. Moreover, the building materials used is also a huge factor in the relative heat gain in a building. The architectural approach, climate condition of the site, design of the building also affects the overall amount of heat penetration into a building, a poor ventilated building will require more units of air conditioners. Lastly, the function and program of the room will determine the electrical system planning necessary for the building.
2.3 Thermal comfort Air conditioner contribute to human comfort with regulating four factors of the air. Firstly, it is the temperature of the surrounding. Air conditioner is capable of altering the properties of air by heating or cooling till it falls in the comfort and habitable range, which ranged between 20 to 26. Humidity of the air is also one of the factors being altered with air conditioning, to regulate the moisture so that it achieves the ideal relative humidity. The next factor is air movement, which must be balanced without too extreme or too weak. It depends hugely on the temperature and air purity for filtering dust and airborne pollutants.
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2.4 Refrigeration cycle The air conditioner uses principles of simple physics which is known as phase conversion of liquid into gas which absorbs heat. The air conditioner forces specific chemical compounds known as refrigerant through constant process of evaporation and condensation to condition air continuously. In the refrigerant cycle, the cold and low pressured evaporator coils which is filled with coolants which absorbs heat. This heat converts the refrigerant from liquid to gas through a process of evaporation. It is transferred to the compressor which coverts low pressured gas to high pressured gas, thus the gas is being released into the condenser coil and transferred to outside. Secondly, the hot condenser coils converts hot vapour refrigerant to liquid refrigerant by releasing its heat to the surrounding. This technology circulates only the minimum amount of refrigerant needed at any one time and enables individual climate control of air conditioning zones. The name VRV * derives from this technology that we call “variable refrigerant volume.�
VRV is an air condition system for commercial building application with sophisticated individual zone control. A VRF air conditioning system is a particular type of heat-pump air conditioning system in which one outdoor unit can be connected to multiple indoor units. Each indoor unit is individually controllable by its user and a variety of unit styles can be mixed & matched to suit individual tenancy requirements e.g. high-walls, cassettes and ducted units.
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The outdoor unit can be made up of a number of modules to create the required capacity. The compressors can be operated at varying speeds, so the VRF units work at only the rate needed to meet the prevailing heating or cooling requirements, considerably enhancing their efficiency. Each ‘outdoor unit’ can be made up of up to 3 modules, each having up to3 compressors. Often there will be a separate ‘outdoor unit’ for each floor or pair of floors sized to match the load. Large buildings can have up to 30 or 40 compressors in total. A large building can have in the order of 50-60 indoor units, and up to 1,000 metres of refrigerant piping to connect them to their outdoor units. The refrigerant pipework will also be fitted with several control boxes to create the correct flow of refrigerant to the indoor units. The efficiency of many VRF systems can be further enhanced by their ability to provide simultaneous heating and cooling. An example of this would be cooling an east facing office subject to direct sunlight on a cool sunny morning, and using the heat extracted to warm up a cooler west facing office which does not have the benefit of direct sunlight. A basic (simplified) schematic of a typical 2-pipe VRF system is provided below, indicating simultaneous heating (red) and cooling (Blue).
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2.5 Uniform Building By Law ( UBBL ), Malaysia a. The underside of openings for the entry into any mechanical ventilation or air conditioning plant shall not less than 1 meter from any external pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface. b. According to the guide, the AHU room on every level is equal sizes and dimensions. - Lack of space around sides of AHU prevents effective maintenance check or cleaning of room. - The UBBL guide provides enough spatial measurement guides specifically for the AHU rooms and highlights on importance. 1. Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning 1.Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessary if the rooms isequipped with mechanical ventilation or air-conditions. In case of air-conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to introduced fresh air into theroom within half an hour. 43. Minimum dimensions of latrines, water-closets and bathroomsWater closet with pedestaltype1.5m x 0.75m2Water closet other than pedestal-type1.25m x 0.75m3Bathrooms1.5m2(Width not <0.75)4Bathrooms with close fittings2m2(Width not <0.75) 44. Height of rooms in residentialbuildings, shop houses, schools,etc Minimum height - Living rooms and bedrooms2.50m2Kitchens2.25m3 Toilets, porches, balconies,verandahs& garages2.00m Height of room in residential other than shop houses: All residential room shall be < 2 m height 44. Height of rooms in residentialbuildings, shop houses, schools,etc -cont Minimum height- Ground floor3.0m2Upper floor2.5m Height of room in shop houses: The height of rooms in schools shall not < 3m The height of rooms in hospitals shall not < 3m The height of rooms in factories shall not < 3m
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3.0 Mechanical transportation system 3.1 Introduction A lift or an elevator is a vertical transport equipment used to move goods and people efficiently in a vertical matter between levels of a building and other structures. Generally powered by electric motor that drive by traction cable and counterweight systems like a hoist or hydraulic pump. Lift is very important because of buildings nowadays are built in a more vertical fashion due to high land cost. An elevator or lift is serving two or more defined levels, whereby dimensions and means of construction permit the access of people. Vehicle responsible of raising and lowering people or goods from one floor to another floor within a building or with intermediate stops. Characteristic of lifts Lift needed for the building more then 6 storey Installation must be in accordancde with the regulation in UBBL Suitable speed 100-150ft/min. Too fast will result in a nervous breakdown to the user. If too slow will cause lack of function Types of lift systems There are three types of convoying methods in buildings, elevations & escalators & ramps, have different dimensions and uses according to building type & number of users in it. Elevator types 1- Hoist mechanism 2- Building height 3- Building type 4- Elevator location 5- Special location
Based on UBBL requirements, for all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. 1. Traction elevators 10
Traction elevators are elevated by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high rise applications and have much higher travel speeds then hydraulic elevators. B- Gearle ss traction elevators They have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute. Besides, traction elevators do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft .
Electrical lift Common type used today Use electric lift cable to lift the weight and movement is the catalyst action Use the traction with the motor Used in most building>60ft Motor room on top of lift shaft will increase the load of building structure Possibility of noise structure Need a lift wells and maintenance room near the engine room
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Ground floor plan Outline showing position of lift
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First floor plan
Second floor plan
Third floor plan
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3.2 Universal Building By Law ( UBBL ), Malaysia According to UBBL 1984 clause 124, a lift shall be used provided for non residential buildings which exceeds 4 storeys above or below the main entrance of the building. It is also essential in buildings less than 4 storeys if access for older or disabled. The maximum walking distance is 45 meter to the lift lobby. Section 153 1 All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. 2 Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or poto detectors unless incorporated with a force close method which closes the door within a present time after 30 seconds of any interruption. Section 151 Ventilation to the lift shafts Where `openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 sqm located at the top of the shaft, Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air lift shafts be vented to the exterior through a duct of required FRP as for the lift shaft. Section 152 Car operating panel COP 1. Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and the other special buildings as may be approved by the DGFS. 2. Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.
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Section 154 (1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, connecting with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. (2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.
Traction elevators Traction elevator is the most common elevator used. Elevator car is pulled using steel belts over a pulley system which is commonly called sheave in the industry. The car is balanced with a counterweight. Steel belts has high friction coating and they are light because of its carbon fibre core.
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Geared Traction Elevators Geared traction elevator has a gearbox attached to AC or DC motors. The electric motor drives a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit. This gear reduction gives an advantage of requiring less powerful motor to turn the sheave. This elevators are able to travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute and its maximum distance is around 250 feet.
Counterweight Counterweight is to counterbalance the weight of elevator car with additional of approximately 40% load. This is to maintain a proper traction for the elevator car while under varying loads. Counterweight fillers are weight pieces stacked together within the frame.
Buffers Buffer is to stop a descending car or counterweight and soften the force of the elevator during an emergency. Oil buffer are commonly used in traction elevators because they travels with speeds higher than 200 feet per minute. It uses a combination of oil and springs to cushion descending cars. It is usually located in elevator pit because its location in pit buffers have tendency to be exposed to water. Oil buffers require oil checked and changed if exposed to wate
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4.0 Fire protection system 4.1 Introduction Fire safety management is very important in the concept of providing total safety in a building. This system should be planned at the design stage of fire safety provisions using the engineering approach. Without the proper protection of a fire fighting system, the risk of material loss, injuries and even death of occupant are immensely increased.
4.2 Literature Review There are no excuses to ignore fire safety within the building, therefore early proper fire safety planning before the building was built is so important because it could save numbers of million people from hazardous smoke and deadly fire. Inside the building, tools, equipment and system used ranging between firefighting, warning alarm, smoke detector and 24 hours monitoring system and duty communication. As the matter of fact, fire safety is classified in two main categories which are Passive and Active fire protection. Passive fire protection allows the fire to act upon the system itself with the attempt to slow the spread of the fire through fire resistant walls, floors and doors. It is basically a planner matter considered at the early stage of the building design, Such as the selection of fire resistant materials, providing access for fire appliance, installation of fire wall and floor, and dividing the building into compartments both vertically and horizontally with the aim to limit the size of the fire and minimizing the loss of occupant even in the critical circumstances when active fire protection fails to operate. Architects are advised to follow (UBBL) 1984 standard, in order to achieve a better fire protection system and safety for the occupants. Beside passive protection, building also operates under full time duty active fire protection system. This method also described as direct suppression method which refers to the tools used in terms of controlling fire damage. The system works under collaboration between electronic, mechanical and software engineering which to be used to fight the fire when in the same time to alert the occupants in case of overheat or particular explosion occurred. In the event when the smoke or fire was not detected or warning signal was unsuccessfully sent to the control room, occupants also can trigger the warning alarm by breaking the glass in common way. Firefighting system will be launched when a building is catching a comparative massive fire to extinguish it. There are 2 main fire suppression methods, which is non- water based and water based system. Non-water based system discharge co2 gas or aragonite gas to extinguish the fire only in 18
unoccupied room such as HVAC room, MSB room, and PA room. In water based system, water is stored in its own respective tank with an adequate capacity located in basement. Water is pumped to hydrant, hose reel, and sprinkles that provided in each floor in standby condition. Fire detection systems are mainly consists of alarm bell, smoke detector and manual call point. These instruments are connected to the control panel room at the ground floor. In the event of fire, silent warning and location of fire will be displayed in control panel. From that point, control guard will do double checking through CCTV on that respective area and trigger the warning alert to all the occupants to leave the building immediately in case of fire or explosion. Bell alarm located at every floor of the building mainly next to emergency exit door. Smoke detectors can be found in every floor ceiling to make the fire suppression more effective. Portable fire extinguisher has to be placed in strategic area so it can be used upon the emergency circumstances. Dry powder and Co2 are mainly used in commercial building. Dry powder commonly can be found around emergency staircase, lobby, and corridors, while co2 can be found in water sensitive area such as HVAC room, MSB room, and PA room. Fire escapes must be located in protected areas and provided with proper standardized equipment such as fire proof door, portable fire extinguisher, and emergency sign on the door. Smoke exhausts are also installed which is connected to giant fan on the roof top to control the smoke during the evacuation.
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2.3 Components Hose Reels Hydraulic hosereel conforming to the requirements in SS CP 29 Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant Systems and Hose Reels shall be provided in every storey of every building regardless of building height, except the following: (iii) Any other small building such as guardhouse/post, bin centre, open-sided shed, etc Small buildings, refer to detached buildings, such as pump room to swimming pool, bin compound, guardhouse, greenhouse, garden tools shed, etc, would not be required to be provided with hydraulic hosereel. However, suitable type of fire extinguisher should be provided instead.
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(b) Size and type
The hose reel should be of 20mm or 25mm nominal diameter, non-kinking reinforced rubber or reinforced PVC to either BS3169 Type A or AS1221, not exceeding 30 m in length and terminating in “shut-off” branches with 4 mm or 6 mm nozzles.
(1) The reel or drum should be of adequate size to wind up the 30m length hose. (2) The length of the hose should not exceed 30m. The main reasons are: (a) an occupant using the hose reel to fight an incipient fire need not traverse more than 30m. Consideration must be given that the occupant needs to retrace his path to a safe exit if the incipient fire could not be put out. Thus, the aggregate travel distance to and from the incipient fire should not be excessive; (b) longer than 30m hose would require a bigger reel which would create some difficulties in running out the hose and that jamming of tubing could occur when in use. (3) An operating instruction notice plate should be provided next to the stop valve. The hose reel operating instructions shall be: “Turn on the inlet valve before running out the hose” (4) All hose reels should be tested at least once a year. The test is to ensure that they are maintained in working order and able produce a jet of water with a minimum of 6m throw. (5) Hose reels located in recesses or cabinets shall bear the appropriate sign in accordance with SS 364 1993 on ‘Fire Safety Signs’. (6) Hose reels are now required to be type tested by a recognised testing laboratory to meet the standard of EN 671 – 1 or equivalent and are subject to the Productivity & Standards Board Inspection Scheme.
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TNB SUBSTATION TX ROOM AND CONSUMER LV SWITCH ROOM
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CO2 system Types of Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression Systems The high pressure system utilizes DOT spun steel storage cylinders. These cylinders are kept at room temperature and the pressure within the cylinder varies according to temperature. At a 70 degrees F ambient temperature, the internal pressure in such a unit would reach 850 PSI. These cylinders are available in 50, 75 and 100 pound capacities.
On the other hand, the low pressure storage unit maintains the CO2 in a refrigerated pressure vessel. Typical storage temperature is 0 degrees F with a corresponding CO2 vapor pressure of 300 PSI. The refrigerated storage concept uses an ASME coded pressure vessel with a 350 PSI working pressure. Such units are available in standard capacities from 1 1/4 through 60 tons. Larger units have been made for special applications.
From this basic difference in storage configuration, different methods of application and control for the two types of systems are derived. Since the maximum capacity of a high pressure cylinder is 100 pounds of CO2, most systems consist of multiple cylinders manifolded together to provide the required quantity of carbon dioxide. Each cylinder has its own individual discharge valve and once opened, the cylinder contents will completely discharge.
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3.5.6 Argonite and CO2 suppression system Besides using the fire extinguisher, Menara KLK is also equipped with the usage of argonite and carbon dioxide suppression system. The Main Control Panel Room uses the argonite suppression system. It functions when a fire occurs and spreads in the control room; high pressure of argonite is
released and fills the room. Argonite is used because the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; still has time to be able to exit the room even when the argonite is released. It is safer than carbon dioxide since carbon dioxide kills when inhaled. When argonite is released, it prevents oxygen in the room to produce combustion with the fire, but in fact suppressing it. CO2 suppression system is found in the LV room as it is more hazardous than any other room in the building and has very limited human activity in the room. CO2 suppression system is presented by low toxicity and excellent insulation property. The system us used to put out fire within location that is surrounded by adaptors, panels, fittings, and electrical connections. CO2 assists by extinguishing fire by the reduction of temperature to eliminate oxygen gas from the surrounding and substitute them with CO2 gas, which controls the function of the system instantly â&#x20AC;&#x201C; heat and smoke detectors to detect fire and sprinklers to deploy in the area. Therefore, CO2 suppression system would be a better choice as usage in the LV room. UBBL: Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in hazardous materials stored handled or for the safety of the occupants. (UBBL pg 82, 226)
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Hydrant system (wet & dry riser) Dry and wet rising mains are intended for use by the fire brigade or other trained personnel It provide a readily available means of delivering considerable quantities of water to extinguish or to prevent the spread of fire. Dry risers Design Standard M.S.1489 Part 1: Hydrant System, Hose Reels and Foam Inlets; M.S.1210 Part 2: Landing Valves for Dry Risers; M.S 1210 Part 3: Inlet Breeching Inlet for Risers Inlet M.S 1210 Part 4: Boxes for Landing Valves for Dry Risers
Design Method of Dry Riser System; It should be complied with UBBL 1984, the by Laws 230 and 232 Dry Risers are a form of internal hydrant and are only required for buildings where the topmost floor is higher than 18.3 meters and less than 30.5 meters. Dry Risers are basically dry and all depends upon the Fire Engine to pump water into the system by considering the Breeching Inlet to be located about 30 meters from the External Hydrant System.
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Landing Valves are provided on each floor and should comply with M.S 1210: Part 2. Those Landing Valves would be located within the fire access lobbies, protected staircases or other protected lobbies at not more than 0.75 meters from the floor level. To protect the landing valves, boxes may be provided and these should comply with M.S.1210 Part 4. Fire Hose Reel Pipings > 38mm dia., 30 meters in length, complete with 65mm dia. Quick Coupling and nozzle should be provided at each landing valve. Breeching Inlet would be installed at the bottom of the riser and should comply with M.S. 1210: Part 3. The breeching inlet is enclosed within a box, the enclosure should comply with M.S.1210 Part 5 and labeled ‘Dry Riser Inlet’ and a typical drain should be provided at the bottom of the riser to drain the system after used. 2 – Way Breeching Inlet should be provided for a 100mm dia. Of dry riser pipes but 4 – Way Breeching Inlets : 200mm dia. Of Dry Riser Pipes and should be located 18 meters from the fire appliance access road. (the distance of fire fighters truck to be placed) The riser pipe diameter size – 150mm usually located within the fire access lobby or staircase if the highest outlet is more than 22.875m above the breeching inlet. Otherwise the riser pipe diameter size – 100mm. The material of the Riser Pipe shall be Galvanised Iron to B.S. 1387 (heavy gauge) or Class C, tested to 21 Bars (305 Psi) All feeding Pipe-works that runs horizontally need to be sloped to enable proper draining after used and also an Air Release Valve should be installed at the top of the riser to relief air trapped in the system. The riser pipe should be electrically earthed or connected to the building earth to achieve equipotential. The riser to be hydraulically tested to a pressure of 14 Bars for 2 hours that to be measured at the Breeching inlet and not forget to check all leakage at the joints and landing valves connections. Wet riser is a pipe kept permanently charged with water available either direct from a storage tank, via a booster pump, or fed directly from the towns main water supply. Before installation of a dry or wet riser mains the local fire brigade must be consulted, to ascertain their exact requirements. Wet risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are always charged with water.
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Sprinkler system Major features of the fire suppression systems are documented based on a review of the available information. In addition to describing in detail the sprinkler, standpipe, and preconnected hose systems, special fire suppression systems are briefly discussed. System features documented include riser systems, zone arrangements, water tanks, pumps, fire department connections, control valves, and hose rack arrangements. Additionally, documentation of the sprinkler, standpipe, and preconnected hose system installations was examined for consistency with the applicable installation standards and state-of-the-art engineering practices at the time of system installation. A description water supply, including sizes, locations, and directions of water mains surrounding the building complex and distribution system within the buildings is provided to adequately evaluate the primary source of water for the automatic sprinkler and hose systems. Adequacy of the sprinkler system water supply was based on a detailed review of the available documentation. Flow capacity and duration of water supplies to the installed sprinkler systems were estimated using industry accepted software. Hydraulic calculations were performed with variations in primary and secondary water supplies, the number of sprinklers flowing, and floor level elevations. The results from the calculations were used to evaluate the expected sprinkler system performance.
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Downcomer system
Downcomers are also a form of internal hydrant for the firemen to use and are always charged with water from a water tank located at the top of a building but without any pumps. Downcomers are only permitted for private residential buildings with open balcony approach where the topmost floor is not higher than 60 metres above the fire appliance access level and should be adopted for low cost flats only. Downcomers system comprises a high level water storage tank discharging into 150mm diameter riser pipe with landing valves at each floor and to which canvas hose with nozzles can be connected to direct the water jet at the fire. No pumps are provided and therefore the system pressure is limited to the static pressure only.
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Fire alarm system Alerting the occupants and detecting the incident at early stage is very important before the fire spread and combusting the whole building. Hence, the use of fire or smoke sensitive detector and early warning is a compulsory procedure within the building. Fire alarm panels, bells, manual switch (break glass), smoke detector and heat detector are tools and equipment that used under the active fire protection system
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Clean agent system Clean Agent systems provide protection for facilities containing valuable corporate assets from people and processes to equipment and software. They combine the benefits of clean agent systems and active fire protection with peoplesafe, environmentally friendly performance. The Value of the facilities contents (such as a church) or the importance of the facility to a company's business continuity (for example, a data processing center) requires a fire suppression system that can react in seconds. Water sprinkler systems are not available, or if present, may damage the contents of the facility to be protected or pose an electrical safety problem for fire fighters. People occupy the facility to be protected (a process control center is a typical application). The use of a clean fire suppression agent is required to keep downtime to a minimum (as in an automated plant). There is a limited amount of storage space available for the fire suppression system agent containers. Portable fire extinguisher Fire extinguisher is an extinguishing agent. Eureka building uses dry chemical extinguishing agent. Dry chemicals usually use a mix of monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate. It insulates class A fire by melting at approximately 350400째C. The powder breaks the chain reaction of class B fire by removing oxygen from the area and prevents vapour from reaching the explosion source. IPharm uses two types of fire extinguishers which are dry powder and carbon dioxide suppression system. T he formation of the fog is due to discharging of gases in the protected
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area due to drastic lowering of the temperature to the dew point. It is stored in strong steel, pressure resistant tanks. The system is activated by the smoke and heat detectors
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Smoke control system
Smoke detection is a detection system that alerts and warns the building occupants of the occurrence of a fire, thus providing them an early warning to escape from the building. Smoke detection can help to give the first indication to the occupants inside if there is fire. There are smoke detectors installed in the office s too. Rooms where electricity current is more prominent and highly flammable . Thus, smoke detectors are required to detectors are required to detect the occurrence of fire . Smoke detection are recommended when there is no pressurized escape route in the building. This, smoke detectors are required to detect the occurrence of fire.
Keluar/Emergency Lighting
An escape route should lead to a safety place without reliance on external assistance . The ultimate safety place is the open air outside the building, clear from the effect of fire. In large complexes, it should be possible to reach a place of reasonable safety such as protected staircase/corridor where people can travel in relative safely to a final exit.
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2.4 Universal Building By Law (UBBL) Section 225 Detecting and extinguishing fire Every building shall be provided with means of detectingextinguishing fire and fire alarms together with illuminatedexit signs in accordance with illuminated as specified inthe Tenth Schedule to these By law -
Every building shall be served by at least one firehydrant located not more than 92.5 meters fromthe nearest point of fire brigade access.
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Depending on the size and location of thebuilding and the provision of access for fireappliances , additional fire hydrant shall beprovided as may be required by Fire Authority
Section 226 Automatic system for hazardous occupancy Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of suchcharacter to require automatic sprinklers or other automaticextinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standardappropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials storedor handled or for safety of the occupants.
Section 227 Portable extinguishes Portable extinguishes shall be provided inaccordance with the relevant codes of practice andshall be sited in prominent positions on exit routesto be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the samemethod of operation. Section 228 Sprinkler valves Sprinkle will discharge water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been reached. Sprinkle value is located in a safe and enclosed position exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the authority. All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
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Section 229 Means of access and fire fighting in building over 18.3 metres high Provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircase, fire lifted and dry or wet riding systems. Fire fighting access is provided at every floor level and shall be short in travel distance. A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliances access level. A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level. Section 230 Installation and testing of dry rising system Main vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building or structure as a component of the fire suppression system. Dry rising system applied in every building in which the topmost level at 18.3 meters but less than 30.5 above fire appliance access level. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby. Dry riser shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the presence of the fire authority before acceptance. Section 231 Installation and testing of the wet rising system Topmost floor is 30.5 meters above fire appliance accessed Tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least 24 hours. Outlet comprise 63.5mm instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with approved typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle. Hose connection provided in each fire fighting access lobby. Provide in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the roof and equipped with 3 way outlet above the roof line. Stage of the wet riser not exceeded 61m, unless permitted by DGFS but still not exceed 70.15m
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Section 232 Wet or dry rising system for buildings under construction Rising systems shall be installed when building reached a height above the level of the fire brigade pumping inlet with connections there to locate adjacent to a usable staircase. Riser shall be extended to Within 2 floors of the topmost floor under construction. Where the designed height of the building requires the installation of a wet riser system fire pumps, water storage tanks and water main connections shall be provided to serve the riser. Section 233 Foam inlets Boiler rooms and storage areas below ground level where automatic extinguishing installations are not provided shall be equipped with foam inlets. Section 236 Special hazards Places constituting special hazards or risk due to the nature of storage, trade, occupancy, size shall be required to be protected by fixed installations, protective devices, systems and special extinguishes (required by Fire Authority). Section 237 Fire alarms Fire alarms â&#x20AC;&#x201C; referred to the tenth schedule to these by laws All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car parks and storage areas exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premise while and alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. Section 239 Voice communication system There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems. A fire brigade communications system and public address system between the central control station. The are involved are lifts, lift lobbies, corridors, and staircases. In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.
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Section 253 Emergency power system Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the events of failure of the normal supply or in the events of the accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property. Emergency power system provide power for smoke control system, illumination , fire alarm system, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lift and other emergency system.
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5.0 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction of the system Getting back to the origin of the energy source, electricity as we are talking about electrical service system, in Malaysia the current distribution is set by Tenaga Nasional Berhad through a national grid which disperse high voltage to a certain perimeter. The current is filtered through transformers set by TNB itself and is distributed to individual units for domestic usage. Different category of buildings requires different amount and rate of distribution as for example; from shop-houses to high rise buildings. As for the present time, this report illustrates an analysis and observation records of the electrical system of a 5-storey building.
5.2 What is Electricity? In physics: Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current. In our everyday life: In order to make it more simple and understandable, electricity in its simplest basis, is a machine generated form of energy produced through the assistance of other type of energy such as kinetic and solar energy and which are by next converted into this form of energy. Electricity aliments our everyday routine, as from household to society well-being.
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5.3 What are the systems available in the building? When it comes to building services, various categories of systems are concerned even when it serves for the wellness of one purpose, which in this case is to analyse the provision of electricity within the Kuala Lumpur Baptist Church.
The systems available within the facility are listed below: 1. Lightning protection 2. Lighting system 3. Electrical generated acoustic system 4. Power point system 5. Electrical generated security system 6. External infrastructure (TNB)
As from the analysis covered various facilities as the ones listed above are available within the facility and are functioning by electricity generated function in order the carry on their own distinctive role within the premises.
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5.4 Electrical Devices Available on Site:
Emergency Lighting System
Lightning Protection Device: Test Clamp
Insulated Switch Sockets available at open areas
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Fluorescent Light Tube
Ceiling down Light
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5.5 ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS 1. Lightning protection system According to the international building standard every built premises should provide security alternatives concerning electricity circuits in cases of short-circuits or system blackout. The analysis has been categorized in three (3) main features in order to achieve a proper understanding of the subject matter.
Sub content:
Function of system Components available in system On-site analysis and comments
The unique and primordial function of this system is to distribute electrical power through the overall of the premises in order to allow sub-systems and the other basic systems to function uniformly. The Distribution of electrical allows the building to act as a living body and aliments systems such as the acoustic system and the fire prevention system as they are both power-assisted systems, whereas electrical system is a stand-alone system.
What is a lightning protection system? A Lightning Protection System, commonly known as LPS is a specifically designed configuration to secure the protection of the premises and of its contents from damage caused by the intensely high voltage discharges caused by lightning strikes. (Often exceeding a numerical value of 1,000,000,000 Volts Amps). The concept of the Faraday’s cage is being used in this case. The whole system is brought from the peak of the building to its lowest ground through the use of a highly conductive material, which in our case copper tape in being employed. The current is being transferred to the ground, causing the earth effect which negates the current as ground is considered as an insulator. The Lightning protection system accomplishes its unique and system task from impact point which is incoming from the sky to the ground. Several devices are involved in the system in order to create a pathway for the lightning strikes to get negated.
Devices involves in the Lighting Protection System are:
Air Terminals (Lightning rods) Braided Conductor (Cable) Bonds to Metallic bodies Ground Rods or Ground plates Surge Arrestors
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Air Terminals (Lightning rods) The Lightning rods technically known as the Air Terminals are set at the peak of the building nearest spot to the sky in order to attract the lightning strikes at impact instance. The lightning rods are made out of copper alloys as copper in its original properties is an excellent and the most available conducting material.
The lightning rods are located at the circled spots on the roof plan. The rods are connected to copper tape bands which link all of the rods as one in order to facilitate the dissipation of the lightning strike high voltage currents.
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Braided Conductor (Cable) The Braided Conductor has for main function to transfer the current in contact during lightning strike instance from the lightning rod to the earth point. Basically the Braided conductor also called as Copper Tape conductor is installed in a 3D grid configuration in order to connect all the available Lightning rods together and lead them all to the earth points at constant intervals.
As shown by the above picture, the copper tape is being held on place by a non-conductive material, usually rubber, in order to prevent electrocution at any moment that external conductive bodies gets into contact with the device.
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The brown lines determines the lightning protection circuit set up within the premises. As stated before the Lightning rods are set in a closed circuit manner and are connected to each other through the connection of the braided conductors which at the green spots on the plan, shows the earth locations. The tape is basically a flat and flexible device which facilitates its installation and easy to access any spot.
Bond to Metallic Bodies The Bond to metallic Bodies usually known as being junctions or assisted connections or links are devices that help to connect the copper tapes into a grip form in order to keep the lightning rods into connection. The Metallic Bonds usually happens through the use of PVC trunking junctions or simply PVC cubicles. In order to keep the metallic bonds out of reach and to limit risks of electrocution, the PVC trunking and cubes are involved into the design of the circuit
. The Junction box helps to keep the copper tape isolated as for concern that human contact risks is highly expected within the premises. As to be noted that the lightning protection system not only happens to the exterior of the building but as well as the interior in order to protect the electrical appliances available within.
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The second type of Junction is the Test Clamp Plate. It is used as a disconnecting joint between the down conductor (which is the copper tape carrying incoming current from lightning strikes) and earthing system. In order to prevent excessive current cancellation during the impact instant, Test clamp plates are installed at mid distance to the lightning rod and the earth spot to partially earth the current. As the process of insulating current happens at constant rate, the test clamps are used in order to earth the current at constant intervals to the point of reaching the earth spot.
Note: The copper tape is being interconnected through the use of square tape clamps at turning points and at drastic change in orientation.
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Ground Rods or Ground plates The Ground rods are known as being the end of the line of the lightning protection system which can also be commonly called the earthing system. The Ground rods are normally set into the configuration of a ground bed in order to transfer the current to the ground at equal and constant rate. The electrodes of the ground rod system are pilled from 1.0m to 2.0m deep into the ground. (As to be noted that the entity of the length provided is found in the ground.)
The picture below shows an illustration of the ground rod earthing configuration.
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Surge Arrestors The surge arrestor is a product installed near the end of any conductor (as to mention that in the current situation, the conductor is known as being the lightning rod) which is long enough before the conductor lands on its intended electrical component (as in present case, the electrical component is the copper tape). In this particular case, no surge arrestor is being used as the lightning protection system requires fast and direct contact to the current transportation unit to allow quick earthing process. As in this case, the lightning rods are connected by test clamps which allows direct contact to the copper alloy tape.
The picture shows the connection of the lightning rod to the copper tape.
Operation of Lightning Protection system
The picture illustrates the earthing process in its most simple form: from roof to ground. To sum up the in individual function of the earthing devices into a whole circuit, it can be said that the system begins at sky level and end to ground level.
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Operation Process:
Incoming Lightning Strike
Impact instance to Lightning rod
Transition through the surge arrestor
Conduction to the copper tape circuit
Distribution of incoming lightning current to the test clamps at the allocated spots
Earth Process starts at the first contact to the first test clamp
The process repeats at different intervals until the current reaches the ground bed
Conduction to the Ground rods at the ground bed
Earth process is accomplished
The Systems has been divided into 2 categories, the protection system and the domestic usage system. Previously the Lightning Protection system which is considered as the protection system category has been analysed. In this Section of the Electrical report, the domestic electrical systems will be analysed in depth in order to achieve an adequate understanding of Electrical Domestic Services.
The available domestic usage electrical system available within the premises are listed below: 1.
Lighting Layout
2.
Electrical generated acoustic system
3.
Power point system
4.
Electrical generated security system
5.
External infrastructure (TNB)
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An overview of Electrical supply through the building
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Incoming from TNB, the electricity is transferred to the available terminal room available at the back of the building. Through the terminal room, set up by TNB itself, the room contains electricity distribution control boards and transformers which controls and distributes the incoming electricity through the entity of the premises. As shown in the above floorplans, the electricity distribution through the different categories of devices requiring electricity for function is being identified. It is shown that electricity is required for most of the services available in the building, such as lighting system, alarm system, emergency systems.
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The transformer is contained within the TNB substation. The role of the transformer is to convert the high voltage current incoming from the TNB main into usable domestic power feed.
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How does the system function? Once the current received at the TNB substation situated within the premises of the building, the power is being distributed through every floor and is being controlled by distribution boards which by the same time distributes the power provided to their respective appliances. The Electrical Schematic shows the installation layout of the main distribution boards on each floor.
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Distribution Board The electrical distribution board also known as the breaker panel is a component which divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each individual circuit, in a common enclosure. However the type of distribution board within building premises varies according to each country’s laws and allocated regulations. As for Malaysia the type of distribution board applied to building size like the KLBC is a single phase 230V distribution board.
The picture shows the internal circuit of a breaker panel.
Lighting Devices Once the power feed distributed by the Distribution Board, the different lighting devices are alimented. Some of the Lighting Devices available within the premises are:
Emergency Lights
Fluorescent light tube
Down lights
Wall light
One-gang switch
Two-gang switch
Light Control Panel
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Emergency lights The emergency light system is a lighting system specifically designed to light the building in any case of system breakdown or blackout. The system is being alimented by an emergency system generator designated only for the emergency lighting system. The emergency lights are found at every access points and corridors leading to exits and emergency exits available in the building.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF POWER FEED DISTRIBUTION BY FLOOR
Ground Floor
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Observation at Ground Floor: Since the ground floor which is shown as being an opened area, is exposed to direct contact to weather conditions and preventions have to be taken in order for the appliances to not get damaged. As the schematic diagram of the first floor shows it clearly, the ground floor is composed of extra spare sockets which are to be used in case of any terminal breakdown or short circuit.
First Floor
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Observation at First Floor: It can be observed from the first floor schematic that it specially contains two distribution panels as the floor is divided into two categories of spaces, as per the special arrangement. The floor is divided into the sanctuary part where church services and mass happens which is a big scale space and requires an individual distribution board due to the big number of appliances present within the space. The second distribution board is allocated to the kindergarten classrooms and other facilities present on the first floor which can be grouped together.
On-site Observation and Analysis As per the Electrical System Layout Designed, the premisesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; electrical facilities are considered as being constantly stable. It can be observed from the schematic diagrams that the electric circuits as per floor contains spare socket slots which allows immerdiate change of circuit way in order to keep the entity of the system operational. It has also been observed that although individual switch sockets were located at multiple spots and that the employment of 2-way circuits was minimized, a centralized circuit leading to a switch control panel was available. Mostly available in the Sanctuary space, the lighting control panel is located behind the stage and allows operation of the whole spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lighting devices through one command board. As for the emergency lights, it has been found that they were alimented by an emergency generator specially designated for the operation of this system.
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5.6 Uniform Building By-Laws Malaysian Standard (MS1979:2007) Section 4.2.2 COP 05, Earthing of Material All metal enclosures of electrical equipment shall be earthed (connected to a protective conductor). In addition, water and gas pipes, structural metal parts of the building and the ducting of the air conditioning system shall also be connected to the main equipotential bonding.
Section 4.2.3 COP 07, Requirement of earthing system The primary requirement of the earthing system is to ensure effective operation of the circuit protective device. For effective operation of the circuit protective device, the resistance of the earthing system shall be as low as possible. In installations where RCDs are used as the circuit protective device, earthing resistance of less than 10 ohms will generally ensure effective operation of the RCDs. However earthing resistance of less than 1 ohm is the target.
Section 4.3.3, COP 10, protection against overheating Forced air heating system and appliances producing hot water or steam shall be equipped with devices to protect against overheating.
Section 4.4 Overcurrent protection Overcurrent in a conductor causes a temperature rise which may result in a fire
Section 4.4.6 COP 16, Determination of short circuit current In order to design short circuit protection properly, the short circuit current at every relevant part of the installation shall be determined. The short circuit can be obtained by calculation or by measurement of the impedances at the relevant points. Upon request the electricity supply body shall provide the short circuit current at the point of common coupling with the utilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s installation.
Section 4.4.7 COP 17, Rating of short circuit protective device The short circuit protective device shall have a short circuit breaking capacity not less than the prospective short circuit current at the place of installation.
Section 4.6.1 COP 20, Prevention of eddy current When single core power cables are to be terminated in metal switchboards, ensure that all the phase and neutral conductors are within the switchboard so as to prevent eddy current heating. If this cannot be achieved, the part of the switchboard where the single core cables are terminated shall be made of nonferrous materials e.g hard fibre board, aluminium, brass, etc.
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Section 4.6.3 COP 22, Installation of three phase and single phase circuit Three phase and single phase circuits LV power cables may be installed within the same conduit or trunking
Section 4.6.3 COP 23, Connection of dissimilar metals When a connection is made between dissimilar metals e.g. copper to aluminium, precautions shall be taken to avoid electrolytic effect. In an environment where there is water, the more noble metal (in this case copper) shall be installed In such a way that it is below the less noble metal (aluminium in this case) when considered In the direction of the flow of water. Specially made bimetallic connectors shall be used to connect dissimilar conductors e.g. copper and aluminium.
Section 4.6.6 COP 25, Bending radius of cables The radius of every bend in the wiring system shall be sufficiently large to prevent damage to the cables. For common wiring installations, a bending radius of 12 times the diameter of the cable would normally be adequate. In order to satisfy this criterion, elbows and junction boxes shall be included at places where the cable run changes direction.
Section 4.6.7 COP 26, Support for vertical cables When cables of large cross-section areas are installed vertically, they may be damaged by their own weight. Hence they shall be adequately supported at regular intervals of 1m by cable clamps or cable ties.
Electricity Supply Act 1997 (Act 447). P.U, (A) 38/94 ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS 1994 Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessories, etc Any apparatus, conductor or accessory for the purpose of connection to an installation shall be sufficient in size, power and number to serve the purpose for which it is intended and shall be constructed, installed, arranged, protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to prevent danger.
Regulation 16, Switch, switchfuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc. Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be constructed and arranged in such manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger and constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating, arcing on from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosures.
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6.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM 6.1 The Evolution of Sewerage Treatment As societies moved from nomadic cultures to more permanent sites, waste (solid and wastewater) disposal became an important concern. Those concerned issues have been deal with many different solutions and knowledge. As cities developed, other mechanisms were necessary to address waste issues. Until recently, wastewater sanitation concentrated on minimizing health risks, primarily infectious diseases. More recently, scope of wastewater management issues has extended to include long term health risks and environmental concerns.
6.2 Introduction A sanitary sewer is definite as an underground carriage system to transport sewage from houses and commercial buildings to treatment or disposal through pipes. At early period of time, sewers were designed just to carry street overflow away from populated areas and into waterways without further treatment. Through the 19th century, interior sanitation was often drained to combined sewers. However, sewage treatment facilities built for combined sewers become ineffective during precipitation. As populations increased, it emphasis more attention on the environment and threatening sources of fresh water supplies, it was then recognized the need of an appropriate management on the problem of human waste. From the early 1900s, a stable evolution of sewage treatment into nowadays modern sewage treatment plants producing high quality effluent, which can be safely discharged to the environment or reused. Indah Water Konsortium is a company owned by Minister of Finance Incorporated, is Malaysia's national sewerage company which has been entrusted with the task of developing and maintaining a modern and efficient sewerage system. A modern and efficient sewerage system is vital for the country so as to ensure that wastewater is treated before being discharged into the waterways. Furthermore, a well maintained sewerage will help to preserve the country's waste resources, protect public health and provide a cleaner and safer environment. More recent developments in sewage treatment have been to improve the efficiency to treat sewage to meet standards and decrease the land area occupied by treatment works.
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6.3 LITERATURE REVIEW Sewerage, also known as wastewater, is the liquid waste obtained from the communities. The Components of Sewerage System are: a.
Drain
b.
Manholes
c.
Pumping Station
The Village of Shorewood. (2014). Sanitary sewer system. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://www.villageofshorewood.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASI C&SEC=%7B38DD0D06-1678-496F-836E-11CD884AFCB9%7D
The Most Common Types of Sewers are: a.
Sanitary Sewer It is an underground carriage system used for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings. If it is serving on industrial areas will also carry industrial sewage. Sanitary sewer line services in collecting the sanitary sewers. It attached to a main sewer and the main sewer runs directly to the sewerage treatment plant.
b.
Storm Sewer A storm sewer collects storm water with the aids of gutter and catch basin so that the storm water is allowed to drain from the street directly into the storm sewer.
c.
Combined Sewer It is a combined sewerage system that collects both sanitary sewage and storm water runs in a single pipe system. This type of sewer can cause severe water pollution problems when the combined sewers overflow.
Nova Scotia Canada. (2014). On-site sewage disposal. Retrieved on 11 June 2014. from http://www.novascotia.ca/nse/wastewater/on.s ite.sewage.disposal.asp
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Main features of sewerage system are: a. b. c. d.
Collection Carriage Treatment Disposal
A. Collection and Carriage Sewage is collected and transport through a system of pipe lines or sewerage. The system of sewers is called sewerage. Sewage is collected in septic tank where sewerage system is not provided. C. Treatment Sewerage treatment is a process of removing impurities from sewage. It aims to ensure the effluent and sludge is environmentally safe treated and suitable for disposal or reuse. The discharge of sewage to the environment must be capable without transmitting infections or risking aquatic organisms. There are two types of treatment system: a. b.
Septic Treatment System Waste Water Treatment Plant
A. Septic Treatment
Big Bore Drilling. (2011). Introduction to septic. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://bigboredrilling.com/introduction-toseptic/
A septic treatment involves two main parts which is the septic tank and drain field. The septic tank splits the sewage into three components: a.
Sludge (Solid Waste)
b.
Scum (Floatable)
c.
Effluent (Grey Water)
Working of Septic Tank i.
Sewerage enters via the inlet pipe.
ii.
Gravitational force pulls the solids into the base.
iii. Anaerobic biological action happened and formed a layer of scum on the surface. iv. Grey water leaves through the outlet pipes. v.
The effluent flows into a distribution box waiting.
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Working of Drain Field i.
The final stage of treatment takes place in drain field.
ii.
Effluent is filters out of the pipes, through the gravel layer passes into the soil.
iii. Waste water will be filtered as it passed through the pore spaces in soil. iv. The soil microbes deactivate the infection germs that contained in the remaining effluent. v.
Treated water entered the groundwater.
vi. This process shows the best result when the soil is dry and permeable. B. Waste Water Treatment Plant It undergoes physical, chemical, and biological processes to eliminate contaminants.
Oro Loma Sanitary District. (2014). Wastewater Treatment Diagram. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://www.oroloma.org/sewer/treatment/diagram/
Sewage treatment involves four stages: a. Preliminary treatment b. Primary treatment c. Secondary treatment d. Tertiary treatment A. Preliminary Treatment First is to remove large and non-degradable materials. This action in order to prevent damage occurs on the pumps and equipment. Consists of a bar screen, grit chamber and mesh screen. a.
Bar Screen catches large objects into sewer system such as bricks, bottles, wood pieces, etc.
b.
Grit Chamber removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc.
c.
Mesh Screen removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic bags, syringes, etc.
B. Primary Treatment This stage is a physical process which is also known as sedimentation stage. Sewage flow is slowed down to allow gravity acts on suspended solids for settling to the bottom. The settled substance is called sludge or bio solids. Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank while effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment.
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C. Secondary Treatment The previous stage trickles effluent into an aeration tank which is mixed with air. Organic component is eaten by aerobic bacteria. Later on the mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is moved to secondary clarifier. Those microbes & organic components settle down in the aid of gravity. Part of them are directed back to digest more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion tank. The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment.
Di. Tertiary Effluent Treatment It is a chemical process while nitrogen, phosphorus, fine suspended particles and microbes are removed and disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms. Common disinfectants used are ozone, chlorine & ultra-violet rays. Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body.
Dii. Tertiary Sludge Treatment The sludge is transported to digestion tank. Bacteria will break down those organic substances anaerobically. Sludge with effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for drying. Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed while rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment processes.
Features of Sewerage System D. Sewage Disposal Sewerage disposal is a process of discharging the sewage.
Purpose of Sewage disposal a.
To conserve water resources.
b.
To prevent impurity of drinking supplies and other water supplies for daily uses.
c.
To encourage healthier living.
Various ways of disposing sewage are: a. Dumping of treated effluent into underground. b. Incineration: Dumping of effluent into seas.
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6.4 CASE STUDY SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – SECOND FLOOR PLAN
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SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – THIRD FLOOR PLAN
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SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – FORTH FLOOR PLAN
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SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
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SANITARY PLUMBING LAYOUT PLAN – MANHOLE DETAIL
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Objectives of house drainage system a.
To maintain healthy conditions of the building.
b.
To discharge waste water efficiently.
c.
To avoid the access of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank.
d.
To enable quick removal of foul matter.
e.
To collect and remove waste materials systematically.
6.5 The Components Pipes Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe which human excreta flows. Water Pipe: It carries only the liquid waste without existence of human excreta. Vent pipe: its purpose is to provide the ventilation to the system. A vent stack is open at top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. Rain water pipe: A pipe which carries only rain water. Anti-siphonage pipe: it is pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of traps.
Sizes of Pipes Soil pipe: 100mm Waste pipe: horizontal: 30-50mm vertical : 75mm Rainwater pipe : 75mm Vent pipe: 50mm Anti siphoange pipe: Connecting soil pipe: 50mm Connecting waste pipe: 40mm
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Traps A trap is a bent fitting that provided in a drainage system. It always remains full of water as to maintain the water seal. It prevents the foul gas pass through while it allowing the passage of sewage or waste water. The depth of water seal is the vertical distance between the crown and dip of a trap. Effectiveness is showed by the depth of water seal. Deeper the water seal increased its effectiveness. The depth of water seal varies from 25mm to 75mm.
Types of Traps According to shape a.
‘P’ TRAP
b.
‘Q’ TRAP
c.
‘S’ TRAP
BES Mail Order. (2014). Water Waste Traps. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://www.bes.co.uk/products/124.asp
According to use: a.
FLOOR TRAP
b.
GULLY TRAP
c.
INTERCEPTING TRAPS
d.
GREASE TRAPS
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Sanitary Fittings Sanitary appliances are used for collection and discharge of waste matter and soil.
Two groups of sanitary appliances: a.
Waste appliances
For example: bidet wash basin sink shower
b.
Soil appliances
For example: water closet urinal
All sanitary appliances are made of non-absorbent, non-corroding, long lasting, smooth and easily cleaned material For example, ceramic ware, vitreous enameled cast iron, vitreous enameled pressed steel, stainless steel or plastics (thermosetting and thermoplastic).
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Plumbing systems One pipe system In one pipe system, all soil and waste water discharge into one common pipe and all subdivision ventilating pipes go into one main ventilating pipe. This system largely replaces the two pipe system as it is useful in multi stories developments and more economical than the two pipes system.
Two pipe system The waste stack received the discharge its components and carry them to the ground level. It was delivered above the water seal in a trapped gully connected to the drainage system. While the soil stack receives the discharge from soil appliances and transported directly to the underground drainage system. The waste and soil water did not combine until they reached the below ground drainage system.
Public.Resource.Org,Inc. (2007). Code of Practice for sanitary pipe work above ground for buildings. Retrieved on 11 June 2014. from https://law.resource.org/pub/ in/bis/S03/is.5329.1983.html
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6.6 On Site Photos :
Perimeter Drain
Manholes and Interceptors
Vent Stack
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6.7 Uniform Building by Law (UBBL 1984) Under UBBL By-Law 1984, section 43: In all buildings, the size of latrines, water closets and bathrooms shall be(a) in the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5metres by 0.75 metre; (b) in the case of water closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.25 metres by 0.75 metre; (c) in the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre; and (d) in the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre.
Sewerage System By-Law: Laws of Malaysia Act 133,Street,Drainage and Building Act 1974 Under Laws of Malaysia Act 133, no water-pipe, stack pipe or down spout for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to serve or act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer. Under Water Service Industry Act 2006 No.35, it shall be the duty of every facilities license to construct refurbish, upgrade, maintain and repair its water supply system and sewerage system and all other assets in relation to the systems such that the facilities license is and continues to be able to meet its obligation. Water Supply By-Law: STREET DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 路 No 56, Rain water pipes not to be used as soil pipe. No pipe used for the carrying off rain water from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water closet or any sullage water. 路 Under JKR20800-132-23:1.3.1, Storage tank shall be watertight and properly supported, provided with dust and mosquito-proof cover. The cover shall be constructed that it shall not be airtight. The storage shall be provided with a high pressure ball valve on the inlet and of the same size as inlet pipe, overflow/ warning pipe shall discharge outside the building
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7.0 WATER SUPPLY 7.1 Introduction to Water Distribution System Incoming from SYABAS main duct, the water is being transferred to the KLBC piping network. The water gets through the meter pipe then into the main distribution water tank situated next to the water processing unit located within the premises of the Building. As to be said, the distribution system of the building can be divided into 2 categories, as to be said:
Rainwater Harvesting System
Main Duct Water Distribution incoming from SYABAS
Aforesaid, both of the systems follows the same processing process before attaining the allocated terminals as to be said taps and other water outlets. The process goes by:
Incoming Water
Water filtration
Water Purification
Water is cycled back to premises mechanical pump
Water is distributed to the entity of the premises
Outgoing distribution through outlets
7.2 Rainwater Harvesting System The rainwater harvesting system within the premises denominates the approach of sustainable design as per sign that a purification system of high efficiency has been installed within the premises. The rainwater harvesting system mainly concerns the irrigation of plants within the garden and courtyard perimeter and the toilet flushing system. As to be said, the system has been designed in such a way that energy and resource consumption is reduced through the entity of the distribution and consumption process.
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The Harvesting Process: ď&#x201A;ˇ
Incoming Water
In the nominated case, the incoming water is considered as being received from the rain. The rainwater gets collected through the help of floor traps which leads to water harvesting drains. The incoming water being in a raw and non-purified state, is first of all collected down a reinforced concrete water tank.
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Purification Process
The purification process starts at the eve of the water harvesting tank. The water is being pumped into the purification unit through the assist of an electrical generated water pump. Once into the system, the water is diverted to the filtration unit, where the purification process begins. Once through the filtration unit, comes the last stage of the purification process, the water is lastly drove to the electrical generated water purifies which is a 24/7 system available in order to allow water recycling.
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Water Distribution
Once the water processed through the in-built purification system of the premises, the water is finally usable for domestic purposes. The water accomplishes the requirements of Garden irrigation Task and Toilet Flushing Task. The water can also be used for any other domestic usage as well.
The purified water is even distributed to the entity of all the water outlets available within the premises.
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7.3 Incoming water from SYABAS
The main water supply being provided by SYABAS, is an already processed water from main station to distribution points.
How does the distribution work within the premises?
From SYABAS, the water is incoming through the main duct, which is then segmented into water portions once in contact to the water piping grid system. The Water first goes through the primary water tank which distributes relays the water back and forth to the mechanical water pump located in the purification chamber. The water is then distributed from ground to roof top. Available water distribution devices:
Water Processing Control Panel
Water Filtration Unit
Water Purifying Unit
Mechanical Water Pump
Incoming Water Tank
Incoming Water Meter
Fire Fighting Water System
RC rainwater harvesting tank
Water Metering Device
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1.
Water Processing Control Panel
The water processing Control panel takes control of the entity of the purification process. The devices are being controlled through the connection of the Control Panel. The Purification system, Mechanical Assistance System and filtration system are being connected to it.
2.
Water Filtration Unit
The water filtration unit is considered as being the first station in the purification journey of the incoming water. Once out of the receiving tank to the filtration unit, the water is distributed through mechanical assistance to the entity of the infrastructure.
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3.
Water Purifying Unit
The water purifying unit is a special unit designed to purify the incoming water from the filtration unit, as the water received into the device is mostly the water harvested from the rainwater harvesting system. The incoming water, even being filtered still is potent of bacterial substances, in that case the purifying device is set up in order to ensure the secure consummation of the water throughout the premises. As to not forget to say that the system is composed of 2 of the unit, one for main usage and the other in any case of current system breakdown.
4.
Mechanical Water Pump
According to the size of the building, mechanical assistance shall be provided to the water distribution throughout the entity of the building. In this case 2 sets of mechanical water pumping system has been setup in the premises, one for current usage and the other in case of system breakdown. The Mechanical Water Pump receives and distributes back and forth the water to the allocated facilities within the site perimeter and infrastructure.
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5.
Incoming water Tank
Basically the system has been designed in such a way that the incoming water from SYABAS main will be converged back to a single point which is the incoming water tank. This Water Tank has for specific function to only receive the incoming water and distributes it back to the pumping system. The Water Tank, as the name says, stores water and creates a delay to allow the purification and distribution system to function at constant rate.
6.
Fire Fighting Water Tank
The Fire Fighting Water Tank is located on the Roof Top of the building. The huge cubicle device has for sole purpose to store water in case of any unfortunate incident. The device also forms part of the emergency Fire Fighting System designed for the Building. The Water recipient aliments the sprinklers and the hose reels available on every floor of the building. The Water Tank can be manually or remotely be opened in order to activate the firefighting prevention system.
7.
RC Rainwater Harvesting Tank
The RC Rainwater Harvesting Tank is a water recipient designed through the underground of the building and is linked to a series of drain pipes which collects the incoming rain water.
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8.
Water Meter
The Water meter is installed at the main entrance of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s premises and is utterly connected to the SYABAS main as its main purpose is to measure and record the usage amount of incoming water.
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7.4 Overall System Operation Rainwater Harvesting System Using excess rainwater when water supply becomes limited is the practice of harvesting rainwater. It simultaneously provides water storage as well as distribution of water for usage purposes. The water undergoes various filtering and processing systems.
Collection of water: The process commences by the collection of rainwater from the catchment area â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the roof. Water enters the conveyance system (gutters and downspouts) that surrounds the roof and filtered several times then stored in a large containers located on the ground.
First-flushing: The first-flush device is a valve ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain does not enter the containers because it contains the most pollutants; this is the first filtering process in the rainwater harvesting system.
Filtering: The rainwater filter systems are chambers consist of fibre, coarse and gravel layers to filter pollutants from the rainwater before it enters the water tanks or recharge structures.
Water Piping System The water piping system is considered as the interconnection devices for the water distribution within the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water outlets and other facilities.
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Water Schematic Diagram Index
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On-Site Observation and Analysis of current system state at current situation At current situation, summing back into an overview of the water distribution system, it can be deduced that the system is working at full efficiency and that no redundant design has been implied to the premises. Emergency spare devices in cases of breakdown situations or system blackout, are available to relay the damaged system.
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7.6 Uniform Building By-Laws (ACT 133) Section 247 Water storage Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with scale and set out in the Tenth Schedule to there By-laws.
Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first to second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.
Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
Section 123 Pipes and service duct. Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be (a) adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated.
The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably places to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
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8.0 Drainage Drainage can be either natural or artificial. Many areas have some natural drainage; this means that excess water flows from the or to lakes and rivers. Natural drainage, however, is often inadequate and artificial or man-made drainage is required. There are two types of artificial drainage: surface drainage and subsurface drainage.
Types of Drainage (i)
Surface Drainage
(ii)
Subsurface Drainage
Figure: Indication of perimeter drain and catch pit. 94
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. This is normally accomplished by shallow ditches, also called open drains. The shallow ditches discharge into larger and deeper collector drains. In order to facilitate the flow of excess water toward the drains, the field is given an artificial slope by means of land grading . Surface drainage systems are usually applied in relatively flat lands that have soils with a low or medium infiltration capacity or in lands with high-intensity rainfalls that exceed the normal infiltration capacity, so that frequent waterlogging occurs on the soil surface.
Surface drainage - channel by single ditches
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Catchpits A manhole on a drainage system with a sump; i.e. the bottom of it is lower than the pipes which go in and out of it. This allows sediment in the water to settle out, helping to keep the pipes clear. Catchpit sumps are emptied before they fill up so that they continue to be effective.
Catch pit with grill- lead water flow towards the drainage gratings at the edges of the road.
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Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from the rootzone. It is accomplished by deep open drains or buried pipe drains. Subsurface drainage system is installed in soils with a low infiltration capacity, where a surface drainage problem may improve the soil structure and the infiltration capacity so greatly that a surface drainage system is no longer required. On the other hand, it can also happen that a surface drainage system diminishes the recharge of the groundwater to such an extent that the subsurface drainage problem is considerably reduced or even eliminated. i. Deep open drains with grills The excess water from the root zone flows into the open drains The disadvantage of this type of subsurface drainage is that it makes the use of machinery difficult.
Road grills - Drainage gratings at the edges of the road.
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CASE STUDY The site of the building seems to offer easier solutions than some areas because is in a higher ground, the stormwater drainage in the street have existing single drains with double drains and catchpits in the low section the opposite housing area. And larger pipes connecting to the gully, to cope with the maximum expected water flow.
Situated on a sloped site. Which has an advantage- water will flows to the stable fill areas.( towards the street.)
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Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 354 DRAINAGE WORKS ACT 1954 Declaration of drainage area 3. (1) The appropriate authority may by notification in the Gazette declare any land within any area affected by any drainage works sanctioned or carried out, wholly or in part, by the Government of Malaysia or of any State to be a drainage area, and such notification shall specify the boundaries of the drainage area thereby created. (2) The appropriate authority may in like manner cancel any such notification, or extend or otherwise vary the boundaries of any drainage area, or exclude there from land previously included therein. Appointment of Drainage Board 4. (1) The appropriate authority shall by notification in the Gazette published at the same time as the notification referred to in subsection 5(1), and may from time to time thereafter by notification in the Gazette, appoint a Drainage Board, in this Act referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x153;the Boardâ&#x20AC;?, in respect of every drainage area or intended drainage area. (2) Every such Board shall consist of a Chairman, appointed by the appropriate authority, the officer in charge of the drainage area and such public servants and other persons as the appropriate authority may appoint. 3) Every such appointment shall cease and determine at the expiration of the year in respect of which the same is made. (4) All questions at meetings of the Board shall be determined by the majority of the members personally present and voting and in the event of an equality of votes the Chairman shall have a casting vote. (5) The Board may make rules for the conduct of its proceedings.
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Imposition of drainage rate 8. (1) The appropriate authority may by notification in the Gazette impose upon all or any land within any drainage area an annual rate, hereinafter called a â&#x20AC;&#x153;drainage rateâ&#x20AC;?, to meet the cost of drainage works affecting such drainage area, and may in like manner cancel or vary such annual rate: Provided that no rate shall be imposed under this section upon any land until the drainage work in respect of which the same is imposed has been completed. (2) Any drainage rate shall be in addition to any rate, assessment or other liability imposed on any land within a drainage area by the terms of the document of title under which such land is held or under any other written law. Remission of rate in certain cases 9.
The appropriate authority may remit in part or in whole either generally or in particular cases, and subject to such restrictions and conditions as he may think fit to impose, the drainage rate imposed on any land within the drainage area which in his opinion does not receive the full benefit of the drainage works within such area.
Interference with drainage works 11. (1) Any person who without having authority from the officer in charge of such drainage workâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; (a) blocks up or obstructs any drainage work or causes any drainage work to be blocked up or obstructed; (b) encroaches on any drainage work; (c) places any fish trap in any drainage work; (d) breaches or cuts through the banks or sides of any drainage work; (e) opens, closes or otherwise tampers with any sluice, water gate, regulator, pipe, bench mark, water gauge or other work forming part of such drainage work; (f) suffers or permits fruit, leaves, tree branches, tree trunks or other vegetation to grow across or fall into any drainage work or fails to take adequate steps to prevent the same; or (g) leads any animal, or suffers or permits any animal to stray upon, the banks or sides of any drainage work, shall be liable to imprisonment for six months or to a fine of five hundred ringgit or to both.
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Officer-in-charge of a drainage area 14. Every drainage area shall be in charge of a Drainage and Irrigation Engineer or such other officer as the appropriate authority may from time to time appoint, and such Drainage and Irrigation Engineer, or such other officer shall be known, and is referred to in this Act, as the officer in charge of the drainage area.
9.0 References MECHANICAL REFERENCES The Value of Traction Elevator Modernization. (n.d.). Stanley Elevator. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.stanleyelevator.com/traction-elevator-modernization/ Traction Elevators. (n.d.). Elevatorpedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Traction_elevators Elevator Types. (n.d.). Archtoolbox. Retrieved June 24, 2014, from http://archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/vertical-circulation/28-elevatortypes.html FIRE PROTECTION REFERENCES Anonymous (2012), Petromas: Automatic C02 System; Retrieved on 10th October 2012 from http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/automatic-system-p139.html?osCsid=11e3dcc36b968e870507631fe32004c7.htm 101
Anonymous (2012), Petromas: Fire Protection System; Retrieved on 10th October 2012 from http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/fire-protection-system-c-46_75.html Anonymous (2010), Fire Protection System; Retrieved on 9th October 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/53741596/2-fire-fighting.htm Anonymous (2009), Reliable Fire Equipment Company: CO2 Fire Suppression System; Retrieved on 13th October 2012 from http://www.reliablefire.com/co2folder/co2systems.html Anonymous (2009), Reliable Fire Equipment Company: Smoke Detectors; Retrieved on 13th October 2012 from http://www.reliablefire.com/smokedetectors/smokedetectors.html Anonymous (2009), Reliable Fire Equipment Company: Sprinkler Alarm System; Retrieved on 13th October 2012 from http://www.reliablefire.com/sprinklerservice/sprinkleralarm.html Azman A. (2012), Fire Requirements for High Rise; Retrieved on 15th October 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/2967287/FIRE-REQUIREMENTS.htm Mr Anandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Powerpoint Slide on Fire Fighting System
ELECTRICAL REFERENCES http://products.ensto.com. (2014, june 27). Retrieved from http://products.ensto.com: http://products.ensto.com/catalog/17583/Switchbox,%20singlephase%20continuous,%20for%20double%20switch%20and%20one%20light%20group_IND1.html http://www.agc.gov.my/. (2014, june 27). Retrieved from http://www.agc.gov.my/: http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%209/Act%20447.pdf http://www.aharfield.co.uk/. (2014, june 27). Retrieved from http://www.aharfield.co.uk/: http://www.aharfield.co.uk/lightning-protection-services/what-is-a-lightning-protection-system-lps http://www.britannica.com. (2014, june 27). Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83859/building-construction/60106/Electricalsystems https://law.resource.org/. (2014, june 27). Retrieved from https://law.resource.org/: https://law.resource.org/pub/my/ibr/ms.1979.2007.pdf 102
www.ul.com. (2014, june 27). Retrieved from www.ul.com: http://www.ul.com/global/documents/offerings/perspectives/regulators/publications/LightningProt ection_AG.pdf SEWERAGE,SANITARY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Birla Institute of Technology. (2012). Sanitary and sewerage system. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://www.slideshare.net/FairuzMuhammed/sanitary-sewerage-system Grondzik, W., Kwok, A., Stein, B. & Reynolds, J. (2010). Mechanical and electrical equipment. (11th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. IndahWater. (2014). Sewerage Facts. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://www.iwk.com.my/v/knowledge-arena/sewage School of Planning and Architecture, JNA & amp;FAU. (2012). Sanitary and water supply. Retrieved on 12 June 2014. from http://www.slideshare.net/prrinskhaleel/sanitary-andwater-supply T he Village of Shorewood. (2014). Sanitary sewer system. Retrieved on 10 June 2014. from http://www.villageofshorewood.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B38DD0D06-1678 496F-836E-11CD884AFCB9%7D
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