Emirates culture 12 2017 r by SBZC Mags

¢@@ @j@ F&* ib@@ Jb@ @0

∂Ñ– »àdG äGQÉeE’G x~8bF ÃxE °H D¡: °H ~7 °H b~zF(°* ¡D J °" :" D x =H Ñ* 04" vJ*5 bB ." %*x D* E b - bE *wGH . J bE ´* ~9x< &* 42&* £ ±* Á*x D* Áb~zF(°* 4¡ gD* *wG I4&*H i*4bE(°* I4&* Í0 ¡£D* . *x D* cB b~zF(°b+ gG* Í0 fcBb. hFbC g 0 K ¤-&b- . °H&* hFbC b~zF(°* ,¡ A .bK J¡BH bK £p~8 bK Fb£ +H bK /5b qc~8&* D z~6&* bE .$¤~7 C ¯ y£ gD*H ¡ gD* ,¡B f cD ¯ b G b D b£³bC ²bC °(* v0&* b+ ¢ < x s- µ 4b A&b+ xs F pF ¡£D* ..bK B*H i4b~8 i°b£³* wG i*4bE(°* bExD* f ~6b~{D* $*xp~|D* bC b Eb£B v + i*4bE(°* /*H ¥wD* H&°* ¥vpgD* 05 ¤gD* f_£cD* b / E *K $y/H 4¡ gD* f Jv~8 ¡£D* hpc~8&* ¤gD* f£cGwD* . *x D*H x~}1&°* ¡ D* b £ < + v ¹ yCxE" ¤+x< $b~}A yCxE H&* ~}« i4b~8 bK ~}J&* $*xp~|D* wG . 4*x~6&* Ä~6H $b~} D* b~{gC° v g~zJ ¥wD*H "$b~} D v~7*4 tJ4bgD* IvE ¢ < f£Fb~zF(°* gEvB ¥wD* b ±* E *K $y/ ¥¡gpJ 4b~8 bGxp+H . BHwgD exB&* b ±* 4b~8 .. xA¡ D* pgE E ex Db+ 4yA K *wG &° b )*2 vJv±b+ ¤ gpF ~6H IÄC i*5b@@½(b@+ b@@J&°* wG ¤ gpF ¤ £~6H ¢ <&* *wG D g_£ - ¢ < 8x0H < vJ*5 lv« ¥wD* b~zF(°* .ÄC&* dp+ d²* D2bcJ ¥wD* :¡D* *w D bK )*2 *x D* b£ c D fJ¡_´* 1 ~}J + zE&*H ¡£ D sJ ° :¡D* *wG .°K H&* b~zF(°*H xJ¡ gD*H + v ¹ F*¡1(*H vJ*5 + f £ 1 Í + fcBb. Í + c g~z D x J :¡D* *wG .Ñ* 0 i*4bE(°* u¡£~7H v~7*4 + v ¹H vJ*5 &* °(* i*4bE(°* ¯ hF&*H Â ° fcp´* :H É~zD* :H qEb~zgD* :H *wG .. g J £A Ä JH gJ b cp+ x ~{ c« EÆ« f:b~zc+ i*4bE(°* &°

worldsoundtrackaward.com E§H ¢<

2017 ΩÓaCÓd ájôjƒ°üàdG ≈≤«°SƒŸG IõFÉL h / b/x E É1 E 2001 b< ,y)b±* wG h F* ¢ < b ²* b AvG bCh Film Festival Gent b £~z D $b@@p@F&* £ / ¯ bGyJy -h fJxJ¡~|gD* ¢ £~6¡´* t@@J4b@@.b £m + ¯ h = f JvE ¯ bK J¡ ~6 b J lv@@²* .µb@@ @ D* :ib_A ,v< ¢ < y)*¡±* 5¡g-h bG¡/ d£~|F E hFbC fJxJ¡~|- ¢ £~6¡E D'¡E ~}A&* t .Arrival £A < ¡~zFbG¡/ ¡~z=x= ix+h4 b + 5bA ¡Jy g D ¤ £~6¡E D'¡E ~}A&* t .The Crown ~z ~zE < yEb£ Jh Kb~|£~|1 hcgC f£ =&* ~}A&* t Ç~z/ d£~|F E hFbC £ D f JvE" f@@£@ @ =&* @@< y@@g@ J4¡@@G La La @@ @ £@ A @@ E " ¡m D* .Land E b~{gC* ~}A&* ,y)b/ t < @@g@Jx@@+ @@6°¡@@ @£@F d£~|F .Moonlight £A ,Ì~zE É1 5b½(°* ,y)b/ t xJb~7 v£A*vD hp Eh f£-b£0 z£~zFxA oxs´* 4b~7 ¥w@@D* f.2bp´* £A ¯ °¡+¡C 24¡@@A b/4 C" £A ¯ °¡Cb+ °%*h " z£)xD*

121

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

fJ¡ ~zD* b -y)b/H b £~z D fJxJ¡~|gD* ¢ £~6¡´* f£Â2bC&* g« ¤~9b´* ¯ b £~zD* A ¢ < bGx.&*H 5b±* ¢ £~6¡§ b D* *w D ÍE¡J IvE ¢ < b g0°* ® . b< 100 4*vE ¢ < x~9b²*H ~zCHx+ £F¡E4É£A *Æ~zC4H&* hEbBH .x+¡gC&* 19h18Í£DbggE *w D ,y)b D* fJxJ¡~|gD* ¢ £~6¡´* $*2&b+ ¤~6hx+ xJ2 ,2b£ + fAb~9(°b+ b E iw1&* ¤gD* ÉA&°* E ib D fc0b~|§ b D* b D kJv²* 5b@@±*h f£ £~6É D* ¢ £~6¡´* E nJyE ¶(* ¯ ,4*y= ÈC&°* ¤ £~6¡´* D'¡´* Äg J ¥wD* 24b~{FÉ+ zFÌ. b g0°* ¯ x~{D* £~9 bC ¥wD*h b £~zD* tJ4b-

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

goodreads.com E§H ¢<

zá∏éY ≈∏Y ºg øŸ á«μ∏ØdG AÉjõ«ØdG{ Astrophysics for people in a hurry ¿ƒ°ùjÉJ ¢SGôZhO π«æd b E bEh "µb D* *wG ¯ b Fb E bE " EyD*h $b~} D* f £c: bE f+b/(°* "f£c~z D* fJx Fh "$*2¡~zD* e¡ jD* bE "b £A µb D* ,w-b~6&°* E JÌj D f ~{E j bGÌ=h f _~6&°* wG ¢ < ¯ f+¡ ~8 /*¡J b 0x~7 &° Jx~9bp´*h i*4¡~zAhÄD*h .Í g~z´* y£CÆ+ b g0°* ¡ Db+ Í ´* J42b D* 8bs~7&°* E ¡~zJb- 6*x=h2 £F (* ¢g0 f£F¡ D* xG*¡ D* rx~7 f£ £C ¯ ,vJxA f Jx: Dh ." ¡ D* ¯ hxD* ½" d D £ < *¡ :&* 6b D* } + (bA ¡ D* E&bg£D b@@J&°* w@@G hB¡D* JvD b E £ D* &° D&b+ r¡@@~@ 9hh 5bmJ(b+ @@ 94&°* ¶(* ¡@@ @D* x~}pJ ¡~zJb b Eh bE5 ¥&* ¯ b Eb gD* Â f 0b~9 ¡~|A ¯ fA*x:h 8bcD* ¯ h&* ,¡ D* bm A b Dhb - $b .&* : ¡p~{´* b E¡J É1 D ~{ J ¡~6 ebg D* *wG (bA ,x)b: ¡~8h 4b gFb+ h&* E ~6b - ¯ © ¤gD* Jhb D* @@E /bg« b@@E A 4*¡ D* E $*2¡~zD* e¡ jD* ¶(* Ìc D* 4bm F°* E : ¡ D* < kpcD* ¶(* dC*¡ D* < kpcD* Eh D* b £Fb £E ¶(* .Ix1&°* dC*¡ D* ¯ ,b£²* *4¡gCvD* ¢ < ~8b0h 24bA4bG E $bJy£ D* nJx1 ¡~zJb¯ ¤ JxE&°* tJ4bgD* pgE ¯ < b£cE¡D¡C f Eb/ E fc-x´* ¶(* +bgC ~8h vBh .fJhb ~zD* b gc D xJv C 4¡J¡£F ¢ < AbpJ *5 bEh bK £cE ÈC&°* f£)*hxD* Ì= dg D ¶h&°* bK <¡c~6&* 18 w E yCxE

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

120

5&b@´* f £c: /ÆJ 6bB Ìc - E GÆE b ~7 y@@0h k£0 1935 b< b/hyD* ~| J .b gBÉ< £D(* h ~8h ¥wD* bK /hygE ¢ cJ D b D* *wG *¡: D* < ¡~6b £+ B¡gJ .1955 b< b -bAh ¢g0 b E K - b C4b~{£D b~9x E @@z@J4b@@+ ¯ ¡~6b £+ pgE £ J ibBÉ D* Ì.&b- D fDhb¹ ¯ b Dh&* E fBÉ D* E i*¡ ~zD* Db <&* ¢ < f£sJ4bgD*h f£<b g/°*

119

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

5Ä- Ì ~|D* ¤c~|D* 4¡~8h f£ )b D* vGb~{´* .,$*ÄD* fE¡ F A*¡g- ib0¡ D* wG .,vDb1 ib0¡D ¯ xG2y- ¤gD* ,2b ~zD* f~} D* x~|<h fÂv D* 4¡~| Db+ vJv±* ¡~6b £+ b gG* E .b£Db J(* ¯ ~{g ´* yJÌ- ¥4bE E ¡~6b £+ $b D v + Ì g- b Dh&* f£~|s~7 &* °(* ¥4b D*" f0¡D ¯ . g £~{< qc~|- ¤gD*h bK Eb< 17@D* i*3 ÆD*h µ&* I¡~6 - µ b Dh&* 1929 "$*x ²* f J4&°* ¢ < Ìc D*

jCCCยชCDfCย C. fCCCCH*4ยงCCIfCC+ museepicassoparis.com ย EยงH ยข<

zฦ ยฐSร ฮผยซH ร ยจdhCG{ ยขVรดยฉe ย E iร ~6*xยด* ยถ(* ,4b~7(* ยฏ dgย - h&* &*xย - f~zDb/ fย Jy0 ย ยกยฑ*h xย ย D* ย E fJhb~6&bE ibย ยฒ {ยฃย - hFbC ยคgD* bย gย )b< ยฏ ยถh&ยฐ* fยฃยดbย D* ex@@ยฒ* vย + fยฃ~6hxD* f@@J4ยก@@:*ร @@E(ยฐ* ยฏ ย D&bgJh vย ~|J ยก~6bย ยฃ+ ร /hyD* ย ~6* ย bC ยฅwD* ย ~zย F hBยกD* .bย ย ย ยฝ 4v~|E bย Dh&* hpc~8&* 1921 ย ยก@@+ ย h&ยฐ* bย ย ย ย : ,2ยฐh vย + ยฏ qc~z- ยคgD* iร ยฃย ~{gD*h fEยกE&ยฐ* ib0ยกD ย E vJvย ย D ย bย D(*

vยฃD*ยกE ย E ยค~6hxD* ย ยฃDbcD* ยฏ f~|B*4 "b=ยกย 1ยกC bย Dh&*" ร 0 bEh4 ยฏ ยก~6bย ยฃ+ ยกย +b+ ยขย < hAxย - 1891 ย b< bยฃF*xCh&* ย . 1917 ย b< parade "2*4b+" ย ยฃDb+ i*4ยกย J2 ย ย ~|J ย bC .ยก~6bย ยฃ+ bย Dh&* qc~|gD 1918 ย b< b~zFxA ยฏ b/hy fยฃย ยฃ~6ร ย D* ย gย 0xE ยฏ ยก~6bย ยฃcD ยทbjยด* ย J2ยกยด* bย Dh&* hFbC ย b~6xD* ย E ร .&bg+ fย ยฃB4 fย <bF ย ยกย s+ bย ย ~6xJ ย bC kยฃ0 bย Dh&* 4bย ;(* ย gJ ย bCh .Jean Ingres xย ย J(* ย b/ ยค~zFxย D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 7 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF ร ย ย ย M2

118

£fM24f G* ¢<

´óHCG …òdG πLô∏d ájƒÄŸG iôcòdG πaQÉe ácô°ûd ÚbQÉÿG ∫ÉLôdG IQƒ°üŸG á«dõ¡dG ¢ü°ü≤∏d Marvel f£~|s~7 1 ¥w@@D* b~6xD* f£Dy D* |~| D* ,4¡ ~6&*h " ´*" ¤+ÌC b/ @@F(* Thor "4¡."h Iron man ¥vJv²* /xD*h x men bE zC(°*h b JxE&* Ç+bC ¶(* v + b £A 2h¡£D¡G ¯ ÁyJ2 fCx~7 b gD¡0 ¤gD* Fantastic four f +4&°* ¡~{Gv´*h .4°h2 4b£ E 12.5 ¡pF b D hc / f s~9 ib£F*y£E i*3 ib/bgF(* J 1994 b< -b» ¢g0h -b£0 *¡: ¤ +h b´* h&* ,x ~{Db+ ¤+ÌC b/ pJ µ b JxE&* Ç+bC + ,4¡~8 ¤~9b´* xJb J ¯ B¡gE Ì= ~{+ i4v~|- &* ¶(* D* ¯ bC ,4¡~|D* wG ." ´*" d D v£ g~z£D ¤+ÌC 2b A .bK ~94&* + q£ Jh x gG J ¡Gh ¡12 E x ~7&* ,v< cB 1941 b< ¡ £~6 ¡/ d-b D* E *Æ~7°b+ b/ b ~64 vB .$b ²* dFb/ ¶(* ex²* b JxE&* |~|B -¡ g~6* . 4¡J¡£F ¶(* ix/bG ,Ì A f )b< E ~8&°* ¥hb~z¿ ¤+ÌC b/ F&* =4 .iÉm´* ¯ ,x/&°b+ b~6xC bK G*xE bC w E < x ~8 w E ¤ D* b£³* ; £ < ¢ : D ,4¡~|´* |~| D* tJ4b- ¯ f£Dy D* ¡~6xD* ib£~|s~7 G&* x g+* .,x ~{D* Ch ~} D* + ¢ pJ bC ¥wD* Dv´*h 0b~}D* £A4bE b~64 "· bg~6" ¯ D'¡ C 0 D3 v A&* v A ,x/&°b+ ÉK < 6b~6&°* ¯ bC ¤+ÌC mgF&* bE C &°h E¡~64 E A fp ~8 2000 b/Æ~6* °(* g~zJ µ k£0 4b A&*h A E ,2b g~6°* .fp ~8 13000 ·*¡p+ 4v - ¤gD*h A4bE ¯ f.4h (bA .4°h2 4b£ E 4 ¤ A c§ 2009 b< A4bE fCx~7 ÁyJ2 iÆ~7* bEv < D ¯ x.'¡´* 4h2" dc~z+ ¤+ÌC hExC ¤gD* ÁyJ2 E 9xE b -* ¶(* *¡ ~8¡- ¤+ÌC " A4bE tJ4b-

117

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

*|+ 24f kM|G The evolution of beauty " f ¹* 4§ -" iƒbCÓd ¢ù«dh zπªLCÓd AÉ≤ÑdG{ ¢ < x F b C JH4*2 yD4b~{- fJx F v g $b cD*" (* ¥&* d~zF&ÉD f £c D* $b gF* ,x A JH4*2 ¡F i*¡ ~6 x~{< v + D " ~}A&ÉD xJv gD* @@E b 0 - µ Ix@@1&* fJx D fDÉ~6" fJx F b F(* Kbc ~7 ÈC&* hFbC b F&* E w@@G " z ±b+ $b@@ @ g@ F°* f@@BÉ@@<H b@@~@ z@ F(°* 4b~|g1b+ b D q@@´ ,x@@ @A @@E i$b@@/ fJx D* &* b@@ @£@A rÆ@@ @ J " *¡F&°* ~8&*" @@+b@@g@C ¯ @@Jx@@: @@ < x@@.b@@ @ g@ - ¤@@g@ D* f@@£@ ²* ib@@ @ )b@@ @ D* E x@@ 1%* ¡@@F b £A lv@@p@J @@z@ @±* f@@~@64b@@» Jx~7 *¡£²* 4bgsJ ° KbcDb= k£0 $b gF°* $b c D d@@~@ z@ F&°* Í@@p@~@7x@@´* @@E g Jx~7 H&* $*x@@=(*H f£+3b/ È@@C&°* 4bgsJ D Kb£ £c: 4b£³* *wGH " b ±* ¡FbB" x1%* Ìc g+ F(* $b gF°*" @@JH4*2 b ~6 ¢jF&°* ,2b< ~64b v@@+ b@@ @ ±* Hw@@ - ¢@@ @< v@@ @g@ @J "¤~z ±* f ~| E 4¡ - f£ £Fb £E jÂH iÉ~} D* $b gF°*" fJx D f~zCb E KbFb£0&*H f g~zE "¤ £c D* ,x D* w@@G Í£/¡D¡£cD* E Ìj D* }A4 ~64bÂ lbF(° ,¡ D* E Ìj D* ¤ - b F&° ° *w@@GH b@@ @±* @@6b@@~@6&* ¢ < i*4b@@£@ ³* 4¡ gD* jE Kb £ < Kb_£~7 2¡ £D q ~|J ¢@@ @~@z@J " b ±* 4¡ -" @@+b@@g@ C ¯ @@ @j@E ¤@@ @ 0 @@ @ @ + *x@@ @ @+ 24b@@ ~@ {@ g@ J4 E 2¡@@ @ < ¶(* K*2b@@ @ g@ ~@ 6*H d@@=b@@~@{@EH 3b F(° lbp+&°* E ib_EH f~6*4vD* ´* 4*x~8(°* E 4¡ gD* b£/¡D¡£+ IxJH ¤ £c D* $b gF°* ,¡B ¢ < fJx~{cD* ¢@@ @<&* 4*x@@~@ 8(°* *w@@G &* 4¡ g D f@@G¡@@~@{@EH ,Ì@@ @ A ,x@@ @ F &* @@£@ C q@@~@ 9¡@@JH b@@ @ < @@ @~@{@+ f£~z ±* ibBÉ D* ~7 4¡ gD* fJx~{cD* fAb jD*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

116

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

~Êf- 4§M§ª¡G* ¢<

£fM24f G* ¢<

IOó¡ŸG äÉ¨∏dG ‘ ô©°ûdG PÉ≤fE’ »ŸÉY AGóf

ib Db+ ,vJv/ v)b~|B *¡cg J ¤ D $*x ~7 f@@ @+4&* fcg ´* d ~{D f£ ~8&°* f£ JxE&°* b g + dg g~6 ¡/4bG ¥¡/ .,2v ´* f + dg £~6 f£Db ~{D* *v DxJ&* E Í C¡CbE vJhÌ/ .¤C¡ ~zE .f£FbJx~zD* f Db+ dg £~6 ¡~6bE° d £F ¤B*x D* ." £ Jb D*" ."*vFb=¡D" &°* g + dg £~6 bG¡CbE £F ¥v =h&°* x<b~{D*h E f£ £~|D* v + f£FbjD* ¤G f£FbJx~zD* f D* (* ¡~6bE° ¡ J f+bg D*h lvpgD* gJ *5 bE ¤gD* ib D* vB&* E b F&* k£0 .$b / f£Fb~zF(ÉD b£~9 ¡G f D ¥&* b£~9 (* . ¡£D* ¢g0 b + mJ bE (* .f £ / b C ib D* &° f D fJ&* i¡ &* 5¡mJ ° . JvD*h fAb jD*h f D* ¯ ¡ gD* ¡G ÉK £ / µb D* ¤´b D* Fbc.hb~6 b/x E ¯ ,2v ´* ib D 9x E b £~6 $*x ~{D* 'hÉ@@ E5h ¡~6bE° &*x £~6 k£0 x+¡gC&* ¯ x ~{ D b/x ´* E $ymC Db <&*

115

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

h :&* f£Fb JÄD* f ´* ¯ ¤´b D* x ~{D* ¡J fc~6b § E x ~{D* £ mgD bK £´b< bK <hx~{E x ~{ D f£ :¡D* fcg ´* *K $v+ fE2b D* b£/&ÉD b 0h *hyDb+ ,2v ´* ib D* °%* .fJv DxJ(°* £ Jb Db+ $b gF*h f£FbJx~zDb+ lvpgJ ¤gD* f D 7000@D* Í+ E F(bA ¡ ~zF¡£D* f ´ bK Ah C f D i¡@@ k£0 x 1 ¯ b ~|F @@E È@@C&* µb@@ @D* b + .Í<¡c~6&* fJb + F&* ¡ ~z£F¡£D* 4v - :fcg ´* xJvE d£CbE zJxC ¡ J x~zsF b F(bA f D x~zsF bEv <h .b -b D ~|F x~zs ~6 x D* E f£´b< $*v@@F f 0 fcg ´* h :&* DwD .bK ~}J&* bGx ~7 E hb gDb+ ,2v ´* ib D* ¯ *K v£/ fAhx ´* v)b~| D* /&* E B&°* ¢ < ,v0*h ,v£~|B pgD v D ¯ 6*¡~6 f Eb/ h C D3 ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ .b D fJy£ ½(* f /x- E f D C

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+ ½fCCC CCCG* mfCCCCDfCCCC CCCC. ¢CCCCH m*4fCCCCCkCCCCCÂ *x D* 2¡ ¹ )*H

£fM24f¹* ¢<

z¢ùμjQ ¿hÒà°Sƒà°ù«J{ Testosterone Rex øjÉa É«∏jOQƒc ¢ùØædG áŸÉ©d 5¡ Jh ,&*x@@´*h /xD* Í+ "f£~6b~6&°*" ibAÉg1°* ,x A }0vJ ebg D* . ¡ D* ¯ xC¡cD* f+bj§ Äg - ¤gD*h ¡ D f£ ´* f£ ±* ,y)bm+ bK @<*2h : v D f Eb/ ¯ ¯x ´* 4¡ gD* ¯ ,4¡~z£AhÄD* kgJxA b@@-h&* ¡ .fJ4¡ gD* )b ²* ¥y+ ,x gE Í~z ±* Í+ ibAÉg1°* < i*v g D ¤gD* f£FÉ D* Ì= nm²* f<*x+h fBv+ ix< ¤gD* JbA b£ J24¡ + ÉK @G&*h .f£Fb~z ±* ib~6b£~zD* xJÄgD b Evsg~zF Í+ v<bc- f£~6b~6&* ,¡B ¡G ¤/¡D¡£cD* z ±* &* 6b D* E hÌj D* v g J *K 4w0 ÈC&* ,&*x´bA fAhx ´* f~| D bK Ah .¥x~{cD* 4¡ gD* f£ < $b .&* Í~z ±* E vJy´* e*wg/* ¶(* ¡ ~zJ b/xD* &* Í0 ¯ fE¡E&°*h ,¡+&°* ¢ < yCx-h f E2&*h z ±* ibF¡ExG (bA b£/&°* dBb - E .x1%°* z ±* E $bCx~{D* b £ < d gD* Â ° ¤gD* ibBhx D* wG yJy - ¯ x g~z- lb@@F(°*h 4¡CwD* .kJv²* gm´* ¯ fs~6*4 ,*hb~zEÉD* ©h D JbA b£ J24¡C z D* f´b< Æs- " z J4 hÌg~6¡g~z-" b +bgC ¯ *K v£/ f .¡Eh f£ ~zE Ä~6 f£ < É1 E 4b+ ~{+ f£Ab jD* ib~9*ÆA°* ¢ < v g - ¤gD* lb@@p@ +&°* x@@1%° z D* < f@@J4¡@@ @g@D* ¡ D* $b ~|D* 2v D* eb@@~@|@<&°* < E bK ~|~|B vsg~z- .f ~z D*h f£ D* lbp+&°*h f£E¡£D* ,b£²* hcjgD . £ ~zD* ¤ ´* z²*h hÌg~6¡g~zgD* &* bj´* £c~6 ¢ < fJ4¡CwD* f£F¡Ex D* xG¡/ z£D f ~8&bg´* ibA*x³* xEv-h fDb D* t@@Jx@@´* @@ E b/xD*" &* @@ E ¶(* ¡<v-h "¥Æ~{´* E $b~z D*h ¢ < )bB ,*hb@@~@z@E È@@C&* g¸ f@@ @Eb@@ @D* f@@Jx@@~@ {@ c@ D* ib@@ Fb@@ @ @E(°* $*¡~6 v0 ¢ < Í~z m D

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

114

£jE @@D c~zJ µ b@@ @E ,4b@@Jy@@D 4¡ m D f~8xA b~}J&* .,b£²* xE&°* x1* ¯ ¤G rx~zE fc~{1 ¡1vDh f£~|s~{D* ,Ä@@³* ¢ < ¡£D* v g J ¤ £ ²* $*2°* * b@@C .f@@+b@@m@ g@ ~@ 6°* ¢@@ @< f@@£@ @£@c@ @D* @@ @ -4v@@Bh Í@@ @j@ @ @ @D ¢ < @@ @ @D* ¶* £ j» @@A2 @@E h&* ¤ ~zAÉ~z£Fbg~6 " ¡ - &*" h 0 Í²* D3 w E "f£ :b D* ,xC*wD*" ÉA&°* - dpF &* JvGb~{ C bFÆ1*h ." j &*" ¹ . B*¡D* E =b - ¯ ¡ j ´* ¡ J k£0 Teatro "$*x D* rx@@~@ z@ E " rb@@ ½ x@@~@ 6 ¡@@G *w@@ G @@ @ Dh ¡G DwDh . B*¡D* E zcg E F&° ¤ £ 0 ¡G .Poveros .,°bc´* v< E fDb0 ¯ b £ cJ °h b £A x.'¡J ,vGb~{E" 4¡ ~{D* *wG f /x- ¢ < £ D* hxJvE < v Dh D* µb< 1v ~6 . 9x D* E f £B2 90 IvE ¢ < " B*¡D* ¤ £ ²*

113

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

/&* E f0b£~zD* ¢ < ,4hbm´* Ix D* v g - Í0 ¯ ¡£D* ¯ Montichhiello "¡ £~{g£gF¡E" fJxB x jg~z- $b cD* {£ D f £~6h ¡G + f £~z+ f£+3b/ z£D rx~z´* .bG2x .¥¡B gm´ f£ 1 f£ £ 0h E h&* b G ~7 zJxCh Ä@@´b@@E £/ £ D* ¡/xº ¶(* fJ*vcD* E f£ D* Ém~6h ¥2b< Ì= b E f~|B Ih4 ,x F ÍJhx D / ¤-*wD* x gD* E bEb< 50 .fJb D* fC4b~{´ fGb D*h ¡~} D* E ¤ J bEh ´b< < ,y£ gE D3h ¢ < D* ¯ i*¡ ~6 5 £ D* ¡ Fb~8 ¢~}B . -b£0 ¢ < + A $b cD* /&* E b~} D* ¢ < ° $¡~}D* £ ~zgD vGb~{´b+ ¤ = £ D* ."hÌA¡+ hx-b£-" @D f£<*v+(°* I'hxD* f£ = f+É1 4¡~8 fB2b~|D* fJ2x D* i*4*¡@@²*h ,x@@.¡' @´* .f £ < 4b A&*h Dh f £ / f£Db J(* f@@J*h4 F&* ¢ < £D(* x J &* Â

ebc~{D*h ย ~zD* 4bcC ร + ย Dw+ bย Eb/ ย ย D* ยฏ xย ~|ย Jh ยขย < ย ย gmยด* 2*xA&* ย ยฃย / ย ย ย J kยฃ0 x~9bยฒ*h ยค~9bยด* ร + .ยคEยกยฃD* ย ย ย ยฃ-hxD fJx~|+ fJ*h4 bย ย ย mJh fJxย D* ยถ(* bย + xAb~zJ "ยกDยกCbgยฃc~6" ยคย )b.ยกD* ย ย ยฃย D* 6xC . @@9x@@ย @D* *w@@G $*4h "xย ย ยด* ย ย ย D*" ย b~{gC* ย @@E "hร Aยก+ hx-bยฃ-" @D ,vJv< i*ยกย ~zD ย -bยฃ0 ยคg~zJxC bJ4vF* ยฏ ย ยกc=xJ ยฐ ebc~{D* ย ย Dh ย ย ย gmยดh Teatro Povero ยกG ยคg~zJxC bJ4vF&* .,2vย E ย ยกยฃD* ,xย ย D*h vยฃย ย gD* fย ~8*ยกE ย -bยฃ0 6xC fยฃDbย J(* fยฃย ย E ย ยก~8&* ย E 4vpย J ibpFh ย b~64 ย ย ย J ย *yJ ยฐ 75 @D* xย < ยฏ .bย g~|B 2x~zDh ย gJxB ,v<b~zยด rx~zยด* fc~{1 dp~6h $*ยก~9&ยฐ* ย c~}D iยฐbย ~zD* fF5*ยกE ยขย < ย bย pย D qAbย J ย ย ย D .fJx~}pgD* ย ยฃย D* ย ~|gย E 9hx< vย + ย bC *3(* bE ย ย ย J ยฐ ยกGh .4bยฃย Fยฐ* ย E ,vย cD*h vยฃย ย gD* ยขย < .ยฐ ย &* $ยก~}D* Iร ~6 51 @D* ยค0x~zยด* 9xย D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 7 ย K&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF ร ย ย ย M2

112

ÍJhx D* Í+ x ~7&* IvE ¢ < ib<b g/* v < ®h .f Eb D* f<¡ ¸ @@E *4*¡@@0 *hx@@ /&* :f£0x~z´* fCx~{D* $b@@~@}@<&*h < hmgF ¤gD* ib@@0*Æ@@B°* J¡pg+ b £ - ® ,4b@@g@º .f£0x~zE J4b~{E ¶(* ib<b g/°* . A v0*h ~6¡´ fCx~{D* 9hx< E v0*h C w£ - ®h f+bmg~6* ,ÌcC f<x~z+ fJ¡ ~zD* 9hx D* 2v< 2*5 vBh Ix@@1&* )b~zE hp~9¡- f .b» f<x~z+h . b D* d D ¤ A :f£~|s~{D*h j ´* Í+ ,vJx D* fBÉ D* D3 ¯ b§ 4*h2&* rx~z´* ¢ < h2'¡@ J ¡ j ´* b@@C b@@£@0&°* E ÌjC ¤0x~zE ¢ cE b £A J µ ¤gD* fJx D* wG ¯ . ~z F&* f0b~6 ¯ D* $*¡ D* ¯ rx~z´* ,x A ¢ < y£CÆD* 4x f~8b³* -b£0 $*2&* ¢ < 4b£³* Bh bE b<x~6h :fEb< .fE5°* fEhb ´ f~8b1 f Jx C rx~z´* fc~{1 ¢ < *v~| E F¡ D A v£ gD* *w@@G ¢ < b@@ @²* gJ µh bp+ 6b D* x~{cJ ¥2b~|gB°* ~9¡D* bC hBh ¯ b£0b£~6 nEv J &* |s~7 D f£Fb E(°* b~}J&* rb-&* F¡ D + ~}A&*

111

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

¤<b g/* hx~{E ¡G ¡ £~{g£gF¡E E "$*x D* rx~zE" 1960 b< ¶(* 2¡ J ¯b .h f£Fb ~6¡gD* f@@Jx@@ @ D* w@@ G ix@@ E v@@ @ @ D* @@ D3 f@@J*v@@+ ¯ b Eb D `/b ´* 4b£ F°* < hmgF f £ < ib+*x ~9b+ . hx@@B ,v D bG2¡/h y£E ¥w@@D* ¤<b g/°*h ¥2b~|gB°* D3 ¶(* f£ g ´* v£Db gD*h fAb jD*h D* Cb£G h g1*h . ~| D* ¶(* b Fb ~6 2v@@< } sF* b C f<x~z+ b D* £ < *hÄ@@ /&* h&* $b@@ @c@D* *h4b@@g@ 1* @@Jw@@D* z/bG q@@c@~@8&*h ´b< xEv- hFbC ¤gD* f Jx~zD* i°¡pgD* ¢ E ¯ Ì gD* . gJ¡Gh i&*v@@+h 1969 h 1967 ¤Eb< Í@@+ 9hx D* ¶h&* ix ; h ~7 ¤gD* i*vJv gD* fEhb E ¢ < gm´* ,4vB y£ pg+ cB E i*hy= : -*3 2¡/h ¢ < *x 1 tJ4bgD* xE ¢ < .,ÌcC f£c ~7 fEhb E ib/¡E f£c /&°* 7¡£±* f~8b1 f£m E x - b~}J&* ¶h&°* i*¡ ~zD* wG ¯ i&*v+h fC4b~{´* ¢ < ¥¡ - f£ < :¤<b / 9x + b£ D *v/

"Spettacolo"

« )f.K ªD

zƒdƒcÉà«Ñ°S{

¡F4¡£/ b£ £D¡+ ~8b D* @@³* £A ¡ J b´b< £s &*H *v@@/ b £B4 b£³*H B*¡D* Í+ f+x© @@ CH b@@~@|@F qc~|- f@@~@|@B @@C ¶(* @@ 6b@@ @ @D* ,b@@ £@ @0 ¡@@ @ @«H É@@ @ @< ,b£0 hFbC *w G ¤0x~zE ~z ~z E ,Ì@@ @ ~@ 8 f@@£@ Db@@ @ J(* ,v@@ @ + b@@ @ ~@ 6 ¢ < Montichhiello "¡ £~{£gF¡E" f£~9b´* 50 @D* i*¡ ~zD* IvE

w@@G ¯ b@@ @< @@C ,2b@@ @ @D* ix@@ / ¤0x~zE 9x + b£ D* ¢ < fJx D* d J k£0 f£~z£)xD* f0b~zD* ¯ ¡ -h . ~z + ¡G 4h2 :*¡E C @@6b@@ @D* ,b@@£@ 0 ¯ l*v@@ @ 0&°* @@ G&* .f£0x~z´* ¡@@~@9¡@@E b ~z F ¤@@G .¥y@@E4 b@@~@}@J&*h ¥2b@@E $b~}A ¡@@G hÌA¡+ hx-b£-" rx~zE &b~{F b G ¤BÉ- ¯ "Teatro Povero Í+h ,b£²* £jh ,b£²* Í+ *wG bCh .¤/4b³*h ¤~|s~{D* fJyE4h f£ G&* E D b´ B¡´* b ~9hx< G&* E v0*h ¡~9¡E b< £ - ® ¥wD* D3 – ° " *v@@Jv@@« @@F*¡@@ @<h 1981 .La piazza "*5b£+

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

110

h G Á(Q * + v£ + E h&* 4b~7&* Q Dh ,42b ´b+ b gBh .$b cDb+ ¤ < Q Ãv@@ @ - ¯ d@@ =x@@ J @@ E t Q " p~7x m~zA Q +b~8&* f<b / @@A4 :f )b @D* É@@- @Q @ . @@G$b@@ @ ~@ 6&* ° ...b@@F&*h b/4 f +4&*h b-&*xE* bE "42b D* vc< ¤~6" A µN P ¥42&* ¤ ~6* b~9&* *3b´ ¥42&* ° ... A ...¤ c~8(* A4&* µ Á&Q * =4 .ib£ ~|QgD* i&*v+h :*¡DbB . z£Jb E f£ ~|Qg D ½ fc D* hFbC .Q ,ÌjC z£Jb E h0ÆB*h PO Q 6b£ ´ ...f£Q D* v)b ~{D* Q hpc~8&*h ¤g / ¯ ey²* q~7xE O Q z ¸ ¯ }E&* µ ...xJ5h %°* bF&* Í<¡c~6&* E ÈC&* d ~{D* Q ,xQ m+ E hD¡Q « ¶(* fB2b~8 ,$¡cF h&* fD¡c E ,¡<2 h&* 0 JR v E b +y0 ¶(* fE¡ ²* z£)4 v ~6&* ...,4*5¡@@D* ¤~6xC Q Í .* Áb. f<x D* ¤ -5xA& * h bF4hb~{-h b g/bA Í@ @JQ 4*5h R A ÌFbF2 f~z s+ *K xJ5h hpc~8&*h fDhvQ D* $*45¡+ b pg £~6 ... É~zD* Q ¢ § ¥b~7 6&bC i*3 "42b D* vc< ¤~6"@D b g A2 ...xJ5h %°* bF&* .f £ ~zDbC Q ,4b£Q ~z+ .4¡jQ DbC )b~z+ .f Q ±bC dg § .4¡ Q cDbC i*Ì-x ~z+ .$b~7&* ¢gE $b~7&* bE A&* .2hv0 h2 ¤g )b< ¢ <h ¤-*¡ ~7 ¢ < F&* .µb D* *v + e¡/&* Ñ* 1 E ÌjC x)b~|E BQ ¡g- ¤)b~}E(* ¢ <h

109

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

...fBQ x+ ¤ ££Q pgA " -bA" ¤-Ì-x ~6 ¤-&b- ...Ì.h ¤~6xC Q f £ B )bBvD Á42b - ...,x)b D* $*2¡~zD* Q ¤-¡ B ¤EbE&* ~}¤ Q E eÆ - ...b £~}E&° *4h&* -b£Q : Í+ *K ÆA2 f Eb0 2¡ - .Q eÆ - .¥vJ Q Í+ )b.¡D* ~9hh ÆAvQ D* qgA ¯ x~{-h ...*K ÌjC Q ¤ £< ¤ gC bGx ~7 zEÉJ ¢Qg0 ÈC&* Q bE&* bG4v~8 ¶vgJh ~zgc-h bGÆA2 w1&b- .Q ...bGx + b Q pg~z- ¤g)4 Q Q &* x ~7&bA 9x £~6 ¥wD* ,4*5¡D* *¡J2 z£)xD b ´* ÆgD Á42b -h ... Q -&b~6 J&* ¶(*h +bB&b~6 E ... ¡£D* nEbFx+ ¤ < Q .xJ5h %°* bF&* .¤ -bG Q 4 K K Q Q *xEÉ/b< *xE&* ·(* /¡J Q F&bC "42b D* vc< ¤~6" ¤ c:b1 :É/b< *K x ; fjDbjQ D* ¢ < *K v= E b D ¡<v- Eh hF&* x g ~6 .bK Q E bK <b g/* v ~6 ...ey²* xQ § .,¡<vQ D* h£cQ D ¤ Q D *K v0&* O 2&* µ :,ÌjC 4¡E&* ¯ lvQ « &* v + "42b D* vc< ¤~6" bB Q E ¯ bFxE&* ~zpF &* %°* b £ < z ¸ ib+bsgF° q~7Ê~6 Q .d ~{D* dJxB E ¤ £ J DbB bE Q &* x ~7&* µ ...bK _£~7 jJv0 · J P µ

$b .&* hFbC DwC ..fJ¡ Eh fJx Eh f -bA "fpJvE" hFbC v@@/&* µ .bK @~@}@J&* %°* ¤@@G @@Dw@@Ch f Eb±*h v ´* i*¡ ~6 Q ... }~}E ¢ < h A*h ... :bE&* h&* }A4&* h&* 4wg<&° f<bm~{D* £m~z- ...Ix1&* f 04 i&*v+h ....¢ <&°bC b c-&* Ohpc~8&*h ,2b ~7 b E b F &* ¶(* ...dBQ x-h i*4bcg1*h kp+h 6h42h .kpcD* ¯ Q QgD* Q C E ¡:&* $*2¡~6 ,4b£Q ~6h £F&* )b~6 ¥vD Q ...xJ5h bF&* %°* bJ*x~zDbC Q b g £Q s- ¤gD*h b gJ&*4 ¤gD* i*4b£Q ~zD* Q dg E ¥vDh Q Q ...'¡D'¡ Q DbC ib ;¡Eh f£ =&* ib + vF2&*h ¤g ¹ q/4'h&* v ´* E ÉK AbB h C Q Áb@@=&* E vc< ¤~6" ¤ B¡g~6* bEv < "hJx D* t£~{D*" :"42b D* .3bg~6&* Ì³* rbc~8 ."42b D* vc< ¤~6" + ÉG&* D Q J ° f Jv´* Q C ¯ v0&* ° .v<b QgDb+ v < kJv0 Q E ¡G ¶(* g A*xA ¥b~7 6&bC ¤ < Q E *K ÌjC Q rÆB* ...2Q ¡D*h d²* c£/ E · ox1&* ¢Qg0 Í +b gE b ~z / (* bE . É~zD* R Q ¢ E Q m0 ¯ ibBb + fE54 :¤-bFb£c+ bG*v0(* &ÉÂ &*v+h v£D* C · vQ E .Q ...f£Q D* iÉ QG'¡´*h f ´*h ,2°¡D*h d Q D*h ~6°* ¯ m~z´* *xsF°* cE h« g+bcQ ~6 ~}J ¡Gh fBb cD* Q .Q ÌFbF2 f~z 1 D i2vEh ¤c£/ ¶(* ¥vJ h 12&* .b ~6&* ¸*x+ <h £D(* ¡<vJ ¥wD* ey²* *wG < ¤ .vQ pJ &*v+ *K ¡~}< ¡@@C&* &* v@@<&* b@@F&*h °Q (* ¤ CÆJ µh ... £:xs Eh ib<Ä Q gQ D* ¯ bK Gb~zEh ib<b g/°* ¢ < bK c;*¡E £A bK ~7bF .iÉ ²* ¯ bK :xs Eh Q C *K xCb+ b £g~6°* ¢ < ÁÄmJ $¤~7 ° ...x@@J5h %°* bF&* bE d~z0 h&* ¤/*yE £ < qc~|J bE d~z0 } F&* ...rbc~8 Q *¡0&* £ < qc~|... E 4b A(* x A&* Q &bg+ x A&* . z D* ¯ v@@/&b@A ob£~zD* Q eb@@+ ¶(* 4*vQ @ @D* eb@@+ @@E ¤EvB xQ @ @0&* Q $*2¡~zD* . O )b~zD* N · qg J .f J¡ D* Q ebcD* Q ¤-4b£Q ~6 ¥4b gF* K @@12&* . g£Q « ¢ < 2Q 4&*h d@@C4&* *¡@@ @< .° ...d@@ C4&*h ££Q 0&* Q ¤cg E ...dg ´* ¢ < ¤4&* ...rbc~8 Q C vJv/ x + x ´*

b £ ~6 6bcQ <

j 8§ E&*

ÒfÉfO á°ùªîH ôjRh

f J¡: $*2¡~6 ,4b£Q ~6h £F&* )b~6 ¥v@ Q @D x@@J5h x@@J5h %°* b@@F&* sA dg Eh i*Ì-x ~6h f£Db< fJ*x/h Ì.h 4*hQ 2 ¤~6xCh Q ÉK ~9b E @@C&* µh bK E¡J f~6b£~zDb+ Q g~7&* µ ...ibJQ 4¡²bC Q 2xQ ¸ ¡G .f ~zD*h fc D ¤G h&* 0 Q ¤~6*x D* eÉQ : E °h ¢Qg0 h&* ib²b~|D* Q ,vD*¡D* i*¡@@<2 Iv@@0(* b Q D h&* f~6b£~6 h&* ,xQ E b £Q 0 4hyJ bC d£Q : /4 "qJb~zD* Q ¤ < ¥v£~6" ,$¡cF K hx ~zJh b F*Ì/ b g£+ ¯ É£D D¡0 gm£A b D* ¯ Í-R xQ E ,xQ E Q C ¯ vJ ~}J ¡Gh £D(* ¡ g~zJh xm D* ¶(* -x~}0 ¯ x < i*¡ ~6 D _cQ s- b§ _cQ Jh Jx~9b²* v0&* 6&*4 ¢ < .fE2b D* :,4bJ5 i*3 ¥vD*h D bB EQyD* D _cQ sJ bE · &*xB*P ."v£ ²* vc<" c g~z§ ¤ _cQ F .h_~7 ¢gE fcJ4QyD* E w1 xB&* {cC ¤ Q E DN h .¤+&* ¤ £< R Í+h ¤ £+ £ £< d Q B .¤~6&*4 ¢ < vJ /xQ D* ~9h N < ivQ Fh h/x F* bE b<x~6 .Q f ² xJ4b~6&* h~{ F* Q ¢ < g+bcQ ~z+ bGv + ~64 fEb~zg+* ¶(* 4b~7&* Q ~6 ~7 e*ÆD* :¥vD*¡D bBh É<&* .b G .x F* Q fc D h B .hBv~8 ,$¡cF h&* f²b~8 ,¡<2 h&* f~6b£~6 fc D h&* 0 .*K xJ5h hpc~8&* Á&Q * ´* Q v E ¯ zJ4vQgD* b mJ bCh "fpJvE" ¤g £E5 · hDbB :v0*h ¥¡Fb. Q f 0x´* b(* < d=x-h fJQ 3bg~6&°* ,2b ~{+ ¤ g - Q ;&* ° .fjDbjQ D* f~6*4vQ D* b@@JQ &* ¤=¡cFh ¤-*4v + Áx@@CQ w@@-h ¤ 0v i&*v@@+h fAx Eh $bC3 b Q E Q B&* *¡FbC ¢E*vB $ÉE5 ¯ f )bB · 2x~z-h .Ix1&* b:*¡~7&* gJQ 3bg~6&* v + *¡~}E Q Dh f 0xE fJQ &* ¯ fc=4 · v - µ "fpJvE" bJ ¡ D* Bv~8& * P 4b gF*h 9hx D*h @@6h4vQ @ D* £:&* v@@<&* µ .Ix@@1&* f@@~@6*42 . £D(* h ~8h bE ¤ £ J . B ¢ < n)bg Q D* F &* ...¤ E ¡ - &* ...¤ A*x- &* E hc : ¡D ¢Qg0 kpcD* ¯ Q QgD* 4*¡~{E b E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

108

hAx< @@F&* v ~{E ~8* .b E lvQ @« ¡@@/4&* : @@D3 · fJ'h4 < B¡gF ¤ D bK c~6b E *x- bE A* .bG2vG f £ ²* . D3 E ÈC&* b ~} + "b E | sg- &* vJx- bK 0 t . ¡/4&* F t R . D3 E ~6&* b G z£D t ° b E exQ QgD* < B¡bF&b~7 b D @@B&* .bG4vQ B .b D bK c¹h bK F¡ 0 C .b E `cgs.v0&* J µ b C b cT « F(* b D B . D ¤G - b» ÈC&* .b E ohQ y- b D -b£0 6x g~6 F&* bGv< 1952 fF¡ ~7x+ hyF¡E £C W bc~6(* ¤ p~8h d-bC ~8 b C £/ ebQgC x ~7&* E vL 0*hh Á L K*2*vgE* f£~|~| D*h f£)*hxD* Db <&* vT - . ¡£+h4h&°* 2b D* k£0 E $*¡~6 vJv© E b £A b´ h AbCh z14¡+ b <&° dg J .,vJv< ib D ¶(* Db <&* h /x- .ib c²* &* f D* f£)*hxD* Db <&* Í+ E xCwF .f£Fbc~6(°*h f£FÉg D* Íg Db+ $b£~7&°* f Q < bJv£/*ÆD* m0h D*

107

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

" %°* vJx- *3bEh bK ~z0 t ° ¤ F&° z£D b E | sgD* ¢ < Áv<b~z- &* vO J4&* t 6b~z0(°* ,v gEh f£C3 f£)b jg~6* ,&*xE* ¤ A g/h5 d0& T * ... Dh "2v~|D* *wG ¯ ¡B&* &* ¥b~z< bE . gBb: w g~z- b F(* . EO xL E&* F&* x ~{- Ni&*v+ t ¥2bExD* |£ D* h3 /xD* eb/&* "*K 3(* 0 M ¢ < bF&* t . J ohyD* S &* I&*4 bEv < ,2b ~z+ . ~7 ¥&b+ b E | sg- &* vJx- t . F f £ ²* ¯ t v0h -&*4 *3(* .f £B2 ¢g0 °h É~z+ <v- ° ¤ A t ¸bFx+ vGb~{- h&* &*x - h&* bK _£~7 ex~{- h&* ,4bm£~6 1v&*vc-h ,K x~7bcE E eÆ - bC bK @J&* h&* 5b gD* ¯ ~} ´* . gc<*v§ v g<&*h n<y - f£ G&* fJ&* bGx - µ (* D3 ¢ < ,hÉ< t &* v@@J4&* @@Dw@@D .n<y - bEv < b /h *K v@@£@/ x - @N @F&* pJ ° @@F&* *K v@@£@/ x@@ <&* ¤@@ @F&* bK < f@@Ev@@1 E d@@ @:&*

HyF¡E £C Á¡ D* x / f£Fbc~6(°* < f /x-

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

?áYÉ°ùdG ÜQÉ≤Y ™e áYÉ°ùdG ÜQÉ≤Y QhóJ GPÉŸ

"Ì ~}D* e*w< ¡G *K 3(* t ¤ -b - b F(* . {£<&* ¤ CÆ- ° b F&* xE&°* f £ 0 .ÉC t Áv© µ (*h Ê@@´* ¶(* ¤-&b- b c/&* µ (*h *K 4b F ÉK £D b ´ ¤-&b- b F(* ¢g0 .b C CbE&°* ¯ ¤ < kpc- y ´* ¯ .Áh2 E {£ D* £ g~z- ° b FQ (* · ¡ -h D* "bK ~}J&* *3bEh t y - ¤Gh b £ < hAxQ - &* w E .f0*xD* 4¡ ~7 iv A v D t " -x~}0 $¤~{+ x ~{- µ&* .b E | sgD* g~6&* µh ¤+ .ohyD* &b~6 "b £ < hAx ¢gE t N .bEh4 ¯ *wF%* h C N . ~|Fh x ~7 w E t .bEh4 ¯ ohyD* bC ~|Fh x ~7 w E ÉK Ah "bEh4 ¯ h C ¤ F&* hAx< £Ch t N ¯ b £ < OhAxQ - bEv < ¤G ¤ -Ä1&* v D "¤ Bv~|- °&* t .e¡~6b²* ,4h2 h m~zA b /h5 eb£= f~8xA g~z- &* f/hyD* i2*4&* ÉK Ah .e¡~6b²* - ,4h2 ¯

xpJ ¢ ´* ¯ $bB45 ,K Æ~6 ¥v-xJ ¥wD* /xD* bC b £+ ¥wD* /xD* E eÆ@@B* b Db+ ¥b~{D* bm A f ´b+ .$b£g~6°* i*4bE&* £ < ix ; vBh bK J2bE4 bK ~|£ B ¥v-xJ " 6¡ ±* £ g~6&* G . -x~}0 E lvQ «&* &* dmJ t O . ~} - F t .&*v+&* J&* E x<&* ° fK £ 0 t .fJ*vcD* E t .h)b D* x ~{D* g/h5 Oi2h*4 t "¤g/h5 t . F t : bB . f+b/(°* ¯ *¡. +4&* $bB4yD* ,Æ~zD* h3 /xD* x1&b "xE&°b+ ÁÄs- *3b´h t . L / · vBxJ ° D3 h A w E ¤ F&° t b F&* &* "b E {£ D* vJx- F&* f/42 ¶(* b cT «&* "*3b´ t " ~{£< £ < | J *wGh c« ° .ÉC t

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

106

i&b@:h &* v + ,x1bcD* ix@@¸5 .hFbC b@@Eh £ mg D Ãx@@C f~z£ < e4*¡B £A h~64&* ¥wD* Á¡cD* ob:xB $b £E ¥bEvB E ,x 0 b ~7 ¢ < h Ch £+4 i*3 f£+x²*h fJ4bmgD* O * .fBx² b 0b~7¡+ ~z ¤@@ Gh ib@@£@ :*x@@ @ Âv@@D* Iv@@ @0(* i2b@@ F :Á*yD* JvFyD* ~6¡g´* E m~z ´* xJb g´* ¤m~z cD* .v ´* ¢ < g cB ¤g£~zF v D ¥bG ¢ < ¡±* d Q gJh $*¡ D* 2Ä£~6 d£ ´* v < :f )bB hA24&* ¢Ebg£D* 4h5h $*x D* dCxE b C ,x1bcD* d - °h b B Q v < f c D* ¤Cx-bA c£~|J vB 4v~8 x E b + ¤ =h f£:*x ÂvD* Q (* .¡+4h qJ4 Í+ £D Í~} gA g E ¯ $*¡ D* .b g£B*v~|E iv A 2x+ b +b~8&* *3(* .f£Gb~6 $b £´* ¯ f BbjgE ¡ 1&* h C b £+ ¡J2*xD* hpgA f£FhÆ D(°* fcB*x´* 1 ~9h ®Q v D :22x@@J Jw´* b@@Ch N )*x/ fpAb ´ ~6¡g´* Ä< ebG4(°*h i*4vs´*h fBx²*

.f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* E hb gDb+ D3 ®Q h Gh E ¤g cB v ~|g~6 G Ix- :f g gE qJx D ¤ 0 hpgA "f£:*x ÂvD* qJ4

105

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

Íg~6 E ÈC&* ~6¡g´* + bJ&* w A . ~} + ¢ < ,x g~zE ¥v + ebc~7 } + ¡Q « v D F . zF¡- ebc~7 ,Ì1 E bK ~6&*4 v~6&*h Í D* 4¡p+ hv<h &* v + fBQ xD* ¯ ¤+bG4(* ÄC&* ¶(* ¡ J vBh ,2¡<¡´* ex D* f ± xpcD* bK Jhb: £D x1%°* } cD* ib Q © ,4¡/&bE f 0b~{+ G*v£~6 bK £+bG4(* bK <hx~{E bK ~}J&* ¡G f Jv´* 4*¡@@~@7 ~6h h4 0

¯ |BxJ ¤+x= ebc~{D ebc~{D* :a4b D* b J&* F .fFb0 ¯ h&* f£ £D fc < @@1*2 h&* ¢~9xJ ° 5b£gEb+ fG¡c~{E ,xmG g¸ ¡G ¡£D* ¤~zF¡gD* ¡ p+ pg £D x + xEb Jh f0É D*h v c+ 94&°* fEvs+ ÌC*¡+ b Bh ÉK £D bGhw0 ¡ D b£Db J(b+ d D*h :b D* d < 2¡ <h :b D* E oh5h x)bm~6 fc < +b E rbc~|D* Q vB .w£cF 5¡C Ì gD ¢g0 q ~|J °h 'hbE / e¡ ~6&* gB ¶(* b £A iv Q - ¤gD* fp ~|D* wG ¥¡:&* &* cB +b~{gD* @@/h&* 2¡@@/h v D x@@1%* ebc~7h ebc~7 Í+ fF4b ´* E ,4¡<w C h~} gF*h qDbE 3*34 bK E2 hA43 Ég1°*h ob:xB ,x1b+ ÇE ¢ < | D* *wG dgC&* Á(Q * .¥v E ¢ < b g0ÉD ib£:*x ÂvD* $b~z D ,&*x´* ,4*5h b g~|~|1 Q ¤gD* .b~zFx + ,&*x D ¤´b D* ¡£Db+ yF&b~6 $b £´* ,42b E cB Jx D* · *¡p~zA* *K ¡ < *K ¡ < i&ÉE ¤gD* G¡D* f£:*x ÂvD 4¡c< ,Ì~7&b- ¤g cQ B D x-&*h Q ; ¢g0 b ~{D* hs gFbA Q B¡ 0 ¤G f£:*x ÂvD* Q &* Ç

f¡J ¢H fM*|H h£ + f :bA

§°SƒàŸG √ôμj GPÉŸ q ?AGô≤ØdG ÜQGƒb

.f£<x~7 Ì D* ,xm D* exQ ~z- b@@E&* °K 5b@@< Q ² *K x1'¡E ex D* b £D(* &bm J ¤gD* x D* Q C hFbCh b +bc~7 ¯ d£ D* bC (* v + ¥42&* °h .f£<x~7 Ì= ibE5&°* o4b1 eb½(°* fJb ² xQ ~{- ¤gD* bFÌ-b~62 ÍF*¡B ¯ &* Jh&b- IxB Í£<x~7 Ì D* b :&ÉD ©h o*hy@@D* x:&* ebc~{D* ~9h Ì£ -h ,xm D* ¡FbB q£ - ¢ < - °h ~9¡D* b £~}g J ¤gD* ,x~8b ´*h f A*v´* ib£D%* £ - Ä< ~6¡g´* 4bp+ ¯ ~z F 4b@@ @²*

ebc~{D* *w@@G . h5&b@ @´* ¢g0h ¤+x D* ex ´*h b£ JxA(* b ~7 h2 Q C ¯ z :&°*h £+4 i*3 ¥yJy<¡cD*

A bE Í+h £+ xA E bE x~{D* 4b g0°*h x D* E 4b D* ² ¯ x~9&* Ì1&°* *wG.¤+x< fBx²*

,xEb E ¯ i¡p D + h&°* ¢ D&* b £+ x D*h N h .,4¡ ~{´*

f~z 1 xpcD* e¡CxD ¥5*¡´* ~6°* ¤G fBx²*

ib@@E5&°* { + E J4Q b D* ~6* ¡@@Gh

f@ B*xQ @ ²*

cB E A*¡gJ ° ¤p~8 Ì@@= $*¡@@ @+ @@ @+4*¡@@B t F v + *¡gQg~{g£D :¡D* e*ÆD x D* ,4*2(* cB . £ ³* ~6¡g´* $*¡@@Gh ib+b~|< E Ì ~zgD* xC*w- ¡ g J ~zcD /&* ¡~zc J . bGh&°b+ G4hv~8 h'¡ Â ¥x~{cD* dJx gD* ib£~{£ Eh rÉA f+x< ¯ f Q ~|´* b =&°* 6h'hxC Í ~8ÉgE ¡cCxJ ¥wD* ¯¡D* c C b £A Av£D $b+x D* ,Ä E ¡pF mQgE x/b*wG .¤ £D fJv + ¡< f~8b~8x+ ibE . Eb =&* 6x0 b´b: fJv cD* fcB*x´* E f~z 1 ,Ä ´* ¯ c C Av£~6 rÉ D* Av+ Ì D* dDb - ¤gD*h ÉK £D fc)b~zD* eÉ D* 24b - ¤gD* ... g £D $b~{< -¡E cB vmJ µh ÄB i*$*2&* ¤~8¡~|F ¯ < h A*2 b´b D £A {£<&* ¥wD* :¡D* *wG Q (* bF&*h b~zg=ÉD $b´* D xAh&* .f+b / ¢ < h&* bK cFwE bC ¡D ¢g0 fc~9b= Áv/&* ¡£D* ¤ D .fJhb D* vBx- b C bK Eb ~}0 ¯

.l*v@@0&°* £~8b - ¯ ¡1vD* cB ,x~zp+ ¤ £c/ h D ,4*x§ hxD* ¤ J &*v+ ¥wD* Áb~zD E £ D* h + . ebc~7 Í+ fJ*vcD* w E fF4b ´* fÂyG : hwgJ F&bCh b / + ¡D&° ¤ cg´* ~|F hCx-h ex D* ebc~7h ex D* .¥4v~|D ¥3bp´* xpcD* $bE f0¡ § gjQ D h C%b- ¥wD* ¤ 0 ¤+x D* ebc~{D* B¡E Í+ fF4b ´* fCx E ¡£D* 9¡1&* Á(Q * e4*¡B ~zJ ib+ ¥w@@D* ¤+x D* ebc~{D* fFb Eh ,b£²* ¯ ibFb/x E ¯ ¤c ~7 0 ,xCw- x ~6 v < z£Dh i¡@@´* . E +hxG J µ b C x A ~zJ µ e4b D* ¢g0 . 2É@@+ ¤+x D*h ¤Bx~{D* |BxD* ¢ E 4v@@- ° o*¡@@E&°b@@+ Á&Q b@ Ch vF&* hx@@D*

¢ £~6¡E I¡ -h Q g£D ex D* £D(* ¢ ~zJ ¥wD* qDb~|D ¡G $¤~7 Q C f p D* vQ 0 ¶(* .¤ JxE&°* ¤c ~{D* h4 a2bG ¤ ~6¡gE }£+&* xp+h |B4h f£ ~z- .¤+x D* ebc~{D* µN " JvF5 ~6¡g´* }£+&°* xpcD* z£D h&* .¢ £~6¡Eh ,b£0h "bN £1b Eh bN J2b~|gB*h bN J4b© ex D* f D ~6¡g´* *wG 5b£pF* $*x D* e4*¡B ~6¡g´* Q x J *3b´ "bK £F¡C bK 0 ,xm D* h~z£D&*

b£ £~z£~6

h *5hvcEÉDQ *

4y± ¡~8¡D* Ä E D qg J &* ¢+&bJh f£Fb¸ h£+*¡- +4*¡B d~{1 E ~|Jh £A

bF¡£D*

h *3b´ " 7x D* ~6 b + Q - vBh qJx~{- h2 jj/ ,2b<(° b£E&* ib_E 2¡ ~|D* ¢ < f Db g´* e4*¡ D* ibCxQ ¹ ym ,x1bc+ ¥v£ / xs~8 tJ4b- i*3 A bE gD xpcD* f~z gº ",4¡ ~{´* £Fbg£gD* ~6*¡D* +b+ E tJ4bgD* ¶(* £Fbg£gD* ,x1b+ x= ¡12 Q (* .,x1bcD* ¢ < E ÍB4b D* fJ5*¡/4¡+ °¡D ¡ £D bC bE f_A E bJbp~}D* hFbC ¡D f.2b²* v Q s£~6 tJ4bgD* bC G ¢Bx D x~8b ´* u4Q '¡´* x £~6 Gh "Ì D* r2b D* d ~{D* ¤<*¡D* u4Q '¡@ ´* ,x F ¥2x D* É@@J(* D*h ex D* ebc~7 ¤g _~6&* E ¡C ~6h x=&* Áv/&* Á(Q * "x~| D* bJb~} + f p D* É F* w E d@@C*x@@´*h xpcD* ¢ < ¡ Db+ ¤ D&bA x~{cD* ehxG c J ° xGbE 2b£~8 ¡G xpcD* &* ¤~z F b J(° *K 4*v/ 2hv0 v£Q ~{J ¥wD* ex D* ¶(* ÍEy E Fb:h&* E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

104

IÒ¨°üdG »eCq G IBo Gôe

¬| 7 I £ ²* v 0&* ¤ <

Q P ¡m´* · N b£D fP J¡ D* N c³*H Q2¡D* N É-H Q D* ¤Gb gEÉ PibA*x³* zDb¸ N P 4b ´*H N O N @D¡0 H&* Ñ* 1 Pib£m0&°* E °K bc/ O Px1%* ¯ ¡ J vB bE P bEyD* O ¡ J ° H& * ¤+bp~8&* N$É~7&* Q D* Mib ~7b D* 4N b ~6&*H ¤)É 4R 2b= N 2Qv b G Q . R É~zD*H N R ~94R N&* . (4)

vO £0¡D* ¤N EQ &* O /H M r¡~9¡+ I4&* bE z ~{D* P ,24H E Kb Db: P Kb ~6b+ N Qv O@- bG*4&*H N$b´* · xN ´* 4P b Db+ " P b Q p+" 5O ¡A&* v A N Jx~{- z ~7 ¯ P fP £scD* ¤~z ´* ¤ /¡+H N Q ,P Ì ~|D* b -%*xE ¯ bG4v~8 ¯ `cQ s- ¤gD* P,Ì ~|D* b P-%*xE ,xJvg~z´*

103

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

N$*4H I4*¡- ¥wD* P É D* Cb¹ ¯ P N fJQ vm+&°* xO C3&* Pi°°QvD* fP +*x D*P ~7b< < kpcP £ ~|D* Q p ´* O$b+%* < bB *w G" " z£E*¡ D* P L xT ibJxC3 PdJx D* P /H Plb ~9&bC Q $P b+x D* fJQ 2b£0 yJ N É D* Jx+b D* fR Jv´* P ¡/H ¯ xP m DbC *¡ £Q 1 b§4H 4P ¡m ´* `:b~{D* ¢ < $P *¡ D* x~z/ h« xP pcD* ¯ P2vQ g´* Q o¡´* x1%* ¶(* Pe¡p~{D*H P P vE ¯ 6&P b£D* ¯*¡BH ¤c D* P Q @gD*H ¤ Q x P Q @ D* fP 0bcg~z´* P,x D*H N Mib~zE¡ C f ~84&* E ,P wQ@ Q D* N I4*w D* N £+ S gEbA P £ D* N b£BH ,M 2¡ EO&* Px1%* P ¡/4 ¢g0 R fA5bF Mf 0 E (3)

vO £ g~6&* ¥wQ@D* bE ¤¹ÉE ¤E4&* J&* N fN £m D*

(2)

(1)

KbEb< Í~z 1 ¡N pF b§4 Q O N x g~zJ bE ~|F b §4H Q O b D* $L *H4N HL f cB H&* xP ³* E K*xG2 b§4 Q P £Q@ D*H PÑ* fcp~8 ¯ I4b ~zD* P Q $b£ ~7&°*H Oh£R ~zFH Q C oN 4b1 PfD¡ D* ¡O A Ph£B*¡´* R¥4*ÄDbC L ~zQ@gE xM ~z C rL ¡ /N $N b~} D* P £pFb/ ¯ `cQ J ¥xmJ Px Q DbCH O Pebp~zD* Q P Ev+ }£ J O P c B E p~}J Pv£<*¡ D NhBxQ « (* Pib<x/ < Nh Q@ s- H&* $P *HQvD* N fM J ¯ N ²* ix~zC H& * Ov<xQ D* b /4 Q 2P ¡£ D* S C OhD5bE @xO C3&* P$bc D* N bc~6 xO C3&* Q¥x c D* PibEb~zg+°*H qEÉ´* ¯ O *" ex~{- f_:*¡D* N ~94& O bGN$bE O R A bGÌ= $N bE x~z-H "Rv ~z-H Ñ* yQ J Kb £ 1 Kb~{J4 Oh C xO C3&* O$b~} D*H N 7x D* O c~{J bC C

O £ g~z´* ¤-% N *xE O /H ¤ /HH L$b / b £+H ¤ g F Oh ~8H PxJx~6 ¯ ÍcJx C fP J*HxQ D* ° fJ2xR ~6 b g G4&* ¤gQ@D* ¥¡g~z M bg1 H&* fEbB ¯ K fAv~8 K*24b~7 Oh C K £ B ¤~z F Oh£~6b É N c g´* P,$b =(bC Í P ¡ ²* Pib<4bB ¢ < P JH*¡´*H PyJ5 "Pf£F¡ £~z@C" Ì P m D* NhBH P2b~|²* Ì P Ab~| D* ¡F P H&bC Q M + E z P ~{D* ¯ Q rO bJ4H xO s - P b ~{D* N D* 4N vN 1 yN )bm D* qO H P £0xD* Kb £ < 8¡ D Mib £ GH P °(* E N cJ µ MebgC ¯ L b 0 Mh ~8 L f E2H

b C £A bE + u¡ D* x@@« ¤gD* f~{0¡g´* f£Db ~6&*xD* ¶(* u¡ D* hD¡Q 0 ¤gD* f~{0¡g´* f£Db ~6&*xDb+ ¤)*hxD* q£ J £~6¡- ¯ ~{ - D3 =4h 2bE4 ¶(* f£ D* ib0¡ D*h b 0 .b J4b~{E v½ *ÌE hÆ£+ ¤)*hxD* b + bB f<2bº fJ2x~6 fCx0 ¯ f£ D* ib@@<*v@@+(°* E&bgJ *v D¡ + ¤ A pgE ¯ *¡@@1 +* xJ¡~|- É@@1 E b -2b g~6* E $*Ä@@1 Q v@@Bh vD*¡D ¤ D* pg´* ¯ b Q ~9 ®Q h ¤)¡~}D* q~z´* f£ - Ä< bGbJb + ¤ Jh D x~|g J *ÌE ¤)*hxD* &* v½ Dw+h ¤´b D* ¤gD* 2É+ ¯ f£ p´* ib ~z D f@@F*2(* D3 ¯h vc´* &b~7 f£ D* G4b.%* 0 ¶(* ¢ ~z- °h b £<vcE dG*¡E zsc°(* ¤ D* 2ÉcD* l*x@@- ~9 *¡@@1 < h@@/42&* (*h ¤ A vcE C Dh .b 0bgE ¶(* Fh £ < b p D ~z- µ b F* ¤ - ¶(* ¡pgJ °(*h -*3 ¯ f £ C *v+(ÉD x~|g J ¤ £ 0 D*" ¯ v J*h 4b ~6h&* ¡ J D3 ¯h .¯x0P 2x¸ ¶(* ¥&* µb D* *wG bC (*h ¢g0 x1%* µb< ¯ ¤+ oyJh Q ¤ ~{ J ¤ D* ." b£³* ¤0h E N P *'¡~6 &* Äg J fJ*hxD* wG ¯ *ÌE v/&* wG q ~|- µ" ""f0¡ D* wG f £B bE" qc~|£A DvQ Jh rx D* `£~6 ""f0¡ D* fDy E DQy Jh f£-b =*ÄD* < ¤ D* Db+ I&b J *'¡~6 ¡Gh .f<bm D* eb~z0 ¢ < f £ D x~|g - f£Db / f£Fb~zF(* «¡ G* i§ 6&¸* ¥wD* £ D* 24b~zD* f£~|s~7 *Ì@@E* hÆ£+ D'¡´* 4bg1* f gs´* b B*¡Eh b ~8¡s~7 v Jh fJ*hxD* l*v0&* 9x g~zJ l*v0&°* ¯ ¥5*¡gE 1 ¢ < )bB x-*¡gE ¥2x~6 e¡ ~6&* ¯ 24b~zD* f£~|s~7 ¯ £ ±* D b£/&* f.É. ¢ < vg ¤gD* ° b F&* b C a4b D* ¢ < b ~z F 9x - ° b F&* £ D* l*v0&°* + < b D z£Dh ib£~|s~{D* ¡0 ibE¡ ´* C 24b~zD* f£~|s~7 hvc- ¢ § fJ*hxD* 8¡s~7 ¯ Q pg- °h ¢ < 9Æ -h B¡´ 5bp - fJ*hxD* ib£~|s~7 Iv0(bC £ D* Ì Q &* lvpJ b C Ix1&* )b~zE E 2b£²* B¡E wsg-h x1%* f£~|s~7 E mJ bE ¡Gh Ix1&* ¶(* f£ ~9h E b B¡E ¯ .b ~|J &* h2 l*v0&°b+ AvJ *K x~| < £ D* 24b~zD* a4b D* E b gG°* *wG v© &* fJ*hxD* wG h<b g~6* (* ¤ Bx D* x~7&* ¤~zF¡gD* /Æ´* ¶(* 2¡ J ~} DbA ¤+x D* b mG¡+ f£ £g /4&°* fJ*hxD* w D gpJ &* b g~6* ¥wD* .¤+x D* a4b D* ¶(* b -$*xB f gE F ¯ qm Jh b Db /h

f ~| E fJb= £ pgD f £~6h D* &* ¢ § g E Iv§ ,x F D © f£Db g~6* f £B c~z J b@@E *w@@Gh < ¯ f£ D* b <&°* wG hpc~8&* bE h&* DwD f£-b =*x+ £cDb+ b £A Jx gD* ¯ *x J %*v+ ¢g0 b~6xD* ¤ +* ,v < =4 ¥*¡@@=4h&°* Ä< f£<*v+(°* b <&°* wG dJx g+ D3h .2Éc D f£ D* ib g ´* ~9 b -vQ < f£ p´* ib ~zD* &* ¯ f £B b D h~z£D b GvD*¡D f£ D* b <&°* JvD¡ D fc~z Db+ ¡G bE DwD bE E b £ < 4Q v- &* Â bE 4v + °(* b -*3 qc~|J ¢ ´* *w + . -*3 ¯ D f £B ° b~6xD* ¤ +° £ / .Ì= ° fJ2bE f E £ pgD f £~6h D* y E Ì ~8 u¡C ¯ f Eh f£~z E f£ D* *¡1 )b D h ; &* ¢ § fJ4¡~8 fDb E " D D*" fD¡ E mJ bE *wGh *wG .b~{ Q E © ¤ D* D f£ D* f@@J2h2x@@´* eb£= £~6¡- ¯ c0b~8 d=4 ~|E 4*¡m+ 94&* ¢ < J u¡ D* ¢g0 £A bE + u¡ D* xp+ b A 94&°* wG eb~z0 ¢ < hvcJ b Gh D - 94&°* f B £+ ¢ < b~6xD* ¤ +* ÄmJ f£Db ~6&*x D {0¡g´* Q /¡D* < ~{ J &* 2*4&* ¤)*hxD* &* v / 4vQ - °h u¡ D* b ~}J ¤gD* f£ Q D* z)b Db+ g - ° ¤gD* =4h ¥2b@@´* q+xD* ¡ E ¯ A ,b£²* ygsgA vc´* F* °(* b~6xD* ¤ +*h ~|´* d0b~8 Í+ ¥2b~|gB°* JbcgD* D* zsc- ¤gD* f£-b =*ÄD* f£ D* ¶(* bK £ / ¡ gpJ ¢g0 . ¢ <&b+ f£ D* 4b.%°* £+ *vJxJ b~6xD* b +* . -*wD ib:¡ ~}D* C 64bÂ ~|´* d0b~8h ¡Fb D* b Db1 (*h &* /&* E f£BÉ1&°* ÌJb ´* *K 5hbmgE F*Ì/ ¢ < f ´* ¤)*hxD* ~{ J Dw+h . zs+&b+ 94&°* £+ ¢ < b =xJ Æ - ° ¤gD* f£Db ~6&*xD* f£ D* ¯ E x1%* dFb/ < bE&* ÍF*¡ + °h f£BÉ1&* +*¡~}+ °h f£<b g/* *x<&b+ . £ ±* b D ~}sJ ¤gD* b£ D* f £ D* ¤G b§ fp ~|´* fE¡ ´* @@Ah ,b£²* qc~|- bEv < ,b~6&b´* f B hvc- b G f£-b =*x+ ¶(* g« f Fh f ~{/ ,b£0 f~{0¡g´* f£Db ~6&*xD* .f~|Db1 KÎª+ E§H "¤)*hxD* 5bp £~6 f / ¥&* ¶(* "f ´ D* &* D D* &* *ÌE hÆ£+ Äg J G ¤ +* x F f /¡+ q£ J *ÌE hÆ£+ fJ*hxD* D'¡E &* v/&* f@@J2b@@´* f ´* £ « ¯ b@@ @ @EÉ@@0&* @@C mJh b@@~@6x@@D* f /*¡E ¯ / bEv < rbJxD* o*42&* dGw- ¤ D* x.&ÉD

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

102

¢ G* j ª;K µb@@ @D* ¢@@ @< f£Db gE f £ 0 @@z@~@6'¡@J @@ @ D* @@G &* ´* b ±* µb< ¶(* b + ¤ -ÌA 6¡~zp´* " B*¡ D ,bCb¹ ¡G D* (* f@@J*h4 ¯ Í~}Bb g´* Í@@J&*x@@D* JwG E C v½ ¤ B¡E É1 E *ÌE hÆ£cD ",2¡ ´* f ~zD*" £ +*h f / E *Ì-b ~6 *¡1 +&°* b~6xD* e&°* .Ix1&* f / E ¢~}B ¥wD* *Ì-b ~6 *¡1 fJ*hxD* + f+x© Jy - Â i*¡ ~6 2v + $*y@@/&* ¶(* b ~zB Q ,ÌcC f0¡D ~64 ¯ x < g : x= jE ,b£²* ¯ f£~|s~{D* +4b© b £A J x < ¢ ´* *w + $b~z D* Iv@@0(* E fJxQ ~zD* gBÉ< h&* x D* ¯ p J ° fJ*hxD* + v½ DwD B*¡ D ,bCbp C D* Q ~{gJ ·bgDb+h $*x~{D*h £cD* < AÌA f ´* E ~9 < fD¡ ´* E ¢Gb gJ bE ¡Gh )*4h E bK J2bE bK =O ~z D mJ ° ." D* /&* E D*" ,Ì ~{D* zJ¡D ¡1&*h b~6xD* +* ¡G fJ*hxD* wG ¯ £ D* 24b~zD* 6b - ¤ Q D* D* f £B &* bJxJ b GvD*h E }£ D* ¢ <

101

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

f£Db£1 µ*¡< ¯ ¥hy £A b ~{£ J ¤gD* Å D*h $b~|B(°* fDb0 ¤)*hxD* d~z0 D* qc~|J ¢ ´* *w + B*¡D* < bK ~}J¡ -*4¡~|-h b~zF(°* i°b F* < Ìc - f £~6h *ÌE hÆ£+ £ pgD* ¯ vJhxA f0hx:&* E bE ~{+ m~z J ¡ E ¡Gh . D ¤~z D* ibc=xD* < Ìc g D ¤~6b~6&°* bm´* ¡G D* &* IxJ vJhxA bEx²b+ 4¡ ~{D* p+ bgD* bc~7(°* £ «h fJ4¡ ~7ÉQ D* Í+ fDy ´* ¯ ~z F v/h *Ì-b ~6 *¡1 DbA hc D*h c J $b~z D* °h /xC + Æ J b/xD* g¸ ° ÍgDy ´* &* ¯ f c´* gc=xD *K v£ ~|- D* $b/ DwD ´*¡< ¯ + *K Ìc - ÌcC dFb/ ¯ E¡~64 hFb A 6x1 É+ bK Eb- ÉK /4 ¡ J .fJ4¡ ~7ÉD* i°b£1 <

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

á©ØæŸGh áª«≤dG ÚH øØdG *ÔH K4zª+ «)*K| G ],2§ ¼* j¡ G*^ jM*K4 «CD 2¡ ¹ + f :bA Ãv -H ¤ Bx D* x~7&* E f /Æ+H x~{ D Áb£ ~zE 4*2 < Q 42b D* vc< 2bJ5 ¤ £g /4&°* ¤)*Hx D ",2¡ ´* f ~zD*" fJ*H4 x~{F ® f£ £-ÉD* b JxE&* ibJ*H4 gE&* E ,v0*H ¤GH *ÌE H4v£+ ¢ G* §¤ H

jM*K|G* ªw -

¡G b§ D* ¡ E b D ¢ mgJ *ÌE h4v£cD fJ*hxD* wG ¯ v + fJ*hxD* + *Ì-b ~6 *¡1 £D(* &b± Áb~zF(* Ìc D 9xQ - l2b@@0 x@@.(* É@@ @D* ¢ < ,4v D* v A &* hvcJh 6x³b+ +b~8&* gD¡ : ¯ iÄg<* b £A &b~{F ¤gD* f_£cD* &* ¢ < ,4v@@ @@D* *¡@@ 1 *v@@ @ A &* f@@/42 @@E ÉK @ /4 g / É@@ @D* *K y/b< ~8¡+ g Eb< f£Fb. b@@/x@@D* µb@@@< @@ < @@g@ Dy@@ @ A ~6h ¡ J h£cD* ¯ gCx-h bK )*2 Eb Jh -b < ib + v g<* DwD x~8bB F&bC ~6xD* fJ*hxD* + *¡1 -*3 E ~8*¡g D f Jx: @@D¡@@0 @@E µb@@ @@D* @@ Eh ¹ @@ @ D* Q @ p@ J b@@ @ Gh ¢ < *K 2Q 4 ¤-&bJh É D*

&* 4bg1* @@ @+&* ¤ £ ~{- b A ¡@@0 f@@J*hx@@D* l*v@@0&* 4hv@@f +4&* ¢ < vg 7b B ibAb D ¯ f EbC ,b£0 ,Ì~zE ~6xJ )b +&* v0&* 2*4&* vBh x < E f ~6 j fAb D C i*ÆE¡ £C Ì= 2ÉcD* o4b1 pgE ¯ b £cD f£ D* ibAb D* wG / ,2¡ E 1961 f ~6 fAb D &* ~{gC* F&* b < kpcD* ¯ FbA Q E v@@ Bh @@E @@ @ @ D3 b@@ ~@ @{@ @g@ @C* Ix@@ 1&* ,b@@£@ 0 £+&° fJxQ ~6 l*v@@ @ 0&* hv@@c@@f£ 1 f@@ J*hx@@ D* f@@@£@ @Db@@@ @ @~@ @7(É@ @D D* @@G :f£DbgD* "f D &* -*wD

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

100

f+¡g ´* f~8b1 fJx)*y±* f£+2&°* nJ¡g- @@c@~@6 v@@ Bh f@@£@~@z@Fx@@ @Db@@+ ¯ f£Ab jD* Abp´* ¯ b ~} + f@@J*h4 4*x@@= ¢ < 4*¡@@ @F&°* 2É@@+ d-b D "2b~}E £ « ¡~6ÌE" h@@D* 2hh*2 b@@ @ C ¤@@ @p@~@|@D*h xA ¯ 4¡ F¡= ,y)b/ ¢ < i5b0 ,2015 b< h&°* ¤)*hxD* D* ÌcD&* f@@ @ )*4 b £A 2b g~6* v@@Bh ,xJb E I'hx@@ + "dJx D*" ¡@@Eb@@C bEb< Íg~6h Í .* v + f~}Bb gEh 2hh*2 q~} £D ,b@@G4hv@@~@ 8 @@E hb0 bEv + ,2013 b< 4v~8 ¥wD* < ¯ 4b g~6°* f<b~{+ ¤gD* f£+2&°* Db <&* / ¯ ·b£F¡D¡ D* EyD* xJÄ- ¡EbC .1957 b< +¡F ,y)bm+ hExC $b+2&°* E Íp~7x´* ¤Bb+ dFb/ ¶(* ,x´* wG ²* J µh ~8¡~|F ¡~8h @@=4 ,f£~zFx Db+ ¡cg J JwD* ex D* ¢B4&° ib£ ~|gD* E ¶h&°* q)*¡ D* ~9 fJ¡ D* fJ2x~zD* bF&* ,Ñ* exD*" ebgC ¢ gC* k£0 ,4*¡F&°* 2É+ ¯ ¤+2&* nJ¡ggD* ,h2¡ JxD p£~7Æ+ ¤~7b+ £ ~6 ¥x)*y±* d-b D " hx1%°*h f£+x ´* fcJ2&ÉD "dJ3bC&*h z /" ebg D fc~z Db+ ~z F xE&°*h ¡ ¸" f@@J*h4h ,Áb £ ~6 ¢ £D ,Íc £+ ¤0bE ¤+x D " ´* Áb c D "b£~7bE 4¡:*ÄE&°*"h hp~7x- ¤gD* Á°v@@¸ Jx~7 ¢ cJh ,b@@~@ }@ J&* b £ £A ,y@@)b@@± -*3 v0 ¯ ¡G ~8¡~|F 4b£g1* b@@ @A*Æ@@ @<*h b@@J¡@@ @@ @@E b@@m@@J¡@@g@@,f£~zFx D* ibcg ´* ¯ bG4¡~}p+ )b ~6&° ¥Ì@@Gb@@ @/ 4b@@ @ ~@ 7(*h ¶(* $*x@@ @ D* @@E °%°* ew@@m@J £ < 4w@@ Jh f@@£@ +2&°* @@ @Db@@ @<&* qg Jh ,,Äg E f@@J2b@@E i*v@@)b@@< ¯b jD* v ~{´* ¯ D&bgD* eb+ D ¤´b D*h ¤ ~6¡g´*h ¤~zFx D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

L|1&* jM|)*~/ « ª < |.§F ÔªG§H j G · Õª I| G* Df¡fJx)*y±* f£)*hxD* ~6* 4v~|- w E @@)*¡@@B f@@ @ ~@ 6 31 ¤@@ @£@ @< x@@.¡@@C Jx³* *wG IÄ D* f£+2&°* y)*¡±* h£ 0 b £ £Ah h2¡@@ @J4h 4¡ F¡= jE b gGb+ f@@_@ Jx@@±*h f@@+b@@~@{@D* f@@c@-b@@ @D* Ä gc~6 w@@ @ E Í@@£@ ~@ z@ Fx@@ @ D* 2b@@ @ @ D* ~6¡E < 4bg~zD* v~zJ µh ¤~9b´* h/¡- ¢g0 2017 b@@ @D ib@@Âx@@ @g@D* 4*2 < ,42b~|D* "b -*hx." b gJ*h4 ÍJ¡Fbj D h2¡ J4 ,y)bm+ fJx)*y±* u5ÄD*h f£~zFx D* ¥¡~6 o¡´h ££-*¡+ f E ¯ fJ¡Fb. 14 cB E iÌg1* k£0 Í E5 Í+ x)*y±* ¯ fJ*hxD* l*v0&* 4hv-h b~zFxA ¯ hFbFh - ¤gD* ¡D4b~7 ¡E2* x~7b D* fcg E f~|B ¥hx-h Jv<bcgE E ebc~{D* ebg D f /h hFbCh f ~8b D* x)*y±* ~6h h -h ¤~9b´* x D* ib£ £.É. É1 i*$b gF°* gº £A ¤ g J *$b~}A hFbCh ¡EbC ÌcD&* d-b D < h&* x~{ + ¡/h Í~6bJ d-bCh £~7¡A ¡+ zCbE : jE Í j´* x ~7&* vJ ¢ < fcg ´* xpgD ¡ ~6¡+ ¥Ê@@Gh ¡<xA 2¡D¡Eh ¥h4 ,4¡jD* x1*h&* f£~zFx D* fJx~zD* f ´* .Í jD* b £~74&* gJh f@@Jx@@)*y@@±* ¯ ",4bm0 ¤c£/ ¯ "fc0b~8 oyh E b£³b+ f£sJ4b- @@)b@@Bh b g )*4 9bJ4 eb~{D* f£~|s~7 1 É@@1 b ´* ¡p£D zJ4b+ @@E 2¡ J ¥w@@D* ,vJv~7 f~94b E ¢ J D E ¶(* *w Gh Ñ* vc< ¢<vJ 5¡m< t£~7 E b Ax - fB4b E b@@E&* fc-b D* b ~} b £~9b§ fF4b E ¡£D* x)*y±* f JvE $b+2&°* ,y)bm+ 5¡ D* x.¡ D c~6 vBh 1" b@@~@ }@ J&* b@@ @D 4v@@~@ 8h eb@@c@ ~@ {@ D* ¡~9¡E 4x gJh 2011 b< " Jx1%°* b <&°* ¯ *ÌjC ¥4b g~6°* tJ4bgD*

.*wG b E¡J ¢ < y)b²* cB E b~}J&* f£´b D* ex²* tJ4b- x~}pg~6*h ¯ 4b@@.&* v@@Bh , b@@Eb@@< 42 5bJ¡= £ £Dh&* Ix@@1&°* ,y@@)b@@±* ¤~6*xC 4*2 < ,42b~|D* " b½bE J5¡/ $b g1* " gJ*h4 ¶(* 4*xA . tJ*xD* ¡ ~6 v + ¥5b D* d£c D* $b g1* f£~}B ¯ Ix1&* ,b£0 {£ £~6 F&* v g<* k£0 1949 b< Íg /4&°* D ,,4b g~zE $b ~6&* $*4h b£ sgE 6xJ* z J¡+ f ~| D* EbJ&* J k£0 J5*ÄD* . ¥*¡=4h&* ¶(* b+4bG ~z F v/h b D* `:b~7 ¢ < f~}Eb D* -bAh fJb= ¶(* bc_g Eh *4¡<wE .1979 b D* h~z~6&b- ¤gD* f Jx D* b £ £A ,y)b± f£Db²* f c D* bE&* f ~6 53 *2b £/ d£ £ D "xm ³*" f )*4 hEx A ,1904 ÌjJ e¡ ~6&b+ ¤)*hxD* 2b g~6* k£0 ,4b£D¡/ 4*2 < ,42b~|D* f.É. g + -* ¥wD* 4*x/ ¥ÊG f£~}B f ~{D*h 9¡ D* ,f£~zFx D* 4*¡ ~6* f E ¯ 1941 b< g )b< 2*x@@A&* E f£+¡ ±* b JxE&* ¶(* 0xJh f )b D* ,4¡. y g~zJ g)Ä- v +h pJ ¡ s§ 2É+ ¶(* 2¡ J . b G fJ4yE ,b£0 {£ £D ,v0*h ¤Gh " z£~zJvE" i2b< b £A ," ¡³* d-*4" *¡ < 50 b £G £FbJ ¶(* f£~zFx D* f£Ab jD* y)*¡±* ÄC&* E i*4¡~{ E < ,42b~|D* "*v£/ /b- ~zE*" gJ*h4 < f ~6 ÉA&°b+ D¡D *x F f£)b £~zD* f D* b £A ;h k£0 4b £Db= oxs´*h d-b D* f£~|s~7 D* *wG ¯ 2b~|Fh ,f£ JxE&°* fF¡ ¸ fJ*hxD* hvcgD ,¡£ £~6 b~{£E ¤ JxE&°* ¤)b £~zD* .f£~zFx D* fAbp~|D* b g ~8h b C f~{GvD ,ÌjEh

v E bE ¡Gh ,ÌcC t~zF E h £+h 2b D* E $b g0* ¤ Dh hv/" gJ*hx+ ¥ÌGb ±* b gG°* ¡pF D'¡´ Jx D* 4bJ&* ¡JbE ¯ fs~zF D&* 25 b E c: F&*h b £~6° " b <&°* 4¡ F¡ Db+ b mJ¡g- D ,ibcg ´* E iw F bE b<x~6 ¤~9b´* b F ¢ < b J5¡-h fs~zF @@D&* 200 ¡pF c: ,2b<(b+ A2 f £B (* =4 ,$*x D* E *ÌcC *4¡ / b D d mg~6h ~6*h *wG 5¡A xÂ µh. A h4¡J ,x~{ + 4v J ¥yE4 ,y)b±* wG ¯ fJv D* fCx²*h fAbp~|D* ¢ < É~z+ oxs´*h d-b D* f ~8 < b ~6(* v0 ¶(* ~8h °v/ < 4b.&* + ,b~zFxA 1h b£³* x~| < < d£ J bJ2x~6 b~|F 4bcg<*h fJ*hxD* c~6 vBh ,¤Â2bC&* kp+ 2x¸ mJ b» ,Í£ £sgE b +&* "f ´*" ebgC ,y)b±* wG f +b~zE f ± iv cg~6* &*h 2b D* dG3 b £A .2014 b< dc~zD* z D xJ4bC J¡FbÂ(° ¡1vD* cB 4v~8 F¡ D " b <&* hv/" &b~7 E £ gD* ¶(* ibcg ´* ¡A4 ¢ < ibJ*hxD* Í+ f~zAb ´* vg« k£0 ¤+2&°* *wG ,x~7bF ¡ + } cD* +4 b £A ,f£Ab jD* fAbp~|D* ÉB&*h ~z£F 5*¡~zFxA f£Db²* f£~zFx D* fAb jD* ,xJ5h ¤G d-b D* b ££ - v + ,2¡~6 hC&* i*4¡~{ E ,4*2(* ¢ < b /h5 b 1 ¤gD* ,¤~9b´* £+xD* hxCbE J¡FbÂ* ¤~zFx D* z£)xD* fE¡ 0 ¯ f ~6 39 ¤£/h* Íg~6¡/ fc-b D* < 4v~8 4*vD* z F <h lvpg- ,¥2x~zD* | D* xA ¯ h2¡ J4 ,y)bm+ o¡- ¥w@@D* *54 fJ4¡~zD* f£Ebp´*h f£B¡ ²* f ~9b ´* < gc0b~8 £A f ~8b D* ¤0*¡~9 ¯ 2013 b< fJb F ¯ h g<* ¤gD* fF¡gJ5 fJb= ¶(* GÌ~|E x J µh b £ Jv~8h b /h5 f A4 ~{E2

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

w Eh .x gG Dh2&* fJ5b D* £<yD f£EÉ<(°* f ²* *wG b E¡J < B¡gJ µ ,2012 b< 4bJ¡A J4&° ¤+2&* < h&* 4¡ ; ¯ 8¡ D* ¢ < 2x~zD* ,4v § E bC*42(* ,b£+2&* tJ4bgD* £;¡b g+4b Eh f £ ²* < d£ gD* /&* E l*v0&°* b£/¡D¡FhxC ¡0 f gº x F f /h ¤)*hxC Âv -h , ¡14'¡´* .h bE E *y g~6* °hb¹ b £ < $¡~}D* £ ~z- Ä< ,f£sJ4bgD* )bB¡D* -4b.(* É1 E xE&°* ¡G b C ,bGbJb 1 < ~{ D*h b 0*x/ 2¡ D* ,2b+(*h ,"¡ F¡C" fJ*h4 ¯ b£ JxA(* ¯ 4b g~6°* f£~} D Í<*yF ÄC&* ¤~6%b´*h ," 94&°* y0" gJ*h4 ¯ b JxE&* ¯ fCx E" £gJ*h4 ¯ Jx~{ D* x D* ¯ b+h4h&* ¯ ÍJ¡E2 Í´b< b D* b£+2&* É < d-b D* 4v~8&* b C ," b <&* hv/"h "ex D* ,"f£ J¡/ 14" *¡ + f£~zFx D* ,4¡jD* )bBh £A hb - ¤~9b´*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

4§ I§= ,~)f/ if 0 1&* ¬2| 6 I 5§D f£´b D* ex²b+ f g´* fc ²* f~8b1h tJ4bgD* hb - &* hvcJ ,Í£)*h4 nJ¡g- ¶(* Í-y)b/ x<&* £ pgD* b± A2 bE ¡G hp E k£0 ,f+bg D* e¡ ~6&* ¯ v<bcg´* b AÉg1* @@=4 ¤)b £~zD*h d-b D " b <&* hv/" ¶(* 4¡ F¡= ,y)b±* 2b< ¥wD* 2¡~6 hC%* 4*2 < 42b~|D* bEb< 49 4bJ¡A J4* ib£ £.ÉjD* i*¡ ~6 ¶(* bcgFÉD hAÉD*h $¥x±* ~|F ¯ ¶(* b~z D* b ~}F* ib~z+ÉE x~}pg~6*h ,¤~9b´* x D* E ¯ b =¡-h fJ5b D* 2*vgE* E < ½ bEh ,1938 b< b£Fb´&* J¡ < "¤~{Â ¥wD* /xD* " £A d0b~8 lv«h ,b+h4h&* ¶(* f )bB hD*5° ¤gD* f£Fb´&* f<b ~|D* ¯ fBÉ < ibCx~7

]4§ I§ G*^ fg 6 · ¸z/ 4f.&* 4fM§D M4(* ] f <&* Kz/^ f¡J ¢H fM*|H

..ïjQÉàdG

2017 ΩÉ©d á«°ùfôØdG á«HOC’G õFGƒ÷G ìÉàØe

¢ ~|E ,y)bA b~zFxA ¯ Jx³* ~6¡E 0 b C y)*¡±* ¡pF ebgQ D* Í+ bc~zD* &*vcJ v + ¯ f~zAb ´*H f@@ @£@Ax@@D* f@@£@ +2&°* h~z£D f -x´* f£)Hx E fc~zF v ~{J £ pgD* b± wc- k£0 f ~zDb+ 4b@@£@ g@ 1° ,Ì@@ c@ @C *2¡@@ @ @/ ,4v@@ g@ @ @ @´* ¢ < @@G*Æ@@A ,y@@)b@@ @ D* @@8¡@@~@|@ @D* 2*x F*H ¤@@<*v@@+(°* D* ib£Db / rx D* f£0bF E ¡~9¡´* Hb - ¯ z F ¯ ¢ ~z- b C | D* f c0 n~zFH y£ gJ ¤@@C3 a4b@@B $b@@~@94(* ¶(* hB¡D* vJv/ ¢@@ @< @@~@ 6*H É@@ @:(*H f@@ @)*w@@+ ¢ < b@@~@ }@ J&* @@9x@@«H i*4*v@@ @~@ @ 8(°* fAbp~|D*H 2b D* ; d££s- v< ib@@ @J*Hx@@ @D* @@~@ }@ - ¤@@ g@ @D* f@@£@ Ab@@ @ j@ D* b p£~7x- w E x m´* h« f/¡g´* É1 0ÉJH f@@£@DH&°* q)*¡ D* ¯ ¯ tJ4bgD* f £- 4¡~}0 f c D* wG ¢B4&* ¢ < f~zAb g´* ibJ*HxD* d =&* h ~{A b £A f£F¡A¡ Fx D* y@@)*¡@@/ fc-b D* fAÉ1 ¢ < f£+x< i*¡@@~@8&* h<ygF* ¤gD* Áb £ ~6 ¢ £D f£+x ´* ¤~9b´* µb D* "4¡ F¡ D*"

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

ibJ*hxD* E .fJ¡ D* f :b Db+ fF¡p~{E f£ < bG4bcg<b+ .b F*v/h ¶(* lvpg- bK ~}J&* b Dh ,a4b@@ @D* $b@@C3 d:bs,¾x ~{D* fc + fJ*hxD* ,$*xB 4b J ¥wD* ,¡ J(* ¡-ÄEh&* v + , 7b D* $*x@@.(° fc D* < ,4¡~|D* w@@G 4b £+. vsg~zJ E Í .* Í:b~{F Í@@+ © f@@J*hx@@D* ,$*x@@ B &* v g J 3(* fc D jE ,fc D* ."d D*"h "fc D*" :,y£ g´* d D* f ~{F&* ,Ì g D fc D b F&° ,¤ D* $bCwD* ¯ ,4wmg´* ,¾x ~{D* bGb § , bcg~6°*h £ gD* ¢ < b -4vB b~{ g~6* v~{ - ¤gD*h d + &*vcJ F&° b£³* ¯ 4wmg A d D* bE&* .¤m£-*Æ~6°* g£D ,f£ Gh f£~|s~7 | - ¢ < ¡ - ¤gD* ,4*h2&°* {£ Jh d~6b ´* EyD* ¯ xAb~zJh , B*h E ex D* E a4b D* eb+ qg £D a4b D* G3 b£³* wp~{J b C .,x.'¡E i*xEb E .fJb ²* E ¢ c- b £A lvp£~6 b < ib gD*h i°b g0°* f£ < i*4vBh fJv F f£ G3 xJ¡ g+ D q ~z- f£ D* wGh E I2b gJ ~{+ b gA2 Ì£~z-h ,b£²* Ì~z£- ¢ < v<b~zd0b~|J ¡Gh b Jb< &* c~6 ibE5&*h ib:bc0(*h ~{A DÉ1 Â ,$*x D ¤~6b F°* v cD* ~} +h ...ibJ*hxD* b +&* ¯ b £ J4bC bF&* 4bpgF* bK 02bA &b 1 bC C ¡ J &* a4b D b AbC ¤ + ¡D lvp£~6 b@@C *3b@@Eh .¥¡g~zD¡- f@@J*h4 fJb F bjp+ ex J µh Dy E ¯ `:b~{D* ¢ < b AbC + *4¡Eb E h 1 ¡D ¤EbC*4¡E fJ*h4 b0 ¡ £~6 *3bEh " bGh&°* < "a4b D b C*x~7 d~|F ¢ < e&*2 ¤gD* 5b@@ @D&°*h ¤@@/b@@0&°* b -b£p+ ¥4bA¡+ *v@@E f + b@@Â(* h B ¡D *3b@@E *K Ì@@1&*h "fc£-4h f)2bG ,b£p+ h gC*h f£/hyD*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

f £ ²* fBÉ D* b cg~6°* *wG x~z J . -b£0 i*$b~zE v0&* b F&* zpF f £ E ib£~|s~7 b© b + x ~{F ¤gD* f£)b jg~6°* ,,vJx D* f+xmgD* wG ."b 1*2" x~|g- , g- , {£ v~7&*h f 1 ÈC&* bK Fb£0&*h , y²*h D ,ÌjE qc~|- bK Fb£0&* fJ*hxD* F ¯ ÉA&°* } + ~{A dc~6 4vF b G Eh ,fm + ¢ < ibJ*hxD* ££ - (* . £A ¶(* . ¤)b £~6 ¡J4b £~6 ¶(* . bE%ÉD bK c£º ¡ J bE bK cDb= f~7b~{D* bK ~}J&* ¢ mg- b F(bA ,f£Ax E f£ < ,$*x D* &b@+ b ~6 *3(*h

: 1870 b< xpcD* h« t~6xA D&* Jx~{< xpcD* b <&* < Ìc gD* Ì@@A ¡@@/ b g~6* ¡ £F b c D* É@@1 @@Eh $b 1&°*h ,v)*yD* f jD* b§4h -¡Bh @@-2*4(*h b~zF(°* r¡ : .bK 0¡ /h bK ~9¡ = ÈC&°* ib<*Æ1°* d0b~|- ¤gD* f02b D* ,¡EbC ÌcD&° dJx D* fJ*h4 < ~z F $¤~{D* ¡ D* Âh f £ D* £~9*¡ D f £D¡- dF*¡±* } + E ~{- ¤ A 1942 =x+ . s~zD*h ,Ì£ gD*h ,i¡´*h ,fDy D* :fJ2¡/¡D* f ~z D Âh . £A4 ¤@@+2&* < ¡G b@@¿(*h f0hx:&* z£D ebg D* &* ¯x E £~z+ bF2hy- ¤gD* , £c£ J¡G £~{£E ib@@J*h4 4bcg<* b g £B Dh ,f£<b ±* f0b£~zD* h&* d²* b£/¡D¡ £~6 < ¥wD* vJx D* ¤)*hxD* b /*yE ¶(* 6b~6&°b+ /x- f£~6b~6&°* i*$bpJ(*h fJÌc - f Dh bK £)*h4 $b~}A @@-*3 $b - E ~{J b gJx0 ib D ÆJ ,¤~6v0 o*y@@E £c J¡ D ,,2¡~| E ¤)b 0 n£~zF f ~6*¡+h .x~| D*h gm´*h 2x D* < ,2b ~{ D ,4b A&°*h )b ²* E z£Dh ,ib D*h É0&°* E ¡ ~|E . B*¡Db+ b gAx Eh fJ¡ D* b -$b C v0*h %* ¯ ibJ*hxD* ¥È¥¡+ÆD* 4hvDb+ f£BÉ1&°* f ~z D* g - ,Ix@@1&* f / Eh ,,x ~7 ÈC&°* b £ j» E ,v0*h , ¡c~6¡F b.4bE Äg - .fJ*hx D f ~z D* h ~{A bE 5*x+(* ¢ < ibJ*hxD* ,4vB ¢ < x~|- ¤gD* a4b D* A .µb D* fJ'h4 ¢ < y -xJ ¤)*hxD* A . p£~9¡- ¢ < ,2v~|D* *wG ¯h .¥h*xD* f£~|s~{D* Í< ,4b g~6* ¶(* &bm J + h&* ,f:x~7 {g E v / 1*2 ~zgD* E fJ*hxD* b fJ5*¡E e4b© bFbJ(* fpFbE £gJ : h&* 4¡-bg J2 h&* ,f£~6hxA v£ - E ¤ G3h ¤~z0 b~|-* ¯ b ~}- ¤ A .f <b~}Eh £~{£E ¤~zFx D* lvpgJ , cFb/ E . Jx1%°* ,b£0h b -b£0 1986 ,¥¡ £E 4*2 ",$*x D* fc D " b D* +bgC ¯ ,4b £+ f Jx + 3(* ."·b£³* B*¡D* f+x© É1 E f/w D*" < .b £A {£ D* £ g~zJ ° f£~| g~zE i°b0 a4b D* /*¡J ,bE v)*¡A d~zg Jh ,Ix1&* }AxJh ,f £ E i°b0 4bgsJ ¡ A *w +h .f£ £ 0 4b 1&* f /*¡E h2 e4bmgD* wG E b g £;h ¤G fgAÉD* fJ*hxD* ,$*x@@B 2b +&* v0&bA £ < $b +h bK _/b gE ~z F a4bB C vmJ ,b -$*xB É1 A .fJx:bsgD* Ì ~9 b GwJ ,*w Gh . D h~z£D 4b A&* h&* i*4bc< - E . 1951 4b ~64¡J hJx=4b´ , bJ42&* i*xCwE ¯ g´* ¯ ÁbEhxD* 4¡@@:*Ä@@E(°* @@6&*4 n F b ~z F&* vm D b cp~zJh

hvm£A ¡14'¡´* bE&* .f£Ax E ¶h&°* f/4vDb+ ¤G fJ*hxD* ¤gD* f£Ax ´* ¡ D* b G . ."f£sJ4b- )b 0" e2&°* ¯ ¥x D* b 0x~8 v£Q ~{gD f~8b1 fJ*hxD*h fEb< e2&°* ¯ 8¡ ¡0 ,2vmg´* b A4b § D3 ¯ fp ~zE ÍG*ÄD*h nm²b+ dFb/ ¯ =¡gD* hb@@« Dw+ ¤Gh , bEvD* b g~7* ib£D%* .¤+2&°* v D* c cE *'¡~6 b G *yJ ° ,2v g´* b gG°* *wG ~}1 ¯h Í14'¡´*h b g/°* $b <h ,$b+2&°* Í+ $*4%°* D¡0 ~z -h bJ(* b p vJvpgDb+ fAx ´* E ¡F ¥&* ¡Gh ,Í£Ax ´*h J¡ - v£ - &* ibJ*hx D Â , £ ±* *Æ<b+ "fJ*hxD* h&* ,f£<b g/°* ibBÉ D* i*x £~7 £ - h&* ,¤sJ4b- µb< .¥x~{cD* )b D* b£/¡D¡ £~6 4*x~6&* < ÌjE ~{+ bFÄsb £A ¥x~|0 +b: b G z£D ,4¡ ´* *wG É1 E Dh dc~zD* ¡G *wGh .b £~zD* h&* i°b ´* h&* f£Fb~zF(°* ¡ Db+ gJ pJ ¥w@@D* fAx ´* I¡g¹ Í+ y££ gD* ¶(* b AvJ ¥w@@D* ÌA ¡/ x~|0 b Â ° ÉK jE . ;¡J ¥wD* b£³*h , | D* fAx E f~8xA b £ < i¡ ~6 b F&° , x~|< ¡ D ~zcE 4h2 ¯ b c D* É0&° z pg D Ì ~|D* a4b D* Av- ¤gD* ebc~6&°* ¯ 8¡ D b~zF(ÉD fÂv D* fc=xD* Gbmg ~6 b C ,¡ £F

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

. É~6h f 0 h&* f£Ab~{ g~6°* ,¡ D*" v£C&bgD -x- i*¡~8&°* E vJv D* D bE .e2&É@ D "f£Ax ´* ,¡ D*" hCG "lGv0C°Gh x@@1%°Gh iGw D , b~zF(ÉD " ~}ACG fAx E" E b £~6 ibJGhxDG ¯ < kpcF e2C°G" CG h4h2¡- bg£Ay- bFxCwJ Gw Gh .,b£²Gh ,µb DGh b/ ,h£ £/ 4GÌ/ vC'¡J b C ."f£Fb~zF(°G ¡ DG CGvgcE ¡G f Gb~zE CG f~8b³G g Jx + C yg£ ~7h4 ÊJG4h xAb~7 ¥4bE

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

¢ ~z- vB ¤gD* fJx D* ib0¡ D*h b « ¤gD* fAx ´* hFbC ° fJ*hxD* .¤ D* eb ³* E B&* ¢ cg~zA ,bGv££~{- ¶(* .4b A&°* ng g~z- °h , £Gb ´* ~{ g~z- ° , )b ²* 9x . B¡gE Ì=h bK £)*¡~{< bK +b 1 hvc- b F(bA , D* fE*x~8 bE&* ,¤~z²*h ,2x ´* ~6x- b F&° ,f£D¡ ~{D* £Gb ´* v~9 ¤G *x D* f~8xAh , £ D* $b D* fAv~8 ,,Ì ~|D* £~8b gD*h <h ¡ / , 6&*xD* ¯ *v~8h d B b 1 b F(* .¥hb~6&b´*

*|H

?ájGhôdG IAGôb ÖŒ GPÉŸ ,$*| G « 6f I¸* z gG* qEb±G £AÆDG 4b£- ¯ hCG ÉAC°G ¯ hCG f£ £c gDG hCG fJx DG "fD¡ ~6h x~z£+ x~8b ´G g~z D rbgJ ¥wDG ,q ~|´G GwG b g~6b+ CGvcF bF¡<2 ,f+¡/CG < kpcDG cB b ~z F f DG $G4h bK B " ~8C°G ¯ lvpgF < S ."fJGh4" ,f0hx:C°G ibJGhxDG , 8¡~| DG E f gº G¡FCG 2b~|g,f£)b~z DG ibJGhxDG ,f£~z£D¡cDG ibJGhxDG ,f£ BG¡DG ibJGhxDG ¡/ ,h£JbA° Gv@@E ,f£~6hx DG ib@@JGh4 , b :CÉD ib@@JGh4 ¶(G £¿ bE bK cDb=h ...¡~6¡E ¡£= ,h~6hx+ £~64bE , ÌA (Gh ¢g0 ,Ì~| DG |~| DGh ,ibJb ²Gh ,ibAGx³G 2b cg~6G .fJGhxDG z / E iGxCw´G DwCh f ~z ~zgEh f£DbggE hFbC ¤gDG ,vJv±G fJ2x~zDG b ~7C°G b£0C°G } + ¯ c F b Dh z£D £ ~|gDG GwG . ¡ p´G -b DG hCG hFÆF(°G Ä< G5bE b~6b+¡E h2 ¤= :CG ¥wDG xJwpgDG .bK E bK )G2 hvcJ ":f+bg DG ¢ < 'hxmJ GyJ ° ¥wDG vBb DG" : ¡ ´G ¥4b~6 .",$b DG fÂv< -Ì~|+ DwC h~z£D wGh fJGh4 wG CG · b Eh ,bK g+b. bK Bb£~6 h~z£D fJGhxDGh ,2v gE ¤+2CG z / fJGhxDG

H fM ¢ J f¡

¤E*xC¡+ v£ ~6 2

GvE hCG `:b~{DG ¢ < b AbC hCG b £ J4bC bFCG CGx F G3b´ bK £)y/ hCG bK £ C f<Æº ibJb 0 E :b gF G3b´ " ¥4bA¡+ " 4¡DG ¢ < °(G b D 2¡/h ° ¤gDG ib£~|s~{DG Ì~|§ x.CbgFh E 0ÉF .e2CÉ@D ,v£0¡DG f ´G ¡G £AÆDG CG v g<CG ° ,x F q ¿h b -Ä1 ~6¡F b FCG , b£³G ¯ b BGx g~6G É1 ¶(G Ix1CG ,x Fh ,bK Eb b < dJx DG b§4 ,µb DG ¢ < Ix1CG .b ~z FCGh b ´b< , GxJ bE ¢ < ¤ A ,¤cGwDG bGx~|< fJGhxDG {£ - ¡£DG ¡ ~6 1 i4G¡@@- ¤gDG Ix@@1C°G f£+2C°G 6b /C°b+ fF4b E E bcJ ¥wDG )b DG 2v DG b <GyE hcjJ bE Dh .b ½ ¤gDG fJGhxDG wG .bK J¡ ~6 t~z DG ÍJÉ§ 4v J ¥wDG fJGhxDG dc~6 ¡G bE . £ / µb DG $bpFCG ¯ $Gx DG b £ < hAb gJ hCG f £ ²G ¤<v- ° fJGhxDG .bK p~9Gh z£D eG¡±G "b 0b½ ,v< hCG ,ib<b~6 ,v< E GK v / d g- ,$Gx DG .f£<¡~9¡´G bE ",v)b DG ¤G bEh ,fm£g DG ¤G bE . £+b~6CG ,v< ¢g0h , bJCG b <C°G ¯ £ < 4¡j DG Â °h fJGh4 ,$GxB ¯ v½ ¥wDG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

| 7 ¤gJbCHO&* vD*H5HO&* f~{JxU D* ¤ P0 v S ¹ 2 fO /x-

...¿É°ùu ∏dG Gòg n o O °N FS (GP GK y/b0 x J N K K N ... O DP bcJ bFb£0CG fP £ ²G ÌN = b_£~7 lO vS pgJ ° ¤´b< W L b~zD O FS P(G , F R U N O J Ì jC + , O b~z DG G wG L P , x@@.¡@@D @@-4b@@E h , ¡@@ @ ½CG b@@Jb@@E h , Ìc~z ~7 @@£@ Dh

b < b@@ECG h , ¤c£~{-CG h , b J¡~6 h , ¥b@@ChOCG ¥¡C¡-CG h ... ¡Gv£FCG h , 4hhCG h , hvJ(G N ... FO b~zDh ,b FO b~zDh , N FO b~zDh ,Áb~zD P O b~z U DG GwG N ... O b~z U DG GwG N ...¥¡ DGh O £ ±G O b~z U DG GwG T N , O b~z U DG GwG . GxO ~7h P ,bFxO ~7h P , N xO ~7h P ¥x ~7P O FS P(G oN xS s- . 1984 ¡JbE 4b@@JS CG 5 ¯P bFb= Gx@@CNCG vO £DG¡E T N @@E GK v@@ 0Gh ÄO g J . h~6¡C d£C fP Eb/ @@EP $P Gx ~{DG N S ÍN £U £Eb J UvDG b~}g~6Gh vS @<NCG N bC vBh R ,NÍ£U Fb DG ebc P ~{DG U ib : @N @D3 ¯P b@@§P , b@@Fb@@= ¯P fP JS x ~{DG P £S Db DG N @@E GK 2v@@< U bFb= O b/x Eh , U¥x ~{DG U ¤´b DG É U¥x ~{DG S O b/x E U P ~zDG .2014 b DG ¯ P hS NC°G : P ,fM £S +2NCG dgCh O DU '¡E ¡N G M M ,ibM £S 0x~zEh ,fM JS x ~7 ib<¡ ¸ O S b J ."4¡FhCG ¶P(G 4¡GTyDG N E L £ CP(G" O O :b~zDG S $O ¡~}DG"h IxCwD ¢ N gFG ,P 4bpcDG S O Gx~7"h ," ¡ £½CG bJbE IxCwD

fO Cb¹"h ," P ~94NCG rh4 O É@S @Jv@@Fb@@Eh ," 4¡Eh2 ÉE¡C N N S DG x~6 E"h ¶(GP $P Gy@@ @DG Áb=CG"h ," { P T DG N ,"iG24¡ N vO + 4R vO ~|J µR ¥x ~7 L < b Gh ."b £c £+"h ," b+¡ CbW O "Ix1CG vO )b~|Bh ,N yS = EP Li¡~8" :¡N G

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

N ... O b~z U DG GwG N ¥wDS G ¥¡ DG fK J¡: ,K ÆA 7b< O b~z U DG ¡N G T N ... %°G cB e¡ ~6 xO P OJh ,ibEb~zg+b+ qO U O- N ¡/¡DG O mJ O FS P(G M P OC°b+ 6¡c DG N . P ~z F P N , O b~z U DG GwG K G2¡/¡E GyJ O °hN , L N Eh ,d_g Eh L , 9¡AxE L K Gv+NCG Oi¡Â °N ¡~6 N O FS P(G N N O N2¡ ³G ¢Sg0h fP 0x´G P wG cB iG¡ ~6 {£ J ¡~6 O FS P(G M N ... O b~z U DG GwG ... O P gpJN h , O Ny g~zJO h ,wO N Jh , O :ÉJ P N O b~z U DG GwG N ... ¡£DG P C°G O b~zD O FS P(G P O b~zD ¡N Gh , zE N ... O b~z U DG GwG S L ¡D P JvD vO /¡J °N ¤´b< W O FS (GP L ~} E 2O ¡~6NC°G lO vS pgJ O NC°G , Fh bK Eb +b~{g+ , }£+ M R N ... O b~z U DG GwG N N ¯P ¤SgDG -h ,fP £~9b´G b@ "xO P OJ" O @ @FS P(G S P @ @JS C°G ¯P ¤ s´G ... c g~z´G P N ... O b~z U DG GwG ... FO b~zD Áb~zD P : N FO b~zD N ... O b~z U DG GwG O ~}DG S P + O J ¤ DGh ÌO DG P + O Jh ,¥¡ DGh , £ T T

"fJb DG ¢g0 " 6¡m´G" ,$GxB b g~6G b E E D ,b £ < A ¯ f£)GhxDG Á¡ DG £GGx+(G Jv~|DG f+x© h 12 v D " ¶(G obg« ¤gDG fJx DG f£ £ =hÌ DGh iG2b g/°G E .$G¡~zDG ¢ < ¥2b DGh 6x g´G a4b DG "q ~z-"h "Ä~8 y£ g´G ¤)GhxDG f+x© < Á¡ DG £GGx+(G f+x© v gc- °h d@@£@CÆ@@DGh $b@@ @c@DG ¯ "v£ gDG" k@@£@0 @@E ib@@Cx@@+ £ ~6 Á¡ DG £GGx+(G 8¡~| D $GxB 1 Cb+ 4¡~|-CG GwD ,¤ ~{gDGh ¶(G obg« f£Fb. fEb DGh °K hCG ds DG E ibCx+ £ ~6 hCG .fD¡~z DG ",$Gx DG" f+4bp´ ,vJv/ v£Db - zJx ¢g0h f£~zFx Db+ $Gx DG E f£cDb DG vC'¡J -G3 b£~zDG ¯ x)Gy±G ¯ ,Í£EÉ<(Gh Í£ Eb/h ÍJ2b< $GxB E Í+x ´G ,Í~6bJ d-b D "áª‚" áJGh4 Gh'hxB FCG ,Á¡ FGx DG µb DGh b DG ix~{F á£cJx© ib£ £~zª³G ib@@JGh4 CGx@@/CG E ¤Gh ,bK £EÉ<(G b + gpJ ¤gDGh bK ~642 ÈCC°G ¤Gh , zJ4bc+ 1956 ¯ "áª‚" áJGh4 iCGxB ¤gDG - á £ B á B CG E £gE ¤ D .á£+x DG ¶(G b gª/x- ¯ hCG á£~zFx DG á£ ~8C°G b g D Á¡ DG £GGx+(G ib@@JGh4 ¤G bªC Í~6bJ d-bC "áª‚" (G lvpgE 8¡~|F ¡ ¹ d£‚ á£.É. ¢g0h ibCx+ £ ~6h .o4b³G E bK £Ab . b < , Bhwg- Í0 °(G Ax - D ¥b~{DG < b E ¡£ E iCGx@@B ¡D gFb~6x- + | DG /G¡- Í0 °(G b Bhwg- D áJGhxDG DwC sJ vB 4b ~7(°Gh i°b ´bA ,áJx DG áJ¡ DGh á£Dbª±G ÉK Jv+ ¡ J D Dh GK y£ «

$Gy/CG f.É. "2G¡~zDG 94CG"h $Gy/CG f~z 1 q ´G vE £ E 0xDG vc D Í+ ,f@@Jx@@ @~@z@DG , ¡@@~@ {@ DG x@@~@|@B ¡@@ @ ¹ d@@£@½ f@@£@.É@@. Jx~| DG Í~6bJ d-b D f ½ fJGh4 Á¡ DG £GGx+(° ¡~z³G f£<b+4h %Gy/ 6¡m´G $b.É. ¯ ¡£ DG , %Gy@@/ £ ~74hCG ¡A ,x=b~7 $b ~zDG ibCx+ £ ~zD $Gy/CG f.É. i¡´G 8¡~|F b FCb+ v g J E hCG ÁCÉA Jhb DG wG xC3CG Í0 ¤+2CG 2b g/G b £Ah ,¤)GhxDG $b~{F(°G vJv© ¯ fF5Ghh f E ¡£~6¡~6 ,xGb; ¶(G ¡pgDG E g- µ b Dh y£ gE ¥2xA £ < ¢ - g¸ ; ¯ ,f£+2C°G ,$Gx DG v£Db - ¯ f£Ab . .f£~6b£~zDG hCG f ~zDG ,$Gx DG E lvpgE lvpgJ ° ¥w@@DGh "f £Dh f £D DCG" ebgC (G h'hxB ex DG ebQg DG CG v g<CG ° , xC3 ¢ < $b/h °(G ebQg DG É1 E ~8¡~|F E G¡ :b - E vJv DG CG vC'¡E ,ÉK EbC ¯ ,4¡gc´G iGx~|gs´G } + ¯h ib£0x~z´G hCG ÉAC°G } + nEbFx+ ¡G s~}DG ebg DG GwG ,$GxB D ,f£c ~{DG ib c DG ¤ <CG ° bFCbA ¥CGxDG Gw + ¡BCG Í0 , -G3 v0 ¯ ¥2xA ¯b . m0 < lv«CG ¤ Dh , -CGxB vB ¡ - ¤gDG f~{ DG .,$Gx DG $b<2G m0 E fF4b E ,$Gx DG f+bg DG "2x -" < ¡.vpgJ $Gx DG ¢g0h 2b DG E ÌjC 4bc= ° f £ 0 w@@Gh ,Á¡ DG £GGx+(G ¤c£ DG ¤)GhxDG v <

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

8¡~| DG w@@G E M bªNgEO ¤+x< a4b@@B 4¡~|- Â £ A b EGÆ0G E ,d DG E ÌjC b £A ibª/Æ+ ÉK ~8CG ,v ´G .ex DG Íª/Æ´G } + iG2¡ m´ O 8¡~| DG } + £D(G x@@© ¥w@@DG zJv gDG +xE < GK v£ + ibJGhxDb+ ~|gJ bE ¯ GwG $G4%°G Ä~6 n)bgF CGxBCG bFCGh ,á£)GhxDG hD$b~z- ,Í£~zFx DG $Gx DG b~6hCG ¯ ,$Gx D ,xN U N O´G ,Ì ~{DG á£+x DG ibJGhxDGh 8¡~| DG Ix- bJ ¤G bE ,¤~z F Í+h ¤ £+ kJ2b0C°G ¯ $Gx DGh ebg DG b~zD ¢ < xCw- ¤gDG ,Ì ~{DG á£~6b~6CG Jhb C á£EÉ<(°G kJ2b0C°G ¯ hCG á£S FP ÉS ³G P áJ2b DG ,a4b DG ¢ < á£~| g~zE BG¡DG ¯ b Dh ,á£+x DG á£)hx ´G ¯ Í£EÉ<(°Gh ebQg O DG iG2b ~7 Ìj + 6b _g~6°G É1 Eh :á£DhC°G áª)b DG wG ¶(G h ~8¡- ,á Eb±G ¯ ¤gc :h á £Dh á £D DCG ebgC

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

¤Gh , J¡ DG ¥2x~zDG uwcDG GwG ¢ < á~z~6'¡´Gh á£ ~{g´G Í0 4b ´G e2C°G eb+ ¯ bGxC3 $¤mJ bE GÌjC ¤gDG áJGhxDG CGxB G "áJy£ ‚(°G áJGhxDb+ á£+x DG áJGhxDG x.Cb- < kJv²G ¥wDG | DG ¤Gh y£C4bE b£~64b D áDy DG E b< á)bE ex DG ~|g E ¯ ¤+x DG ¯b jDG É@@<(°G $bª~6 ¯ ÉK J¡: m / < ,4bc< I¡~6 J µ GÄ@@DG bG4¡~}0 CG CG ib £ c~zDG ¤<Gv+(G 5CbE ¯ b ~z F iv/h ¤gDG á£+2C°G ács DG á~9¡E ¤gDG á£CGÆ~7°G á£ BG¡DG á~64vE ¯ b Bx= ¯ jªg´G ¤~6b£~6 bg~6¡ D "¥4bA¡+ GvE" bFCGxB G "e2C°G ~8b E ivª/ b £A b§ áJv DG kJ2b0C°G ¯ °K hGv- ÈCC°G | DG ¤Gh Ì+¡ A "á » £~8b - E wG } + E 4¡ F Iv@@+CG vB ¤~zFx DG a4b DG bC G3(G h , y£C4bEh zJ¡/ ,2¡±G á£Db< ibª/x- 2¡/h E , Jhb DG

f¡J ¢H fM*|H ¥H*yD* ÍE&* 2

?IAhô≤e ÒZ É¡æμd â«°üdG á©FGP äÉjGhQ h m~6 k£0 , É@@:(°G ¢ < ,x g E Ì@@=h ácJx= á@@+¡@@/C°G v DGh á~6G4vDG E GK v¸ h~7b< ¤gDGh ,x ~7 ÈCC°G ibJGhxDG 4¡ DG ¯ ác~zF ÄN CCG t~z DG ÍJÉ§ ib c: hAx<h ,¤+bmJ(°G ám)GxDG Jhb DG wG h g0Gh ,$Gx DG IvD ib@@JGhx@@DG áª)bB ¯ ¶hC°G x~{ DG d@@-Gx@@´G wG CG ¢ < $Gx DG $G4%G h ª/CG k£0 ,,xN U N O´G áD¡ E ¤G hCG ,b £~8b - ¯ á » ibJGhxDG hCG ¤ £Fb £E ~{+ ,v E hCG á£+3b/ h2 h / á ~|DG E ác-xE + b £A ¤+2C°G CG ,$Gx DG ,xEb E á ~8G¡E £ g~zJ ° a4b DG : Jhb DG wG Í+ Eh .áJb DG ¢g0 h~6hx+ £~6x´ 2¡ ´G EyDG < kpcDG zJ¡/ zª£± " z£~z£D¡J" Ì+¡ D bg~6¡ D ¥4bA¡+ GvE y£C4bE b£~64b= £JÄ D áDy DG E b< á)bE GvFbg~zD 2¡~6C°Gh xª0C°G vBb DG lv« bª C xCwO- ¤gDG Jhb DG b F(G ib@@JGhx@@DG @@< ¤@@EÉ@@<(°G hCG ¤@@ @Eb@@±G hCG á+bg DG ¯ GK Ì.Cb- ÈCC°Gh ,$GxB ÈCC°G á£´b DG wG ÉK A hR )N xP BO G : $b~zgF b D ,á£+x DG kpcDG" ex DG CGx@@B G "bFv < ib@@JGhx@@DG -Gv£ - + h~6hÄD "2¡ ´G EyDG < ,v0G¡DG á ª±G vg k£0 ,áJ¡ DGh áJ¡£ cDG h :¡g~6G G ,á£DbggE ibp ~8 IvE ¢ < áJGhxDG rh4 ,ÉK jE ,á£g~6hÄDG á+bg DG á ~z A " z£~z£D¡J" ÉK A ex DG CGx@@B G "á£+x DG ,v ´G b gc£CÆ+ ¥v DxJ(°G zJ¡/ zª£± áJ4¡ ~6C°Gh á£AGx ±Gh á£sJ4bgDG b -°b0(b+h

$Gx DG b@@~@6hCG ¯ b~zFxA ¯ GK x@@1'¡@E ¥x@@/CG $G4%É@ D Ä~6 ¯ - ¥CG "",$Gx D ,x U N O´G ib@@JGhx@@DG ¤G bE" : G'¡@~@6 ¡@@0 hFb A ,áJb DG ¢g0 b -$GxB bªC(G a4b DG ªgJ µ ¤gDG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

.°ÉE ~8 ¥wDG ¤~9b´G E b JvDGh E b£Fb Jx+ ¯ °ÉE %°G {£ ¢ < á£~64v´G b -bc/Gh ym - ,b J¡1CGh } + < á£~9G4 Ì= b FCG E @@/h ®CG b -4¡ - CGh ibBhx DG < Q g- ,b m)bgF <h ib£Fb JÄDG b -É£E5 @@E ¡@@ :CG ¥2Gh á~8b1h bg~zCb+ b :¡D b £ 0 E ²G bE D ,,2¡ Db+ d=x-h iG¡~6 ¢g0 2¡/¡DG E ¡p§ °(G x g´G x DG .,b£²G <Gx+ qg gbFCG b +bgC ¥G5 ~6¡J °ÉE i4v~8CG á£ p~|DG xJx« ¯ b C4b~7h , °ÉE Äg Jh £E¡ E b@@~@{@Jx@@-b@@+ á@@£@ @Jx@@EC°G .b D á£-G3 ,Ì~6 He Named Me Malala £A 4¡~8 z£ J2 ox@@s@ ´G GÌ@@Eb@@ @+ ,v@@p@g@´G á@@£@+x@@ @DG iG4b@@ @E(°G ¯ ,v§ 2015 b< ¯ 9x<h GK x ~7 18 IvE ¢ < Ãb =¡= á £ 0 ª £A < 5bA vB oxs´G bC .á £B2 28h á<b~6 ÁbªQ ~6 £A q~74 .2007 b< 4b ~6hC°G ,y)bm+ ám<yE Eh ,y)b±G ¢ < ~|pJ µ D ,4b ~6hC°G ¶(G °É@@E :°ÉE ¡ - bª A ,tJ4bgDG ¯ á ² °(G ,y)b±G h~z£D D3 ° ,4Gx~8(°G D ,Ìc DG ~{ DG =4 áDhbp´G E vQ +°" "qm ~6h qm F +h ,b Q E c ~6 £ g~zJ v0CG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

áCx²G E / D3 C . bcDb: ib~64b» J5h ~{Ch áDhb¹ ¢ < hEvBCbA ,ÄCC°G bGhv< ,Ì ~|DG á DG ¯ Ix.b Db£g=G ,bK Jh%GxE Ãb =¡= z£ J2 y@@‚CG ¥wDG Jx-4¡cDG J µ ·¡ª~7 oxs´G 2G4CG + ,á~8b³G °ÉE ,b£0 < ~{ J ¥2Gh IxF Gw G ,°ÉE ,b£0 Q ~7 E Q C E ¡Q gJ áJ'hxDG ¯h b -4G5 ¤gDG 64Gv´Gh bGvDGh DwC ,°ÉE FQ CbCh iG¡~6 £ DG vQ J .,vpg´G ¼C°G Ä E E áJ4b DG b gc 1 Ì1C°G á<¡ ~|E £ DG áEb1 hFbC (Gh c g~z´Gh x~9bp D áJ'h4

Eh h-bE b FCG - hFbC D3 $b .CG ¯h ,¤<¡DG < ác)b= h FO , ¡ gB vB bcDb: Q CG ,4¡Q ~|gE bGvDG¡+ zm - hFbC D3 Eb~{DG oÉ DG /CG E b£Fb Jx+ ¯ k£+Gy£D(G á ´G ¢ ~{E ¶(G b£g=G áDhb¹ i2CG .b g£Ab< v£ g~z- iCGv+ ,GK v@@Jh4 ,GK v@@Jh4h D ,vJv~{DG gFG2(G J2 µb< ¡~zª1 J CG ¶(G °ÉE á GGxE x ~7CG b FQ (G :°ÉE < £ £A ~{-hvDG hcgC . xm´G ¼C°G l¡ cE J CG ¶(G b£g=°G áDhb¹ i2CG . µb DG ¯ b F¡ª~}E °ÉE bFCG ~6b+ á~}Jx< ¤´b DG £ g D ,vpg´G hB2b~8 CG D3 ám£gF E bCh £ gDG E : ¥CQ G xpJO °CG Q D £ gDG 0 q Â ¥wDG ¤´b DG £ gDG bj£E ¢ < bg~zCb+ . : /CG E ib<bm´Gh ehx²G b CCb- ,ÌjC :b E °ÉE h+b/ áJ¡B ibª C h /hh 4b ~|DG b :CÉD ,b£²Gh £ gDG 0 <2 b© á~8b1h /h ®CG ¢ < c/G¡+ b£ D bJÌm£F z£)4 ¶(G ¯ ,v<b DG xA Gx0 ¡C¡+ áª E g 1 ¤gDG ib£g DG á£~6b£~zDG $G4%°b+ ¡<4b~|g´G ~{ J" :°ÉE ¡ - .b£ JxA(G JwDG b :C°G < G3bE D b _ 1h b +G¡~8 ¯ ¡D2bmgJh " ex²G -2x~7 < h'¡~z´G FQ CGh ÑG ~}A t£~{DG ~6b+ °ÉE ix / v D $b~z DG £ - xQ @« ¤gDG ¥hbg DGh 64Gv´G Ãv -h Ìm ¯ c 1 Ä< 6b DG á . bF bEv + á~8b1h J5 h ~{Ch ¢ < b gFhvE hFbCh É´G ¡J2G4 ª~6G qc~8CG ¡J2G4 á<G3(G q~} + ÌcC Ì.Cb- iG3 4b g~zE ~6b+ hFbC (Gh bbc ,b B

5b0 |s~7 x ~8CG qc~|- CG ¶(G b -2bB á+É~8 hc~zgCGh bCh ,x~{< á +b~zDG xª< ¯ ¤Gh É~z D +¡F ,y)b/ ¢ < y)G¡±G E Ìj DG ¢ < i5b0 CG v + 2014 b< ¯ D3 ,y)b/ bg~zCb+ ¯ ebc~{ D á£ :¡DG É~zDG ,y)b/ :b E ¯ ´G á£ C E áJxsA G4¡gC2h x DG áJx² hx1b~6 . zCb £DbG oxº Ãb =¡= z£ J2 Davis Guggenheim v J ÁbªQ ~6 ¤ )b.¡DG ª £A ¯ á£ )b.¡DG ÉACÉD ¤ JxECG b@@Gv@@DGh @@E ª~6b g- ,°É@@ E ,b@@£@0 @@< @@Jx@@-4¡@@+ °É@@ E á _~6CG ib~7xA ib+x~9 E Jx-4¡cDG ~{gJ , JvDG $b£~9 £ DG 4¡Q ~8 .bGvDGhh °ÉE E Q C á+¡/CG G¡@@DCGh oxs´G £ DG iG42bC h<5¡-h ,vpg´G á£+x DG iG4b@@E°( G áDh2 ¯ ¢ < Q ªgJ BG¡DG b@@C bEv <h , bg~zCb+h b£Fb Jx+ Í+ °ÉE cB E i2x~6O ¤gDG ibJxCwDG áJ¡~9bE dc~z+ oxs´G ,2¡ DG á£Fb E(G v< dc~z+ b ´G ¤~| g~zJ hCG ,bGvDGhh i4xC ¤gDGh b G bcDb: 2¡@@/h dc~z+ iG¡~6 ¥2Gh ¶(G ¡~6xDG ¶(G d-b DG Cbm A ,°ÉE gB ¢ < b Ey<h bGvJv z F ¯ Dh bK ´b0 bK £~zFbEh4 GK v + h <CG ¤gDG áCxpg´G .°ÉE ,b£0 á£ )b.h ¶(G ,vQ ~{+ kJb¹ hB¡DG v ~8 , É; ° k£0 , hCG Jx~{- E ~6bgDG ¡J ,x/bG ¯ 4b DG :CGh ~6°b+ bGG2bFh °ÉE Q - ¤gDG á Ab²G ¶(G qL ~zE ,°ÉE /h E x~zJC°G v~|DG á~8b~8xDG hBÆ1G ,b £ < ¡c~6C°G á+GxB °ÉE h£ + ,·b DG Íc±G E vDG AvgA

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

á~8b~84 E I¡BCG °ÉE hFbC "tJ4bgDG 4xQ gJh á DG i¡ ¯b~{E ¶(G °ÉE h F ,x)b: iG4bE(°G áDh2 h ~64CG ,i¡´G h‚ .ib£ ª DG E vJv DG b D hJx/CG b Gh b£Fb Jx+ 2¡ª±G eb~8CGh Ix~z£DG b F3Cb+ ª~zDG iv A bEv + °ÉE ,b =bE2 eb~8CG ¥w@@DG d DG ám£gF x~zJC°G b /h ~zB ¯ DbgDG DG E °K v@@+ á£Fv E áp£ ~8 ~9h ® v@@Bh ¡³G hEyG v A ,d ~8CGh I¡BCG °ÉE i2b< .áªmª±G

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

iG¡~6 ¥2Gh ¯ 64Gv´G E á ~z ~6 .á ´G $b@@ @+CG ¶(G £ gDG h@@Ev@@Bh ~{J bK G¡Q E bK c£ 1 $b£~9 vDGh bC vDh Q D , £ ªg~zE e¡ B ¯ 6bª²G ,,Cb-CbgDG E Áb J bC JvDG $b£~9 D dg J CG v@@DGh E d : bEv <h ° hFCG" : vDGh eb/CG b £ J ¤C ác 1 22Æ- CG h2 áª C g- CG £ g~zv/h Q D bK Jy0 vD¡DG bF ."`ACb -h s+ b £ < bK +¡g E áK @B4h rbc~|DG ¯ ,4¡ ª±G b@@ECG bGb DCG ,áK c 1 v@@DGh . ,á@@JGv@@c@ DG ¯ Cb@ ACb@ A ,Cb@ -Cb@ - , j °ÉE iÄC .bGv + 4¡ ~| DbC 2x= á~64v´G v<b Eh x@@=h iGx@@» Í+ hFbC , bcDb: 4b~|0 vQ g~7G bEv <h á ªp+ b@@B ¥w@@DG b@@Gv@@DGh á@@ @J24 ¤@@G F¡ª~}E 4¡Q @ @0h 1 b@@ª@C ° , É@@~@@6(°G x@@G¡@@/ q@@~@@Q 9¡@@ bB bGÌ.Cb- ,¡B Eh , DGh x gDG ¡pF ¡J¡EÉ~6(°G ¯ á~8b~8x+ -b DG b +b~8CbA ,b Db£g=G áDhbp§ bcDb: ib~8b~84 h0x/ DwC ,ápJx/ h ~zA ,x~zJC°G b =v~8 E Q J b@@C ¥w@@DG 8bcDG iG3 ¯ b -b Jv~8 -b DG A ,°ÉE á DG b£g=G áDhb¹ Äs+ µb DG n~9 Q .á~64v´G

,fª0 fÇ&* b £ ~6 ~6b+

Iô°†M ‘

’Óe , @@BG¡@@DG Í@@< ¤@@G , ££sgDG ,vQ @~@7 Q (G ,¤ )b.¡DG £ DG £D(G qª J bE GwGh á £.h ,á£ A á £ 0 BG¡DG mJ CG ¯ Gv@@/¡@@DGh ,x@@CGw@@DG @@1v@@- á@@£@s@J4b@@.xªg~z- .Q ¥x~{cDG , Malala Yousafzai ivDh bEv < ¥G5 ~6¡J JvDG $b£~9 bGvDGh x F vmJ A , g )b< ,xm~7 á £p~8 ¯ ,xm~{D Q CG =4 ,¢jFCG áJQ CG ~6° GK x.CG á_ª.É. @@E È@@CCG xª DG @@E á )b DG ,Ix@@1CG ¢jFCG áJb 0 xCwg~6bA , b@@< bEv < b/xDG 45CG E v~{gD h/x1 gp´G b@@ @ECG ¡@@£@Fb@@g@~@z@Cb@@c@DG y@@@ OG gp´G ¢ < Ghx~|gFG ¢g0 ,¥y£ F(°G á@@Cx@@ @´G ¯ h@@ @ @ ~@ 6h ,1880 b@@ < - @@~@ 6G b@@C .b@@ @)b@@Ev@@+ á@@/xQ @~@}@E ~6G , %°G qc~8CGh , °É@@E ¢@@j@FC°G á ~7 h ª0 ¤gDG JvDG $b£~9 á +G G¡EvG JwDG bcDb: v~9 áEhb ´G G¡ Eh , @@ 64Gv@@ ´G Ghx@@m@ Ah i¡@@£@c@DG ~|pJ ¤@@C b@@G2b@@£@-4G @@E ib£g DG JvDG $b£~9 á )b< h E . ª£ -

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

V £fk + · £*Ô 6 2 f G* :¡DG £ª~|,P 2b<(G /C M < Okpc- G P G R E ¤)b~{F( P X G 2¡C P Q ¡0 ibE¡ E b -4vB ,b g£ + ,áP +ÆDG < Okpc- G " P vQ g´G M ibE¡ Eh , z£~6C , | DG M P P bgDG 4P ¡s~8 ª~6h U 2b /(G ªQ pgD yJy -h , ¡g£cDG 4P b£< ,q£ ~zQgDG vJv0 4P b BCG < Ix@@1CG P P P GyD5h qJxDG $P b~{F(°G 2P hv0 P N P áP ~8b< P ªT pgD áK ²b~8 qc~|gD U 94C Okpc- Gh .P$b£~7C°G ¡DC P bE R < oxsJ P °G O ¤EbF¡~z- Ch N b E P $P b~}A ¡0 áP JQ 4bª ´G P 4b AC°G } + P < P P J5¡-h ,h£cDG U $P b£0C°G |£~|s-h , oGx+C ° G 2 v< , {£ DG R <h M$b~}A D P P P P yO £CÆDG .Q .,P 4b@@²G ¯ dP S g´G d~z0 vc ´G P $P b +h ,¤ X .R (GP ¢ < yO £CÆDGh ,áP £Q :¡DG áP ~64v´G dgC :¡DG ¢ < P P ¯ v0G¡DG P ¢ < yO £CÆDG .Q ,áP £Q E¡ DG áP ~64v´G dgC tJ4bgDG P P ¯ v0G¡DG P E ¢ ´G xJx«h ,¤+x DG É g~6°G P £+h ,P4b ~6C°G c~9 P P P U O" - G . c g~z´G áP Fb~8 áP £Q Dv±G P g.Gv0 rh4 P N G4 bE bEh ¤)b~{F( ° G 2¡ DG cB ¤BÉ1C G 2¡C M R < Nkpc- R CG JC U X N G4 áP £Q £ £ DbC áP J2É£´G cB P ¯ O < Nkpc- R CG JC P áP ª ²G dgC áP ~z DG ¡pF °K ¡~8h .S ,áP £Q A¡~|Db+ GK 4¡c< .S áP £Q FbF¡£DGh U hvDG ¡Fb DG zJx -h ,· ¡pF GK 4¡c< .S ,áP £Q _£cDGh áP £Q £ pgDG P P ¥CP GxDG ¯h x DG P P b-h b~zF( P °G ¡ 0 P ¯h JP UvDG ¯ áJQ x²G v£CC U ,¤ Jh4GvDG b~zF(°b+ )ÉDG Áb~zF(°G {£ DG P P ¯h ÌP c gDG ¯h U obgF( G E Ì@ @ = h , ¤-¡GÉDG b~zF( U¥v£0¡gDG U P °b+ DwC P áN £Q )b N DR GN ,GK vJv« vO ~|BCG ,áO ª£ DG ¡G N b~zF(°G S C° .i¡ DG P bK Fb~zF(G ¢ c- b £ < $b DG g1G bª E áO ª£ DGh .b E áK c B vsg~zbªC ,ex²G Evsg~z- bK <¡~9¡E ° , bK -G3

O O P ~| DbC b Ab~6 b £Db< © bK Fb:hCG xO EQ vgA bK 1h4b~8 hCG R xN ~}1C°G N + bK £Q +x0 bK ~{0h b@@ Eh4 h@R @Fb@@C v D . ¡@ P @CCb@ ´G N NtJ4bhFbC 64v- ¡D JCG4 bE . z+b£DGh R b £.CG h " b £.CG

N N Q U K Q rx~z´G , Á b@ @ ~ @ z @ F ° ( G e2C ° b@ @ + á E , b@ @ ~@ @ { @ D G Í -b~z+ jE P P P P R . U DGh áP ª ²Gh ÄR 1CG R GÌ~z D á:¡ DG ¡pF oxsF A O N R GÌ±G h + d£ ~8 NiG3 áN £Q c ~{DG h cDG N N ¡<v- CG EQ CG P . b@@EQ x@@DG 4N b@@m@~@7CG lO Uv@@p@ Fh ,áK Fw_E |BGÊ~6 . R Gy@@ @0C°G N G 2O x Fh ,P$G4w DG d B ¢ < ¤ :¡DG 6x DG G4hC P O p~}£~6h U T O O ,O ª F ,á£Q F¡ DG qJO xQ DG ª« ,rb D M C 4bcFh . R b~|=C°G " R b:hC°G $b + v£ F £C " £D2 M ÇE ¯ O cg F

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

,zMz/ L'K4

l /øWƒdG º«ª°üàd …OÉ°TQE G π«dO/ ô©°ûdG q Oô°S w

¥2¡±* b~z0 2 N Ok0bcDG hFC ¤EvOR - ¥hGxp~8 b=C N Gh , £ £< X M bC áL _~6CG .qDb´G P N O - DG b + $N bF áM D ¶(G obg0C U $P bJy£A ¯ O G G , ~z F $b~zO ""xO GvS DG N gcJ ¢g0 |BxP $O Gxp~|DG O ,b £Bb~6 2O x - ,b gc£1 Eb + Q yT Q Oi¡²G xO ª DG O ~{ - Ix1CG Lib D ¡ m´G E Q ~{ - .áN ª DG P N 7N xQ < vBh ,P5¡ Q DG áN D b E xN ª.CbA ¥bA ¥G¡DG ¡ 1 ¡A P .rGP ¡Q DG ¤+x DG b Db+ ¡ £~{-bC¡E ,N ¡ B :áK )G4 2K Gv~9CG U N N bEh L £ 1h ,ÄN - ¤C GK vQ @/ L £ . hFC $O b@@´G G5 N bA , £~9b J V N +¡ ~7 Ok£0 P á ~}DG R N ¤C Q ¡pF ÄN - R CG d=xO b 0 G . x Kb £ª< 4P bp+(°G ¯ bK 0 d=xK U ; ¯ b=5h ¤ g~zP O CR G "dC¡ DG K P A4h ,¢ª<C°G zJv gDG 9GxEC G < G v£ + xpcDG ·b<CG ¡pF P P P N , OibJQ 4¡²G J2b "P$Gv@@<C°G gBh P qE U P xU DG @P @6CG4 ¢ < | DG N N N , Oib£ JÌ~zDG J2b ,ex@ , OiG¡@@ EC°G J2b J O @²G J2b N N N U J2b J ¤~z£Fh2C °G xO ~{DG , DG , | DG J2b J O J2b J T T N, +b£. T ~{- .Á T ¡@@ @ DG Okc DG @N @J2b@@ @J ,¥5¡@ T @ª@g@DG ¥4¡@ T @~@z@DG O N O O R O eb ~7 b c DG xN Jw« O ª~z- . < j- á£Q +x DG á£m0C°Gh P O x gA , ¡ JC ° G 4N bg~{< ¥Ì~6 CO b~zgA , b J( P P °G E JvDG Ok£0 ,áP ‚xA(°G P ÉB P ¡ cD ¥4hx~9 4N bp+(°Gh . L Jv+ z DG Q CG W N . b:hC°G $b cD ¥2b~74( G L £D2 , b~zF( W P °G bECG

z/fH ¢+ z 0&* ¢MzG* if¤ 7 £f g G* 1 N b~| Db+ N hDG5 L ªg E sJ4bP R bE áO F¡ ´G áO £m0C°G -h K Q N R ~{£< vO ~zR -O d P jDG ¶(G tJ4bQ N ,b Q 0 4O xQ - ÍN 0 G P gDG ¤E4 Kb £ 1 dsN O O R S N N DG b - ¡~6 ,2P ¡@@~@6C°G T - ÍN @0 R G , x~{´G m K ,tJ4bQ b £ F ,xP ~|R N DG @P @ACG ¯ áP ª£ DbC P P gDG E bEx+¡~zDbC N hCG , P ~|´G jE N hCG ,áP @D%°G jE N qc~|g~6 GK v£ ~6 Jb+¡´G jE O K K " N Jx~{ DGh ¥2b²G x D +bC É £ª/h b £B2h bK JQ ¡Bh P ¤<x~7 M X O O G áL £m0R CG ¥x N O .CG + , 6x F¡ DG áP cg E E .C N ªR N D -h P U N .P$b DG Í~6G¡: @@C @@Eh ¡<x DG DwD ib@ P P @EGx@@GCG R @@E O N N G q/4C O ¯ ,,M b N ~8N jE x -h ,x_cDG P G ¯ ~z- FC P bª<C O °bA KbFb£0CG O ux~|J N ´G S Dh .2P Gv@@/C°G J2b ~8 O °%G b 1G2 P N v)b DG hv ~|DG qg + £ < Ì ~{J , @ @ 6 b C @ £ @ D G ib@ P P P @ @² ¯ P O P N Ok£0 , P 4b@@c@ DG JvDG eb ~7 b c D 3b F( M G e4G¡@ P O @B b G O G" :bK Fb£0CG O ´G ¡ J O . Gvsg~6ÉD G3bE x q ~|O P O ""¤~6¡ +C 2O b-hCG ,y<b´G 2O ¡ / " : ¡ P ~|DG P Q ¯ v/¡J U °G hv R O O OtJ4b- .Ì gJ ¤ JvDG | DG P U M ¯ P ´G h£cjgD O S ¡ª J ¡S pgJ E5 U X rvE d0 X ¯ Nv)b~|B X P ¯ Ix1CG Nv)b~|Bh ¯¡~8 hCG ¤~zFbEh4 O y£/G4C G } +h , b DG 2 É+ $ b~zF ~8h ¯ Ix1C Gh , b P ~zDG P P P P P Q .",P $bcDG áP @J¡@@ @- ¯ Ix@@ @1CGh ,NÍ@J¡@@p@ @DG N ay g~zJ bK +bgC E ox O RsJO , O ´G E < < ib:¡ ºh , É@ M P @ AC°G < ¯ K N áN /¡DG Nv© ¤C b+°x ~6(G oxsJh ,ÄP R ±G O $P b´G ¯ R E N Q sg- R CG 4O xQ - .Q . }Eb DG P Q $N Gxp~|DG Q S D .áP Bb DG m0 ¯ M hv ~8 N N @ @< bE ¢ =Cb+ ¡@ N @/x@@-h J2b °S CG , v@ ¯ O @~@6Æ@@~@z@-h $O Gx@@p@ ~@@Q|@ DG ¤ c- . @@ @ @Ok£0 ,áP £Q +x DG á DG 6G P xQ 0 áP DÉ~6 rv@ P @E ebcB O Ok£0h ,P$G5¡±G ox+ N O Gb~{- 4O G¡~6C°G OáJQ ¡ DG dg DG Ok£0h ,$O ¤~}- P R P DG b/4 P O áP Ax ´Gh ,áP £U JvDG dg DG £0x+ Iv P P '¡P D'¡Dh U¥x DG bF¡£DG dG3 < á D¡ ´G P P O bK <¡E2 $O Gxp~|DG ¤ c-h . 6 x DG P P Q R bm£N L á _~6CG ¡ gA , O ExDG b +x~{J ° $P b´G ¡A

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

,x ~{DG v~9 D3 CG IxJ FC° ,,x~7bcE áAx~{g~z´G á£)GxDG -G3 v~9 FCG bªC ¯ b ~8É1 @@< á@@j@0b@@c@DG á@@A4b@@ @ DG ¡Gh – Äg Jh , + E'¡J ¥wDG | DG á£<bª±G U D | s´G £~8C°G ,v£~| Db+ ª 0 ¯ GxK Ab~6 É1v h2 $b~{- bªC qª© CG ¯ g £ºh CG IxJ k£0 ,b D ib/b£~6 hCG 2hO M M v@0 D bC (Gh , ¡ªO m´G Í+ D b E ° JÌjC Í+ v@M @0Gh 2xS @ ¸O ¡ A b E E á~|0 ° k£0 , ~|sJ T 5b£gEG ° zS g- ¤C £g)4 ¤ - Ím£~zChC°G A2 tJ4bgDG 4Gv@@E ¢ <h , -v£~|B ,á£~6b£~zDG v)b~| DG °%G O @@Ey@@DG á /G¡E ¯ 2¡ª~|DG g~z- µ ¤gDG á£FG¡/ ,v£~| DG C° ,¤ £ ²G x ~{DG á)4b: á£FGx+ á~6b£~zDG bª £+ ,á£ ECb.ác~6b ´Gh lv²G á +G v£U O- ¤ A ,áJ2¡c< b D b<3(°G I4CGh ¥2x DG 6b~z0(°G h£h ,2b g/°G S CG – b+K wC – Ix- k£0 , 8b³G ,¥2b´G b /bgF +G x<b~{DG . yg ´G Ì= p ~7h ~7 E £ª« b FCGh d0b~|´G 2xT gDGh 5b£gE°G S pgJh ,,xEb O´G ¤-Cb- b G Eh U áJ4Gv/ $b + ¯ b ~6(°Gh ,áJ2x D < G Kv£ + ,á£Fb~zF(°G x ~{DG b£³ M b K 1h ,,2b g~zO´Gh ,4hx ´G 4b AC°Gh ,,yGb±G dDG¡ DG U ¯ ¤~|s~7 ,x ~{DG ¡G bE + ¤ g« ¤gDG , g.Gv0 z~6'U ¡J W U x<b~{DG S bC ¡Dh ¢g0 g~zJ hCG ,Ì:b~6CG hCG b.K Gx- ;¡J S ª0CG ¤ FCG ¤ J ° GwGh ,bsJ4bK hCG ,áDy O DG 94CG ¶(G x<b~{DG ¤ gsJ CG Í+ GÌK cC bBK 4bA b G S (G 3(G ,bcK Jx= G Kv£0h {£ J CG h~z£D iG¡~8C M b+ %ÉE M ~}R 0P ¯ h£cJ CG Í+ h , ~z + x<b~{DG ¡ © b< ~{+ M – á~8b³G á+bg DG C° E ,42b~8 hCG D áBb<(G hCG b £A 1Gv- ° áK J¡G p h ,b c-bC z F

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 K&¸* £§IfF Ì M2

O - bª E ,v0C M G E 2b JO CG ° ,2¡ J E 4bcg<b+ ,,x DGh . gc-xEhCG g/42 S b~z£Dh ,Í@@ @ @ @EO h @@J2vS @ ¹ b@ M @ @E5h b@ M @ @ E ob@@g@F x<b~{DbA +G FCG bªC ,b -4b~}0 b D áAb .h l4( M G ,xª. ¡Gh , J2hOv¹ O O +b g- ° b FCG 9Æ ´G E ,á~8b1 rhM 4O áO ª~|+ Dh , £+CGh ECG K ¢ < b Ab¹ , Ìc - ,xm~7 ¢<xJ k£0 , .bªg- hCG +b~{g- °h x_+ GxK Ab0h b K ªU E , gJx0 ,N 2N xR +O n~z J ¤C vS <CG ¥wDG Ry N DG EO , @@-G3 hv+ x ~7 ° FCb+ b K E'¡E , 8b³G bG$bE b/xsg~z K ¢g0 , v0h C ¡ DG $G¡G zS gJ x<b~7 M É+ x ~7 °h ,áJx0 ¢ < v0¡ S O´G b£cDG hCG ,á+bg DG ¯ ib<bª±G á + eb~|JO ° áJx²G v~9 ª - ¤gDG ,b£/¡D¡JvJC°G GCGh ,eGy@@0C°G á Jx: ehwJ hCG ,,M Ì~zE ¯ GKv0Gh ¡ J CG }AxJ FCG ¢ § ,áJ2x DG á£~6b£~6h á£<bªg/G bJb~} + bEyg E M ¯ K ¡ J hCG ,$Gx ~{DG E x F

IójóL

..ájôMo ¿hóH ô©°T ’ n

iDhQ

s óªMCG …hÉ¡°ûdG

¬∏c ¿ƒμdG AGƒg √óMh ¢ùØæàj ôm YÉ°T ÓH ô©°T ’h s .b E O 2N x J CG vL 0CG O £ g~zJ ° ¤gDG á ~9b DG g JvE S ew J ° x<b~{DbA M G E áK Jb~8h obgpJ O ° G Kv£~6 P 1O FC° ,v0C O , xG¡/ < kpcJ , b ~zDG ebp~8CG < b KGSy E 2bsJ °h ¤ ÂR O CG bE ªg¸ E vO JxJ °h ,G Kv0CG vsJ CG D O Â °h M N w + dg - CG hCG ,GwC - CG ¤ c J : D ¡ Jh £ < :hx~7 b ~64b ¤gDG á+bg DG wG CG hCG , G¡ ´G GwG ¢ < hCG ,,4¡~|DG O hv< ¡ A ,Ix1CG 4M ¡ECG ¯ dg -h N ,bGÌ N U CG £ <h , + O £ - ° . 9xR DGh 4bc/(ÉD 2L hvD zc¹ ¯ rhxT DG bE2 m~6 hCG , b D(°G v££ - E L ¡F b Gh O ¡ J bE ,K 2b< ¥wDG ªgm´G v£R Bh ,v£Db gDG m~6h , Gx<C°G S 0O < b K U sgEO hCG GxK 1CbgE . D vS 0 ° ¥wDG x<b~{DG GK2xªgEO GxK @Eb@@ @EO bp:b~7 GxV @@0O G Kv@@Jx@@A GK2x@@A v@@DP hO x<b~{DGh K K bGGxJ ¤gDG ,iÉ1vgDGh ibGGxC(°Gh iG$ÉE(°G x J ,b~}AG4 ,b K E ~|Fh ~z F ¯ GxV 0O ¡ J ¤C ~9b J ¥wDG ¡Gh ,GK2bc g~6G 3(R G , £ < 9x O-h /4b1 E ¤-Cb- Ix1CG iG4¡~|¥CS G }AxJh M ,'¡c gDGh b D(°Gh ¤0¡DGh iGym O´Gh 4G¡³Gh ³G +G ¡G ¯ J @@FCG ¢ < E O Eb gDG gJ áÂv DG á E5C°G ¯ b@@Ch .$b£cFC°G ác-xE xO <b~{DG xpJ CG – qm J A hb0 R (Gh - O £ g~zJ v0CG ÉA :b+ i¡~8 ¶(G ib~|F(°G A £ <h ,á~6vS O´G g £ºO E S C° á£D¡~6xDG 0h4O µh ,Ç´G +G ¡G á £ ²G ¯ xN <b~{DG hDhb0 ¡Dh ¢g0 {Eb DG ¯ - 4¡~| DG O xU E ¢ < – G Kv+CG O J É:b< 4bcg<b+ £D(G x DGh , ~{£ª -h p~6h ªB á ~zDG L xN ~{DG U CG Ix- k£0 , ª DG < ° ,á/b²G ¢ < vL )G5 b~{F N ª< CGh ,,v~6bC ,4b© ¡G BC°G ¢ < hCG ,bp+4 K hCG bcK ~zC U pJ .áDb +h < °(G ¡G bE áP £sO´G U CG $vcDG w E 4vJ xN <b~{DG S C°h b K +G z£Dh ,2x D L +G xN ~{DG .á£ ª DG g ~6h ªgm´G E Gv~|DG )G2 ¡ A ,á<bªm D S O hCG ¡M O 1 h2h , ~z D áccS ¹h ¡M ~}1 O áM £Db< áM J2x + x<b~{DGh IxJ 3(R G , £ < 9xN O- CG Â , /4b1 E á ~6 C hb J s- ¤gDGh ,b £D(G 0h4 h~| - CG ¤ c J ¤gDG á ~zDG T ~z F á DG gÂh , ~{DG sJ E ¡G k£0 , 8b³G b F¡FbB

K xN ~{DG U Ix- á ~6 C pJ ° ,á/b²G ¢ < G Kv@@)G5 b:b~{F N áP £s´G ª< CGh ,,v~6bC ,4b© ¡G BC°G ¢ < hCG ,bp+4 K hCG bcK ~zC áDb +h <O °(G ¡G bE S obgpJ CG ªgm´G E vO JxJ °h ,v@M @0CG E áK Jb~8h x<b~{DG ° O N £ < :hx~7 ¤ ÂR O $G4h bE ¶(G ebGwDGh , ~{ Db+ °(G O pg- ° áJx ~{DG iGwDG $b£~7C°Gh iG2¡/¡´Gh O ib )b DG U h£+ ¯ vDP hO x<b~{DG S ¢+S x-h , DG xmR 0h P ácJxDG 7GxAh ~{DG G'¡~zDG T ~}0P ¯ S E S C° , -Ì~zE Jx: ¯ ,K ¡ 1 O vS gJ ° O _ª ´G xO <b~{DG b0 ¯ 4b~8 F(G 3(G áK £Fb. ¡p~|J D 4P Gx g~6°G xJx~6 P ¯ b J W c£~|J v O J µh , M N ~6N ¶(G 1P vJR Eh L B +bg J hCG ~7 0x/ ¢ cJ Dh ,,v£~| DG Í U ~6 - D ,á £ ~zDG S ~z F .b0¡g E K U S g J Dh ,b@@EGh2 ¢ < b -v/h :x<b~{DG K L b~zEO E2 x ~{DGh -¡£F p~6(G hCG 2É£´G cB kDbjDG x DG ¯ 6v£ª~74CG á Jx: ¡FbBh áCx²G ÍFG¡B b~8 ¥wDG áJ2É£E1727 – 1642) °(G , ¤c R BN S P_ªN R £N DP R P DN hN ) : %Gx DG á + hCG , b DG ew±G , < kpcJh , £D(G ¢ ~zJ ¥wDG £pg~z´G ~|F U ¢ < È< G3(G S (G ¡ F b Gh Fb:hCG hCG £Ab E ¯ b~| gJh Nv/N hR NCG) x<b~{DG S T , bjE cR ~6N Ì= E Cb~{FCG ¥CG $N ¤~{DG ibcjDG ¤G á £FCbª DbA U bC ¢gEh , DG v<h S b~}JC K Gh x ~{DG : DwC x<b~{DG O á jQ DGh O N N K bB bªC °bª~7N hCG b+¡ /N b O /QP hN CG ,¤g«N qJxDG N N QN CbCN M N BN ¢ <) Ok£0 "áJ2É£E 965 - 915 ,áJxm@G 354 - 303" ¤c g´G U h£+ ¯ vDP hO - ~8CGh ~6b~6CGh ª<O ¯ – xN <b~{DG S (G ~{DG x Jh , G'¡~zDG P ácJxDG 7GxAP h T ~}0P ¯ ¢+S x-h , DG xmR 0h .á B¡g´G hCG á ~zDG ib+b/(°b+ x DG ~8xD P 1O bE FCG $G4h bE ¶(G ebGwDGh , ~{ Db+ °(G O S pg- ° áJx ~{DG iGwDbA O °(G £D(G ¡~8¡DG T gJ ° D3h ,$b£~7C°Gh iG2¡/¡´Gh O ib )b DG S ¢ ~zJ ¤gDG á:hxO ~{´G Ì= áJx²Gh ,áAx ´Gh bAx Db+ xO <b~{DG ¥wDG £p´G ¯ ,K 2¡/¡E O O - µ ¡D ¢g0 , -GwD b P 1 ¡pF O Ä< b :hxO ~7 ÌA¡- hCG bG2bmJ(G ¢ < 4L 2bB ¡G 3(R G , £A {£ J

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

i$b/ ¤gDG áÂv DG )Gx³G ¯ ex DGh x~{DG Í+ ¯Gx ±G 170 - 100) µb D 6¡ª£ + á Jx1 jE á£ +bcDG á Jx³G v + b g ~8h ¤gDG ,Ìj DG ¢ ~6¡DG hx DG )Gx1 ¯ DwCh . á Ax´G 4¡~|DG) á£<b ~|DG ,4¡jDGh x~{< ~6bgDG x DG áJb F 4bcg<G b Â ,GK 3(G 4¡ ´ bK Ah 4¡ - ¥w@@DGh ·b@@²G E¡ § x~{DG ,2°h ¤G v£ ~6 24Gh2(G 0GxDG á ª E á~6G4v+h r¡~9¡+ £D(G 4b~7CG 8b1 ~{C ¥wDGh " Gx~{g~6ÉD á£+x DG £Gb ´G" Ì ~{DG +bgC ¯ hv D áJ4bª g~6°G ib~6b£~zDb+ gBÉ<h Gx~{g~6°G 4Gx~6CG < .á£+x DG á Eb/ ¯ tJ4bgDG 3bg~6CG ebgC ¯ DwCh v£ ~6 24Gh2(G ebgC ¯ ªpJ ¥w@@DG Jean Luis Tretter ÆJx- ¥¡D ¡/ ¡+4¡~zDG CG ¢ < b~64GvDG ªmJ ex@@ @DGh x~{DG Ì:b~6CG) G¡ < bªC tJ4bgDb+ ¢g0 °h b£AGx ±b+ D áBÉ< ° x~{DG ¡ E á ´G wG ¢ < á£+x DG á £s´G ib:b ~6(G CGx- ¡G b¿(G b EvB bE E ¤ JvDG b AÉg1Gh ¥4b~}²Gh ¥2b´G b )GÈD µb DG E . N ¡R £N DR G ex DG ¢ª~zJ ,¤+x= 4b g+G ¡G N ¡R £N DR G Ax F bªC x~{DG CG v£ ~6 24Gh2(G xCwJh F A x~{DG < ¡£+x DG cg J b» ÈCCG bFCGxB bª C b FCGh ex DG eb 1 CG £~}Jh ,ex DG ¢ E F + , x~{DG ¢ E ¢g0 xªg~6Gh ,Achille £~7%G Ãv DG bF¡£DG E Gv+ x~{DG < CG x~{ D vJxJ ex DG CG GK vC'¡E ,eb ³G z F ¡G xm £~zC .v~z/ É+ bK 0h4 J Gw Dh .x1%ÉD 3b~{DG ¢g0h dJx DG , gs´G ,v~}DG ,4¡~|DG F(G -bJ5bg Ah Ahbº x~{DG ,4¡~8 ¢ < ¡£+x DG ~6CG $Gxp~|DGh Ãx@@²G 4¡~8 ¢ < hy@@Cx@@J Gh4b@@~@8h ,b c)Gx=h á£Bx~{DG ,CGx´G j Ãx²G ,b£0 ¯ ,CGx´G 4bcg<b+ 8b1 ~{+ DCbg- ¤gDG @@94C°G ¤G $Gxp~|DGh ,b@@G4h2h b Dbªm+ á gs´G 4¡~8 b £ª/h ,áJb FÉDGh áJv+C°G ¡ E ~}g«h zª~{DG b £A . x~{DG 2É+ ¢ < ex DG ib:b ~6(G E £Gb Eh ¡0 áJ5bg DG á£+x DG á £s´G 4¡~8 hªCGx- bK _£~{A bK _£~7 Gw Gh E ¡F ¶(G ¤+x DG b£s´G ¯ ¡pggD µb DG E á ´G wG .á£²G b£/¡D¡j£´G ,4¡ ~6CG ....$b~zFh zª~7h á£)b F°h xp~6 GK 3(G x~{DG ¡G 4¡ ´G Iv´G ¯ BC°G ¢ < Ì£ g D á +bB Ì= ex DG b c: ~6¡g´Gh dJx DG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¢~6¡E ¤c DG E C ¥wDG ¢~6¡E c/ ,Í ~6 4¡: E CGvcJ q£~z´G v£~zDG ,2°h k£0 ² h£+ ¯ 6v DG ¶(G ~|£D +4 vª¹ É~6(°G ¤cF ¢ < ¤0¡DG hyF k£0 $Gx0 4b= ¯ ¤ g £Dh £ < J á0b~z´G e4b gE ¯Gx / k jE @@F(G ..ÑGvc< + les " á£FGv0¡DG á£ D(°G ibA¡~{ DG ~9¡E " ¤+x DG x DG ¯ .á£~zFx Db+ révélations á£AGx / 2hv@@0 2x@@¸ ¤G G ,Ix@@- G'¡~zDG b D pJ b Gh GwG ¯ BG¡´G wG G3b@@´h " BG¡´G wG ¯ áAv~|Db+ i2v« CG Â bªC ,d£‚ G bF24CG G3(Gh "á£Q ~94C°G ,x DG E b ´G )G4 Ì~z - Áx~}pJ b A ,Ì= °h áAv~|DG b FCb+ , } cDG x J x~{< ~6bgDG x DG ¯ ¤~zFx DG x ´G + 2x - áAv~|DG ¢ ´ (G ¡ J bC bEv < Théophile Gautier ££-¡= £A¡£- ¡Gh … D 4b g~zE ~6bC áAv~|DG 4bgsJ ÑG " AG¡gDG Gw@@G $G4h - ¤gDG ¤G áAv~|DG hFbC G3(G ,GK 3(G . ££-¡= £A¡£- Ì~z - Ah b + ¡BCb~zA b ª D " ¤ Jy£Abg£´G CG £C b JCG4h x~{ D ¯Gx ±G ¡ ´G b ~9x g~6G CG v + á£sJ4bgDG 2hv²G ¢ < b Ax -h bK £Ab~7 GK Ì~z - v - ° b£AGx ±G b G CG bK ~}JCG bFv/h Ãv DG bF¡£DG É1 E x~{DG Gw D x~{DG ¢ E ¢ < á£p£~z´G bEh4 b gAb~9CG á£ J2 á£sJ4b- i°°2 GK 2b +CG w1Cb£~6 ibFbJvDG ¯ Ég1G 4¡ ´ áJGv+ jÂ 4b~8 ¥wDG µb DG E á ´G wG ¯ 4¡ -h É~6(°G bjcFG v + ,4¡ gE ehxp D G2 rx~zE ¶(G ¢ ~6¡DG hx DG ¯ x~{DG ¡pg£D Ì~{- bªCh ¤gDG á£c£ ~|Db+ hAx< ¤gDG ehx²b+ á j» á£ JvDG .d£ ~|DG 4b ~7 ª« hFbC b g£ª~zGK x1CbgE x ; ex= x~7 ¯Gx ±G 4¡ ´G (b@A BG¡DG ¯ .x~{< ~6bgDG x D ÁbjDG ~| DG ¯ vJv« b Â 3(G GK v/ qEÉE hª~64 ¤gDG áÂv DG )Gx³G CG E D3 ¢ < 2CG °h ¥wDG ¡ DG GwG E ¯Gx / £~z - ¶(G Ì~{- ° b C @@94C°G b g ~8h á:4b1 vBCG , bj´G £c~6 ¢ < ,IxF p A . N ¡R £N DR G Ax F ,2É£´G cB b< 2600 ¶G b sJ4b- /xJ ¤gDG ¤Gh ,4¡~|DG) wG p~9¡- bªC ,µb DG (G .¤ +b+ ¤ £: £B4 ¢ < ,4¡ ¹ E $b´G b + £pJ yCx´G j ¤gDG +bc+ 2vpgJ ,á:4b³G GwG .iG4bB hCG ib / b G z£Dh 4y±G } +h ib ±G £ª/ DwCh Í£EÉ£ DG hCG 64bA ¶(G ,4b~7(G ¥CG eb£= 0ÉJ bªC . GwE¡J ,2¡/¡E hFbC Db» ¤Gh á£F¡<x DG x~|E b~z F°G Gw D x@@.CG ¥CG bK ~}JCG v‚ ° b FCG @@D3 ¶(G b~}J

ÌE&°* vc< ¤B¡~7 2

..¥ô°ûdG

f C Kb+x= |1&°b+H Kb+x=H KbBx~7 xO p~z-O f C x~7 f g D*H xp~zD*H f+*x D* Í+ b -*$bpJ(* A*vg-H 02y f~}Eb D* z F ¡ gD bGv0H f£~zFx D* f D* ¯ i*2x E lÉ. ‘ orientH tJ4bgD* ¯ levant b£A*x ±* ¯ est ¢ ´* b Db g~6* 4¡ - ,Ì@@1&°* (* ¢g0 "f ~z D*H e*2%°* "IvgG* H&* /¡-" @@ @ @C ¤@@ @ @- i4b@@~@ |@ A b@@Gb@@ @ @ EH x~{D* ¤G ´* ¢ ´b+ f /¡D* &bCH orienter

áª∏μdG ôë°S o É«aGô¨÷G IQƒ£°SCGh

b£B v < i4G¡- ¤gDGh ,xCwDG á F%°G iG4b~}²G D áJb F ~}bK +x= mg- i4b~|A á£Fb~zF(°G ,4b~}²G Ix¸ iÌ= ¤gDG b £.CG GwG b E¡J ¶(Gh á£ Fy£cDbA á£FbEhxDG ,4b~}²G k£0 ,bEh4 ¶(G ¡G ¥4b~}²G ¡pgDG GwG ." á£+x DG ,4b~}²G " £ª~zF bE ¯ h~z£Dh ,¤+x=h ¤Bx~7 Í ~|F ¶(G ¤~94C°G dC¡ DG x ~7 ¥wDG b+h4hCG CG bK :bcg<G z£D .b +hx=h zª~{DG hx~7 °h b£AGx ±G b@@+h4hCG ,b £.Cb+ CGvcJ bªG4hw/ ª<CG GÄg J N ¡R @£N @DR G ex DGh DG ,xEb ´ bK Eb ,xJb E áBÉ FG iCGv+ vB wG á£ Jx=(°G x~|Eh ¥4bEh 4¡~7%Gh +b+h xE'¡J ¯ ivDh ¤gDG ¶hC°G ¥x~{cDG … á£F¡<x DG ¥bA Ì£+ ¡/ ¡~z £ DG 4b@@.CG ¥xG¡/ G'¡~6 ¶(G 2¡<CG b Gh á£+x DG ,4b~}²G áDb~8Cb+ J2b ´G /¡+ ux~|J bC bEv < Faye G3bª A ¡:ÉACGh ¡ ~64C° 2¡ - áJx DG D¡~8CG hFbC G3(G :ÉK )bB µ ¢ ~6¡DG hx DG ¯ b+4hCG (G "v~74 +G ÄCC°G ª E ¡~z ¶(G áÂv DG á£FbF¡£DG E Í£FbF¡£DG á ~6É DG /Æ- CG g~zx~{< ÁbjDG x DG Ghx gFGh G¡ª J µ FC° D3 ,á£ £-ÉDG áª/Æ+ ¡ Jh v~74 +G ª~6G zDvFC°G E ~zE ¤~9bB ¤-Cb£D Í£+4hC°G bECG ~{ gD , £ < 2xJh 0x~{Jh á£+x DG ¶(G ¡ ~64CG ¶(G ¡ ~64CG G¡ª/x- A bGv < …á£FbF¡£DG á ~z DG 4Gx~6CG v~74 +G °¡D ¥GN . zDvFC°G ¯ á£+x DG á DG É1 E á£ £-ÉDG ÉK ~8CG N ¡R £N DR G bGÄg - ¤gDG á£FbF¡£DG á ~z Db+ á Gb/ b+h4hCG h D v£ gDGh +b~{gDG GwG ¶(G Ghx FG á£+x DG b -4b~}² bK ~6b~6CGh $b + ¯ zDvFC°G á£ªGCGh ¡~8C°Gh áJ4b~}²G iG2GvgE°G ¯ ex D á£FbF¡£DG ¡~8C°G < lvpgF bEv < b FC° , N ¡R £N DR G b+h4hCG Gw + .b £.CG ¯ ivDh ¤gDG ¤Gh ,°K hCG á£:Gx ÂvDG ¤ F b F(bA .v~74 +G ¡G á£+x DG á£:Gx ÂvDG b+CG (G ¡ DG b Â ¢ ´G '¡~zDG rx gD b£AGx ±G 5Ä- i°'hb~zgDG wG ,xª= ¯hP D á£FGv0¡DG ibFbJvDG £A ivDh ¥wDG k j´b+ x JO bE ¡Gh Ìp´G ¡ A ,GK v<bcgE z£Dh µb ´G q~9Gh ¯Gx / B¡E ¡Gh ,lÉjDG

b0xDG Ghv~7 , x~{DG Gw + Ghxp~6O + ,G¡ gAO ,G¡EbG hÌjC $b +CG E £A G¡~}Bh G¡ª~64 ,G¡cgC ,G¡~7b< ,G¡c0CG ,G¡EbBCG , £DG .ex DG CG ,á@@£@ Fb@@0h4 ,t@@J4b@@- ,b£AGx / ¡@@G @@G x@@~@{@DG Gw@@G ,Ix@@ "…b£/¡D¡j£E ¤~zFx DG ¡~z £ DG Jean Pierre Faye ¥bA Ì£+ ¡/ bC v~74 +G < <bA2h ¤Bx~{DG x DGh á ~z D ~6bªp+ hx ´G cB 4G¡0 ¯ ¤ < Q 24 v A ,¯Gx ±G x~{Db+ Æ J ° ¤~zDvFC°G á ~z A ~|J £C gDCb~6 bEv < zJ4bc+ Jx~{ DG x DG áJb F ¯ ibEh zDvFC°G ¯ 7b< v~74 +Gh á£Bx~7 b FCb+ v~74 +G ,áJhxC 94C°G CG Ix- °CG : bB k£0 "… 6bA á JvE ¯ ex ´G x~|Eh Gx@@ @DGh á£+x DG ,xJy±G á E (b@ A ¢ ´G Gw +h ,b+h4hCG ¯ b D ác~z Db+ x~7 ¤ A Gw Dh ,b+h4hCG x~7 - b C á£+x DG ,xJy±G ¯ gFCGh b JxEC° x~7 ¤G b -G3 b+h4hCG Dh ex= ¤G " ~6hC°G x~{DG" á~6b£~zDG ¯ ¢ª~zJ bE á Eh ex=h x~7 b G z£D GK 3(G "…… b g£ DGh Í~|DGh b+b£ D iG5b < °(G ágpcDG ¯Gx ±G ib£ª~zgDG wG bEh ´G ¡ ´b+ … áp ~z´G á£~6b£~zDG á D - Faye ¥bA bG24hCG ¤gDG ám²G á0b/4 E =xDb+ c Db+ zª~{DG hx~7 Í+ Í ~|F ¶(G ,4¡ ~{E b£AGx / á£Q ~94C°G ,x DG .b +hx=h á£sJ4b- qEÉE b A ,b£AGx ±b+ 2vpgJ ° x~{DG Jx - D .IÄ DG tJ4bgDG lGv0CG b gª~64 Gx DG ¶(G bK Bx~7 ©G µb DG Áhv ´G 4v ~6(°G Gy= bEv < E mJ ¥4¡:GÄE(G ¡ E E bBÉ FG v DGh 64bAh +b+ . x~{DG ¡G bGv + bEh ex DG 2hv0 ¤G Ãv DG bF¡£DG 2hv0 iG4b~}0 ¤G ¤sJ4bgDG x~{DG 2hv0 ¡ - , ¡ ´G Gw + GK w1CG ¯h……á£ £~|DGh ib£Fb~6b~zDG ,4b~}²Gh JvAGxDG ¥2Gh P b FC° b£AGx ±G 5hbmg- i°°2 x~{ D á£FbF¡£DG 2hv@@²G wG

IójóL iDhQ

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

∫GõJ Ée á«∏ëŸG QÉμaC’G Ée É¡°†©Hh ,IOƒLƒe ,Ió«©H áLQóH Ék LRÉW ∫Gõj øjOÉL ÜÉàc øY åëÑjh ¬æe ¿ƒ©æ°üjh √ƒØ∏à°ù«d ‘ π«◊G ,Ió«L Ék °Uƒ°üf ⁄ IÉ«◊G Ühô°V πc ΩÉjC’G ∫GõJ Éeh ,Ö°†æJ ∑Éægh Éæg IÉfÉ©ŸG ï°†J

ª/ ¯ ÌcC $b D obg« ° ,á£)G¡~{<h $b/¡G áÂx/ ¤G cg~{´G ¤~9bE ¯ kpcDGh ,,Ìj DG ib+G¡mg~6°Gh ,á@@D2C°G ¢g0 , ~z F ¡£DG ¯ b c -xE c~}J bcDb=h ,Gw G , £A ¡ gs´G b £A 2¡ J ,bK Fb£0CG lv« ¤gDG b g1°G l2G¡0 Ax - ¤c= A eb~|g=°Gh ,dDb DG ¯ ,á<x~z+ G4bJ2 ¶(G vJxJ ¥wDG D ..b £A lv0 (G c -xE x -h b C á Jv´G E =xDb+ áJb DG ¯ b ~|£~6 ,á£~z£D¡+ á@@JGh4 á<b ~8 0h ,¤~9GÆAG 9¡ª=h á£~9GÆAG µG¡< ¶(G GK v g~zE , D3 cg- D ¥CG ,á £ 0 ¡ - D Ah áJb DG ¯ ,áJb ²G y D jE bK Eb , £A lv« vB l2G¡0 ¥5G¡- hCG , ªgm´G ib£ E gªg~6CG á £ ²G ¯ h Ch b g+bg + h gªg~6G ¤gDG ¤gJGh4 .¤ ~|sJ ° |F á+bg + Kb/5b: Gy@@J bE b ~} +h ,,2¡/¡E Gy@@- bE á£ p´G 4b AC°G ¡ ~|Jh ¡ g~z£D J2b/ ebgC < kpcJh ,,v£ + á/4v+ ,d~} - µ ,b£²G ehx~9 C ¯ £²G ,,v£/ bK ~8¡~|F E ¡@@+4b@@p@´G , b@@ @ Gh b@@ @G ,b@@Fb@@ @ ´G t~}- b@@ @JC°G Gy@@ - b@@Eh I2xDG t~}- ,4bc±G 4bpcDG ,ehx@@²G ¡s~}J , ¡~6h¡ ´G ¡ª~6xJ $b£0CG áª.h ¡ ~zJ ¢-¡´Gh ,I2xDG e42 ¤ Db~zD .dg - CG v+ ° GK Ì~6 x J dJx= ,¤ ~z ~z- -b D á/b0 ° ·bgDb+h ,,ÌjC 4b AC°G Q (G á.É. Jv~8 bC v D ,ÈCCG á+Gx + £D(G x FCGh á+Gx + %°G · bK Jv~8 v J µ %°Gh , ´G 6bª²G E x ~7CG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

C ¯ ,bK ª)G2 vJvm+ ¤-CbJ CG 2¡J d-bC ¥CG ,d-b DG CG ¤ Jv+h . A dg DG 2v< ,2bJ5 áDCb~z´G h~z£Dh , cg J bE b 0 $¡~zDh ,,v£/ 4b ACG b £A v/¡- 8¡~|F b G b~}JCG ,bEb á+xmgDG o¡~}F cBh ibJGvcDG @@E5 ¯ hcgC b FCG hx Eh ,¤@@G bªC b Cx-CG v@@Bh b £A x DG v£<CG vB w@@Gh ¢ < hp‚ ,á+¡g E áJGh4 á=b£~8 ,2b<(b+ ,xE ixEb= ¤ FCG , £~z+ dc~zD b E G¡ <b gJ µ $Gx DG D ,¥v DG I¡g~z´G .,4¡~{ E áJGhxD á+bgC ,2b<(G b FCG ,b gEv E ¯ hcgC ¤ FCG ¡G CG ,x~{ - D ¤gDG áJGhxDG wG ,Ì~6 2GxJ(G D¡B i24CG bE ,,ÌjC iG$b~}A ¯ ,2¡/¡E hCG ,á<b~{E hFbC bª Eh 4b AC°G cB E á+bg DG ¯ b Dhb - hCG b DhGv- v£ J $¤~7 áª. J - ¤gDG á_£c D 4b AC°G áE$ÉE CG v g<CGh ,ebg DG } + ,b £A ¢+x-h 7b< ¤gDG d-b DG á_£+ ¤G ¡ -h ,b E lGv0C°G 3b1C°G bG4hvD b )G2CGh ,á+bg DG v~8 /CG E ¥4hx~9 xECG á+bgC á+¡ ~8 < ,· b E ¯ ,xE h.v« vBh , ªgm´G ¯ ib+b~|< ¿ ° b FC° ¤+x DG b ªg¸ ¯ á£~z£D¡cDG áJGhxDG b D á:x~7h ,ájJv0h ,ÌcC ib£ g+ á:b¹h ,áª E á£EGx/(G á0¡g E 4G¡~7 ¿ ° ,ib+b~| DG b´ ,2b~}E ib£ ¡ + °h 4G¡~7 ,á£~z£D¡cDG iG24b ´G d<¡g~z- vB GwDG ,b /CG E áBbª0 hCG ,xEb E b gAG Gv0CG £ g~zJ áª E ~{- CG Â ¤gDG á~}Eb DG áÂxm D á£ £ 0 AGh2 ¿ ° ,dc~6 ¥C° bFv < lv« vB áÂx/ ¥CGh ,áJGh4 ¯ GK ÌcC bK .v0

IójóL iDhQ xs Jh bK ª£ E J ,v£ª0 Ì= eGx g~6Gh b £A FCG á£ +CG ÌEv- hbpJh , DG ¯ - x@@C3CG h@@D5 b@@Eh ,h@@B¡@@DG @@E Ìj DG Í0 ¤ g ~8h ¤@@g@DG ,,v@@Jv@@ @DG )b~6xDG b Dhb - ®h ,2009 b@@< · á@@JGh4 ix~{F ..ÌjC A $¡~z+ ,b C µG¡ DG - h£ DCG ¤ FCG lv0 ¥wDG Íg ª´G ,Ì: á »h ,ÌB á » µG¡< 4hvgD ,bª g<Æ1G Íg DG Íg£~9GÆA°G E $Gvg+G , | DG ibJb 0 bª )b~}A ¯ ebc~7 @@Eh , ExG ¢g0 bE v@@0CG áD¡ : h@@ @BhCG , +bc~7 $b@@ @g@FG ¢g0 x@@ 1%G v@@ 1CG cB ,¤ 0xE ª~6G ¥wDG ¤ ~z ~zgDG -b DG ¯ | Db+ h g0Gh ,v0CG Db ACG CGx J CG g=b£~8 ,2b<(b+ ¡@@BC° b§4 ,¥x-¡£cE¡C 4¡ J ¥wDG DG E bK º Ix1CG ,xE 4hx§ qª~z- á Jx + cgCC°h ,, 1Gv+ ,,ÌjC i°'hb~z- É+ ¤+x DG GwDG ¶(G iGx ~zDG -h ,dg J µ CbC -Äg<G bE(Gh iGx ~6 , g+bgC ¯ h J4CG ¤gDG áJ4Gx²G ¢ < ivg<G vBh .x@@1%G $¤~7 °h ,,4v E b G , J¡: E5 w E 8¡~| DG b£~9 ~{FCG . ,,v< °K ¡~|A b £A dgCCG bª<CG x ~9CGh ,,2¡< É+ ib~}E¡DG £~}-h b < 2¡<CGh ,á ª ´G 8¡~| DG b £ª~6CG ,b CÆD Dh bGÄ< ¥4¡ - cg-C° bK Fb£0CG b £D(G b g+bgC ¯ 4Gxªg~6°Gh ,b -2b g~6° z£D b£j= b@@ @ª@~@6G á@@ @JGh4 b@@ @ @ Eh ,GK 2v@@ @ ¸ J4 ¯ b .Gv0CG 4hv- hFbC , £Db ~|DG 8¡~|Fh , %°G hGb-h , G2¡~zDG x~7 ,b g+bgC h ªgCG wGh ,á ª E b~}JCG Ix1CG bG4b ACG / dc~6 ¥C° bGx~{F x1Cb- D ¢BxJ ° Í@@-h4 2x@@¸ , @@.2G¡@@0h ,áÂvB ,á+bgC b D¡0 4hv@@- b@@.Gv@@0CG qc~|£D %°G

á@@JGh4 ,,Ì~|B ,Æ@@A w E iy@@‚CG h C $y@@±G :b g£ª~6 bK £c~zF á J¡: á£sJ4b :b E b E ix~{Fh ,áJb ²G E µ'¡´G -bB @@< lv@@p@g@- h@@Fb@@C , b@@ @@Gh b@@ @G v£ + E5 ¯ , Æº b E ¯ ,¤ ~z ~zib:b ~6(G @@E ,x~{< +b~zDG x@@ @DG ¡@@G .x~9b²G EyDG ¢ < ,ÌjC b ~zD ¤+x DG b ´b< ¯ b FCG E =xDb+h E ÌjC n -h , v@@DGh DG E $b£ FCG 5¡´G i¡´Gh g DG ubs + á£+x DG 2ÉcDG ibJ4¡-bg JvDGh , @@94C°G E Ä~7 C ¯ ¤gDG hCG , 6b FC°G ¢ < )G2 ~{+ áª£ ´G Gy- bEh ,á£c ~7 iG4¡. ¯ b Fb ~6 ygFG CG °(G , G¡@@<CG E b D b§ exs-h 7hb ,á£~6b~6CG ,x C ,¤ ~z ~zgDG g DG ,x A dg gD áª)ÉE hvc- ° áJGhxD yg E 1h ¯ á£+x= ,x@@ @A ¤@@G ,¤@@+x@@ @DG µb@@ @DG ¯ ¤ G3 ¶(G i42bc- b FCG v£CCGh , hC°G b ´G ¤c0 E bK ~}JCGh ,¤-GvGb~{Eh ¤-G$GxB E á+bg + i24CG Í0 ,á+bg DG ¯ dJxmg D b gAb . b©G ¯ b pJ5CG CG ,,x DG ,,Ì1C°G iG¡ ~zDG ¯ lv0 bE d<¡g~zgD .4bE2 E lvpJ G5 bEh , @@g@ £@ @ FCG CG v@@ @ + eb@@g@ @ DG iCGx@@ @ B v@@ @ D ~z F e¡ ~6C°b+ ,¤+bgC ¡G ,,v@@< iGx@@E ,á ~zDG w@@G h 12 w E @@+ d@@g@CCG ¥w@@DG ª~64 ¢ < i2¡@@ @- @@Jw@@DG 8¡s~{Db+ ,,x´G wG á+bg DG D , -G¡£0 ¤~| -h « · iv@@+ ,á£<¡ DG á+bg DG ¤@@ @<CGh v< E GK ÌjC bG$G4h x© bK Bh ,GK v£ + CG d@@0CG ° ¥w@@DG eGx@@ @g@~@6°G hCG DG .á£c)Gx Db+ hª025G ¡D ¢g0 ¤g+bgC e¡~{J E ¡ gJ v@@B ,v£ª0 eGx g~6G b@@ @G ,¢ ´Gh $b cDG ¯ á~{GvE 8¡~|F ,$GxB

x~zD* ob- ÌE&* 2

πX â– áHÉàμdG

áHGôZ QÉμaC’G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

Q ,wAbF E - á£Q )b / áM c~{+ - Ì1C°G ~zJ , zEb³G +b DG ,y/b< - ,hDhb - bª E ib<b -4°G S Cb+ Oh@@C42CG bGv < .áJQ x ~7ÉDG i¡£cDG É1CG $¡~6 bECG ¢SGQhO âjôZQÉe (5) .dOg O DG O ~|F µb DG E b E M ¤ A ,$¤~7 Q C =4h @@6G4h2 hJx=4bE á£Q ~zFx DG á@@c@ J2C°G h +4 ¤gDG áBÉ DG Eh ,vJxA ,¡-b~7 A¡F ¯ b g£+ £~8b g+ 1996 - 1914) á£Q E S (G ,b -GxCQ wE ¯ ¡ - 3(G áD2b ´G d J ¥wDG ¡ Q DG áJGh4 < bª £~zDG Q ¡ 0 b§ -Æ~7G vB hFbCh - h£cDG GwG Q GwG ":á+bg DG ¡ ± á +b~6 - 1950) 4bª£Db= E ex~}DG h~}A4 b FQ (G ¢g0 " £A GK x.CG h£cDG Gw D Q CG v g<CG , bCÄDG ¶(G b A2 ¥wDG xEC°G ,b _£¸ cB £A dNg JO µN FQ CG á £ 0 , GÌ±G hDN Cb~6 .áJx DG 4bgº hR DN Cb~6 sJ4b- ¡0 ¤~| gDG Q K ÈCCG ,¥b~6xA ¯ á Abp´G h N -N bG .lvpJ µ Gv+CG .4bmQgDGh m~6 U ¯ .h£cDG GwG ¯ b cB ~6 ªQ < Cb~z- ¤C ,,xS E E ,d-bC ¥CQ G ¢ < È - µ . Eh )bª~6CGh Í Cb~zDG Q iÉ)b< .ebQgC $bª~6CG ¡ - CG ~6¡Db+ bC bª £+ ,bGv‚ ° ¤gDG ,v0¡DG á~6vS O´G b -v0h 64b0 áP +bg DG Oh£+ b + £ J b ´G GwG Q CG i4xS B b FQ C° b g ~8 ¤Gh ,b ~|F + ¯ ,v£0h hFbC v Dh ,b cgC á+bgC /CG Eh ,,v£0h ¡ gD , ¡³b+ bK ~}JCG ixN ~7h , £A b ~z F ¢ < h N N =CG ,h£cDG GwG h/x1 b OG EP ,á+bg DG h£+ qc~8C N bA , g ~{< b FQ CG ~|0 .S QN $¡~}DG N ,$¡~}DG Q N EP .á Jv²G -h Q GwG EP ,b cgC £ DG K .b OG O g m~6 bE dg gD b Eb< Jx~{< ¶( G Oh/bg0G v D ,áCÄ D Q á ~7b DG b -bª + zª ,,Ì@@@1CG áB¡Q ~{E á £ 0 @@ @-h O EP vQ + ° , Q-G bª £C ,Gw G ,v£0h h£+ v/¡J °": 6G4h2 £cB E $b£~7CG i°¡Q @ «h ,ibJb 0h , 6bF E , D¡0 hBh M "á+b+3 i¡E hCG ,oGhQyDG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

,h£cD bK JQ 4bCw- bK c~|F + ,bK g£+ O J µ ¢ c´G Q C° b§4 , -G3 ."á /4 É+ h gFG áJS 2bE4 áM c 0 ¢ < 4¡c DG vGG¡~{C GK vGb~7h ,h£cDG ¢ § h£cDG ¯ x Q - Í0 b FQ CG Æ - á £ D Q CG dJx DG á £ 0 ¢S cg-h , 5b E 2xQ mªC b G3 ¯ Cb~z´G wG C o4v ,b .GÌEh bG4vB g ~|+ Ãv DG h£cDG Íg£+ I¡~6 b D J µ FS CG C° b§4h ,bG4b£g1Gh b ~8 O @FQ C° x~{+ ¥v£~6 $Gxp~8 h£+h ¶(G hªgFG b FQ C° b§4h ,b Fb£C E CGyQ mgJ ° GK $y/ É Q ~7 Í .°G ¢ < bªGv0CG q£/x- ¶(G ~8¡gQ µh ,4Gv ´G z + Í .°G b g~6G hCG , ¡ - bªC b -b£0 Ì~6 S g1G ,bK £Q )b F bK p£/x- x1%°G ¶(G 1960) r¡g ´G ebcDG w E á£<Gv+(°G b ~8¡~|F ¡ - bªC S GK 4hxE 1995) gª - x< ¥wDG /xDG |~|Bh á1¡s£~{Db+ , 1992) á£Q ~|s~7 G4hCG : {£g - á ª0h , 1985) Ix@@1CG . 1994) $Gx~7h £+h , 1994) h£cDG d0b~8h q IòaÉf øe ô©°ûdG ¢ùeÉÿG ≥HÉ£dG u (4) Q $K b Fh ,4Gy@@= È@@CC°Gh á£Q cGwDG ,Æ DG h£+ ¯ b Og~{< x ~{ D O EvQ g- ,Ì~|B ¤ 1G2 Q ~6h á£Q c~{1 áM £Q ~94Cb+ Ì ~8 " z +h2" Q U N bC .á Jv0 ¢ªQ ~z- : áAx= mp+ á£Q /4b1 áp~zA x ~{DG 4b.%G bK Q º á£ =C°Gh iG$É´G h« 6v J Q ¤ Q ; jE ¤ 0ÉJ E á£Q p~8 Ì= ib£Q ªC £~}J .á£Q £ DG ¤EÉ0CG 1G2 EGvBCG ¯ 4¡ DG d ~zJ .á£Q ~6b~6C°G b Eb : ibc/h ¶(G 4Q b²G DG Q xª0CG + á/xQ gE bK :¡ 1 ~6xJ . ¡Q ´G £~z DG á Q ~6 b ~{DG U N b@@C .b@@JGx@@´G q ~6CG ¢ < ¡ª J , z +hvQ DG h£+ ¯ ,x ~{DG . xª< E á~62b~zDG M áJQ ¡£p+ Q ¯ : Q Q (G £Q 1 ,¥¡ DG á ² ¯ · +b DG ¯ á+bg DG áDhb: Q C°h Q ib<b -4°G E á<x/ Q pg~zJ á~62b~zDG Q : S CG ,áJQ x ~7 ª: O Q ¡m Q DG vDvh£+ M ¶(G b gF°G ,x A b < h jcFGh ,á Gb~{DG w Eh ,x ;CG vJv±G Q ´G h£cDG Q D ,á £D C £A b Fb £~6 Q 4Ä CG cB , -G5b¸h x ~{ D Q E Ì= $K Gv<h bK Q ,¶hC°G bJQ C°G

IójóL iDhQ

äƒ«Ñ∏d á«JGP IÒ°S s , -b c-h £0xQ Db+ á Ab0 ,M b£0 < á~8b³G b BG4hCG h ~{C v A Q b £A ¡ - b gEbB(G hFbC , Cb~z´G E Ìj DG Í+ h Q - 3(G bªC ,Í ~zDG E vJv DGh v0G¡DG ¡£DG Í+ bE rhGÆ@@- 2v@ M @´ z£D¡cDG E ,M 24b E v + b -b£0 E ,M Æ D m~zDG U h ~6 ¤Eb< Q É1 b g A2 ,bª £ D hCG ,b D hCG , hQ C°G b /hyD ¥xQ ~zDG b g£+ bGx1%G 5b E á~zª1 Í+ ÉK £D Q gDG ¶(G 1949 - 1948 .x~{+ ¥v£~6 $Gxp~8 ¯ ib ~zDG Q O g ªQ ~7 ¥wDG ¢ < 4Ä Q ´G bC k£0 ÁbjQ DG b /Gh5 á 0xE £0xQ DG ~6h bªC h +h ,"¤gc£c0 bJ ~z0C°Gh ~}AC°G D vJ4CG" :b /h5 b~zD ~}ACG °CG 4v@@- ¤@@Gh hQ C°G ~z´G G42b@@ @J bªGh gc£c0 ¶(G ,v)b< 1956 b< ¯ GK Ì1CG g£+ i42b= Í0h ,bGx g J O FQ CG hª S - vB hFbC ,¥hxC Q b -b£0 Ix¸ Q CG ágcjE b GCG h£+ GK 4b +(G ÈCC°G y ´G v/h bEv < A xS g~6G - ÁbjQ DG b /h5 . Jx1%ÉD bG5¡E4 4Gx@@~@6CG h Q Ah i¡£cDG á D áJS x~|´G á@@c@J2C°G hª Q ¥wDG Ãv DG h£cDG ¡0 b -ÉEQ Cb- hQ v@@- ¤G b A ,á~}Eb DG FQ CG ,vCU '¡E - £+CG < bGvQ / .4h ¥wDG h£cDG ¡Gh - £A ivDh £A /G¡- µ ¤ A bK JQ 2Q bE bK -¡E z£D i¡´b+ b FGv/h ¯ c-xJ Ãv DG h£cDG ¯ i¡´G N bC " :,v0Gh ,xQ E ¢Qg0 ¡Dh /¡D bK /h

·bm´* bF° AGógEG (1)

bªS < 4¡+Ä: 22 ,4bª< 10 B4 h£cDG ¶(G N N L É~6 .... N ,24hh dP ²G ,CbAvEhP d²G hFC N Gh £ < S 6x« O N L É~6 .É£ ~6¡£±G ~|FP xN Jx~zDGh N Gh £ < S Ni¡´G xO gc- hFC N L É~6 .á+bg DGh U hFC ¯ FG4v/h ~6 dO ~9¡N Gh £ < P P 4b DG N L É~6 .á£S g ª~6(°G £0xS DG ác£ 0 Fb E ¤ CÆ- hFC N Gh £ < Q v N ~|EP ¯ á DP b<h ,wAG¡ S DG á<hy E , ÉcDG ,x~6b0 +b DG . +GxQ DG Gƒ°ù«H hófÉfôa (2) $b£~7C°b+ b ~6b~z0(G + $b£~7C°G h~z£D ° Kb-¡£+ Oh ~6 . OvO´G Í+ ¤gD¡ : w E O Oh Q - ,¥vDGh ª< p+ Kb1¡~64 bGÈCCG .Ìª~9 d£FCb- hCG ¡E2 M É+ b -xmGh ,ácJx= |~| Q O á£Db< 4M G¡~6Cb+ b¹O ¤~94C Q G Lh£+ ¤-xCG3 ¯ Q ¡: b gEbB 5hbmg- ° ¤gDG á DG ibE¡~64 ¢ < $b+x DG ¤c B ¶(G b +xBCG . g Jv0 ¯ ,x.b g´G á Q ±G á~z EP iGÌm~7 Q |P ~| g+ b~{ DG á_Q :Gh 4M G¡~6Cb+ b¹O ¥hbª~6 Lh£+ Q O T qª~z4v~8 ápgA 2hv0 b gJQ xQ 0 5hbmg- ° ¤gDG ,bg DG v)b~|B ¢ < . }£+C°G b ~6x< bg~zA S 4Gx g~6°G E CG µ ,á£Q £;¡DG ¥vDGh á 04 $b gFb+h ,bK 0° ,K xQ E 4v DG ¤ ~9h 3(G ,á )b DG 2GxACG á£Q + jE v0Gh h£+ M ¯ < kpc- d~zN S DG áD¡ ¸ ,v£0h i¡£+ á /G¡§ Ix1C°G ¡ .ágBQ '¡E áM A4 hCG ,bE GÆ<G M b -b /¡Q ,b -b~6b -h b -GxQ ~zE ,b -bCx+h i¡£cDG ib D Q ¯xQ ~|- h« i4b~8 ,ÈCCGh b Q C ,á£Q /Gy´G b -bc Q -h á£Q ~zª~{DG .áJQ xQ ~zDG N ,b +G¡+CG q£-b E ¤ gª Q ~6 á ² Q b g D 5¡Ex+ · h0b+h äƒŸG â«H ;äÉjõdG áØ«£d (3) S Gw@@G á£Q )GhxQ DG -Äg1G á£Q -GwQ DG i¡£cDG Ì~6 cQ gg+ N ~{DG , 1996 - 1923) ibJQ yDG á £ D áJQ x~|´G á ~9b ´Gh ác-b DGh

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

Ov gcJ ¡GH N22Q 4H O < ¤ A2 b G ¥v0H ¤ CÆ- ° ¤+&*

N 04 O2¡<&b~6 ¤g£Q + bJ O2¡<&b~6 O $*4H xN J &* N H2 N O -N v£0H Oh C b G Ph£cD* Peb+ ¢ < fK Db< ¥v0H Oh£ +H N ,N 4¡~8 Oh£~|B&*H ¤~z F Oh GH&* *w G RivQ cg~6* ¤gD* P,&*x´* - N N b~}A Á¡ 0*5 K*4b ~8 D Rhc½&*H ¤@@E&Q * P £04 v + P c + O ¤+&* d B O N b~9H b ´* N OvJ4&* °H ¢gE H&* g£´* Peb+ ¢ < ÁbE4 ¥wD* *3 xO @C3&* ° P O MibJb 0 ¯ fAx~{´* ¤ gc£Q = OhcpgF* b Q C Oh C xN @ C3&* &* K @ @+ b@@E Kb@E¡@@J O /Ì~6 ¥w@@D* ¤@@+&* @@< L @ @~@6 ixQ @ E É b@@F&*H i*¡@ O * P £ £< d~{< T /&* PfD*y DbC PfJ4b D* Pi*4b D* fN ~{0H ¡/& N Æ fO cJx D* fO £1&°* b O ©H P,x~}³* N GH O24b - P,vJx~{D* ¤-b £A4 P Eb~zE ¢ < O22Q 4&* Oh C ¤-*4b F $N 2 ew D* N b@@C O N K K ¯ f ~z-xE f~{GvD* I4&*H P cD* ¤@@+&* < ¤ g - ° *Ì P~6 O Q £<&* Mi°*y= P £ C Q £ <H ¤ < S fK ~7 ¤c B ©ÌA b C $K b£0&* £ cF ¤CH Q G'Hb+%* S £Q ~9 Mi*Ì ~8 Mib£Q N +O b Q C O @ @F ¯ Kb@ <*v@@1H Kb@+w@@C Pf £ ²* P @@Jx@@0 Nh@@« AN b£:&* y@ T *H P b ´* ,N x ~8 Ov~6¡-& N 0b Q D* N¥v~z/ D& Q * Oh C P £ D* Pf g< N b +&°* &Q * O <&* Oh C v A Mh ~|+ nO ~{F&*H P4b gF°* P É + K + z£D ¤+& N2¡ J D Kb~}J&* O D É * &Q *H N H2¡ J ° N L kc<H ib p~9H L Lib~7*xAH fL F¡Q E ibF¡Db+ L L $¤~7 Ì gJ µ" Q N Kb~zDb/ N bC PfJH*yD* - ¯ P f Jv²* N2b / ¤£pJ ds~8H L O N O ~6xJH P b :&°bC p~}J P x 0&°* Pv ´* *3 ¢ < P -2b C ¢ < O : O pJ N bC P$*¡ D* ¯ PfB*Ä Q D* P ¡+b~|D* Pib<b A Oh1x~8H ¤~6&*4 ¶(* O v@@D* N AvF* P ~}0 ¯ O g +*H P £ gC N C&bA È N C&* Oh+ÆB* ¤ ~zJ µ O D ¤+&* ¤+&*

µ O Q D È P p~}D* ¯ xS g~6* O Q D M b@@< Mi¡~|+ K*x B Oh£ + ÁxJ O @G P £D(* Oh AvF* P £ gC < Ì N ~|D* Oh ~6&* O v~z/ i5y@ N K*v£ + Oh A2H T NhFbC ¤gD* - O Q D P ~}0 ¯ ¤N Q ¹ g« N N R C&* µ Á&Q bC ¥2¡/¡+ xR ~{J µ b G bF& * + ° ° b G O * bF&*H Q¥vJ bg + O N /H Oh ~zE&* ¤ Db A P £ £< ¯ Oh 0 ¡<& O K*v£ +O ix:H Oh~{ FbA ¤ s FH O GN bA xN A qc~{CH b ~9b£+ M K " Jx+ É+ P ¡+b~8 Pf<b C *v£ + O µH i*Ì ~|D* P - µ P,24bcD* g£´* P b+ ¥v~z/ N -4* P 94& O ¤E¡£D* ¶(* iv< ¤:¡ ~6 N 2 bg<* £ ±bA fO Ax~{´* Px~}« O N S L / Á&Q bC ¤ Q < fN cJx D* ¤)É~7& ¡Q g D O D Í * Oh ´ ¥xJx~6 N O Pib£Ab D* ¤-b £A4 P ¡£< ¶(* M yp+ ix F P ,b£²* O 04 Kbg£E N @ ÂH fO @D¡@@ @c@D* i¡@ N @ &* ¤@@+Q 4 i¡@ O @ /4H ¡N @ @=&° ew@ O @ @ D* i¡@ PxJx~6 < ~6&* ÉA Mv= É+ ¢-¡´bC rP Hx@@D* ,N 24b@@+ Q jE P,b£²* ,O x~}1 ²* ¯ ¤ g G2 b Q C Pi¡´* P

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¤C Pym D* P Ev+ P Q c´* P /¡+ ¤+&* rN b~7&* Pf+b D* P 1vE ¢ < O * xN © q+w´* N Q E P2¡ ±* °% z D Í P P N ¡0H Á*xJ ° T Gb D* O fN +Q xD* ¤/b J 4N ¡ D* N$b@@´* 7xJ 6QP v ´* P g D* O L 2 N v@@D* JxJH P £ ~z+ ¤ < zO ~zpgJ Q " z£4&*" N P4b~6(* E P b/xD* fN D¡ + 4O xQ pJ Pf+Q xQ D* { < ¥HxJ L 2 L 2 Px + "Í £G" fN Fb£1 ¥vg J Pi¡@@´* rN b@@J4 ¥xmJO GPym< "b£ £m£A(*" *" ¤ g A4 ¢ jD* ¤N EQ &° *¡DbB ¤ -vA *¡DbB b £D(* " z£4& O N N *v1H oP *H5&°* ewC BQ v ~|J ° Pib E&°* &Q °H q£+3 N M M *y + O O b+xB O ~9bc F*H P c B fO £~{1 bF&* b P<H4N ¯ Oh~zR ~zNN G Pf D%°* Pf@ @ @ @D%°* P @@ @~@8H P,¡@@ @+&°* Pf@Db@@ @<H Pf@Fb@@£@³*H P @@JyQ @ D* b £D(* ¤ gR A4H " z£4&*" d B O S 4 *¡DbB Í0 P ¡<v1 bNGbNE2O N E2 b )b£ < E Ix- G S ÆP P N D e¡ B P L f D%ÉD GH O O O t~z J GH NvJv´* Pf D%°* N N ~8 ¢E xsJ G TvD* P %* Jx0 N O 4b D* D* O N @/ O ¡<y´* 9P R E b ~z N -&* bE ""Pf_£~{´* iHÄ@ Kb/5b: Kb c~7 O O P~7x- Kb£Q ~{- b PE2 qN J4 fO D%°* O ~z g- ¢ EK 2O Q O < b@@ N @gR @DN b@@=N fN £g D* *¡@@p@+3 Á¡@@p@+3 b@@£@p@g@D K*v@@ +&* Í L *¡ E ¤+&* fO p£+3 ¤EQ &* bJ bF&* Pg~6*vB PÍ Q ~6 N cB b £+&* N E b A ° N bB b C xL E&* P xE&b+ fL j/ P g D "fª¡ªqªD(* ;" P É; ¯ ¡ =&* Oh C Q¥x ~z D* P JQ yC JH*x~}1 O b £< RhFbC P,Ì~| D* P -*5b/(* ¯ Meb£= P ¡: v + xO ~}pJ Í0 b J&* Oh~zE° M,v~{+ P 4v~8 ¶(* ¤ Q ~9 M,xQ E xN 1%* ¤ B4b J &* N cB ° ¤C P /¡+ rN b~7&bA O g cQ B N £ ²* O < P,Ì ~|D* ¤ +b~8&b+ N @C&* P + OhjcQ ~{- O N E2 I4&* Oh g1* È D Oh~z GH ¤ Ev+ N

IójóL iDhQ

G* ojó0

zÉ«æ«é«aEG{ K ~{ E P D* d£ ~6 É N b@@C ¤@@ Q @< P b@@Av@@D* ¢ < O 4*x@@~@ 8(*H N PfD¡ cD* Pf gAH Px~| D* Pvm§ K*3¡@@1&b@E " z£4&*" b~9x+ Oh D P £EvB Nv < Oh C4 P £ < Pv ±* PeÉ@@ @F* Pf£~{1H N cB ¤ p+w- ° ¤@@+&* fK Jvmg~zE Íg G*¡D* S¥v£+ P £Bb~6 P É D* PfJ'H4 ¢ < ÁÄ© ° 4N ¡ D* ¢ 0&* bE ¤-¡E Pv<¡E N Q ~6 R @@E N HQ &* b@@F&* Oh C ¤ ~zD* O gN £ Q ~6 R @@E N HQ &*H ¤@@+&* b Q Q Q Nh ¥v0H ¤ Cx-H ¤ E - ¤)*vmg~6* P ~zJ µ N N : N 6&P *xD* fN <¡AxE ¤~}E&b~6 ¤+&* É+ N ¡gp´* N¥Ì~|E O /*H&* O * P £D(* fK £D3 ÁxQ mJ R DH " z£4&*" q+wE ¶( P2¡ ±* °% * P P £ < P v / P2xQ R E " £1&*" ¤½&b~6 ¤+&* É+ Í 1b~zD* E @@Jx@@=(°* N$b~zF ¤ 0&b~6 ¤@@+&* É+ ¤~8É1 N *4 O @ FQ &° N O b~6 ¤@@+&* É+ P ¡gp´* Px~6&°* Px 1 N$¥ÄD* 4S bcD* ¤E2 N J4& K £ C(*H g_£ 1 < K*Ì P gD¡ cD É

r*QvB I'H4 2

&R * ¤ c J N b@@C N @ @ @J &R * P £ < N b@@ CH "¤+&* ¤ p+3" O * 4N &*y@@JH Pex@@²* rO b@@J4 d gD °% S "b£ £m£A(*" O$*4w D* qN +N w-O N N C4bcE P2¡@@ @±* P +b ~6 Nh@@« ,O 2*Hx@@: ~z-H b -N 4*x~7 Í b /H5 ~}0 ¶( * "Í £G" fO )b³* N /x-H P Jx=(°* P £1 P K + oN ¡S gN £O D ¤ p+wJ &* ¤+&* ¢ < N bC 6H¡ ´* O < ¢~9x-H É P O " z£4&*" 7¡0¡D* ,v)b~8 Pib+b D* fO +Q 4 P N ¡@@C&*H " z£DH&*" n£ 1 ¶( * xN ~}p D ¤@N @EQ &*H Á¡<vJ N @~@64&* P xN ~7&°* N¥x ~7 Oh JQ 5 vBH O gO _/ " £1&*" P £c D* P cD* fN /H5 " z£4&*" Pf+b= P ¡c J P$b§ ¥v~z/ Oh Q +H 6x D* P 4¡Gy+ P N &Q * ¥42&* &O * µH 6v ´* Á&Q * O mJ N ¡<y´* zJx D* *3 P N O P2HÄ+ b DbB ¤ g0 k£0 ¶( * ¤ /4vg~6* ¤+&* &Q *H O ~6Hx< N R G¡J µH O E b A ° xL E&* P p+3&* &R * ¤ < ¢-¡´* S O " £1&*" d~}=H ¤@ @E&* ,4¡@@.H PÌ ~|D* ¤@@1&* O xQ ~}- O @EN y@@< O

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¯ ác-b DG h AQ hO v D .¤<bªg/°G ~8G¡gDG BG¡E .áJGhxDG 1 ¯ AS ¡- µ (Gh ,$Gx@@ @DG s- CG áª E ác~zF h 0 b ~8¡~|F CG É DG Gw + ¤ Fh I¡g~zE ¢ < b Dh ,,$Gx DGh <b gDGh ¤ gDG ¯ | DG 4b~{gFG CG D3 .á E - µ | DG ,2¡/ CG bªC , gª£B ¢ < bK FG¡ < bK @ Eh2 z£D ¤@@)Ghx@@DG .áª£ DG wG 4¡ª~9 ¢ < v- ° 4b~{gFG áJ2hv¹ ¶(G áJv DG á~64bª´G obg« ° , ~z F %°G ¯h a4b DG C° , - hCG áJGhxDG wG 4¡~|B < Ìc gDG jE ,2hv E G¡@@0CG ¯ °(G Æ¹ vBbF ¥2b DG .ÑG vc< Ì.CG b0 ,á£ p~8h ,,x<b~7 iCGv+ ¤gDG ,v£~7xE á«bA bECG hª g~6G v A ,GK Ì1CG áJGhxDG 7x< ¡A h B¡-h á+bgC h<b g~6Gh , A¡E ~{+ "á£¿b g~z´G" á DG á £c D GK x Fh ,áJv±G E E X I¡g~zE ¢ < ,v£/ 8¡~|F ib£ ~{g~z´G áp)G4 ~{J CG a4b D Â ,ác£c C b ª< hCG ,"dDbs´G"@+ kJv²G - $G¡~6h .á~8b³G á £c DG iG3 áª. ," CG¡gDG" hCG ," £0xDG" hCG ,"ibª ´G" hCG ,"ib p DG" .á£<Gv+(G áª£Bh , ¡J3h ,4b~{gFG c~{J b@@Eh ,¤)b~zF vE E ,Ì@@1C°G 2¡ DG ¯ lv@@0 bE (G ,CGx´G á £ 0 ¶(G 6b DG áJ'h4 s sJ CG dmJ ,·b/xDG 4y±G /xDG bE2 ixª1 ¤gDG á Gb±G áDÉ DG qJyJ CGh ,bG2¡/hh b < ¯ ,CGx@@´G g 1CG ¥wDG )GxDG y DG 2bmJ(G E g Eh bEy D b gJb ~7 v - CG %°G ,CGx@@´G 0 Eh . hx@@B G¡: ¢ < D h~9x - ¥wDG ¥x DG 2b ~9°G E J¡ DG ·b/xDG hD¡« ¥wDG b £~9bE ¢ < ng« CG b 0 E .tJ4bgDG 2GvgEG .$b~{J £C /xDG CxpJ ®b1 hCG á£E2 ¶(G £A g Q g0G ¥wDG e2C°G 0 ¢ < 05 ¥2x~6 vE ¤)b~z DG v´G (G ,y£ªgE á+bgC á£)b~z DG á+bg DbA , hxB G¡: b/xDG á » vQ 0 ª£ -h b sc E ÍJy- ¢ < ,CGx´G 8x« bª A .áBÉ1h ,b ªQ ©h ,b F'¡- ,áJ2x~zDG b g ª/ ¢ < bK ~}JCG 8x« ,4b +°G b JCG ~{- °CG .4¡scDGh p O DGh £0b~z´G b -b0b~zE ¢ < 5¡-h °CG , £c‚yDGh x DG áp)G4 ,á£)b~zF áJGh4 CGx - hFCGh ,a4b DG ECG ¢ < b -h ,xp~zDG N ¶(G b E x ~z- hFCGh bGxp~z+ R ªj"·G¡´G ¡£DG ¯ x1%°G b ~|F $b D

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¤CÆDG I¡ DG 4ygD bAb~7 £D(G i$b/ ,á£+x DG ib£)b~} DG ¯ ÉjªgE b£~zDG Gw@@G ¯ b D 5b@@ ‚(G @@GCG b@@Ch ,G2x@@~@ 6 bª£A ,á£ ~{ DG ,¡~{ DG ¤c=G4 b FG¡ < GhCG ¤gDG "v<G¡ DG" lGÆDG E iw1CG + ,á£+2C°G z£Jb ´G + ,2b/ áJGh4 b FCG a4b DG CG b ~|F ¯ OhAÉDGh .bK ~}JCG á£)b ²G b -2bE ¯¡~|DG ¶(G d -x´G ~{ DG Ì£ - @@E á ~8b²G ác£³b+ zpJ ° á£ gDGh e¡ ~6C°G E x1%G Ì.Cb- ¢ < È J 3(G ,¯¡~|DG tJ4bgDG v D . ~|A C b + ¤ g J ¤gDG á£ ~{ DG v<G¡ DGh ,ÍJ2x~zDG R C ¯ á~9hx E ,Ix1C°G b -bJGh4 E , ~{ DG v<G¡B hpc~8CG hpc~8CG + ,h£FÆFC°G E b £ª« Ì~z£DG Eh ,ibcg ´G .á£ £~6¡´G ibFxDG jE -G¡ DG ¯ ~9¡,ÑG vc< Ì.CG dg - b´ á£<Gv+(°G áª£ DG < x DG } +h ,bK E 2b DGh ¡J2b DG $Gx DG b JvcJ ¤gDG ,Ìj DG iG2b gF°Gh ¤ « ° b ~8¡~|F C° °(G $¤~{D ° ,bK ~8b1 bK /Gh4 b -b+bgC v ~{ á£ ~{ DG Jhb DGh á£~zFbEhxDG ibBÉ DGh d²G < I¡~6 :ÉK )bB b c£m£~zA ,"¤ c J b» ÈCCG /xDG d«" hFbC G3(bA áA4b g´G áJGhxDG z£Jb E < kpcJ CG a4b Dh ,"¥x g A" 3b DG h<b g~6G b@@0 C ¢ < b D .$G¡@@ @DGh $bc DG Í+ ¢ < b ª~6G h~9xAh ,Í£<Gv+(°G ¤ gDGh ,$Gx DG ¡~6 ¶(G h £+h , £ + °(G Í.ÉjDG 5hbmg- µ ¤Gh Jx~7b DGh $Gx DG ,ib c DG iGx~{< b E h c:h ,t~z DG °%G b ~8¡~|F E E b -bJGh4 G¡ ªQ 0 JwDG Í£~9GÆA°G $Gx DG ¶(G áAb~9(G

Gk Oô°S ..»FÉ°ùædG óŸG

ó Ih mf 6*Q2

¥y<b+&* 4bcE ,&*x´* hFbC K*v/ v£ cD* ¤~9b´* ¯ dGwD* E Ì~zJ 4yF < Kbjp+ 94&°* 5x + ¡ J bE c~7&* ¢jF&* Ä0 ¢ < 4¡j D* (* &° I¡~6 x1%* dc~zD z£D ¤ m - ¢g0 ~{g- °H ¤ gs- ¢g0 x - ° A&°* ¯ vc g- ¤gD* ¡£ D* jE fcJ2&°* +b ´* ¯ b D ¤ cJH É D* ¶(* b Jx: ¯ i*È D* ~9H < B¡gJ °H ¡ D* ,¡ 0H É D* f ~6 x g0* /xD* bG4bF hc~{F&* ,4¡CwD* b < ¢ < b E K*2xH D3 EH z D* E f ~6b~7 ib0b~zE b D x~{JH h ~|D* E K*4¡~8 iÄ~6H 4b±* Í ²b+ f g E fcg< h + v G 8¡~|F b g ~8H DwD e2&°* d£ D E i¡-4bA &b D* ¡ 0 ¯ ,vJv/ ,b£0 i¡´* rH4 ¯ $b~z ³* hs FH f £~}A C E ¥4b D* b~zF(°* ibGbgE 6H&* h + f £/H GK x@@~@6%G $¤~7 @@C b@@C ,"4¡c DG" ¶(G °¡@@~@8h ,"¢~9¡ DG"@+ E ¤¿b g~zE É@@0CG v < $¤~7 C CGvcJ . £ª/ rbc~|C ¯ á+bg DG" ¯ áÂvB áJx ~7 ¤ s- ¤gDG áJ2x~zDG á ª±G 8¡~| DG E bGÌ= ¯h ," bJC°G CbAxE" ¯h ,"¥x< á ² ,$bª~zDG ¶(G b EÉBC N Gh b BN G4hCG h F Gw G .bGx~{ - µ ¤gDG e¡ ~6C°G iÌ= Gw Gh . 94C°G ¡A dg J £ª±G bC CG v + e¡ ~6CG ¶(G ,ác ~|DG g £c: E vªg~z´G Í~8xDG ·b/xDG CG b D vCCb- v Dh .á)2b DG ¢ £~6¡´G ibF4 E JbªgE ¥¡jFCG ¡Gh ,á+bg DG ¯ b +¡ ~6Cb+ ¥wg« hpc~8CG ib+bg DG E GK ÌjC CG á£)GhxDG 8¡~| D |p g´G a4b DG ¢ < GK 4w gE z£D bE .b -G4Gv~8(° á 0ÉDG Í£)GhxDG 8¡~|F ¯ ~zª J P b´h ,,È + dg - ¥hGv ~zDG G¡F hFbC ¤¿b g~zE É0CG cBh , b N P D á~}AGxDG ,x²G á.¡FC°G b ~z+ b/xDG 7x< h+b~8CG 3(G áJ¡B ,CGxEG hFbC v D .á ´G < ohx³Gh x Db+ hª T-G ° ¥w@@DG ¡ DG E x~7 ¡Gh ,¥x A dc~zD m~zDG h 12 Í +4CG E vJ5CG ¥hGv ~zDG ix~{F v D . b/xDG I¡~6 + ¢ pJ .Í gº ,2G4(Gh + dg - hDG5 bEh ,bK +bgC ~zDG ¶(G GxK cE b ~8¡~| + iÄ< N v A bª~zDG ,2b= bECG ,·b/xDG ~{Db+ ¥¡jFC°G ~{DG h~9¡<h .á+bg D ·b DG h2 D3 h A . gJG¡=h g gAh /xDG bª/ áBv+ h ~8hh ¥wDG ¤ £ ²Gh ¤ DG 8b~8xDG á J52 ¶(G °K b+ ¤ - CG ¯ ,2b= hcgC v D .GK 4v= bG4v~8 ¢ < y J CG Â bC ,¥v/h QP ¤ A ~{+ DG ª« CG ,CGxª D £A dg JO µ E5 FG ¤)ÉDG $b~z DG E ,vJv±G b£/C°G áN ª E hFbCh È<h $Gxp~|DG ¯ ibp)b~6 FCbCh áJ2x~zDG á+bg DG ¢ < D ~6Ghh d@M @04 $bE Í< ¢ < ,b£²G E á ² x@@1%G ¯ .¥x DG ¥hÆDG < k0b+ ¯ á@@£@CÆ@@DG iÉ~z ~zª D ,x@@1Cb@ g@ ´G á ª£ DG 4Gx@@ = ¢@@ @ <h

Q °G ¡G bK Eh2 $b~z DG Oi¡~8 bC . ª~z D bK g D BC°G ¡G bEh2 , 1C hCG ,n£m~}DG I¡~6 ÌjJ ° 4bA $b@@F(G ¢ < x Db+ £c~7 b -¡~8 á£EÉ~6(°G áFbJvDG ¯ . b/xDG x~{ E v g J @@BC°G ¢ < Gw G A4 £ < dmJ ° k£p+ , J2h < ib~|BbF $b~z DG iÄOg<G O2b E 2b g<G áª. á£p£~z´G áFbJvDG ¯h .ÑG xCw+ (Gh -¡~8 wG Jv - CGh , gº ¡pF ¢ < $b~z DGh b/xDG 1 ÑG CG áDhb¹ v J ,xD¡E G5¡~6 ¡ - bªC ,,Ghb~z´G < NkpcDGh áJ'hxDG 8¡~| + á gs´G ibAb jDG g«h .exDG vJ g ~8 bE b +(° M ¡G hª~|DG" (G ¡D¡ J y£ ‚(°bA b/xDG I¡~6 b 1 bEN j´G ¯ 24hh ." + Jyg- bE É£ B b FCG °(G ,,CGx@@´G ¤ 0 ~z0CG ,CGx@@´G CÆ- ° , £~zDbC $b~z DG á D" CG ¤ £~|DG ¤c ~{DG bE x - ° b F(G á£+4b ´G ,CGx´G < ¡Bx~{g~z´G ¡ Jh ."CGv~|J á ~7 h c+ 6hx DG zc - ° ¤ £~{DG ¯h .á~zª³G b +b~8Cb+ /xDbA ,kJv²b+ b /h5 hCG bG¡+CG b D qª~zJ ¢g0 4¡ ~7 ,vE . c Jh }AxJh ,¤ Jh w1CbJh ,q Âh Â ¥wDG ¡G bK Eh2 GK y£ªgEh GK vJxA bK )bC ,bK gº bK )bC hpc~8CG %°G ,CGx´G D h±h v D .áJx DG Ì=h áJx DG i°bm´G d =CG ¢ < ¢ J qc~8CGh , b/xDG ¢ < GK x 0 bEh2 bC ¥wDG ¤ ~z DG bm´G b¿CG Ì£ -h ,·¡/xDG xm²G b ~7CG e4b« CG bG4hv § x~7 Ì - v D á ª´G µG¡ DG GÆ@@1Gh ,,v)b~zDG Ì gDG Dh .bK E $b~z DGh b/xDG mg J qc~8CG b´ ¯x ´G obgF(°G á+bg DG ¡~6 ¢ < á£)b~z DG á ª£ DG ¡G ÈCCG b GbcgFG h D bE 7x< ,v£~6 ,Éc g~zEh %°G ,b F(G E ¡ F vQ 0 ¶(G áJ2x~zDG C E c - ¤gDG ib c DG 2v< E D3 ¢ < 2CG °h á+bg DG bc- ¤gDG ~8C°G E á ~8x ´G t~z DG E )b DG 2v DGh ,áJGh4 .e4b ´Gh 4b~{´G ¯ K v ~{§ á £c~7 á+É1 b~8¡~|F ¤¿b g~zE É0CG hcgC v D G4hxE ,",xCGwDG" w ªA . b N ±G P ¯ °(G £ < È - ° ¤ £c:

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

dDb DG ¯ 94C°G hFbC ,á£+x DG ,xJy±G c~7 ,"bK ~{ < ÈCCG h £s-" ¢g0 @@-b@@+Gw@@< É@@1 @@E ¢ mgJ bªC JvD 4b£1 °h , { DG E qFÆ- á<bª±G ib-bcF @@E Iv@@ @DG iGx@@ @B G¡~zp J CG I¡@@~@6 yc1" :,bFb ´G GwG E bK ~}JCG CGx Fh ,"rbc~|DG ¡ CCbJ CG £ < ¡ £~6 bE D3 : ExDG } + E ,b£²G £A xpg- $b~}A @@F(G ,"rbc~|DG GwG qg E $b~}A ,ib )b DG £A B¡ªg- bªC {Jb g-h J bªjJ4h iGw@@DG ¢ < r¡g Eh , b~{g0G ¯ ,áJGhxDG ¯ áJyCx´G á£~|s~{DG ¤G " ,4¡F" ,b £A b B¡Eh bG4Gh2CG 1Gvg+ á£Db ~7(G á£~|s~7 bK 0 ¤Gh xpg- , + ~z« ,$b~} DG GwG ¯ v/¡- ¤gDG ¤ A , | DG ¯ sJ4b- + D á Eb0 ¡ - CG °(G Â ° Dw+h , g£AGx / ¯ .b E $b~} DGh iGwDG ¤G áJb DG ¯ ¡ gDh , -bG¡~{-h ¶(G ,2¡ DG É@@1 E ¢ mg£A ,á@@JGhx@@DG w@@G ¯ EyDG b@@ECG ,¤~9b´G x DG ib£ £g~6h ib£ £~zª1 É1 Jx DG ¤~9b´G á£sJ4bgDG á 0x´Gh á_£cDG - iv~z/ á <bA I¡B É1 E b£E ,ámG¡g´Gh áB4b²G zª~{DG á_£+ ,b £A iv/G¡- ¤gDG '¡D'¡ DG ¤~8G¡ D á£~6b DG ,b£²Gh x:bs´G . ,á²b´G n£ ³G g ´G "¡GvDG" dCxE x ; ¢ < GK 4¡ ~7 ¡~}Â G¡FbC" JwDG I¡~6 ¡ CCbJ ° G¡FbCh áB4b²G zª~{DG á ~7CG hpF Í~8G¡ Db+ ebc~6CG < lvpg- ¤Gh b ~z F ác-b DG ,2b ~7 d~z0" £ DG E £ < x gF EyDG GwG ," ExDG á ª~6" b gJGh4 hyF CGx F ,"Í~8G¡ DG"h "vª0"h ",v1¡ DG"h " ~6b/ " É1 ¡ J bE c~7CG i¡~|+ ÉG ,v1¡ DG bB ":251 áp ~|DG ¯ "bK ~}JCG '¡D'¡ DG v£~8 e4bB b Gh": zª Db+ " + G3bE" "ib0É~8(°G } + ¶(G obgpJ ¡ A , cB E < -Ä1CG" , £g<h £~8CG EyD bK ~8h 7bBxB b E " áJGh4 ¡ - , £ <h e4b <h £~8b - ¢ < x g D ,wAbF ,24b~zDG b D hpgA Ä< E D3h ,á£<bªg/G ápJx~7 ,b£0 d£Db~6CG GwCh , -b<b~6 b£+bmJ(G b g:4h ¤gDG " ,4¡F " ¢<v- áJx~{+ E4 á ª~6 É1 ,iG4bE(°G áDhvD Ãv DG EyDG GwGh ,¥v£ gDG $b~} DG GwG ¯ C°G ~{£ - ¥wDG hAÉDGh Jx~zDG ¡pgDG GwG cB

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

." ~z + +4C°G $b´G exB ¡G ªp£D ,h£cDG ¶(G 109 8 "xJx~|DG c~{J 2b0 lb + ,4¡F h~9Æ<G " á£ DG v@@GG¡@@~@{@DG w@@G Í@@+ @@0É@@DG @@;b@@ @DG ¡@@G b@@E Ix@@"áJGhxDG £~8b - ¯ á<4y ´Gh K ¡G , c~}Db+ ¡G GwGh ,bJ2bEh bK £ D ",4¡F" 2xh 2b < F(G z£D ¡Gh ,áJGhxDG wG ¯ ·¡/4h ¥v£ - ªg¸ E b £ ~8 ¤Eb J2 yAb0 ¡G + ,d~zpA 2xªgDGh 2b DG /CG E GK 2xh GK 2b < d~|g ´G 4Gv±G GwG ¯ ,¡C qgA /CG E ~{ Jh 0xmJ 2x~z D .2¡/¡Eh )bC ¡G bE ° ¡ J CG ¤ c J bE ¢ < áDÉ:(G v~| + £fH~G*h $f G* ExDbA ," ExDG á ª~6" G¡ DG ácg< ¯ ,$b~} Db+ ¤ g F áJGvcDG w Eh ,Gw Gh ,$Gxp~|DG ¢ < £pJ hx E ¡G bªC E Gw@@Gh ,bK B4b Eh bK c£m< $b~}A F¡ + ¤0¡J bE b Ev~|J , ´G¡< ¶(G ¡1v D D¡~}A bc~7(Gh a4b DG 2b£ ~8G FCb~7 ,v0h" ¡G 9b~}BCG vª¹ ¤+x ´G vBb DG d~z0 $b~} DbA b £Gb~}- ° ,v0¡DG wG á£ªGCG + ,I¡~| DG b g£ªGCG b D á£Fb+ á E5C°Gh lGv0C°Gh ib£~|s~{DG D3 ¯ b§ ,Ix1CG ,v0h áJCG ác-b DG Ax - ¤ BGhh ¤ /xE $b~} + áJGhxDG x1y- , £ <h ," , £ª±G x F yCxE $Gxp~|DG + ¤ Fh ,a4b DG Ax J bªC <b g-h áJGhxDG ib£~|s~7 C b + c-x- á ~6b~7 á0b~zEh áAb0 ¢ < ác~|g ´G bc±G ¢ < ,"b£/¡D¡ £~6h b£<bªg/G E

ó Ih mf 6*Q2

"πeôdG áμª°S" ájGhQ ≈∏Y ¢ûeGƒg 7fE|E f¤¼

¤ g´* Ñ*vc< « t¼*h £*§¡ G* Õ+

¡G* Ëó -

á ª~6"@+ b gJGh4 , 7bBxB b E ,á£-G4bE(°G ,24b~zDG hF¡ < b~}Eh b~}E ,Ígª + á ª/ ~7 ¯ $b/ G¡ < ," ExDG DC°b+ á£FbjDGh áAb~9(°b+ ¶hC°G bgAx E bgª DGh , £D(G 2bg<G a4b DG C° ,á+Gx Db+ ¤0¡J bª c£Cx- CG v£+ , É@@DGh hCG áJxp+ ,2b< ¡ - CGh ,$b´G ¯ áB4b= á ª~zDG ¡ - CG ¢ < ~7bG2(G áª. Eh ACG Ì~z - FCb~7 E d£CÆDG GwG ,áJx F .kpcDGh {c D D¡~}A p~7h wG ¡ - @@D ,á@@JGhx@@DG ¡~|A É@@1 @@E hvcJ b@@E d~z0h ¤gDGh ,áJGhxDG ¯ á£~z£)xDG á£~|s~{DG " ,4¡F " I¡~6 á ª~zDG C ¢ ~6 ¥4¡C3 ªg¸ v~9 2xªgDGh 2b DG E ¤ J bE ¡ - Dw+h ,á£~z£+C°G ª£ D b <b~}1(Gh b £/vgD ~6h ¯ bE G¡ DbA ,GK v/ áJ5G¡gE áJGhxDG £ « bEh G¡ DG Í+ áBÉ DG CGx F ,¤)GhxDG ¤ p´G £D(G Ì~{J ¥wDG £/¡gDG z F ¶(G Ì~{J :áJGhxDG ¡~|A ¯ " £Bb~6 ¤_c1 :GxE%G b D bB" G3b´ , J bª Eh " -¡~8 ¢ < ¥2bcDG ob<yF°G ¤Cb« iCGv+h " GÆ0°G v< ¢ < vJ ¥wDG ~{DG Gw + ,¤Bb~6 ¶(G x " "x - °h /¡+ h gDG b Jx: ~zgD ~zDG ¶(G ,v)b< 2¡ ~|Db+ iCGv+h h~} F -

á£)Gh4 , 7bBxB b ´ ¶hC°G áJGhxDG ¤G ," ExDG á ª~6" ~7Gh ¯ h@@~@642h ,¤@@+2 ¯ iv@@Dh ,á@@£@ -G4b@@E(G á@@£@EÉ@@<(Gh á@@@<G3(°G ¯ @@6¡@@J4¡@@Db@@ @c@DG ,2b@@ @~@7 ¢@@ @< á ~8b0 v@@ @ Dh ~8G¡-h ,¤@@+2 ¡Jy - ¯ ª -h 2¡ - CG cB , ¡Jy gDGh .á£ )b.¡DG ÉAC°b+ b EbªgGG wG 4v~|gD ,áJy£ ‚(°G á Db+ 2009 ¯ á@@JGhx@@DG i4v~8 á<bc D Jv B 4G2 < á £FCG á c: ¯h á£+x DG á Db+ á ~zDG .,vpg´G á£+x DG iG4bE(°G áDhv+ J5¡gDGh x~{ DGh hCG ,áJ2x~6 á0¡D Í~zª1 E ,bK £)b 0h bK £)b + áJGhxDG ¡ g¯ Í@@£@-G4b@@E(°G ,b£0 hb g- ,ÉK ~|A Í~zª1 E Ix@@0C°b@@+ ,bK Eb ¤~9b´G x DG E ib £~zª³G ác 0h , Jx DG EyDG ªg¸ ¢ < ,2xªgE á+b~7 ,CGx@@EG < ,x.'¡E á~|B 4b@@:(G ¯ .,b£²G ¯ iG4b£1 b £0 ,CGxª D J µ k£0 ,¤ ªBh ¤~z£+CG ,4¡F" ¢<v- áª£gJ ,bgA ¡0 4¡pªg- áJGhxDG lGv0CG CG D3 , c±G ¯ Í :b DG b GCGh b g£+ áGx E Æ- "µb~zDG h + {£ - ¤C ,ájDb. á/h5 D ¡ -h , ~zE '¡D'¡D )b+ E ohyggD ¤gDG iGv+b ´G G¡DCGh G¡FCG C /G¡- ¤Ch ÌcC ¡« á 0xE $G¡ g~6Gh ,¡B b -2G5h á+É~8 b £A hj + + ,bG2¡< x~z - µ .ib cj´Gh ib+¡ ~|DG C /G¡gD

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¶(G ¡@@1v@@DG @@E A G¡ ªgJ CG pJ x1%°G } cDG 4b~8h ,b£Db J(G É1 D ,b@@+4hCG á£ + ¶(G 4¡c Db+ E b £A b@@§ á J¡ DG á 0xDG v£<CGh -Gh3 G¡ ~{gCG °%Gh ¤~6%bE -" :x@@1%°b@@+ gBÉ< £ ~{á£cG3 á~8xA ¤ g <CG ¤gDG á+b DG ¤~z F 1G2 áEb- áJx~z+ `cg1CG ¤C h C ,¤-G3 b~{gCG ¡pF ¤ Jx: ¯ x<b~{E ~6h ¡-CG , b Gh b G È -CG ." ¡CCb~6 G3bEh ,bFCG E ,á~}Bb gE « 6fª 6 Q§ ¡H ¾(* 2| G* §tkj Õ0 áJ2x~6 j áJb 0 b FC° ,áJb ²b+ Gx DG tA ¯ ác-b DG h Bh ¥2b@@²G x@@ @DG ¯ á~8b1h ,µb@@ @ DG b £Fb J IÄ@@C á£Fb~zF(G ,4b DG b E Áb - ¤gDG á£~6b£~zDG ibJ4¡-bgCvDG k£0 , Jx~{ DGh ,b£²G ¯ b£Fv- ¤<vg~zJ b@@» ¤@@+x@@ @DG b ´b<h á£ JxA(°G ¤~6b~6C°G AGvDG bªG x DGh ¤~6b£~zDG x DG Ì~|Jh ,á£<bªg/°G áJ¡ ´G áJ2x~zDG wGh .b@@+h4hC° á<hx~{´G Ì= iGxm DG $G4h ib DG } cD h g - µh ,bG2x~6 ¢ < 8x« ác-b DG h / ¯ ,x~7bc´G áJ4bc1(°G á DG b E ,·bª±G $b cDG h+b~8CG ¤gDG ¡0 ¥wDG ·b DG i¡~|DG DwCh , | DG E :b ´G } + ¡ - bª jE ,¤~6b£~zDG 4¡~{ ´G c~{J bE ¶(G | DG :b E } + ¥ÄB h£+¡~7 bFCG ":áJGhxDG ib£~|s~7 E á£~|s~7 b~zD ¢ < b + á@@0b@@:(°G v + b E x@@<x@@-h b ª 0 Ä@@C ,b£+¡£.CG @@E J CG FCb~7 E 4¡g~62 áEbB(b+ , bJ4bE É£G ¡g~z E 4¡-bgCvDG ,¤~7ÉgDG ¯ ²G GwG CGv+ .,Ghb~z´Gh v DGh áJx²G £ªm D GK ÌjC b²G gsJ µ 3(G , ªj+ 4v - ° ib£p~}- D b EvB vBh hcgC ,á£E¡J á £p~8 ¯ ª<CG ¤/xs- v + h C . £ < bC bªQ < E b ~z D ¥x~z DG Ìm gDG á~6b£~6 @@< °K b@@ @E ,x@@E iG3 .áE¡ ²G bGb cg- hFbC ¤gDG iG4bªjg~6°G v~| + :b E , z£)xDG E Í+x ´G } + G á~6b£~zDG wG E hC°G v£ g~z´G bK £0 m~zDb+ ,,4w@@@B d@@£@Db@@~@6Cb@+ Ìm gDG Gw@@G @@g@J b@@ Ch "x1%G bK £0 á£Fb~zF(°G ibEv³G E bEx²Gh eb~|g=°b+h

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

i¡~8 ¡G ,x1%G ¥2x~6 i¡~8 ¶(G £ J v)bB @@E b gJb 0 ¤ pgD ,,x@@ @G5 ,xE 2¡ - . ,b c~|g=G ¥wDG ác£g DG ¯ g - . ,¤ +h4 i¡~8 ¶(G Ix1CG ,bg DG h£Gx+CG i¡~8 ¶(G á£Db- áJ2x~6 ¯ ¤ +h4 ¢ < hAx - ¤gDG á£+¡£.C°G ¶(G bK +xG b E h/x1h , G2¡@@~@z@DG Í£FG2¡~zDG } + E bK J¡~6 b+x £D b£c£D . ,b£Db J(G ¶(G Í£+¡£.C°G } +h ¡G vJv/ i¡~8 ¶(G 2x~zDG g J iG¡~8C°G ¡ g- Gw Gh ,h£+¡~7 i¡~8 áJ5G¡gE ibJ2x~6 ¯ ,á£ ~{gE h-CG ¤gDG áJb ²G ª gD áJ2x~zDG ª - áJ2x~6 C ," 5bcDG " á Jx: ¢ < ácBb gEh ,4hbmgEh ¢ < ¡ - .Gw Gh ,á +b~zDG áJ2x~zDG ¯ ªg J µ ¥wDG Gx DG ¯ hA2b~8 bE =4" :i¡´G á 04 < ¤ « ¤Gh ,h£Gx+CG b~zD , G2¡~zDb+ GK 4hxE b+b+CG zJ2CG ¤-42b E w E ,d<bgE E ¤-b£0 x sgD b£c£D ¯ 2b=hC°G $°'¡G E ¤g+x© - µ ..$Gxp~|DG . ¡/h ¢ < Q ixQ E ,¥v0h ¤ ~|sJ µb< ¯ d£=CG iCGv+...·b+ ¢ < ,¤)bBv~8CGh ,b -v A ¤gDG ¤-x~6CG :¤-b£0 ¯ gcc0CG JwDG C .bK E¡J ¤ c« µ (Gh d²G C b c0CG ¤gDG b+b+CG zJ2CG ¤g JvEh bExBh ,hJxª~6CG áDb³Gh GÌ±Gh Íc£ DG GCG 6'¡+h G2¡~zDG ¤gDG ác-x´G ¢ < áAx DG ¯ á£ExE Áv/C° h ACG ...áª04 ¡+CGh h£+¡~7 bª £+ áBxp+ ¤ c- ¤ +h4 hFbC .¤ +h4 E b C4b~{-CG h C áJhG5 ¯ E¡Q - ,¡~z DG á£ +h , F¡£< á EG2 , bgª/Gh bJxEh ." ¡³G E ©xJ , Gh ¯ áAx DG m*{G* f kF* ½f G* f kF* bK ª 0 á£ DG ,4b DG ¶(G ,Ì DG ,4b DG E 4¡c DG á 04 qc~|á~8xA ~z F hB¡DG ¯ qc~|-h , 0Gh4CG ¡+4b DG £A A2 ¡Dh b GCG b +xQ G ¤gDG ¤ +hxA ,µb Db+ b gBÉ<h iGwDG b~{gC° h-b+ ¡£DG iGx ~z E cB E b Ab g1G E bK A¡1 b :h E b Jx: ¯h , bg F°Gh áJx²G jÂ µb< ¶(G 4¡c Db+ « ÌjCh ¤G iCbcg1G b£Db J(G ¶(G h ~8h bª £0 ,b -G3 ~{g } cDG 0 B¡- ,2hv²G ¢ < á+b DG - ¯ Jx/b ´G E

Q2 * 6 f m ó Ih

â«HGƒJ ÒNC’G ≥eôdG áæeRCG 7fF £*5§ G qDb~8 *vJ¡G 2

,vJv/ fJ*H4 "Ì1&°* ExD* f E5&* f )b< h£+*¡-" 4*2 @@< i4v@@~@8 ~7b D* *5¡@@~@6 f£F*2¡~zD* f£)*Hx D Äg J Kb<¡~9¡E Hb g- fJ*H4 2017 ,xGb Db+ vA*H4 ¯ x~{cD* b@@ @g@E* gJ k£0 fJx~{cD* Íc/ ¯ f@@+v@@F h£+*¡- ¯ ~z F&* $b@@ @ D(* ¶(* AvJ b@@» @@ @F*v@@ @+ E eHx D f~z)bJ i°Hb@@¹ ¯ i¡@@´* dC*xE f )b< -H Dbc g~6* }Ax- Ix1&* *v + ¶(* Fb:H&* "f£<x~7 Ì= ,xmG " +HxG i°Hb¹ ¢ < jj*h|G* · m*§ 8&¸* 2ó ib DG ¯ 2v - 2x¸ z£D iG¡@@~@8C°G 2v - hCG á£Db Fx DGh bE 4v + v0G¡DG | DG 1G2 ,GhxDG ¯ 2v - hCG ,áEvsg~z´G ¤)GhxDG ª DG bC $G¡~6 ,á<¡ g´G x DG ib /¡D 9x< ¤G vO 0CG b £A ~|A S C ¥hxJ ,áBx gE ¡~|A ~7 ¢ < bK £ cE b £A ,,2x E x F á /h É1 E Â¡ - J Dw+h ,ib£~|s~{DG b ~8¡+ ,4¡~|DG w@@G ¯ á<¡ g´G x DG ib /h vS O- hCG ¤gDG ,4¡~|DG ¤Gh , 6b~6C°G ¯ áK Jhb~zgE áK £/¡D¡JvJCG iG¡~8C M G iG3 áJGhxDG ¥CG á£F¡A¡D¡cDG) Íg1b+ £)bs£E b £ < :CG 'hb~z- bECG ¤ ~z c~6hCG zJ4¡+ Bh vBh ,,2v g´G iG¡~8C°G Í0 D'¡´G bGb cgJ EN x F á /h " :¡Gh á£ªGC°G áJb= ¯ á /h ¡ - vBh "b£/¡D¡JvJCG C4vJh ~|J ¥wDG µb DG ¡U J ¤ªg - - b + bK 0xS ~|E CG ,K Æg~zE hFbCCG $G¡~6 - wG x DG áJ4b£ ´G áE¡ ´G E GK $y@@/ ¡ - vB hCG , ~z F D'¡´G ¶(G Iv@@0(G ¶(G ¤ªg - ¡ - vB hCG , @@D'¡@´G < y § ,¥hGx@@ @D ib /h E G2v@@< | DG Íª~}- Â bªC ,ib£~|s~{DG ."á£/¡D¡JvJC°G x DG ¢ < g~{- CG hDhb0 , A ~7b DG G5¡~6 hDhb0 bE GwGh áJhG5 E ÈCCb+ lv@@²G á@@JGh4 g- CG ,iG¡@@~@8C°G 2v - á£ 2x~zDG hpggAG k£0 ,¥2x~6 i¡~8 E ÈCCG b D v - CGh ,áJ'h4 ,,xG5 IÄ DG b g1CG tJ4b- b D ¤ pgD ¤ +h4 á cDG i¡~|+ ¥wDG ~| DG ¯ g - . ,i¡´G iGx ~z E ¶(G iw1CG £Ch

E x gD áJGhxDG á + "¤ +h4" b + hEbB ¤gDG i¡´G á 04 b F(G `:G¡~7 ¶(G °K ¡~8h ,b£c£D . , G2¡~zDb+ G4hxE b£+¡£.CG bGv + 4Gx DG ¶(G FGv + ¯ i¡@@´G A2 hÌjCh ¤G ,b£Db J(G ¡Gh ,bK _£~7 · ¤ J xª DG v J µ" : 6b DG Gv + ¯ i¡´G ¶(G v£B b Fh2 xpgDG £ g~6CG ° ¤gDG ¤gJ¡G áBb + ¯ hQ v@@E ,¤ :h m~6 E 4x«CG bEv < CGvcJ ¥xª< ,¤ :h 1G2 á ¿CG ."ÄCC°G b m~6 ,bGx~9b0h á£~|s~{DG t@@J4b@@- Í@@+ áB4b E ác-b DG £ ¤ A ,xs DG ¶(G ¡<vJ ¤~|s~{DG b sJ4b- ¤ +h4 á cDbA D , b DG b )Gv ~7 v0CGh áJÌ-4(°G ,4¡jDG v)b D ,v£ 0 bGhv mJ ° ¢g0 bGv + E ixQ A v A ,bK Eb gsJ bGx~9b0 ib£g DG ¢ < v£ mgDG 8x J k£0 ,i¡´G iGx ~z E ¯ GK x~zB ,xG5 b g1CG iv /O v@@Bh ,,x~{< á ~6bgDG ~6 ¯ b£g DGh }A4 E h ª0 bª £0h ,ác£g DG v)bB b c~|g=Gh ,GK x~zB GhÄ1CGh ,ác£g DG ¯ b ~z F hBx0CbA ,4b DG E bG3b F(G ¡G ¤ +h4 Ì~|E b A ,iv ~{g~6GO b FCG i¡´G iGx ~z E ¯ dCGxE ¶(G ,GK x 1 J ° Ì~|E ¶(G Ì~|´G GwG E 4Gx DG ¤c0 =x+h ,áJÌ-4(°G ,4¡jDG $Gv ~7 v0CG ,v£ 0 bFCG":i¡´G £ « < ry0y-CG ¤ mJ µ D3 C ,¥v/ IxC3h ¤ :¡D ACb~6 , Ì= $¤~7 °h ehx DG ,ehx DG ác=4 b F(G ,vJ4CG bE ,i¡´G iGx ~z ´ ·¡12 v< ª~9C° b= M C A2CGh $¤~7 ¥CG ¤g C ¡D ¢g0 "Ghb~6" x ~z E ¯ xEC°G ¤+ ¤ g J CG vJ4CG ° ."¤-b£0 D3

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

@@)G2 @@Jhv@@- É@@1 @@E ,x@@~@9b@@²G 4¡ ~{DG ibJ¡gp´h ¤<¡DG ibC4v´ x@@ EC°G , ¡@@£@ + b@@E¡@@J b@@ @ .hv@@0 4¡@@ A á ´ GK v@@£@ £@ « bK @ª@g@0 ¤@@ @ @J ¥w@@@DG z Dh , @@D'¡@ ´G (b@ A ,4b@@Cw@@g@~@6°G ¶(G v@@ª@ @ J ,á@@£@ Cb@@ @ g@ F°G á@@Jb@@ @ DG ibC4v´G w@@G 4b~}pg~6b+ £ á£D¡ DG ,xCGwDG E ibJ¡gp´Gh iGx@@CGw@@DG E bK ~}JCG D ,á~8b1 ¤<¡DG FG3 ¡ J CG v + á 0ÉDG .bK £g< xª DG E b + vB 4¡ ~{DGh gJ4¡Ah x~9b²G áJx~7bc§ b ~{F°G eb~z0 ¢ < GwG C ."ib£E¡£DG " ¯ Íg~9Æ ´G )bB¡+ v£ gJ CG bK J4b£ E £A 9Æ J ib£E¡£DG d-bC C°h ,b + xÂ ¤gDG e4bmgDG )b p+h b £A ¡ J ¤gDG G¡@@0C°G xCb~7 (b@A ,áB4b ´Gh vJxmgDG dGb£= ¯ 9¡sJ ° k£p+ e4bmgDGh G¡0C°G wG $G4h bE ,GwG E °K v+ , J¡ g~zJ ¥4¡F á +¡gE á£ ~z A iÉECbgD b@@Gb@@J(G bK ~}º ,á£ 1 i°°2 E :á£ Jy£Ab £E iG4b c+ 9x DGh á£ ~{DG )b~6¡DG h<¡ -h á£ DG dDG¡ DG i2v iGw@@DG mJ b@@§ "ib£E¡£DG " eb 1 Ím - ¡@@Gh ,v@@0Gh -xCG3 4G4v@@g@~@6G ¢ < GK 4Gv@@g@ BG È@@CCG D'¡ª D á£AGx=¡£cDG :h ¶(G bK Bb£g~7G ,b 0Gx-CGh b 0GxACG 3b g~6Gh á£~zJ4bcDG ."x1%G E5 ,2°hh E5 $b~} FG " ¡ J k£0 b G ,x1%G =4 ¢ < ," +b+ ox+ ¯ áEbB(G áBb + " ebgC CG ¥v < q/ÆJh ác ~8 á£)b 0h áJx A ,G¡F ¢ < ¥¡ J , ¡ gDGh 2v gDG J3 eGw DGh á+hw DG E) ¥4¡@@F xCb~7 eGw g~6G ¤Gh ,á£ 1 áJx)GvDG zJ4b+ $b£0CG" : Fb E rhGxJ bE )b~9 E5 < kpc D v/CG bE b<x~6h , EyDG 4hvJ bªC 4h2CGh ,b D¡0 ¡0CG ¤ © vB " £EvB 4b.%G ¤ g J bEv < b~|< ¢ < ` gJ bs£~7 ¤~z F zJ4b+ á£sJ4b- ¡G EbªgGb+ x.Cbg~zJ bE Cb@+ ebg DG ¤0¡J .4Gx~8(Gh ,¡ + x~9b0 ¤~|s~{DG sJ4b- CG b²Gh < dg - CG b@@E(G :Íg .G E ,v@@0Gh : ¡@@BCG $v+ ¢ < GK 2¡@@< b FCb~7h b CÆ- CG bE(Gh ,¥4¡F xCb~7 b < dgC bªC zJ4b+ b 0Gh4CG ª² $b -G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

+b~zgFG ¯ x~{J ebg DG 2b@@C b@@E GwG v<G¡Bh 2hv0 BxA ¢g0 b £D(G 6b /CGh b ~7CGh ¡ + bJyg£D DG .á~8b1 x F bJGh5 Eh Ix1CG á Jw´G Ì@@= eb@@g@ @ DG á@@Ev@@ @E @@E bK /hx1 v J bE ¡Gh – b g+bgC tJ4bg+ |Jx²G DG GwG bC4CG v0CG < b -bBb£~6h @@)b@@B¡@@DG t@@J4Cb@@- ¢@@ @< GwG áAv~|Db+ zcgBCG – b g£BG¡§ z£D 24b~6 b~zD ¢ < Ä ´G ´G xCb~{D á£AGx=¡£cDG iGw@@ DG I¡~6 ,b mGbc§ 6bª F°G ¢ < zJ4b+ j« " : ~z F bK £/b E ¥4¡F gDy< eGx¹ ¶(G 2¡ - CG /C° b E ¤ g - bE b<x~6h E -4b~}F E £04 E |gªgD ác.¡gE á Jv´G x g . ,á£~94C°G b Bb FCG ib/42 ~z- ¯ £EvB d - E +bc~7 ¯ Aw gD ...) , b£~z DG 4bc= ¯ ~}gD bK cFb/ 0x ." b£~z DG I¡~6 E2b J E £A v© ° xp+ x<b~{§ ohyª´G I¡ DG qJ4bc- < J ¥wDG , ´G GwG (G ~8G¡£~6 24b~zDG Cb@ + ¤0¡J , b@@@GhC°G b~{ FGh Gv@@s@ F°G ¯ 2x~zDG e¡ ~6CG E bK Ebm~zFG , @@-G3 ¢ < ¤~z/ÊDG Ì_ciGwDG wG < t ~z £~6 bE b<x~6 D "ib£E¡£DG " A x~9b²G ¯ ¤~9b´G k c+ g J ¥wDG u4'¡´G á£~|s~7 |ª g£D k£0 ,x)b~|´Gh lGv0C°G JhCbg+h £~74C°Gh 4b.%°G b g~6b+h ¥h3 á£AGÆ0b+ zJ4b+ tJ4b- £~| g+h áBv+ 9x g~z£~6 b sJ4b- hw- h2 zJ4b+ ¯ {£ DG hw- Â °" :,Ä³G ¢ < tJ4bgDG ibp ~8 CGx - ,b <4G¡~7h b gB5CG ¯ ¡mg- hFCGh á Jv´G wG tJ4b- dgC xm²G ¡ ~7 Í+h áAx1y´G b FG4v/ .$Gx ~{DGh 4G¡jDGh h2xªg´Gh ,2b DGh $bc ³G F(bA "ib£E¡£DG " A áEx0 b gFG ¯ ¥4¡F xCb~7 E bK Fb E(Gh < £BvDG ¤sJ4bgDG ¥xpgDG ¥CG ,b£ª£F¡+¡ DG + ~6¡gJ CG ~{ J ¤ D ,b )b + tJ4b-h á£AGx ±G BG¡´G $bª~6CG ~8CG 3000 ¶(G b sJ4b- 2¡ Jh ,,4bpcDGh ,2b£~|DG bGb + zJ4b+" 4b@@.%G ¥xm²G x~| DG b~zF(G x- k£0 ,2É£´G cB á ~6 ."¶hC°G Ey D áJx~|0 áJb < ·¡J GwG "ib£E¡£DG " A bC G3(Gh

ó Ih mf 6*Q2

¢ùjQÉH IBGôe ‘ …Qƒf ôcÉ°T Hvp + v£~74 2 z m D f+4*¡E É+H r¡~9¡+ d-b D* ~}sJ &* b@@E(* Í .* E v@@0*H fJ4b£ ´* +*¡~}+ f£FÉ< v£ g£A ~|F £D(* d~zg £~6 ¥wD* ¤@@+2&°* K*v gE K*x@@Gb@@ @- @@ @A xGb gJ &* b@@ E(*H f@@£@=É@@c@D* @@-b@@:*Æ@@~@7b@@+H wG < Kb£ B v£pJ Kb~|F vcJ ¤ D ¤@@+2&°* z ±* DwD <¡~}s+ F&° Kb£DbjgE* | D* ¡ J ¶H&°* b²* ¯ ib:*Æ~7°*H +*¡~}D* K £~8&* ¡ J f£FbjD* b²* ¯H dD¡ E ¤~6b /&* ~8&* c: fs~zF ¥&* É ~8&°* *wG ¢ < 2x $*x/ E Kb Jx: ÇgAG ¤gDG - ,áJ4¡ ~6C°G +b+ ácg E á+b04 I¡g~zE ¯ ¡ J 6b /C°G c cgD -xE iGwDb+ b FC° , ¡ ±G v0 |£14¡+ b + .ib DGh b ~7C°Gh 7b< ¥w@@DG ¡G , zJ4b+ ¢~z J CG ¥4¡@@F xCb~{D Â £C D Â £C + "bK Eb< Í.É. E ÈCCG ,1977 E GK $v+ b £A zJ4b+ < -xCG3 x1w- bE CG bª£~6° ,bGxCwgJ CG Ix0C°b+ 42G¡@@Fh ,bFb Eh iGxEb Eh ibBÉ<h ib<bc FGh 4¡~8 E 2b g~6G £ g~zJ D k£p+ ¡ gDGh ,È DG E ¡G ibc£1h "ÉK JhCb-h ÉK ECb-h GK 2x~6h bK ~8h b£g0°b+ oGx0(°G GwG ¢ < b gD°G ¶(G ¢ ~6 vB FCG ;CG ,xCbE á£C3 £~z - á£ ª< É1 E ¢ c²G -xCG3 ¢ < iG3 á£)b 0 b ~7CG ¢ < á£~zJ4bcDG -bJxC3 5¡@@J g / ¤ £m~zgDG eb ³G b DhCG D .á<¡ gE á£ £:¡£ª£~6 iG2b ~6 Eb + bK @ £@ @ BGh $b@@~@}@A @@z@J4b@@+ @@£@A hv@@c@- ¥w@@ DG ¥x@@Jx@@ @g@DG É1 E D3h ,áJ4b~}²Gh áJx DGh á£~6v DG -b~|s~{E ¥wDG "ib£E¡£DG " A ¢ < dm Eh d£m< ¤ £Ab£ E J¡ -

o4v J +b+ ox+ ¯ áEbB(G áBb + ¥4¡ DG xCb~7 ebgC CG d~z0CG G¡ + GK 4¡ ¹ ,$Gx D ~z F d J ¡ A .ÁbjDG ª DG ª~9 Ígp ~|DG ¯ -bc.(G ® ," zJ4b+ ib£E¡J" ¡G , 2b1 ¤<xA ¶hC°G á£ 1GvDG ibp ~|DG ¯ bªC É D á +GxDGh ¶hC°G h2 ¡F¡ J $Gx DG CG ¡ A , Gv³G /h bECG .ájDbjDGh á£FbjDGh ¶(G hÂ ° FCG b²Gh ."ib£E¡J" ÉK A F¡ + GhÆ=G vB ~7 bECG . xGb; ¯ x~|p - á£GGh á ~|+ °(G ¤+2C°G z ±G GwG ,$b<2Gh bK ª<5 , F¡C ácg< ¢ sgJ (G bE ebg DbA , :b+ ¯ x1%G ¤+2CG ¡F FCG $¤~7 v + bK _£~7 ~{ J x~{J ¢g0 "ib£E¡J" ¤0É ~8G ¡DvE E DG Gw D b§ "ib£E¡J" F¡C Gv< £ < vJ bK ª~6G D x gcJ CG ¢ < a4b DG kpg~zJ F¡C ,¯x0 .bK £/¡Db£ £/ bK E¡J u4'¡E Jhv- FCG ¡G "ib£E¡£DG" z / 2vpJ bE bC G3(bA , + -h -h D 9x g-h ,24b~zDG iGwDG Gx- b´ ¡£+ ¢ < ¥v~| DG 2x@@ Ix0C°b+ ¡G ¥4¡@@F ebgC y£Â bE (b@A d04CG x1%G ACG ¢ < 0bg FGh ¥x~|²G £~}DG vJvpgDG GwG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

O GhCG ~zSgDG áAb . ng JO bª E C C° , ¡ ³ hCG ,x@@1%°G ¥CGx@@DG c J ° bK ~zgEO bE(G bK Fb~zF(G O bK J¡~6N O ¡ J £C x J ° bK £EGy FG bK FP b1 N bE GwGh ." 2%G á =" gJGh4 ¯ O ±b< ¤@L @ @)Gh4h ¤@L @ EÉ@@ <(R G d@L @-P b@@C @@{@ Jx@@DG ¡@@@+CG ¤@@ @< -x ~7L hR BN bA á£)GhxQ DG -x ~7O S CG Nv£R +N ,xL <b~7h P U bK D'¡E Jx~{<h á~zª1N EP ÈCCG D ,áJx ~{DG á£0x~zEh ,Ì~|B |~|BP h ib@@JGh4 Í+ bE , GÆ@@<°G R : @@-b@@JGh4 E ,áJÈF ib<¡ª¸h O G á£.É. ,á ´G á J5 ,,4b~6 |£ªBN $b´Gh d² gJGh4 iÌN g R1G vBh , 2%G á =N ,,4¡N ~zR BN R E iR xS A ,eGÆ@Q @DGh N ,áM £+x< áM JGh4 á)bEP ~}ACG ª~9 " GÆ<°G" ,y)b/ bF E 2008 b< eG2%°Gh ¡ DGh ¡ D áJxJv gDG iG4b@@E(°G hb gDG z ¸N ,y)b/h ,vJG5 + á £ 1 t£~{DG áDhvDG z£)4 á£Âx gDG b@@ @-4hN2 ¯ ¤@@+2C°G y£ªSg D á£+x DG n£ ³G hv@@D S 2¡ª<N ¯ á£ p~|DG Ì ~{DG N CN ,¶hC°G S i°b ´G ib_EP dg v + b + ª Db+ pgDG ¤gDGh ,2b«°G á £p~|+ "`AGxE" N Í.É. ¡pF ¢~}ECR G ,xGb Db+ zª~7N Í<N á Eb/ P EP /xsN P ¥w£ gDG xJxpg D bK ~z£)4 . ,¯b jDG ~z P D bK ~z£)4 bK Eb< dg J O G5b@@Eh ," B" hx~{´ GK xJvE Gv=N bGv + ,,vJxm D .,vJx±b+ ¤E¡£DG 2¡ª<N R CG ¯b jDG ªgm´b+ Gv0N b» bK gA° bK J5¡- -bJGh4 h S R 0 R "á£-G4bE(°G áJGhxDG ,vª<O hCG v)G4" £ < JO µ FS CG =4 FC° áJGhxDG b¸ ¯ 5O x+C°G FCb+ ~8P hO h ,b cgC R E hCG J O G Æs- b / ibJÄCO @@E d / M ¶(G bK c /N -h y@@m@O @² @+ bFxCwJO R CG gJGh4 R E vJv DG ¯ ¢~z J °h ,á£+x DG e4bmgDG á cO DG - ,áª£³G 6G4 ,4bE(b+ ~6CP G4 ~zEN " 9Ì E" R ¯ á<2P G¡DG á)2b DG ¤gDGh c±Gh xpcDGh $Gxp~|DG ~}0 b -4N b c+ h g0G ¡P DCG 2hN h ,á.Gv²G 4b£- E b £ < ¢~{sJN R

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

d@@~@6GhxS @DGh i°b@@j@²G á£ ~|N-h ,á£ g D á/bp+ pF Gw@@D xCwgJN h GK ÌjC ¢~z JN D M ,b _:G¡~7 O ~z N- áM E4b< áM /¡§N obgpF ,á ² 5hbmg- ,vO´ ibJb U Db+ gpJ ° d D M ,ÉK £ B O ¯ áM <4b+ áM £Fb~zF(G áM £~|s~{D x<b~{´N G £DCb- ¯ á<vcEO rhxD M .ibBÉ DG R ~8O rx N- á ~z DG G O @@E'¡@J á@@JGhx@@Db@@+ á ~z DG áBÉ< @@<h ¶(G Ì~{JO ¤)GhxDG CG ¢ § , A Ì~{O- áJGhxDG bª £+ ,4b AC°G O gJ , £D(G 42b JO h ,42bc´G bE5P w1CbJ CG a4b DG ¢ <h xª DG 4¡ ~7ÉDb+ Ì gDG CG ¯ "vJhxA vF¡ªm£~6" E -P b+bgC ¯ GwD , :bcDG P DG < á©bF ibAx~|gDG C S CGh ,4¡ ~{DP b+ ° O iGwDG E qDb~|gDG S G IxJN h ,¤<hÉDG á E ¯ bK Eh2 {c J ¤<¡N DG b E ¤0hxT DG ¤<¡N DG ,2¡@@<N v + ¤-CbJ ¡Gh , E v+° N ¢ < xO £~zJ ¥wDG ¥2b@@´G :"x/vJbG -4bE" ¡ C ,b P´b< KbJhb1 qc~8CR G ¥2b´G r¡ª DGh Q áD%°G ¤ AN Í+ x~8bpO´G b~zF(°G O ÂR °h , 1GvDG N E qc~| O JO rhxO DG eb£= ¯h ,iGwDG bEP5 N ."¢ E É+ v~z±G q P ~|JO bª£A xªjg~zF CG b £ < áL Jx AP áL Db~zE ,b£²G O ~{R <P ¢FG¡g- D á-¡c EN hCG áDhy EN hFbC bª E ,4bp´N bA , ¡ N DG b F¡ §N w gD 4¡~|gDG ,w + ác~}Q sN O´G b -P 2b< < GK v@@+CG ,x~6C°b+ bªgGÉD bK Eh2 ¡<vJ GwD ,á+x ~}O´G 0G¡~zDG v < O G áAb . G¡ª g£D áE2b DG b£/C°Gh ° $b DGh qEb~zgDGh dU ²

ó Ih mf 6*Q2

á«JGQÉeE’G ájGhôdG q óFp GQ z¢ûjôp q dG ƒHCo G »q∏Y{ o äÉjBG ƒ∏àjn IÉ« n◊Gh Ö u ◊G ,v£c< fJ4¡0 N *H ,b£²* ibJ%* S &* =4 ibJb R ¡ g-N b´N b0 ¢-&bg- b ± U D* ibJ%* *¡ g£D 2*xA&°*H b:H&°* } c+ vJ4O* xL ~7N O b+ b F¡£< fK j0b+ b PE¡ D 4b@@+2&°* hDS H K*4¡£: qc~|F ¤C b P0*xA&° xO ~|g FH b F*y0&* O y A d² O *wD b~9xU D* 6H'¡ + $b ~zD* b £ < gA b )b£ N< ¯ É0&R °* ¡£ D fK Fb EO fK ¹ x gN D* < O c g~z´* N BH ¤~9b´* *y 0&R * ¢ < ibg R J ¥wD* )b D* D3 b 1*v+ d£_ D* )b D* fÂyG E v+° P x~9b²* ¯ b -bg J &* Â Mfm +N < ¢Eb gJN H á£FGhv O DG b -4w+R b 1Gv+ Pª« á£Fb~zF(°G áAb jDG S CG IxJ ,4wcDG - ,áM _£~}EO 4M b ACGh iG5b@ M @‚(G E ª«N bE 4v + R N ¯ r¡~9¡+ O g J DbA ¤+x DG b P´b< I v cgN á£FGhv O DG Q M bK pcR BO hpc~8C Gh hE4Q ¡- ¢g0 , v@@ N @DG ¤G b@@FC°G S C° DG R b £<hN b £D(G v£ O-h ,4bc DG b < y R - á£Ab . b~|EC M ° obg« O O G h R - ° ¤C 4hv ´N G , bE UyDG R Jh b ~}+GxEN E ¡£³ R Q R iGw@DG Í+ bm~z M FGh áM E$G¡EO 1 ¢ < ª DG E v+° GwD ¡cB P @@/CG @@E @@Jx@@1%°G Iv@@Dh b JvD ¥4b~}²G ym O´Gh , E {Jb gDGh x@@1%N °G cQ -h á gs´G b ~zJ4b~}g+ ,b£²G dDb JO GwD - Ìc N- v0N ¢ < - á£FGhv<O á£+x DG áAb jDbA x S DG ,2b@@<(Gh ,b E J NyO´b+ GÆ@@<°Gh R b g=b£~8P ,2b<(b+ áJb P DG S CG Ix@@Jh ,á£ª£ gDG nGb ´Gh ¤ JvDG eb ³G P ¯ N E xJx P «hN b~zF(°Gh ,b£²b+ áJb <P ¤G á~z£ DGh vm~z´b+ O G oG¡ECR ° á FN b EO h d)Gx³ N Gh d~6GhxS DG .áJxU ² O G ¡pF O y N- g ~z A 2O 2x@@JO h , £pm D á£FGhv O DG áK C4b- d@@² IxJh ," b £~{ D ¤c B ¯ °K b¸N NvJ µ Ñ ¤c0O R E" P :bK Eh2 ,wAb DG qg - ÍpA ,dp D O ¤ ª DG £c gDG ¡G qEb~zgDG S CG N qg - R CGh ,á £c DG E qL Eb~z- DwA DG $G¡ DG 1v£D N hO2 R E £A ÌO = ¤~{ªR £D xJx M 0N E ,M 2bm~z+ j.'¡-O h c B ,x@@1%N °G N @E qL Eb~z- DwA d/G¡0N v£ N- hCG Íc/N Í~} N," D ,v~z EN á c~zO´G 4b AC°G" :¡~6h4 áD¡ §N O E'¡J DwD

N v ~{JN bª£A JCG4 < gD$b~6 g£ gDG Í0 EP x~8b P O´G b O´b< ác=xD ám£gF FCb+ ¤ +b/CG ,ác~| gEO h ágEygEO )P Gx:h M x1 ¡ J O bEv A ,iGw@S @DG E b gF°G ¯ 2Gx@@AC°G E á£ 1G2 Áb J @@FCG ¤ J Gw A , ~z F xm £D L U 4¡GQyDG xªR <O ¯ eb~7 , -b+Gw< EP | sQgDb+ ¡ £A b ~{£ J áM £sJ4b- dF3 M ,v <O O N G á£~}Bh iGwDb+ á gEO + ,,K vJv/ h~z£D dFwDG EP 8É³ E á£Eb gF°G b g £~6h áM ECG Dh E5 M D Cb JR h ,áJx~{cDG xAP IvD ¤<bª/ 4L bpgFGh ,¤<bª/ L b gFG b A ,iGw@@DG N hv P mJN hx1%Gh ,áJ3¡cDG . Gx O DG d P :N < ÌM c gC v~z±G Ahx0O ibg J FS CbCh ¡p Q DG vJv~{DG v~z/N v/CG gJCG4 bª S C ÄCCG GK xªR <O £ O- ¤gDG /h R ibª~zBN h , vJ4hN 2GvEP B M E K + $O ¡ JN ÉK £ . bª NG O ªpJ DO bs- , Nv£)¡DG g£~{EN EhP , xªR <O E O R J , E v R - Í0 ,¤~6v0N Nv~8N g.vS 0 bEv <h , x R ;N bj N kJv²G hC°G F NvJN2h ªT G d@M @J2CG E áB¡c~zEN Ì= áM £ ~{+ K K O $d P + j´G ¤+x DG ¤<¡DG ¯ GvJv/ bc . qg J R CG @@GC°Gh á ~6É DGh á ~z DG ~{<h P , z S DG R <P ¯ |~|sN S - ,¤~9b´G ~{gCG , ¡~z £A FS CG ¤<vS J ° D , D vJv~7 bªgGb+ CGx A M M ¤gDGh g ~z A ¡G b S D R CG kcD bEh , M N EO ÄCCG ,b£²G CG O G á E ¶(G á£FGhv O DG á E E b gF°G" ¤ N,"d² N xR ~7 ~}ACG ~{+ M E 4bm~7C°G R F ¥CG M x PªjgO D b ´ b E O .,¡p~|DG S b E £pg~zO- á ~zg´G ¡ DG C° , ¡ DG ,4b g~6G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

CG Â GK Ì1CGh , g ~6¡- hCG ~| DG ¯ ,v DG hEv - $G¡~6 ¯ á ª~}gE hCG á<x gE hFbC (G | DG ¯ á£Ebg1 ,v DG ¡ ,v DG 0 ¡ J CG ¥CG ,áJyCx´G hCG á£DÉ g~6°G ,v DG 0 ²G ¡ £A .b £A pª~}- hCG b + ¤ g - á£Fb. ,v + ¶hC°G b Gh ,áJhb~6Cb´G ibJGhxDb+ g- á£~8b1 ¤Gh á£Ebg1 áE5Cb+ @@²Gh ,á@@J2x@@~@z@DG á@@ @c@²G Ihv@@ / ¡@@0 'hb@@~@z@g@ @D x ~}F E Ì~zJ 2v< b £ < ¤ c- ,v < b G - µ (G lGv0C°Gh bª<C°G v~| Fh ,b gJ¡G 2v«h b -xEb E á£+x DG ibJGhxDG ,,v DG á£ - b <bgE E h ~6CG ¤gDG - ájJv²G á£+2C°G ¤+2CG z mC b gJ¡Gh , @@²Gh á c²G Ihv/ Dw+ iv A o3¡ª DG GwG ¯ 1v-h áJb ²G 4GvE ¯ A 4hv- ¢ cgD áD¡1 áJGh4 Gv< ,bK F%G b + b j ¤gDG ibJGhxDG C ¤)b ²G o3bª DG wG E b c~z0h ,"áJÄ< ¢jFCG ¤c B ¯" :¥vª0 ¯ áJ¡ DGh bj£´G Íg£Db ~7(° ¤ £j rx: Ãv - áJ2x~zDG ,vmg~z´G xGG¡ DG E bK ª15 v ~{J ¤gDG ,x~8b ´G b gJGh4 bK cJxs-h bK cJx©

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

2x~zDG bC b´ ,¤)GhxDGh ¤)b ²G Í+ y££ªgDG b JCb-4G GwD +b ´G ¯ ,ÍcE :bF ¤0 C Â b< CGvcE ¤)b ²G ~| FCG ¤ J bE , 1Gv+ 8b1 CGvcE ¤)GhxDG 2x~zDG v J p h y£ á£ A ib£ -h ÍFG¡ D ~}sJ ¤<¡F ¥2x~6 - .ib£ p´G x)b~6 @@< á gs´Gh ,2x@@ @g@´G g£~|s~7 | D á£)GhxDG áJ¡ DG 2v« ¤gDG ¤G á£ DG a2bc´Gh ÍFG¡ DG ¯ hCG b Fh2 E ¤gDG á£ DG a2bc´G - , £ ~|gDG p h á£~8b1 á@@JCG @@E á£Db1 áJb 0 2x@@¸ | DG ¢ cJ b +b£= G¡ gEG E °(G Â ° ¥wDG ¤)GhxDG 4b:(°G ª~9 b ~| Eh ,x~{cDG E Í)b Q ²G á£ + h2 E á£)GhxDG á£ gDG á ~8 b gJ¡G 8¡~| DG q ¤gDG áJ2x~zDG ib£ gDG @@GCG Í+ ¡ ´G Äg - ¤gDG ,v DG $b + hCG v£ gDG á£ - :á£)GhxDG ¶(G á c²G É1 E ¤~} - ¤gDG áJGhxDG áJ¡ D ¤~6b~6C°G hCG ,bK £)y/ hCG bK £ C ÉK 0 ,v DG 0 ¶(G 4hv+ 2¡ J ¥2x~6 E pª~}- hCG ,b £A b £~z - b E ÄCCG ,v < ¡pF ,b E b /xsJ ,áJGhxDG ¡F d~z0 ,v DG G¡FCG 2v g-h.¶hC°G ,v DG b £A k£0 á£~z£D¡cDG ibJGhxDG jE bK £DÉ g~6G ¡ J bE v DG ªA v£ gDG ¡ J vBh ,á£0bggA°G á c²G ¢ < £A ,v DG ¢ cÍg 0xE ¶(G 2x~zDGh , Jx ~7 ¶(G á c²G x ~{ gA ,bK ~6¡gE hCG GK 2v gE v£ gDG ¡ J bªC ,bGv + b@@Eh ,,v DG cB bE -v <h g cp+ ¤+2C°G ª DG ¯ ~|A C hvcJ k£0 bK £ £~| -

1G2 eb ³G ¯ áC4b~{´G E bK £)b F G¡: c ´G hª~|DG yg Jh , | DG ¶(G b gE áD¡ + hª ~6 ¤gDG ,á@@JGhx@@DG ¤gDG , @@z@JGx@@DG ác£ 1 Ãx@@E á£~|s~7 .d@@)b@@ @DG Ìª~}+ °(G @@ @< lv@@p@g@- ° b £ < F ¤gDG b ~z F ,xGb DG ¤@@Gh 4b@@ @g@FG ¯ bK @ Eb@@< ¡ +4CG" á@@ @JGh4 ¯ ,¤c£ 1 v£ ~zDG ¥x)Gym D " £+GyJ(G i24bGx+(G £+GyJ(G á£~|s~7 v‚ @@JCG ® bª £+ ,b~}JCG É DGh G¡ D á + I¡~6 ,áJGhxDG ¯ 4¡ DG E b FbEx0 cDG b < gJ Í0 d)b DG Ìª~}+ ¡ Eh . J5¡/ áJb ²G v£~6h ¤ DG @@~@6Gh ,4¡@@~@ 8 ªpJ ¥w@@ DG @@ª@ @DG CG v@@<h á@@+b@@j@§ ¡@@G á@@JGhx@@DG ¯ á£~|s~7 c~zE vJvpg+ )4b D d-b DG E ¤)vcE ¯ v<¡DG GwG < ¤ sgDG Äg Jh , c D Çª D vJv/ + Í£ g+ , | DG ¡ª~}E bK @-G3 eb@@ @³Gh 4¡~}²G ¢ < ª£ J) bj£ª D } F E bK +x~9 , bK <¡~9¡Eh ~zªgDG @@E ~}£O ~6 ¥w@@DG ¥2x~zDG Í+ £.G¡´G á£ + +xJO h ,2x~zDG cp+ Av- á£Db ~7(G w@@Gh ,CGx J bEh a4b DG á£~|s~{DG á £;h ¡0 'hb~zg D a4b DG ¡ª~}E ¯ d-b DG b ~{ªG ¤gDG áJyCx´G ¯ áJyCx´G q Â bª £+h , ~9¡Eh | DG .Ix1CG á£~|s~{D eb ³G £§ªT )f º* &* £§ª)*hQ áJ¡G áE5CG E á£+x DG áJ2x~zDG Áb -h Í+ ebg DG E Ìj DG b £A y£Â ° ,2b0 áE5CG ¤Gh , ¡cg J bª£A áJGhxDGh áJb ²G E ÁbjDG /¡DG Äg - ¤gDG z£ mgDG b G 4hbpF ¥wDG ¥2x~zDG bj£´G áDCb~zE

¥wDG 2x~zDG E 2vcJ d-b DG Ix@@J áJGv+ w E E v < ¥wDG Bbj£Eh , b + ." gJb F cB ¢~7É- ¥wDGh , | DG jª w 7 ¾(* gG* §tkj fHó¡< jj|)*~¹* jj*h|G* · jª HfJ ibcg DG Í+ e4b~}gDb+ gJ bª£A b@@ECG "ÌEC°G ebgC" á@@ JGh4 xCw A ,Ç@@ ´Gh áD¡ + q@@ @E ¥w@@ DG ,ox@@ @<C°G ¤ £~6G¡D á£~|s~{D É@@ @ DG ,4¡@@~@@8h G¡@@ @ @ DG áDhvDG z~6'¡E ¡@@Gh 42b DG vc< Ì@@EC°G 9¡sJ bª £0 D ,ájJv²G áJx)Gy±G áD¡ cDG ~zJ b F¡ª~}E ¯ d@@-b@@ @DG ¤~zFx DG z DG ¡G vJv/ cD á ´G áJGhxDG qgg - ¥wDG 7¡cJ2 4¡£ £~zF¡E ¤ g -h gE5CG ¯ hb g+ ~6¡g-h Ehv + C Cb@ + a4b@@ @ DG vm£~6 bªC , ££~{g+ z DG GwG eb s+ qgg - áJGhxDG ¡~|A hCG +b s+ b ª E ¤ g -h ¤~zFx DG < ÉK ~}A ,¤+¡E ¡/ v<b~zE eb 1 Íg£~zFx DG Íg£~|s~{DG Í@@-b@@G ¡@@C | DG ¯ b@@£@~@z@£@)x@@DG b@@ JhGx@@ DG b@@ª@G E á B4 ~6hCG bc0b~8h ,bªGG¡~6 h2 CxJ bª£A ,áª gE iGw@@ C eb@@ @ ³G É DG + ¡G ¥wDG 42b DG vc< ÌEC°G (G áJ¡FbjDG ib£~|s~{DG ª~9 G¡ DGh GK 4¡~}0 áJGhxDG ÇE ¯ ,á£~{Eb DG F µ hCG eb s D á~8xA q ÂO °h ,bK +b 1h á £~z+ á@@J4G¡@@0 :b E ¯ °(G 4¡ DG .¤)GhxDG cB E ,42bFh á@@ JGh4 ¯ b ~z F á@@Db@@²G ¢@@ @< @@ @ Fh x/bG á@@Jx@@)Gy@@±G ác-b D " zJGxDG" "hv£ª0 zJGxDG" v‚ k£0 ¥4v@@J¡@@B ¢~| J bª £+ , G¡@@ @ @DGh É D ÉK +

ájOô°ùdG ÊÉ©J øe á«Hô©dG ájƒg áeRCG õ«Á ’ IOÉM ÒãμdG É¡«a ÜÉàμdG øe ájÉμ◊G ÚH Éª«a ájGhôdGh ,¿ƒÑàμj áeRCG »gh »àdG ¢ù«æéàdG ¬LƒdG Èà©J øe ÊÉãdG ¥Éã«ŸG ádCÉ°ùe …Oô°ùdG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¤ EyDG Eh ¥2x~zDG c²G ¤)GhxDG h ACG vBh , | DG ¢ < @@ @Fh ,""Í@@+b@@ @ ³G Í@@+ A ibp ~8 8 v + ¢ < ¥vª0 áD¡1 á£~zF¡gDG á£)GhxDG IvD ~z F ¤+b ³G e4b~}gDG b~zD ¢ < bFÄs- Í0"áJÄ< ¢jFCG ¤c B ¯" :b ~|F ¯ ác£ 1 IvF áJÄ DG á+b~{DG ¤Gh á£~z£)xDG b -b£~|s~7 Iv0(G á ² E iG¡ ~6 +4CG cB b c~z0 ¢ g1G ¥wDG vª0CG ¤)Gv DG gJ µ )b g1G ¢ < iG¡ ~6 +4CG 4hxE v +" : ¡ - Í0 ,2x~zDG ibp ~8 8 v + D . 202 B4 áp ~|DG)" gj/ ¢ < 4¡j DG bFbC bª FCb+ á£~|s~{DG z F b~zD ¢ < ác-b DG bFÄs- , A á ~6 cB vª0Cb+ b ª/ bK B¡E ixCw-" : ~|Fh á ~6 cB bK E ,4¡ ~7 ¶(G ,v´G wG ¡pg- A x ~6CG 3 v +h + ," ~|Fh ¢~7É-h FG vBh 2x~zDG cp+ bK ~z» a4b DG ¢ c£~6 A ¡Gh ,¤<GvgDG GwG ¼xJ CG £ < Gh " c-x´G v²G GwG ¶(G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

áμ¡àæŸG ájOô°ùdG ≥«KGƒŸG áHQÉ°†àŸG äÉjƒ¡dGh 6*Q2 f m ó Ih jª+| G*h jj|)*~¹* jj*h|G* · ¥xp+ ÍE&°* v ¹ ¥2x~6 M M bj£E $b~{F(* ¢ < d-b D* e&*2 ¤@@+2&* ¡ C "fJ*HxD*" ,&b~{F w E £~8b gD* E f / ¢ < 4Hv@@+ ¤ cE bj£´* *wGH )4bB E · M b£º ¤E*4vD* ³*H 2x~zD* E ¢ ~zJ ¥wD* ¥2x~zD* ³* b E f£ D* b£C ¯ ¥¡£0 d~|< b GÉCH b c0H l*v@@0&°* ~z ~z- +xJ ¥w@@D* JH b£ cD* 4b £A J °&* ¢ < d@@J2&°* 8xpJ k£0 f@@J*Hx@@D* } + ¯ Kb£ / D3 x JH $*x D* E 4¡ / E ¤~| D* bj£´* v < b mGH iv A ¤gD* b E fJx)*y±* b £~6° f£+x D* f£)*HxD* e4bmgD* + ~8¡~|F c0 ¯ fJ2x~zD* ,xEb ´* @@< b +bp~8&* 2b g+* dc~z+ dc~z+ t@@J4*¡@@-H l*v@@0&* < ,ÌjC KbFb£0&* f £sg´* -b£~|s~7 ¢ ~z a4b D*H d-b D* Í+ c²* J ¢g0 ¤ ²* ¯ b~6Æ~6°*H ,x.ÈD*

bªGh Jx~| < ¯ , Bbj£Eh 2x~zDG ´ ¤ DG } DG GwG Ç´Gh ibcg DG Í+ ,4b- á£~z£~6CbgDG ib+b ³G Í+ e4b~}gDG bj£´ á g ´G á£~| DG o3bª DG 5x@@+CG Í+ Eh .Ix@@1CG ,4bxEC°G gJh ,x~|p D ° °K bjE Í .G v F ,¥2x~zDG eb ³G }Bb - bFv ~7 ¥w@@DG ox@@<C°G ¤ £~6Gh ¥x@@)Gy@@±G ¤)GhxDb+ ,y)b²G)"á~7Gx DG á »" á@@JGh4 ¯ á~z£)xDG -b£~|s~7 hCG ¥2bA cDG ,xmG ,vE ¡0 , 2015 xC¡cDG ,y)b/ ¢ < ,ib£ £ ~zgDG ¯ á£ :¡DG á@@E5C°G É1 2ÉcDG o4b1 h~6hbA ¥b E < ¡@@BCG G3bE" :ÉK )bB , G¡@@<CG ,x~{ @+ bG2v0 ¤gDG á c: ,26 B4 áp ~8 áJGhxDG) "iG¡ ~6 x~{< e4bB ¥wDG +b£=" :b D¡B bEbJ gc£c² CGx F Í0 ¯ , á£Ab jDG ¤@@+2 áp ~8) "... bJCG á~zª1h Jx ~7h iG¡ ~6 á.É. xªg~6G ¥wDG E ¤ EyDG Bbj£E a4b DG £ £~6 Í-v´G ¥CG ¢ A . 34 B4

áJ2x~6 £.G¡´ ,54b+ o3b¿ á£+x DG á£)GhxDG b ~8¡~|F ¯ b JvD ,b £ <bAh á£)GhxDG ,xEb ´G 4G¡:CG E $G¡~6 , b~8¡DG á £gE ° 3(G á +bgEh bK ~z0P ,xEb ´G - ¯ })b³G a4b DG E hCG d£ DG ¤ .hCG ¥wDG v£ ~6 ¢ ~|E < kp+CG ,a4b C G5CG , bª~{DG ¶(G ,xm DG ~6¡E ¯ á~}Eb DG -Ì~6 ¤~| g+ qDb~8 áJGh4 ¯ "v£1hCG" g E w E ÄgDG á D ¤ 0É- Gy- ° bªC ¤gDG ¤´b DG e2C°G £.G¡E ,ÌjC ¤G Ch ,Á¡ DG £GGx+G ,¡B p+ ,v@@+C°G ¶(G b ~z/G¡G g ~6h ,bG'hGxB b + b G +b ´G ¯h .a4b DGh | DGh 8b DG Í+ 6v ´G bj£´G bG¡j F . ,$Gx DG E £.G¡E G¡ + E ex DG b +bgC E hCG , ~8¡~|F c0 ¯ + g- ibB¡ E ,v D , ~z FCb+ b~8¡DG - ÍgDb²G ¯ ám£g DGh ,b g +bgE ¯ ¤)vcE 1 < kJv²G x~|p ~6h .a4b DG Eh ,áJ2x~zDG ,xEb ´G E

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

ib Eb~}gE +4b0 vB ~6hC°G x~{DG ¯h b£~6%G ¯ $b~z DG . <b~}1(G b ~7CG v~9 x~{< ~6bgDG x DG w E $bpFCG C ¯ áJ¡~z D á~94b Eh }A4 2¡/¡+ bÂ(°G ª< ¤ A "¤+x DG" µb DG o4b1 ,vJv< ibAÉg)G 2¡ / xAb~}g- µb DG - c - hFbCCG $G¡~6 ,á£´b DG ¥¡~z DG eb ³G dDb E E E =xDG ¢ <h . ~}Ax- hCG "áJ¡~z DG" ~6R hN ibAÉg)°G á£AGx ±G iGy@@£@p@g@DG @@E bK @BÉ@@ @FG iG4¡@@~@|@g@DG É@@g@ 1G á´b< -2vS 0 bE CG 4b=b/ ¡~z£DCG vC'¡- ,á£/¡D¡JvJ(°Gh "á~6¡ ±G qDb~|E"@+ 1985 á ~6 w E ¡ £D¡E Í~zCbE bªg/°G x -h .ibAÉg)°G C bªgGb+ ÈCCbA ÈCCG x.Cbg~zJ á£)b~z DG q@@Db@@~@|@´Gh á@@£@ @ªN @ @DG q@@Db@@~@|@´G Í@@+ ¡@@~@ z@ £@ DCG @@ Ah ¡@@ @£@D¡@@E á£ ªN DG á£)b~z@ DG á~6¡ @±G qDb~|E Cb~{@ -" .á£m£-GÆ~6°G iG4hx~}DG ª~{-h -b£0 ¯ á£ @£ DG BG¡´G < ,x~7bcE $b´Gh áJbª@²Gh b DG £@cB E ¥4¡ DG b <bc@~7(G q J ¤gDG Ivpg- ° b Ch , b gF°G )b~6hh á£p~|DG áJb<xDGh 1vDGh bECG ".,x~7bcE < Cb~{ - b D , ¡ s D ,v)b~zDG 4¡~|DG b ~8¡+ xS N -O ¤gDG ¤Gh á£m£-GÆ~6°G á~6¡ ±G qDb~|E Í~z@CbE Ah ª~{@gA ,$b~z DG ¡@ 1 ¢ < d@T gDG ,N 4hx~9 $d< @@E £ sgDGh , ª D á£~z ±G áª~z@ DG $b @D(G" á£-b~z~6'¡´G b ~7C°G áDG5(Gh , b :C°G áJb<4h á£Dy ´G bª<C°G hCG ,iG4b@ @ @DGh ¤@~9G4C°G É@gEG ¡ @0 £@cB E ,y@£@£ª@g@ D ,Ghb~z´G z£~6Cb-h , b@@ª@ g@ )°Gh 9hx@ @DG ¢ < ¡~|p@DG ÌJb E 3bs-Gh , b :C°G eb‚(G ¯ 4b£g1°G áJx0h ,á£~6b£~zDG ".$b~z DG ¯ ª «h 4¡CwDG < á /G¡´ áª)ÉE

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

+ ex DG ¶(G kDbjDG µb DG E b~8 ¥vRP F M AT v- ¯ ÉK jU ªgE bGb - ¤gDG ibF¡ ´G x)b~6 b ~9CG á.É. ¥hb~zJ bE ªm0 iGhÈD Gy g~6°G GwGh .á£+x= 42b~|E E kDbjDG µb DG ¢ < hc~|FG áE¡g¹ á£.4bC dBG¡< ¶(G I2CG kDbjDG µb DG vB £A ács DG hFbC (Gh ,kDbjDG µb DG $b~zF á~{£ E I¡g~zE ."b E i2b g~6G "j 6§¡¹* uGf HQ " á£Â2b@CC°G Jayawardena) b@J24hb@Jb/ ¥4b@E¡@C ¡ (G" :¡cE¡D¡C á Ebm+ ,3bg~6C°Gh á£ FÉJÌ~zDG áJ¡~z@ DGh b@@+4(°Gh ³G E Ìj D GK 4v~|E ib@@+ áJ¡~z DG ¡ E <yJ bE GK ÌjC á gº d£Db~6Cb+h .kDbjDG µb DG Gv + ¯ } + ¢g0h @@+ , ¡£~6b£~zDG ¡ Abp´Gh v£Db gDG @@GCG á£+x DG á£Dbª~6CGxDG ibmg E E áJ¡~z DG S CG ,4b~z£DG GCG $b~z DG )É- ° á£c /CG áAb . ¢ < áª)b DG ¥CG ,"á p ´G" ibJ5G¡/4¡+ $b~zF á£/¡D¡JvJCG b FQ (G ¥CG ,kDbjDG µb DG ¯ < +Æ J $b~z DG © ¤@@G Gw@@ @ Dh ,ex@@ @ DG b ~9¡E ib£Dh'¡~z´Gh JvDG < ,bG4b~zE < /xsJ hCG gAb . b ~7CG @@< Ix@@ 1C°G á£0b DG @@Eh ,á@@£@0b@@F @@E á@@Jx@@~@6C°G GwG v£ gDh "...¤E¡ DG 4xpgDG /CG E ¥4¡jDG b~} DG ¡Gh ,"á£+x= ,xGb;" b ~8¡+ áJ¡~z D `:b³G jªgDG iGÌjCh Í£+x DG Ì= E áJ¡~z D h2b ´G C4b~{gJ jT CG hcj- )b.h bJ24hbJb/ ¡~z- ,ib£+x DG ibJ¡~z DG E

.ådÉãdG ⁄É©dG ¿Gó∏H ‘ ∑ÉHQE’Gh §∏ÿG øe Òãμd Gk Qó°üe äÉH ájƒ°ùædG Ωƒ¡Øe ¿EG ¢†©H ≈àMh πH ,¿ƒ«°SÉ«°ùdG ¿ƒ¶aÉëŸGh ó«dÉ≤àdG πgCG ºYõj Ée Gk Òãc áØ∏àﬂ Ö«dÉ°SCÉHh "á£ëæŸG" á«Hô¨dG á«dÉª°SCGôdG äÉéàæe øe ájƒ°ùædG ¿Cs G ,QÉ°ù«dG πgCG

b £D(G ác~z Db+" : ¡~z£DCG rx~|- k£0 ,¥¡~z DG eb ³G bF4bcg<G ¯ w1CbF CG v+° ...,x~8b ´G á£+x DG áJ¡~z DG ¯ @)b@~6h b Gbmg- ¤gDG - bK ~8¡~|1 ,á£+x= Ì= iG4¡ E b0 ¥CG ¢ <h .b g ª~6 J¡~{- ¢ < ª - hCG á£+x DG É<(°G ib£+x DG ibJ¡~z DG g- CG ¡G /b DGh q U O´G d ´G (bA b» ib£+x DG Ì= $b~z D bªgGGh GÆ0b+ Ç~| J £C ib ~6(G Ix@@/ ,¡~zF E £A § ,kDbjDG µb Db+ £ª~zF ." Fb:hCG 1G2 ¢g0 -G¡~8CG K ¯ lvpJ bE ©" ,vJv< bBx: b G Cb+ ¡~z£DCG rxU ~|-h ¡D ¢g0h .x1%°G dFb±G ¯ $b~z DG ¢ < x.'¡J µb DG ¤cFb/ v0CG F(bA ,á£DbJÄE(°G ¶(G 24 Â ° kDbjDG µb DG $b~zF x B bC iÉ1vgDG bGv:¡- áJ2b~|gBG á ª£G b£~6 ¯ v/¡J GwG E }J¡@ gDb+ b@@ E(Gh x~7bcE ~{+ b@@E(G ,á£+x DG áJx ~z DG : 6b£@ DGh £@jªgDG £c~6 ¢ < ¡~z£DCG ~8G¡-h ".áDb@C¡@DGh , Jx~{ DG x DG E ib £ c~zDGh ib@ @£g@~zDG x1GhCG b@+(G" ¯ kDbjDG µb DG ª FG ,bK ~} s E ,v)b DG v E bC Í0 .á£<bªg/°Gh áJ2b~|gB°G á£ª gDG J¡ªgD áªs~9 9hxB ¤ hªBb - ,,v)b DG i°v E b -4G E ,ib £ c~zDG áJb F ¯h áE5CG iCb~{Fh , ~9hxB v)G¡A A2 ¯ kDbjDG µb DG d<b~|E 1982 b DG w Eh .á£´b DG ¡JvDG á£+x DG b@@´G ib~z~6'¡E iCGv@@ + ib@@~@6b@@£@~@6 @@9x@@ @ - á@@ @ ª@ £@ @ ´G á£~6b DG "¤ £ DG rÉ~8(°G" ib~z@~6'¡E ,kDbjDG µb DG h2 ¢ < v DG hv@ ~8h ·hv@DG @cDG jE =b~{DG b ~7h hC°G b ªG ,·hvDG á pg~z´G ¡JvDG áEv1 ª~}- CG ¢ < ¥¡ -h ...á£+x DG ¡ c D @@)b@@;¡@@ @ D 2b@@ @0 Gy@@@g@ @1G @@)b@@;hh á@@J2b@@~@ |@ g@ B°G á@@£@<b@@ª@g@/°G á@@Gb@@Ax@@DG .kDbjDG µb DG h2 ¯ hBh ¯ GwG obgF $b/h ,1986 b@@ @DG ¡@@G x cE

j 6§¡¹*h jG*ó G*h j¼§ G* 4b=b/ ¡@@~@z@£@DCG ¡pF ,2¡@@ @ DG ¶(G á@@/b@@0 ¯ ¡@@ @F ° v@@B b g A4 xS F ¤ D áJy£ ‚(°G á£ Eb±G ,3bg~6C°Gh áA¡~z £ DG 6b@ DG @ E" Cb+ "áJ¡~z DG ib£BÉ1C°G á´¡<" b Db E ¯ ib+ bª£A .v@0Gh ª@g¸ E È@@CC° x@EC°G @BGh ¯ ¡ªg J ÉK Eb @gE ÉK C qc~|J CG ¡pF á<4b~zgE ¢ s+ Ì@~zJ µb@ DG i°b~|@-°Gh b ~zDG ,xm@Gh á£@Dhv@DG ,4b@m@gDG É1 E G¡pc~|J CG ¡pF 2Gx@@@AC°G Ì - 4b~zgJh ...á@@£@ @FhÆ@@ @ @D(°G áDb@0(G °(G b G |£~| gDG z£ @A" .ib DGh ibAb@ jDG ¥2v gE .¤<¡@DG E ,2v@ gE ibJ¡g~z§ b£pF U pgE BGh E á_:G¡gE ¡~z£DCG i¡~8 ¶(G v£CCbgDb+ obgpF b D ¥¡~z@ DG x@ @ DG Í+ ª@m+ y£@ªg´G ¶(G x F ¤ D ¤ ~z DG b g~7°Gh áDGv<h @@-G3 ¤´b DG b DG áDGv<

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

CG ¡ª gJ GwG E EGygDb+h . Gx~6CG ¡~8CG ¯ á£<bª@g@/°G á£<bªg/G ibª£ - b ~8¡+ ibc-GÆDG wG jE ¶(G Ghx J Gw +h .bK £<bªg/G ,v£S ~{´G ibª£ gDb+ hF4¡B bE G3(G ,á£ £c: c-xE hvcJ bE ¢ < FC° "bK cS E" ¤Ex DG d-GÆDG ib+ Iy ´G .",x~6CÉD "á£ £c:" ib£ ª + ¢ < ¥v£ gDG ,x~6C°G o3¡¿ ¯ ",x~6C°G £B" ª - Gw Gh S (G k£p+ ibc-GÆDG - £c ¥wDG ,x@~6C°G 6CG4 xCwDG" .á ~z D GK 4 Nv~|E R bG Uv + ,4¡CwDG ¢ < bK £c - ¤ ~}Jh ,2¡~zJ v£ gA Í +bgDG b :C°G ¢ < @j´b+ áJ¡@+C°G á+bBxDG ª -h a2bcE @@E bª ~8¡+ xª DG ¯ v@@ @g@DGh ~zDG ub~z g~6G Í+ 2bcg´G $b cF°G D3 ¶(G b~}J .¤<bªg/°G £ gDG gsJ iG¡1C°Gh ,$b+%ÉD jgÂ ib EC°bA ~zDGh á~6¡ ±G ¢g0 C°G á ~zD á£c~|DG ~}sJ GwG C ¯h ,,¡@@1(°G < ."°K b/4 G¡pc~|J

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

bªg/°G < ,3bg~6CG y £D¡C G b£~{Jx-b+ Ix- 2v~|DG GwG ¯h áJ°¡+ ¤-b £~z ~6 á Ebm+ á£ JxECGhxAC°G ib~6G4vDG ~zB á~z£)4h á~6¡ ±G ib :b - :,x@@~@6C°G ¯ $¤~7 C" b Db E ¯ ¡JbGhCG S CG "yCx´G áJyCxE } F" ª~9) "á£@E¡@ DGh x@@ @DGh x~6CÉD EC°Gh á£~8¡~|³G d - á~8b1 iG$b~}A b F¡ D 5b ´G á~6¡ ¸ GK 4b ACG" ¤<vg~z- b F(bA ,á£E¡ DG hv Dh Gx<CÉDh $b~z DG C°h , b@@ @DG $b~} DGh 8b³G $b~} DG ¡@@0 á £ E ~8¡+ £D(G GK 4¡ E ,x~6C°G $b~}A hv J ,,x~6C°b+ GK ÌjC c-xJ o4b1 )b DG xCw´G b DG $b~} DG < yJbªgJ bK jFS '¡E bK ~8b1 $b~}A E - b£~{Jx-b+ á~6G42 CG E =xDG ¢ <h ." y ´G 2hv0 2¡ DGh }£cDGh 2¡~zDG iGyJb ¯ á£ JxEC°G ,x~6C°G ibª~6 ¥v£ @ gDG ,x@~6C°G o3¡@@¿ ¡G J NÆ~{´G CG °(G ,xª²G ibc@-Gx- ¯ ~9¡E Í@£ - ¤ ¿ ~{+ 2Gx@AC°G @ gJ" k£0 á @c DGh á@EC°Gh á£~z ±G ,b£@²Gh á£ @.(°Gh á~6¡ @±Gh x@ @DG

zájOQƒdG áÑjô°†dG{

£§If G*h | G*h I| 6&¸* óªª kG* mfH§ ¡H 6 ó Ih mf 6*Q2 ¤Bb- ,v£ ~6

áª£B xJv -h á£+b‚(°G áJx²Gh ·y ´G DGh ex@@²G ,ÉK @ª< b ~8¡@+ Ix@@1C°G á£@Dy@ ´G b@ ´Gh b @:C°G áJb<4 £ gDG ¯ ib£g DGh $b~z@ D á@Jhb~z@g@´G Ì@@= 8x@ @DGh ."á£p~|DG áJb<xDGh bªg)°Gh b ~6(°Gh £;¡gDGh I| 6&¸*h | G*h £§If G* ¶(G @S « ¥wDG v@ DG" Cb+ :ÍChCG x D¡E G5¡~6 xT S «h , b~z@F(°G ¡ @² b @£@£@A xª@-'¡E Ä< ÌcC v0 CG ¡G Í + ¯ ,CGxª D @@+Gx@@DG ·hv@@DG x@@'¡@´G Ä< È@@CCG CG d J bJb~}B b~zF(°G ¡ 0 eb 1 d ~8 ¯ o4v@@-O ác~z Db+h) $b~z D ác~z Db+ i¡E hCG ,b£0 )b~zE ¡ ¢ < bK +b@~6 b £D(G x JO @)b~zE hFbC b D , b :CÉD dFb/ ¤ A ·bgDb+h ,,CGx´G ¡ @0 áCx@0 E dFb@/ b FCG á£~{EbG b ~8¡+ á@@~@8b@@1 ib@@Eb@@ª@g@GG iG3 ,v@@ @ /CG @@E ¡ 0 < ·hvDG ¡Fb D x 1C°G á£Dh'¡~z´G ¶(G ác~z Db+ , G5¡~6 Ah , b~zF(°G ¡ 0 ¯ Ì gDG CG v£+ . b~zF(°G ¤gDG ¤G b F(G k£0 E ibE¡ ²G ¢ < yCxJ" CG dmJ E á=b£~8 ¯ b£ / GwG q~}gJh . b~zF(°G ¡ 0 g Jx g D ¤~6b~6CG qª E áª. ÉjE .á@@£@Dhv@@DG ib£Bb -°G : b DG bm´G ¯ lvpJ CG ¡Gh ,dJw g D ·hvDG Á¡Fb DG hCG + 3Cb@J hCG £ < 9xU @pJ hCG AÆ@ J" E CG v+ÉA g ~|+ x~|gJ |s~7 hCG ¤ª~64 ;¡@E £ < AG¡@J 6b~6CG ¢ < áª)b DG ib@@Cb@@ @g@F°G bª £+ ..."á£ª~6xDG 2¡ J Gw@@G ebc~6CG E dFb/h ,"á£)xE Ì=" á~6¡ ±G 8b³G bm´G ¯ b~zF(°G ¡ 0 < kJv²G bªG(G ¶(G µb DG $b~zF ÍJÉE {£ - bm´G GwG ¯ F(G .·y ´G hCG ~{ J ,i°b@@²G } + ¯h , -b£0 E Ä@@CC°G dFb±G ."bGx~6Cb+ -b£0 bK £ A £A

I&*| G £f I(¸* § 0 ªgm´G ¯ ib£BÉ1C°G ,3bg~6CG Í@@ChCG x D¡E G5¡~6 ~{ b@@~@z@F(°G ¡@@ @0 @@£@.G¡@@E )b~z- ¤@@Gh ,24¡ Fbg~6 á Ebm+ ibAÉg1°Gh ,CGxª D b~zF(°G ¡ 0h áJ¡~z DG" b Db E ¯ ¢ Â áª/x-) "yCx´G áJyCxE } F" DS '¡E ª~9 "á£Ab jDG ¤gDG b~zF(°G ¡ 0 ib£+N P 2CG P m0 R Nv@OJGyN- , ·¡@@³G Jx: CGh ,xCwDG ¶(G 5bp J b~zF(°G ¡ 0 ¯ Ì gDG Cb+ 2b©" gJ ¤ D ,CGx´G ¡ 0 ¶(G g - CG dmJ Ì gDG GwG ibJ¡DhCG ." b~zF(°G ¡ 0 E b ~8¡+ b + Eb DG GÆ<°G á£Fb~zF(G á£ªg0 b~zF(°G ¡ 0 ¯ x DG ,2b<(G hFbC _Dh ¡ 0"@D x c´G ¡ ´G" Cb@+ ÍcU G5¡~6 (b@A ,á£B¡ 0h ¡ 0"@D ¤ ~8C°G ¡ ´Gh x~{< +b~zDG x DG ¯ " /xDG b £~8 vB , Jx~{ DG x DG @@~@6GhCG ¯ á£´b DG " b~zF(°G 4¡~|- Ix/h .,x@~6CÉD bK +Q 4 @~8¡+ x@Cw@S DG ~}- bG3CG + g@ /G¡E ¯ 2Gx@AC°G _DhCG @j´ bK B¡@ @0 ~8¡+ bª £ C ."b C ¯ ¡~{£ J ¤gDG ibE¡ @p D g @/G¡E ¯h ~} cD w E b~zF(°G ¡ ² ¤´b DG É@@<(°G CG E =xDG ¢ <h y££ h2 ¡ ²G ¯ x~{cDG Í+ ,Ghb~z´G vCS CG 1948 á ~6 ¡@@ @²G b@@j@£@E ¯ bK @ @ 0° @@D3 4Gx@@ @B(G ® v@@Bh , @@z@ @±G ¡ ²G bj£E ¯h á£Ab j@DGh á£<bª@g/°Gh áJ2b~|@gB°G G5¡~6 gcj- bE Ah á ~{´G CG Ì= ,á£~6b£~zDGh á£Fv´G áª)b DG ibJx DG v££~{- ® vB FCG" ¯ jªgJ ÍChCG x D¡E o3¡ª DG d~z0 b -bJ¡@DhCG vJv«h b @£DCb-h b~z@F(°G ¡ ² $b~z @DG iGx@c1 j@´b+ 4bcg@<°G ¯ w1CbF Í0h .¥4¡CwDG ib@@J¡@@DhC°Gh ib £DCbgDGh ib@Jx @ DG w@@G (b@ A ,á£@-b£@²G ¯ ¤-Cb- ¤gDG bJb~}@ DG ¢ < á jEC°Gh .GK Ì@@c@C GK Ì - Ì geb~|@g=°G ª~{- , @BG¡@DG ¯ b Gb@© E °K v@@+ áEv ´G $b .CG eb~|g=°Gh ,ohyDG cB E eb~|@g@=°G D3 ¯ b§)

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

fK E&* hD$b~6 KbB*v0&*H PvJÄD* N b~6xEH ¤ Q gQ Db+ ¤~z F OhcDb= P *4&* ¤C ¥2¡© A 4O b D* I2bF KbcG&b¥2*'¡A bF&*H v£BH ¯ I2bF O +N b+ N Q =H R N O&* bF&*H O gP ¥2¡ B ¯ ¢~}EH oM x0 É+ xO Q ~|N JO Pv£ c DH Pv£ c D ¤ -O xR S ~6 Kbc B KbEÉ0&*H ¥2¡£B ¤-bBH&*H Kb g~zE bJ'H4 P ÉG P b / Pv£ ~zD* P Ev E

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

2¡C4 ¯ c J PwA*¡ D* Í< oP b/yD*H T ¯ M PvJv~7 D P £~8xD* z F dL BT xP b ³ oO 4vPv£)H ¯ 4O b D* 2b< K Q ¹ É Pv<¡Db+ R D R ¥2¡ - µ O b ³* O 4b~|gJ ¥4v~8 ¯ O yN FR O&bA ¥2¡ O / O R PE Pib+x D* ¢ < ¥x/&* b pgA&* Kb:¡cG 2P ¡ ~8 ¯ O ib~z D* ¤ ~7¡ -H O Q D*H i*x O ~z R ¥vJ4H ¯

| 7

¥HÉ ~|D* v£ ~6

4O b D* 2b< R H ¥2¡ - µ R D P O2¡/H ¥2¡/H ¯ 4O b D* ¤~}Â 2M ¡<H É+ $O b~z´*H 2P ¡<H É+ bF&*H ¤-x A lQO v0&* K*4¡: ¥2Hx~7 ¤<vg~6&*H *3bE *3bEH *3bE . 2P H4H É+ O £+xDbA ¤~z/*¡GH O `£© IÆ,K xEH ¥v£~{F ¡ pJ O 4M bm~7&* £ 0H ¤ ~zF*'¡J 2P Hx+ ¯ &b~zJH ·b³* v ´* ,P 4bF(°* ,v <&*H 2P ¡mG ¯ 6b D* O O ib p D*H O *4v±*H ¥2¡ ~7 R O £O <&R * O O ¡ ~z´* -b D*H P *¡~7&°b+

ÉgGóe ≈°übCG ¤EG ≥∏£æJ É¡Yój ¿CG ‘ QÉ«ÿG ¬dh ¿É°ùfE’G ™e ≥∏îJ Iô£a øØdG ∫ÉªgE’ÉH É¡∏à≤j ¿CG hCG

." ~{DGh ·b DG 6b~z0(°G ¤ g - CGh v cD É~zDG ,2¡< < GK v£ + ¡Ab~8 IvD É0CG ° ¯ ²G GwG v~zmgJ bK Fb£0CG . gcJx -h ÍJ4¡~zDG á1x~8 á +2 ib 0h bO Bb~{< ¡Ab~8 ,4bm0 ª~6x- Áb~zF(G }£A CG kc J ° . ,4b@@G5CGh ¡p/4CbgJ b@@ @:CGh y@@<h |B4h ~6ÆD ,r¡g ´G :h rx@@/ ¶(G ª 0 E ¡Ab~8 ¡p~|J GK 2b~z/CGh ,Ì ~8 4h5 ¡A 2b~z/C°G ¤ ~8ÉgE bK ~6bFCG -4bm0 xpcDG b gcJ

v g<CGh ,ÍJ4¡~zDG Í_/ÉDG qDb~|D ib<Ä- ª/ b DÉ1 E ¯ lvpJ bE ¢ < µb DG h :CG ÁCG ¢ < ,hÉ< ,v£/ GwG CG ."b Jv~|- Â ° )b A E 2ÉcDG wG KG4¡~8 b D g J g0¡D 5b‚(G v + ¡ A Dbª<Cb+ gpJ ° 4v+ "á£jc Db+ D3 x ~{J °CG : DCb~zF ,b +xsJ . áBvDG á£Db< á gDG dc~z+ ·bª<CG h£cj- < y/b< ÁC° y0CG" : ¡ J wG £+CG ° ¤ FCGh á~8b1 ,b < ym<CG ¤gDG ,Ìc DG áJ2b´G ¡G £ g+CG bE C ,b@@ @)G4h E · ¥2b@@E v@@G °h b@@ª@<C°G ."µb DG ¶(G ÍJ4¡~zDG ,bFb E b~|J(G E s- ,x@@ @A @@ @DG CG 4v@@+ Äg J - b <vJ CG ¯ 4b£³G Dh b~zF(°G bªG(°b+ b g J CG hCG bGGvE ¢~|BCG ¶(G ,bK £Â2bCCG DGh hp DG -CG µ bFCG" , hC°G ¤ª Eh ¤ £D2 hFbC ¤-x A + h C Í0 ¤gJxB ¤BG¡~6 ¯ gDG iCGv+h ibFG¡£0h ¢E2 E ~8CGh Í Db+ ¡ DCG ,á£Ev+ d=4CG GK Ì A ÉK : h C , ¡/hh ,Í DG E b ~|D ¤ -v~74CG ¤-x Ah ¯ ¤gJ¡G ~7C° Jx DG ¤EbECG á~74bA ." {Gv´G DG µb< á+b~|< ~}Jh , ~z F ¡Ab~8 IvpgJ , @@-b@@0¡@@D ~{J bª £+ , @@£@ @£@< ¢@@ @< E ªgJ Í@@0 @@D¡@@0 @@E @@{@Gv@@£@D ¢ E iG3h á ~6b gE ib0¡D £ ~{,,4bm²b+ á£ ~{ DG ¤gBÉ< ám£gF" I4CG h@@+h ,GK v@@/ áJ¡B ¤-Ì~|+ h-b+ Cb+ bK Jv« ¥vD 1 Gw@@Gh ,¤ +b~8Cb+ I4CG CG h2 A zª Db+ ¤-b0¡D ~7CG < á+b~| DG qJ5CG CG v +h ,,4bm²G Gw Dh ,¥v@@J h ~8 b§ {G2CG ¤ £< Á(G ác~6b E E È@@CCG ¯ h B dc~zDG DG GwG £ gD , +b E h2h ,v g~zE ¢ < vªg J A @@FC° ,x~|cDG ¥vBb D

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¢ <h :¡DG GwG ¢ < y²G ¡ A ,I2b J CG dpJ bªC , ¡Ab~8 ¤gDG vGb~{´G v£ g~6CG , GwDG 24b~7 á J¡: ,Æ D h£ +" )Gx A , g gECGh Db :CG ¡ ªpJ ib ECGh $b+%° ¤-xCG3 ¯ ix 0 ¤²G ¯ áp ~zE lGv0CG h DvFG CG v + , -¡£+ E Í+4bG ¤gDG ,4Gx~{DG ¡G £<CG ¯ DG bC , ~6CG ¥wDG ¤c ~{DG iCGv+ Gw Gh ,µb DG ¶(G /h b~|J(G ¢ < ¤ª£ª~|- h ~7CG áJb 0 ¤ « ¤gDG , ¡Ab~8 ,4bm0 Í+h ¤ £+ ~{ DG áBÉ< ." Gx Bh G2x~{-h $Gx DG $°'¡G Í~{ª ´Gh $Gx DG áDb~64 ª« F(G ¡ - : ¡Ab~8 c/ Cb~zF bE áDb~6xDG wG b~|J(G Ihv/ bE ,µb DG ¶G b Db~|J(G ªGh "GK v0Gh GK Ì A - ° hEG2 v g<CGh , Db+ ¤ :h < AG2CG bK Jv / ¤~z F Äg<CG" :d£mJ ® 3(G , £ g~6CG ¥w@@DG 4v Db+ ¥v@@ @+ $b@@ @ +CG iv<b~6 ÁCG g£D b JxECGh b+h4hCG ¯ ib ~| ´G °%G ¯ ·bª<CG Gvsg~6G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

jªIfnG* jjóq+&¸* £§Df 8 IQfq0 ~6b+ DGvcg~6Gh ,2°¡@@DG w E AG4 ~6G < £ s- ¡@@0h + D(°G 7x D yExJ ¡Ab~8 c/" : ¡ J " ¡Ab~8 c/" wG ¶(G ¤)bªgFb+ yg<CG bFCGh ,áÂv DG áJ4¡~zDG ibFbJvDG ¯ ¯É@@~@6CG @@E "¢ g ´G" ¤ FCb+ @@@E'hCGh áª£ DG ,4b@@~@}@²G .",4bm²G wG x~6 b~{gC° Í£gJ4b=hC°G ¥hx- ¤gDG ,á£FbjDG áJvm+C°G ¤G ¡Ab~8 ,4bm0 CG 4v+ Äg J , Jv~|gDG ¢ < á£~|< á£~{0hh ; E 2É+ ¯ lv0 bE ,tJ4bgDG ¯ ¶hC°G áJvm+C°G G¡<Æ1G ¡£gJ4b=hC°G" : ¡ J bECG ,bG5¡E4 D 4b@@.%G $bª < ¶(G áJvm+C°G - h/bg0Gh Ég1G ¢ < £ª±G b ª J áJvm+CG ¤ A ¡Ab~8 ,4bm0 ."Áb~zF(°G Ìª~}DG zEÉ- b FC° -b D c/ ,4v+ 4GyF 1G2 bCÄDG GwG h ~7CG ¤gDG ,4Gx~{DG bECG

." 5hb C¡g~6 y £G 4bC" ¤´b DG b DG ¢ £~6¡E h F ¡Ab~8 ,4bm0 CG 4v+ ¤ < 4GyF ibp DG rx~{J ib1x~8 h@@ @~@8hCGh ÍJ4¡~zDG ÍJÉE @@< á+b£ Db+ ,µb DG $bpFCG £ª/ ¶(G G2x~{-h Gx Bh <¡/ bECG + hEygDG ¥wDG J¡ DG hª~|DG v +" : ¡ J bK c D 4bcg<Gh , ACG b§ )Gy g~6Gh bAxDG áJxs~6 DG ¢ < ª J ibp C á +b~zDG ·bª<Cb+ áF4b E d DG A G3bE gJCG4 G : D h B ,,Ìc DG áJxs~|DG áDb~64 h ª0 b + d DCG h C ¤gDG ¤-4bm0 ",4bm²b+ x~6h ,ÍJ4¡~zDG J4¡ ´Gh J2x~{´Gh b£±G ÍJÉE E C rh4 zE° ¥wDG b Bv~8 ¡G ¤´b DG b 0b‚ E b ª/CG ÁC° , ¡Ab~8 ,4bm0 b g£ª~6CGh ,b@@G%G4 E ,vJxA ,4bm0 ¤@@Gh , ¡Ab~8 c/ Gv@@BCG h« ."á Gw´G á£ £c DG b -É£ ~{-h b FG¡DCb+ ,b <¡F

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

,áJ4¡~zDG ex@@²G xª< ¡G iG¡ ~6 h~6 É@@1h . D i¡~8 E ª< @@DGC Jx~{<h á~zª1 y@@‚CG Í0 ,¥hv@@´G 24 $b/ h~9x< áBvDG á£Db< 4¡~|+ bª<C°G wG £.¡- ® .,4bm²G ¢ < ,hÉ< ,Gx~zJ¡~6h b~zFxAh b£Fb´CGh 4b¿GvDGh b £m + ¯ ác-b D "á_/° á )b< á 04" G¡ < ªpJ ebgC ¯ b £ª~}bK £cE ÈCC°G dg DG E v0Gh ¡Gh " 64h4 hJx=4bE" áJv DG "¤ £~7bC h4vFb~zD" ·b J(°G oxs´G bB GK Ì1CGh ,µb DG ¡0 " x~{DG @@E 4¡~8" G¡@@ @< ªpJ ~{£ª£FCG £A oGx@@1(b@ + b AGx- ¡Ab~8 ,4b@@m@0 @@E á0¡D Jx~{<h á_E ª~}gJ

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

,hp DG < ¢ s- ¥wDG ,¤ £~zª³G ¥4¡~zDG ibp DG $bBv~8CG ib0¡D £ ~{g+ gBh ¤~}Â ib+h ,áJ4¡~zDG ex²G áJGv+ E .d J 4GyF :G¡DbBh G¡ª~zg+G ,,4bm²G E ," ¡Ab~8 c/" ~6G ~z D 4bg1Gh ª~6G < ¢ s- Í0 D E ,4bm²G ªmJ ¥w@@DG , x@@BC°G cm D ¤gJ4b=hC°G ~6°G á.¡D g+b~8CG 4Gy@@F :G¡DbB ,á£B3ÉDG g JvE bª~7 _:b~7 áª DG K 2É+ ¢ < ex²G tJ4Cbg+ °¡ ~{E bC 3(G v0CG ¢ < 2xJ µ 4v+ ° E á1x~8 ,4bm²G wG ¡ gD ," ¡Ab~8 c/" ,4bmp+

G&*

*§ £ . f D jª

ájQƒ°ùdG áÑjô¨àdG ájÉμM ¿ƒaÉ°U IQÉéM »g IójóL ájóéHCÉH

¤<*4 Â4 ¢ < f<5¡´* i¡´* v)b~|E Í+H @@94&°* $bpF&* C ¯ b £p: ,x.bF fJ4¡~6 ¯ ex²* ¢04 4Hv- b £+ ¤ « ib0¡D ¯ b ~{J bJ&° ¥Hy JH h ~|J ,4bm²* "4v+ ¤ < 4*yF" mJ f Jy²* 2ÉcD* wG 94&* -¡EH G2x~{-H 0HyF i*Ì~zEH v + $b +&* fcJx - < Kb~|~|B

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

ǀƸƀȚǎŽȚ ǀƵŴƾƃŽȚ ȜȤƾžȁȚ ..ǀŻȤƾƪŽȚ

BC°G ¢ < hCG , v - CGh ,áEC°G wG bC4CG 9¡ - CG vJx- ¤gDG ,¤ª ~zDG {Jb gDGh qEb~zgDG ¢ < ¡ J ¥wDG b J2 ¡~{- CG "áBÉ³G Ì=" ¢~9¡ DG x~{ -h ,á£mª DGh á£~{0¡Db+ ª~z-h .b )b/4CG Í+ ,e¡ DG Â E ¡G ,x@@1CG ebc~6CG Í+ E , b ~zDG C°h d0b~|D }£B ÑG E bK Fb ~6 (bA , Gv+C°G pJ E z£Dh ¡~}< ,¤ª~6b DG vª¹ + b ~6 4¡gCvDG t£~{DG ¡ª~zDG + g0G x1%G bK Fb ~6 ,áB4b~{DG Cb0 ,2b«ÉD ¢ <C°G z m´G ,b ª pJ CG cB +h D ,4bE(°G hFG2h ,b Â CG cB e¡ DG lv0h . 94C°G ¯ cpJ ´ ¶b - ÑG ~}J ¥wDG ¡c DG F(G Jx1%°G e¡ B CÉª£D eb~zFbA , ¡ª~6 d B ¯ d²G 9bA CG .,2b ~zDGh ám cDG Fb~8 dp+ +¡ B ` gªgDh ,,2b ~6h ám + .e¡ DG b ~6h áAb jDG b ~6 GK x ~7 ,¡ª~zDG d0b~8 GK x ~{A ,ex< qDb~8 vª¹ 4¡gCvDG 3bg~6C°G ·b E á_ g+ g1CGh xJv/ ¡Gh ,,4hv@@DG w D á£Ab jDG b DG á£~|s~{+ y)b DG |1CGh ,áB4b~{DG $b +CG £ª± Jy±G x ~{Db+ ¤ .CGh ,b + + vª0CG ,2b ~6 Ev E ¯h ,ebg D áB4b~{DG á_£G ,x~6CG E á ~7 G¡@@Fb@@C @@Jw@@DG ,á_£ DG z£)4 ,¥x@@Eb@@ @DG @@9b@@C4 d0h , @@ @ -4b@@E(G d@@0h , Fb ~6 d@@0 b@@G2¡@@Bh b~{ DG b E C dpJ CG ª´G E G ,,$Gx@@+ ¯ Cb~6CGh , g_£G E á@@+b@@/(°G ª~6CGh ," ¡cpJ bªC ª<h :hh Fb ~6 " ¡c0CbA c0CG" : GG¡ACG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

cBh ,rbggA°G áD¡/ E b Eb~z/CGh b EGvBCG rb-x- CG cBh ,áD¡±G wG ¯ bFxª= ¥wDG ¡GyDG x~6 b ~6¡ F d<¡g~z- CG ¯ ehx~}´G v<¡´G cB ,,2b DbCh ,GK x~9b0 , ¡ª~6 bFv/h á~62b~zDG ,4hvDG rbggA° ,lv²G Gw D ·bgDG v + ¡£DG rbc~8 y)G¡/ J5¡gJ b g0°Gh ,·hvDG áB4b~{DG 9x ´ Í.ÉjDGh ¡ª~6 £A d:b1 ¥wDG b g0°G ¡Gh ,2017 b D 9x ´G ÍFb DGh $b@@+2C°Gh Í j´G ¤ J) gFCG : D¡ + Jx~9b²G E ÌjC < ¡ DG GwG Íc£D ,¤)bc0CG d0CG bJ Jy)b DGh d B ¯ ¡ j´Gh áAb jDG b g« ¤gDG á0b~z´G b DhCG ,4¡EC°G E o¡~z ´G d£~{ DG b +¡. ¯ ,b£p D dp´G 42b DG /xDG GwG bÂ(°(b+ G2y´G ,x DG q£+b~|§ ~8x´Gh ,áAx ´Gh DG 4¡F 6b DG J bE D $b DGh wcDG d0 b £Fb.h . ¡~{³Gh hCG ÌcC $y@@/ ,áD2b ´ áDhb¹ ¯ ,¥¡ ´G ~{ < ¥hx@@Jh £~8Cb- b jDb.h ,¥¡-xJ 2b J ° ¥wDG ¥2b´G ~{ < E Ì ~8 ." b~zF(°G b£pJ v0h yc³b+ z£D" :,4¡ ~{´G áD¡ ´G ¯ ebg D ·hvDG áB4b~{DG 9x E rbggAG á~z / hFbC _Dh ¢ E + ¤ £ 0 6x< á+bj§ Í.ÉjDGh á~62b~zDG @@-4h2 x~|E d0 ¯ Ix1CG ,xGb - ¶(G b D¡0 , ¡ª~6 CG °(G ,áª DG , bB bªC "Í~|²G á£+x DG áEC°G ~|0" bG4bcg<b+ ,á£+x DG ¥wDG ¥2b´G b § ~|²G ¤ J ° FCG , D3 ¡ª~6 x~zA bªCh ~|²G b Dh , Db+ DwC x~|Eh , 9b£²G < 2hwJ É~}DGh ¤ cDG I¡B É; ¡pÂ GK 4¡F ~{Jh ,4¡F E ¤ + ¥wDG

√ƒÑt Mn nCÉa ..º¡Ñs Mn nCG

¾(*

Jb/ ¤ 0 vcE 2x D f£+x D* -4bE(* h@@F*2 v A ¥2x@@A *v@@+(* x@@1&* ebc~6&* Í+ E x ~{D* &° &ÉE K*x ~7 v+&bA EÉ0&*H E°%b+ h/ygE* b§4 ¤gD* gE&* É0&*H °%* 7b< e¡G¡E ,v£0¡D* ¶H&°* gs~zF ¯ "$*x ~{D* ÌE&*" d D pg~6bA kJv²* bFx~|< ¯ b£FvD* 1932 1868 ¤B¡~7 v 0&* x<b~{D* ¡Ax - b C ¡GH 1927 b< ,vJx D*H f£ ~8&°* ,4b@@E(° f£+x D* b -*4bE(* h@@F*2 v A ¤<b / *v@@+(* x@@1&* ebc~6&* Í+ E fAb jD* &°H v g - fE¡ E ~9 b gEv³ +b~z-H b D c0H b )b +&* ¤Bx+ hAx< f£+x< fB4b~{D* ,4bE(* ¤ FH b gAx E ¯ f+¡ ~8 v½ ° b mJ bE Kb/b E ¤<b ±* D* ¤c D ,4*vm+ i5b@@0 &* v + f£+x D* fAb jD* ,4b@@E(* 5b E H2 @@EH hpc~8&* ¤gD* "f£EÉ~6(°* fAb jD* f ~8b<"H "f£+x D* fAb jD* f ~8b<" ¡ - h-b+ ¤gDG á<b ~|DG wG ¯ bª E GK yCxE áB4b~{DG /h , J¡~z-h ,$b~|0(Gh 2b~|gBGh ,4G2(G ¡ Ah < E z~6CG ¢ < .bGÌ=h ¤+CbJ Dh ¢ + ,"á£GG5 áB4b~{DG ¡ - C° c~6 bE ¤ J °CG ,b Fb ~6h b ªCb0 Gw A ,b£Fb~zF(G G¡@@G5h bK B¡ - °(G b GCG ,¤ª~6b DG vª¹ + b ~6 4¡gCvDG t£~{DG ¡ª~zDG d0b~8 rbggAG ¢ < 8xpJ ,áB4b~{DG Cb0 ,¢ <C°G z m´G ¡~}< ÍFb DGh Í j´G E ÌcC v~{0 ~6hh , ~z + rx~|DG GwG ¡Gy-h , + ¡GyJh ¡ª~z+ ¡GyJ , GÌ=h $b+2C°Gh ebg DGh ib£Bb -°G E 2v< £B¡- ¡ª~6 v ~{£Dh ,"á£GGyDG" + D3 cB CGv+ vB á£GGyDG á Jv´G ¯ ª DG CG ¶(G x~7'¡- ¤gDG hpc~8CG ¡ gDG ¢ < 4Gx~8(°Gh eCGvDGh áJv±G CG ¶(Gh ,Ìj + á£Bb -G xCwF CG ¤ Jh .b )b +CG á£~|s~7 ¯ á£~6b~6CG x~8b < ¤gDG á£Bb -°G ¤Gh , D3 C ¢ < £D2h bjªC b E ,v0Gh iG4bE(°G $b+2CGh ebgC 2b«Gh ,ebg D áB4b~{DG á_£G Í+ h Bh á£~|s~7 Í +4C° bK Jx A ÉK ª< Í +4CGh á~zª1 x~{Fh áª/ÆD áJy£ ‚(°G ¤G á£c /C°G ib DG E 2v D áDhvDG $b +CG E CG ¢ < , ª< D ibª/x- 3 BG¡+ á£Db -ÄDGh á£~zFx DGh x ~{DG ib_A ¢ < áª/Æ´G dg DG ¡ª~7 á£Bb -°G ¯ ¢<GxJ DwC b £A ¢<GxJ bªC ,ib~6G4vDG dgCh áJGhxDGh á~| DGh b DbJh ." ECG bE á£+2C°G b£/C°G Í+h ,Í~z ±G Í+ 5G¡gDG .e¡~z¹ rbg FGh , £B2 Ah b< ¤<h < - áJ'h4 E

á £ª/ b C ,x1CG eb DCb+h ,áª~6bcDG ,4bE(°b+ b Ax F b FC°h GK vJv/ bK c D b £D(G b ~9CG (G vJvm+ iCbF D b F(bA ,á )b gEh ¯ b J CG Â bE D áAb~9(Gh ."á£GGyDG ,4bE(°G" ¡Gh b )b +Cb+h b ªCbp+ ¡Gy- b F(G £cB E ,á£ª~zgDG - xJÄ¤<¡~9¡E dc~6 b A , @@D3 Ì= ¶(G ,b £Fb Eh b £FbcEh . DwC ,4Gv/ <h ,d DG Gw D á pg~zE b mJ á_£G E áÂxC ,¡<2 h£ - bEv < dc~zDG GwG · ~{ ,"x~{ D áB4b~{DG á JvE" rbggAG 4¡~}² ebg D áB4b~{DG ¤~z F hDCb~6h bK £ E h B¡- ."á£GGyDG" ¯ :G¡Db A " JCG hDCb~6h 2x¸ bGGx-CG "¡Gy- G3b´h ,¡Gy- ¨h ,á£GGyDG ¤G bE Ix E ¤ ª~zE b ª~6G x J µ ¤gDG áB4b~{DG :b E E á E ,4bE(°G ,áB4b~{DG ¤G CG "iG4b@@E(°G ¯ $b + ¡: =4 , cB b G 6b DG J d D F(G CG , D3 ¯ ²G b Dh ,b ~z F CG ",4b@@E(°b@@+ CG ,á Jv´b+ CG , z Db+ ,¡Gy D GK y@@E4 ¡ £D .ÈCCGh , D3 C b F(G + :á _ª E z DG ¤ g+hbmA " :¡Db+ , Jx~7b DGh x~{ D á EbC á JvE ¤G ,,2b~6 bJ "á£GGyDG" £ª± á0¡g E ,,x0 áJ2b~|gBG á E ,Íª/Æ´Gh áª/ÆDGh ,b E ,µb DG $bpFCG £ª/ E áAb jDb+ Í£ ´Gh Íªg ´G 4bmJ(G F D q£-h ,d)Gx~}DG G¡FCG E ¡F ¥CG E bEb q£g-h , c~6b - ,vE ¥C° ,á0b~zE áJCG Ghx/Cbg~zJ CbC ,áFxE hCG 8b gFG h2 E , b E ¥CG ¶(G 0b+4CG £ª/ J¡« D x~{ DG áCx0 £m~{- : zcD h2 E q~9Gh v DGh , 8b~|gBG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

ág ~zDb+ á c~{Db+ á c-x´G d£~6G¡²G d£~|- áj£c1 nEGx+ Wannacry hCG Ransomware áJv DG 6hÌA ¡G bG ,á£c DG bJbp~9 ¡ ~6 5xACG ,ÌjC °K h2 rbg/Gh GK hy= µb DG Gy= ¥wDG b + á Eb DG áª FC°G ibCx0 ~{J ¥wDG ~zDG ¡G .bK <bc,x-¡£cª DG 5b / ¢ < áFyK s´G ibFb£cDG Ì ~{g+ D3h ,5hv Jh A2 ¢ < GÄmJh ÍEvsg~z´G ibFb£+ É=(G ¢ < ª J bªC ¥3 v£g DG b m~6 E ibFb£cDG - rGx~6 É:(G +b E áJvA .ácBGxª D á£Db DG oGx+C°G C £D(G ác~z Db+ ,xGbE 8b B F(G , /GÆDG x J ° xCb DG áª. D .áBx~zDG ¶(G ÁhÆ D(°G 5Gyg+°G E ,rbcE $¤~7 xCb DG F(G ,ác£ DG E Ìj DG ¡ ²G c B ¯ ªpJ x1%G bK /h bgp´G Gw D J `gA bE ¥wDG ,$b~}£cDG á c DG h3 ¤BÉ1C°G 2b~8x´b+ xCb´G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

bC , g£~7b´ Bh bE q£~9¡- E áDhb¹ ´G ¶(G GK xJx ,b<xDG 4b~|A ,¢ g1bA c~8Cb+ 4G2CG , v£+ ®b³Gh £+ ~8h b´h ,GK 4GxE á+xmgDG 4xCh ,d)b DG á £~|+ < ¡.vpgJ . 7x DG ¢ < ¶¡g~6Gh ´G bg=Gh á ´G 2hG4 x~| DG ¶(G ¢ < ¡~|²G ¤G 5xCb DG ,v_ACG ~z- ¤gDG á£K DG hCG v~| ´bA x1%°G ÌEv-h ,bJbp~}DG v~84 b DÉ1 E Â ¤gDG á£ £ DG h£ª´G 6ÉA(°G áAb0 ¢ < ~9hh ,$Gx DG áÂy DG Bb²(Gh ²Gh ,¤~z DG eGx ~9°G E i°b0 {£ J /h ,4b K DGh ¢ < b £g~6°Gh ,d<xDG E v0 ¢~|BCG ¶(G ác<xE z£+G¡ + .n<y´G b <b J(G ibBbª²G eb -4G < hv DG hCG /GÆDG xCb DG x J ° ¥2'¡´G £c~zDG JCG ¤BÉ1C°G z²G x J °h , ¡ ´G x±Gh o2¡G ¢ < áD¡ª¹ áJh¡F +b B áFb~6x- -5¡0 ¤ A c B ¶(G

K Db~|_g~6° ÌcC v / ¶(G obgpJ ¥wDGh b~zF(°G ~zJ ¥wDG }p´G x~{ D i°¡ E C° , x+G2 F CG ib £G Dh , ª DG ¯ á+4b~}DG 4hw/ E áJÌ³bA ,Ì³G 4¡ D bK ~6b~7 bm´G q~z -h ,Ì³G K b AC°G ~{ - x~{DG K.b0xE 94C°G ¯ £ Jh ¥x~{g~zJ ¥wDG x~{DG bJb < Í E E bG2G5 qg ¤gDG b -G$GvF ¢ < ~}DGh z DG ,vGb¸ d gJ ¤BÉ1C°G z²G (G ,$¡ ª´G b -bGbgE ¯ b J4bmJ ° ¢g0 x DG E bK <¡F d gJ ,¤ g - ° ,IÄC ,vGb¸ b F(G . b EÉK DG ¶(G b -G4b~zE ¥2'¡- k£0 áJ¡g ´G eh4vDb+ ,¤BÉ1CG ° ¡ ~6 hCG DG b£-(G hx~7 ixAG¡- ¡Dh ¢g0 @@FC° ,á£~6bB ¥wDG ¤BÉ1C°G d/G¡DG $Gv D °K bjgEG < b ~z FCG 2xFh , A < F b~8x DG D .eb DG E bK A¡1 z£Dh ,4Gxªg~6b+ b ~6¡ F ¯ Gv~8 22ÆJ )b~6¡DG C JvD ixA¡- k£0 Áb~zF(G )b C Ìª~9 <2xJ µ ÁhÆ D(°G ¯ jªg´G £g~z/¡D Eh , GÆ@@1°G ¢ < áB4b1 ,4vBh $bC3 E á ª´G ¤ ª DG ¤BÉ1C°G DG iG$Gv D d£mg~zJ ° F(G.¤C3 -bGh x-¡£cª DG 6b~6CG ¢ < , Jx~zDG q+xDGh á ´Gh áp ~|´G iG$Gv D d£mg~zJ bE 4v + ,2v~|DG GwG ¯ . -G3 ¯ ibJb= z£Dh )b~6¡C Jxpc´G E Eb gJ FCG ¯ ¡:ÉACG b Dhb - ¤gDGh z£m£/ ®b1 ,4¡ ~6Cb+ xCb DG B¡E bFxCwJ ¯ ,bJv£D E ¤~7G¡E G4 z£m£/ < ¤ « ¤gDGh ,áJ4¡ ª±G -4hb¹ h<v~|gA ~8G¡ DG i4b.h ,GK 4G4vE GK x E $bª~zDG ix ECG bJC°G E ¡J dm gA ,¢<x´G 94CG ¯ á £p~6 ,¡G h jcFGh ,¥¡B GyD5 $Gx/ 94C°G h£E áj/ A¡/ ¯h ,bK A¡K ¸ bK £~6bpF bK Fb~|0 ICGxA ,¡ DG ~6CG ¶(G 4vpFGh G¡ AÌD ,2b DG ix/ bªC ,b<xDG ªg/G bª A ,¥2b DG b~zF(°G ~z/ E ÄCCG

ôcÉ¡dG ±ô©j ’ øY ∫hó©dG hCG ™LGÎdG äÉbÉª◊G ÜÉμJQG ’h ,¿ƒ©∏ŸG Ωô÷Gh »bÓNC’G ¢ù◊G ±ô©j …ODƒŸG π«Ñ°ùdG øjCG »Øa ;¬Ñ∏b ¤EG πHÉæb áfÉ°SôJ ¬JRƒM ≈∏Y ádƒªﬁ ájhƒf áã«ÑN èeGôH êOƒg Ö«°SGƒ◊G Ö«°üJ áμÑ°ûdÉH á£ÑJôŸG á«Ñ∏≤dG áàμ°ùdÉH

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

b=2C°G ·b<CG ¯ I4G¡gJh v m+ h J xCbE d . F(G ,x~|cDG Ä~|DG á £~}A (G .vJv/ E 4¡ DGh ,x DG 2hb Jh á~{0¡´G hD¡« iGwDG ¢ < ,x £~zDGh á JvcDG á<x~6h 7Cb±G á:b+4h ¢ < áª F ¶(G )b~}A E bGbp~9h á£~{< Í+h ,42bB ,4v + á c DG ¥3 xCb DG vJ ¯ b ~z F h ~z+h iKv-4G bEv < Í´b DG yE4 I¡~6 ¡ - CG $G2¡~zDG á c DG - bGb~z< bEh .$G2¡~zDG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

á£ £c: ácG ¤G b§ )b~} DG b £ < 3¡pg~z-h b g bEv < á+bj§ w_ £0 ¡@@ @- x@@Cb@@ @DG v@@J b§ iG¡@@£@² Eb~7 ¤ C ÌEv,á_£~zDG b@@JG¡@@ @ @D b@@Jb@@p@~@9 ¤@@G ·b@@<CG @@E 2b@@ @ DG x@@~@{@DG @@ F(G ¢ < ¤-CbJ á £ª DG h DG 4bp+ 4b~|<(G F(G , z+b£DGh x~}1C°G ¯ A2b~|J bE C g J bE4(G á /h ¶(G E ªpJh Jx: á F v +CG ¶(G ,áE¡ E Ì= °h GK 2¡/h g ° á£AGx / b g Jx1 qEÉE ¢ < GK x@@.CG b JCG £ < ¢ sJ ° .á£DbcDG h« i¡~}FG ÁhÆ D(°G b~8x DG hCG xCb DG CG a4b DG Ì=h ,áD¡c ´G Ì= á /¡DG ¶(G b /hh K )b~} DG wG )G¡D ¥wDG )b DG ¡G eG¡~|DG ,K 2 b/ < hAxpFG k£0 áp£p~|DG K ¡~|J mJ á<bm~{DGh $bCwDG E £ B Ì= GK 4v@@B gÂ £pJh ,$É£1h ¡G5h rx§ á£-¡c DG á c~{DG µb< ¯ ¡mJh ¢ª~z´G GwG . b£g0°Gh x ´G ibG¡J4b £~6 áª<b DG b :¡£s+ ªgJh $b~|Ax DG z mJh |+K ÆJ d . á+bj§ ¡G xCb DG q´ ¯h ,b g = Í0 ¢ < GK v / bGv mJh á£p~}DG /h ¯

« EQ $f D

ÊhÎμdE’G ¿É°Uô≤dG âædG äÉ«bÓNCG ∫GDƒ°Sh ¥¡ ´ v£~74 Â ¤gD* $b£~7&°* £ / Í+ E ¤G ,Ì³* ,2*4( °* &* FbC J¡FbÂ(* vC'¡J K v F &* Â ¥wD* v£0¡D* $¤~{D* /4b1 ¢g0 H&* µb D* *wG ¯ bG4¡~|K A x~7 H&* v£B H2 É@@:(°* ¢ < K*Ì1 4bcg<°* Í + w1&bF &* b Â É ,2*4(°* ,¡B ²* fDb~8&*H $bCwD* x~|²* ° bj´* £c~6 ¢ < f £c D* dG*¡E i*Ì1 b F&* ¢ < f ~zD*H x~{D*H b±*H b´* jE ²* F H&* f<bm~{D*H @@D3H b@@ @-*3 ¯ i*Ì@@1 h~z£D b D Áb@@~@z@F(°* )b D* b + ¢ pJ ,2v gE ° b F(* x~{D* D H&* Ì@@³* D vsg~z- &* Â b F&* ,vJv~7 f:b~zc+ $*4H E b -2*4(* ~6¡g- ¤gD* f£ D* H&* v~| ´* D3 ¶(* fc~z Db+ °(* ,Ì1 ¡ K ¯ K*Ì@@1 h~z£D 7&b±* f:b+4H z D* ¢ < ,x £~zD* f £~} A b E*vsg~6* ¯ -x ;&°H K*Ì 1 KbEx¸ E h ± xm´* IvD ixA*¡- ¡D F&° b -*3 £ < ²* ¯ ¡~z FH E x F ¥wD* Jx D* ¡ s´* ,4¡~|+ b F¡£<

£~8b - C A¡/ ¯ x1 KvJ ¤ªBxDG µb DG CG bK ª < g E p ~6 ¢ < ,á£ ´Gh á£~|s~{DG bF4Gx~6CG Eh ,b -b£0 K @Ah ,3b~7 K C x~{g +h ,b -2G4(G }p§ b ~}F ¤gDGh ,3b@ ág+bjDG á£~|s~{DG b c£~6G¡0 d B ¯ $b@@1Æ@@~@6Gh á£pJ4CG hFÆF(°G x F q ~6 ¢ <h á£CwDG b -G¡G d ~8 ¯h ,áD¡ªp´Gh BG¡§ ,4¡ª E á£+b£~zFG Ghv/ ¯ Avg´G b c£c~8h 4b±G .á~6 Kv E ib~| Eh

£A ¡ - ¤ªBxDG µb DG áª04 h« {£ F pFh b@@²Gh á £c DG b gp E ¤gDG 7Cb±G á:b+4h ,4b ´Gh $bCwDG á £~}A xCb DG vJ ,5¡@@0 ¯ b FC° b -G3 ¯ ibJb= h~z£D b~zF(ÉD < v cDG C ,v£ + ibJb= ¶(G /¡g~6 )b~} DG - .,xCb´G ° á£BÉ1CG Ì= á /h ¶(G ¡p g~6 ,v£m´G ¤BÉ1C°G z²G vªpJ ° bE ¶(G áDb¹ ° h'¡g~6 ¤gDGh ,ác -x´G b m)bgF F ¯ Áb~zF(°G ª DG ex~}- vB i°bª g~6G ¶(G h'¡g~6 , bc <

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

.ex E ¤ ´G i¡~8 °h , gE bG'hG2CG °h .¢ E iG3 b -bª C ° .ebm<(°G E b£F¡C bJÌg~zG ¢ < 3¡pg~zJ b D ,á£ Jx=(°G x DG áD¡ : ¯ DG á J á~{GvDG hFbC á~{Gv D h-b+ . DG eb£= ¢ < x~7'¡Eh b ~8G }¹ ¡£DG .obgF(G $GÄ1 áBÉ< |sJ bª£A ib Jb~}E ,v D xA¡ DG pgE 9x ib Jb~}´G - bª/(G Â .b ~9x J ¤gDG bª<C°b+ 4¡ ª/ .áJb<vDG E á+bmg~6°G xJx« Â G:·bgDG G'¡~zDG ¯ h2 ¤ DG ª DG ¡ gJh pg´G ¶(G 6b DG 1vJ k£p+ ¤gDG áJb<vDG < áGQy E g+bmg~6G ¡ gD . c0b~8 áAx E ,4G2(G h~}A4 . pg´G ¶(G D¡12 cB g+bmg~6G y © bGxp~6 ,L ÌjC L bª<CG Dw+ v g~6 3(G .ib0Æ ´G wG xA¡ DG - ¤gDG ÌGbªm D á£~}JÆDG áJb<vDG Ä< b £D(G ewmJ ¥wDG ¢ « ¤gDG b ~8C°G ¢ < á£ J2 ,x F $b D(° á J¡: Ì+G¡: ¯ ~|E £mcg+

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

.¤BÉ1C°G Eb F ¯ áA¡DCbE Ì= £B ¶(G B¡´G dp~z- ª/ . ~z F < Ab C hCG ªC °(G bK £C¡ ~6 bGv~zmJ CG Â °h F¡C E ÈCCG áJx~{+ áBbBxD GK y£Ex- Dw+ ¡ ~zDG qc~|J ¤ £c DG <b - b@@¸ E yg E ¤<bªg/G 2x D GK y£Ex ¡/CG 1vJ . /bgF(G ¯ Gb~zJ ° x@@1%G b¸ ¯ B'¡Eh .bK ªsgE E 2¡ Jh b~zF(°G n£~zF" ¯ ÍDx+ b@@JGy@@J%G Ev J ·bjE 9ÆAG áª. á£+x-h £ g+ ¡ pJ JwDG 6b DG ibc=4 .bªg+ gJ"v~6b DG DwD .Gw C M Í - ¢ < GK v@@+CG ~|pF D b D .á .bªgE á£<¡F C áCx0 ¯ bK £ £c: GK 4b~zE DG ¯h ibc=xDG ¯ ihb gDG ¢ cJ bGxA¡- ¤gDG áJyJx DG áJw gDG E ¢~7ÉgJ D3 CG Ì= . ªg¸ °h } + ¡Ax J ° x~{+ .áJx~{cDG b -bBbBxD á£ªBxDG á/x DG hx DG z D °h £ DG z D ¡ jgÂ °h } + ib D ¡ª J ¯ ¡CÆ~{J C .¤~6b£~zDG ub ´Gh á£+ÆDGh £ gDGh áJ2b´G á£ =CG .á£ =CG e¡. ¯ e¡£-¡£DG D Ev J v0Gh yExD bjgE°G

pgD ,4¡ ~6C°G iv/h .,4¡ ~6CG FCb+ Ä< , b£~}DG @@E áJx~{cDG ib ªgm´G hFb A .bG2¡/¡D á£Eb~zgE b E 2bmJ(G á@@B4b@@³G i°¡ cDb+ á g´G ,x@@ @~@6C°G DÉ1 @@Eh @@+ ¥w@@DG y£EÆDG z£~6CbgD . |Db1 Áb~zF(G z£~6CbgC ªgm´G ~6bªgJ ¢ < ,4v@@ @DG Â E , É@@g@EG Í gDG gÂ 2Gx@@AC°G ¯ ¤-bE¡ ´G ~z DG t~9 áJv£ - ib~| E v/¡- .bK ~}JCG g+bmg~6G .,Ì g´G ib ªgm´G ¯ ÌGbª±G }£JÆD á~6v ´G ,3¡ ~{DG E d 1 Tkc- ib~| E .xp~zDG Ì.Cb- h« á g~{E b -b£0 © 4G¡@@²G b@@¸ ¶(G b -2b g~6° b@@¸ °h iG4bc + ,3¡@@1Cb@E ib<¡ª¸ .Áb~zF(°G áE¡ S E ib<¡ª¸ . Gb±G c±G t£~7 2¡/h .á~8b³G á£~9x´G b g ~8h b D .bK £ C .bGv~9h á£FÉ DG o4b1 K.b£ C gs´G bGÌ.Cb- á£ªBxDG á~| ª D ª B'¡-h -b ªg¸ E 2GxAC°G ~{g ibG¡Jv£A .á£F¡ DG ibc=xDG $b~}A ¯ ibc£ C .á:x ´G á/bª~zDG E á£Gb gE° x - $bJ5CG .áJx~|+ á /¡E á£+x= b=C M ° Ãx gD ibFb/x Eh .¤~z / c ªC v~z±G á F C ¶(G á~| ´G wG ~|- .,$G2xDG ¡ ~6 ¯ áJv0 ib Jbc- lv« . 94C°G ¯ á£ p´G ¢ cDG Í+h á£ªBxDG á/x DG 4¡ ª/ á.4G¡gE iGÌ.CbgD b Ah ª - hDG5bE ¤gDG ¡ ~zDG ~z J . x@@ @ DGh v£ gDG Ä@@< ¶(Gh ,¤@@ @p@´G ªgm´G ¯ })b F ¶(G ªgm´G ¯ b ~} + < ás~z g~zE ¡@@/h á/x DG b s~}- ¤gDG iGx.'¡´b+ 3¡1Cb´G <¡ + gBÉ< bK £)y/ 2x DG v J .á£ªBxDG ¶(G ,4b~z³G w@@G o4v@@g@-h .¤<bªg/°G áJx~{+ áBbB4 < ,4bc< 2x DG qc~|J CG á ª/ Ä< £D(G x~7'¡J .ÌGbª±G á gC ¯ eb£. ~7 ¯ b£C¡ ~6 +¡c- ¤gDG iGx.'¡´G z£D ácCx´G g Dh iG2É@@Bh ¡-b- 5¡@@E4h E bK ~}JCGh + ,á cD Ì= ibª C E A

,4bc DG ix ; .bEyJ4b DG ,x A dFb/ ¶(G E bK ~}JCG áJb<vDG Gv =¡+hÄDG á£ £-ÉDG áJ2¡£D¡ DG bª £~zDG iw1CG .á£ J2 á E¡~8 b g/w¿ £ª gD b -vªg<Gh á£ gDG wG h~z£D 2¡£D¡ A .b g £º ·bgDb+h á£ª £ DG ibFb£+ Ä@@< ,x ~{ D @@+ , {£ D bK Fb E 2¡£D¡G Ev - bE E .áBGÄDG ,4¡~|DG ÍJÉ´G b g£FGy£E ÉACG .¢ ´G ¶(G x g J . }p´G £AÆ D ~|- iG4°hv@@ @DG @@E < °v+ á g´G ,4bc< ¡Evsg~zJ D , b~zF(°G á£ + ¯ xG¡/ á g´bA . £AÆDG b g gE mJ ¥wDG bm´G ¢ < qg - b F¡C z£D FCG Ì= . Jx1%°G á gE E á <b gE G áJ2¡£D¡ DG á£ª DG b@@¿C°G 4hv § b~zF(°G 2¡/h ª U á£ £ 0 á g´ z~6'¡¢ pJ @@ D3 @@E .á@@~@ z@ FG'¡@ ´G 4b@@ @ :(G ¯ x ~}- á£F¡C bEyJ4b + b £A ¡ Eb DG $Gx ~zC +bsgFG ¶(G ,vpg´G ¼C°G b E á£E¡‚ ~|J ¥wDG bE .á ~z²G bJG¡ D 6¡ : Ì= ¤ªBxDG x~| DG ¯ 8¡s~{DG ob@@g@F(°G ibCx~7 b © ¤@@g@DG ,3¡ ~{DG obgF(°G ibCx~7 hªª< .áª£ D bFb/x E ~z Q ¤-G¡ DG ib GGx´G ib£g DG 4¡~8 Jb´ gJ'h4 2xm§ $bª=(°Gh bJÌg~z DG ¯¡ Ab+ @@DG DG 24 qc~8CbA . ¡~zCb/ 7b -4°b+ 6b~z0(G ¡G ¡~zCb/ áJ'hxD |BG4 . ¡~zCb/ ¡G E D .¥2G4(GÉDG xª DG á£~{E áCx0 w1CG . F .e¡+ ¤ Eh JbªgDG áCx0 v@@Bh hGx@@+ zª£/ @@E $¡g + ´G $Gw²G á<vs+ á£+3b±G v~9 zª£/ ib1x~8 ~9hh .á£~94C°G ¯ h£cj ~z +h4 vJGh D ª~8h . £Fb=CG ¯ hGx+ Q £A obgF(G áCx~7 h~}A4h . -b~|B4 q‚CG ¯ gC4b~{E "á-ÉC¡~{DG ~|Eh ·4b~7" á D'¡E £Dh4.o g~}A4 DwCh . £ DG .,4¡@@ @~@6CG ¶(G ¡@@« D .x@@-¡@@+ ¥4b@@G 4bg g~6G D3 ¯ z£DCG .".G3bE ¢ < $b + á £< Gw G d J bª £0 x~{cDG áEGx +

Ék «FõL OôØdG ó≤Øj ¬YƒæH ¬àbÓY .»YÉªàL’G √òg êQóàJh ¤EG IQÉ°ùÿG OôØdG íÑ°üj ¿CG ábÉbQ øY IQÉÑY á∏àc ‘ ájô°ûH ÒgÉª÷G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

z£D .ácG¡´G ¶(G hx g Jh ¤BÉ1C°G ÉpF°G ib £< ¢ FCG eb£ A .b F¡ª~}§ °h @@-2b@@E ~{+ áBÉ< b G b g+ÉD cB ,2¡/¡E á+bmg~6°G ± b:x~7 ¡ª~}´G eb£=h ~{DG .b <¡~9¡E . %G ¯ £ < 3¡pg~z- bE xEv-h 3¡pg~z- á=4b DG bEyJ4b DG wG ,4¡~|DG obgF(G s+ + ,,2Gx Db+ bK FÆ E ebm<(°G ¢ cJ ° 3(G bK £Ax0 bEyJ4b DG ¤ - .,x~{B }¹ b c0b~8 b £A ¡ J ¤gDGh JwDG 8bs~7C°G } cD á £c DG b c - ¤gDG áª DG .ác DG Jx: DÉ1 E G¡ ~{£D 6b DG cgJh ,2bB ¡pc~|J zCbE ~| sg~zJ bE GwG .áJ¡£FvDG hCG á£ JvDG g /h ¶(G $b cD Áb´CG ¤-¡G° E b ~zcgBG ¤gDG bEyJ4b DG ,x A E Ä£A ¶(G x g - áJÌGbª/ o3b¿ bECG b G b FCG Ì= .,2b£ DG ¡ E G b~|1 É+ 8bs~7CG .bE $¤~7 Ãv - ¯ ácG¡´Gh ác DG ¶(G áBbª²G ~64O áJb<vDG g / ¤gDG á.Gv²G ib£~|s~7 .á£CÉ g~6°G ib ªgm´G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

b@@Ehb@@+h Ãb@@ @ @C4h2) @@+4b@@~@{@E gs§ ¤@@/¡@@D¡@@£@~@6¡@@~@z@DG .bK £BÉ1CG bK ~|E ªgm´G ~{J tD(G .. Â5h zJ2bJ4¡g~6bCh b JCG b JvG ¢ < c~} J ¤gDG 2hv@@²Gh áJx²G ¯ xU@ J á£+ÆDG 1v- Gw Gh . %G ¯ z~6CbgJh z~6'¡J 2x DG . ¡ ~zDG v£~} - ¢ < 4b ´Gh ¡ DG ª -h . £ DG hGv@@- b F ¯ °(G . ªg¸ C $b + ,Ì~6 É-(G h2 vJvmg+ ªgm´G á£ + vJv/ £/ ¡ª £D ,vJv/ 42b~|E bpgBG v ~{F ¡£DG b FCG ¶(G /¡DG £« ¤gDG ~8G¡gDG )b~6hh e¡£-¡£DG Bh ¢ < ibª‚ ~7 ¢ < 4¡ Db+ ib~6h¡ E ib£gA .ox cE b B ¡pggA . Gwg+°G ib/42 ¢~|BCG ¶(G G2b~z/CG ~9x g~zJ bK Ah 4¡ DG á ~6 bGv ~z- bEyJ4bC .ibª E ¶(G £ DG ib£gA mJ ¥wDG dc~zDG ¤ g´G mJ .obgF(°G á~6b£~6 ibc£-ÆD ° ¤-G¡ DG ib£+x DG ib£ ´G ¢ < $¡~}DG ¤ - ib~7É DG ib_E cB bG4¡ ª/ ibCx~{DG ng - .uGx~|DG I¡~6 $b DG E v© ¡ ~{J ib£ Eh Í § ,4¡p~zE ÌGbª/ .b £Fb A ng - CG

f « EQ $

2HH*2 ¤Eb~6

¿É°ùfEG á«ªbôdG áLôØdG

á£+b~|< bJb~}Bh ibFb/x Eh É@@ACGh ibG¡Jv£Ah ibE¡ E ¢ < ,4v DG g á ~6 . %G ¯ b g£hO ÌGbª±G n££ á£<É³G Áb=C°G E s~9 4vº .kcDG á JxB áª£ DG / ¶(G á gº á£<bªg/G ¢ + E cp~z-h ÉEbC É£/ x/x© i°b@@0(°G ª¸ ªgm´G v J k£p+ . zFbmgE v£ + $b~}A bK Eb< 11 @DG xª< ¯ b :CG .¢ ´G á c~7 ¯ b + c-xJ ¤gDG .4b AC°Gh x<b~{ª D ájJv²G 4O 2b~|´G O jQ c- ¥wDG c³G ¡ EvJ obgF(°G ibCx~7 ; ¯ bK 0bgE GK 4b£1 v J µ , vJx- bE 4bgs- CG 2x¸ F¡C E ÄCCG $¤~7 E áBÉ< ¢ < 6b DG © ¤gDG ¯ á AbF ¢ c- '¡£~{gDGh eGÆ=°Gh eÉg~6°bC iG4bc< . Gh pJ µ vJv/ ¥Ì:Cb- v + ¶(G á/bp+ b D , b£~zDG GwG . ~6b+ b ~8h Â ° á_£+ ¯ á~}Bb gE ib£C¡ ~z+ b£E¡J v ~|F ¥wDG bE .,Ì ~8 áJx C µb DG ib £ - Iv@@0(G 2x¸ b FCb+ l4(É@D bK Ah .x@@1%G $¤~7 < ¤ FCGh b_£~7 AG CG ÁÄsJ

¯ áJx~{cDG /O bªgGG ¢ < 3¡pg~z- CG ,$G2x D ECG £C N AN .á JyE á c= á_£G ¤gDG á.Gv²G 5hx+ E ªgm´G v < x h<GvgA . J4¡- °%G Ìc g+ á ´G á£FG2x DG b E hc / 2x DbC á£~z£~6Cb- i°¡@@ @E $b@@ @+ ¯ á£~6b~6CG ibª~6 b E áJx)G2 xAb~}- áBÉ< ¯ bc£CÆDG GwG z~6CbgJ 3(G . ªgm´Gh v~9h b ~} + @@/C° v/¡F b © ¤gDG <b gDG á£ ª< Ä< .ibBÉ DG E Ìj DG $b cD bK J4hx~9 lGÆC°G v J µ .b ~} + eb£= ¯ x ;h .bE |s~7 < á Jv+ ás~zF 4Gxªg~6b+ v/¡O ÌGbª±G kJv²G ¤mª DG ¡ s´G Áb~zF(°G bªg/°G ,x A .vJxJ bE z < ¢ < x~|gJh gJ2xA 2x DG b £A v J ¤gDG v/h ¥wDG £ DG v~z/ ¯ áCx²G á£~6b FG P ~}< á B £ B ÌGbª±G" :á£)Gx g~6°G g+4b E " Â5 o4¡/" £A ."¤<bª±G eb~|<C°G eGx ~9b+ eb~|E Ä< á ~6 ,,v@@Jv@@/ á£D¡ª~7 á ~6 ¤ªBxDG x~| DG 5x@@ACG E á Eb~{DG iGx.'¡´G k+ )b~6¡+ x.Cbg~z- .b D ,x+b<h á ~zDG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

|ย ย 7

ย JvD* rร ~8 ยฅ2b~7

รกโ ยซโ dG โ ฆรฒg ยขSร b ยปร โ b m ย x~|gF ย &* fย ยฃย D* bย ย ย ร ร ย ยฃ~{ย C ,4bย ย D ยคย ย F fย ~zgcE ย ยกยฃย + 2ร D* bย ย G*2 *3(* H v0*H $*2x+ bย ยฃย ย $*xย ~{D* bFv~zpJ ยคg0 ย ยก~zJvย D* bย ย ย ย J H fย ยฃย D* ยฅwG 6bB ยคcย B M xย ~{D* ย ยกB ย ย mJ ยฐ ,vยฃ~6 ยคย ยฃย + ยตbย D* *wG bGxย cJ ,vยฃ~6 hDbB ยคย ~8&ยฐ* bย ย :ยกE ยฏ $*xย ~{D* bย C4bcJ ย ยก~zJvย D* bย ย ย ย JH ,vยฃ~zD* ย ~6* bE ย x<&* ยต ยคย ~8&ยฐ* bย ย :ยกE bEH hยฃย =H dยฒb+ ย 2bsgF ย &* ย ย ร fย ยฃย D* 4bย ~7&ยฐ* }ย + H ร ย ยฃ~{ย C ย x~|gF ย &* bย ย ย ร hBยกD* }ย + bยฃย gD* hBยกD* }ย + bEyย F*H hBยกD* }ย + bย ~zg+*H ,&bmA bยฃย gF*H

2รณCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 7 ย h&ยธ* ยฃยงIfF ร ย ย ย j2

gBh dC¡ DG vJÄ- ¶(G ¥2'¡J b» zª~{DG á ~7CG Brian) zC¡ Jh b@@Jx@@+ b@@B .á£-bc DG ,b@@£@²G á_£ D ,b~6bF ¯ ¤)b~} DG 6v ´G , Wilcox z m´G ¯ G¡~}< h C" :á£Fb JÄDG á@@ @<G3(°G ¥wDG ,¤cC¡ DG bAv D b~6bF áDbC¡D ¥4b~{g~6°G Q E 94C°G dC¡C < bAvDG /CG E bK BxO :O 642 ,obg g~6G ¶(G Oh ~8¡-h ...ibcFw´Gh ibc J¡ DG ÄCCG , b@@Cx@@+ x 1 CG ¡G ,á@@~@6G4v@@DG w@@G É@@1 áDbCh $bª < ".dFw´G vJv - hCG d J¡ DG E Ìj + yg E h« bCx+ ¡@@0 Gv@@/ ¡ B bK £Db0 b~6bF °vFG ¥CG ´ bK Bx: hÄgsJh ¤ :¡DG " ¡g~6¡ J" . » ibG¡J4b £~zDG C ¥2b g+ , ¡J M iG3 ,b ªB ¡D ¢g0 ,á ~6 iG4b£ E á~zª1 hCG á +4CG É1 F(bA , É<CG q/x´G Eh .2¡B¡DG E zª~{DG á ~7CG v - ¡~6 . J¡: hB¡+ D3 cB 94C°G ¢ < ,b£²G ¤ g - CG 2G2y- ¡~6 ,2b DG ¯ zª~{DG á ~7CG w1Cb- bª £+ -x- ¡~6 µb DG ¯ ,4Gx²G á/42h ,b gF¡s~6 v + , b ´G áJb F ¯ .xscg- ¡~6 ib £p´G CG á/42 ¶(G ,q/4C°G ¢ < ,dC¡ DG GwG q ~6 ¡ £~6 , ~|Fh á ~6 4b£ E ,xª0CG Éª< á_£G ¯ zª~{DG ~zg- . . ~z D qDb~8 Ì= 6b DG E . @@94C°G b@@§4h ,xGyDG ,24b < dC¡C rbg© ix+h4 bBh .µb D b E x E ° áJb F cQ - ¯ á+¡ ~8 JvD ,x A áJx~{cDG áJb F ,x A (G" :¤~z DG p´G ,h4¡D¡g~6 6b DG vªg~zJ ."4vQ g D b Evsg~zF CG ªg« ° Gv/ ác£G4 ,áJx~{cDG tJ4b- E G$y/ F¡C E , G2¡/h ¢ § 4¡ ~{DG bC G3(G , D" . -bªGb~zE hCG G2b 0CG É1 E $G¡~6 D3 4v~|E (b@A , gJb F ¶(G ~|J ¡~6 ¥x~{cDG tJ4bgDG ." ¤ gs£~6 ¢ ´G bB .x1%G dC¡C 4bª g~6G E ªgF CG ¯ EC°G bª)G2 b G ..vJv/ y E < kpcF b¿(bA D3 F bEv < FCG 4ÉJ¡/CG .d~6b ´G x~| DG ¡@@G @@D3 C° bcC¡C v@@© CG @@ @´G @@E Eh ,b -b£0 ¯ bK £cG3 $K y/ g , 6b DG jE dCG¡ DG" : b~9CG . D3 4ÉJ¡/CG bB ". b G E 4vp J $¤~7 C , . " 94C°G ¢ < ,b£p D ¤cGwDG x~| DG ¯ {£ F pF" Q

,2b<(Gh ¤.G4¡DG Ì£ gDG ¢ < , b< ~{+ ,b -4vBh ,CRISPR bF24CG G3(G b F(G" :n £C¡G £g~6 bBh .b E bJÌg cDG £ª© ".bF2h24 ¯ J4w0 ¡ F CG dmJ" ,Ix1CG ib )b + b~|-°G á /G¡E jE ¡ - CG Â áEv gE ,4b~}0 á /G¡E (G" .v£/ ~{+ pg- µ ¤gDG - " 6¡cE¡D¡C" @D xª²G 2¡ DG hA¡~6hx JbEh Elon Musk) ~6¡E ¡@@ @ J(G ¥2b@ Q @Jx@@DG hbº < bK £ª/ G¡+x<CG ," zg£= £+" @D 4b~{´G z~6'¡´G .¥x~{cDG z m D ¤<b ~8°G $bCwDG 2¡ ~8 ¤ J G3bE Cb~{+ Q ,ájDb. á£´b< ex0 ¡Bh á£Dbªg0G ¯ jªg- ~6¡E hbº C ¤<b ~8°G $bCwDG xJ¡ -" CG ¯ n £C¡G B jªgJ bª £+ n £C¡G bBh .¥x~{cDG z ±G áJb F x~z J CG Â Eb DG x~{cDG 4¡ J bEv <" ¢~6 ¢+ ¢+) á£Fb JÄDG á<G3°G á_£ D v£ Jh ~z F $b - E J ¡~6 ,¤<b ~8°G $b@@Cw@@DG hx~|g J JwDG ,x~{cDG" ."vJGygE v § ~z F £ª~|$bCwDG á~zAb E Â ° ,$¤ cDG ¤/¡D¡£cDG 4¡ gDG ¢ < . ¹ pJ ¡~6 F(G + ,·%°G b~zF(ÉD ¤<b ~8°G ÁbCx+ 4bm F° Â ,d J¡ DG Ì.Cb- hCG ¥h¡ DG $bg~{DG jE dmpJ CG ,¥¡@@±G É DG ¯ á£AbC ibª£~z/ Cb£ - , )bG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

v0 ¶(G ,Ì ~8" @@D3 lhv@@0 8xA (G b@@B 4É@@J¡@@/CG D <C°G x g~z´G ¡pF @@©Gh ,dJxB ‚ xm FG G3(G ."bE á ~7C°b+ @@ 94C°G ~| J CG Â @@F(b@A , supernova) ¡G ¥wDG ,$G5¡@@±G (G :4ÉJ¡/CG bB .bEb/ á ~7CGh á£ £~zDG v0Gh ‚ ¡G ,á£ªm DG Orion) ¡J4hCG á<¡ª¸ E $y/ ¯ dC¡ DG pg~zJ , @@ @<C°G x g~z´G ¶(G dGwJ CG Â ".dC¡ DG q ~6 áDbcB ,b£²G b B b£Ax0"h b ~7(°G 4b~{gFG ¯ GyF¡ F°Gh ¥4v±Gh ¡<b DG jE 9GxECG hcc~z D ,x~{cDG E ÍJÉ´G iGx~{< ,b£p+ i2hCG ¤gDG á_+hC°G ¥CG E áEbs~9 ÈCC°G v´G E , ¡£DG .GK ÌjC hFb< ,4b~}²G b G ,G¡/ x ~zDG Jx: < +GÆ´G µb DGh ,¢~}E hBh £ª/ ¯ á<x~z+ x~{g J CG Â GvJv/ b~9xE CG E hbº vJGy-h ,ÄCCG á<x~z+ ib~6hÌ DG 4b~{gFG Eh .dC¡ DG $bpFCG áp~|DG $GÄ1 v g J ,áJ¡£²G iG2b~}ª D bJÌg cDG áEhb E < Ìj + ÄCCG hpc~8CG ¤´b< $b+h 4b~{gFG x 1 CG áEb DG . cB ¥3 CG Â ¤gDG á£/¡D¡£cDG áp ~6C°G Gv cDG E vJv DG g b£/¡D¡ gDG . b DG b D :CG G3(G á<hxE dBG¡< b D ¡ J áp ~6C°G @@ @- @@ @© ,Cas9 - Ä~zJxC @@j@E ,,v@@Jv@@±G á£E¡ ²G Ì= á <b DG ib m D á ~6h á~|£14 á£/¡D¡£cDG Ä~zJxC E" , DwC bJÌg cDGh ib~6hÌ DG q£ ~z- hCG Jv gD

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¤G b ~zDG 2v@@< ,2b@@J5 CG @@E Stephen Hawking) @@94C°G Gh5 ¶(G ¥2'¡@ - CG Â á ªg¹ Ix@@1CG á~8b~84 2v< 4v J ,2017 Jx+CG b~z£F E G4bcg<Gh .b Ax F bªC ib<hx~{E v ~{- bªC ,áª~zF 4b£ E 7 ,5 ¡p + dC¡ DG b ~6 b< ¡ p+ ,áª~zF 4b£ E 11 ¶(G ¡ª g~6 b FCG ,vpg´G ¼C°G ¯ ¤~9b´G ¡£F¡J x ~7 ¯ b DCG eb 1 ¯ ,n £C¡G bB .2100 EC°G (G ,nJhÊDb+ ÃbGvFhx- ¯ , ¡ D 6¡E4bg~6 b/x E Cb+ g E bFCG" .Ix@@1CG µG¡< 4bª g~6G ¡G áJx~{c D v£0¡DG : b/x ´G ¯ v~{p D bBh ," 94C°G x- ¶(G á/bp+ áJx~{cDG ¶(G áAb~9(G ,b D ác~z Db+ Gv/ ,Ì ~8 hpc~8CG vB 94C°G (G" ...x ³b+ 4w J v § áJ2b´G bF24G¡E Gy g~6b+ ¡ F b FCG ,,2b< , b G bC ,b sJ4b- ¯ á .b» áE5CG ¶(G b ~8h bEv < 1492 b< ¯ 6¡cE¡D¡C b A v D .4bª g~6ÉD x1%G b E µb< b G z£D , %°G D .vJv±G µb DG ~{gCG bEv < pF :á~8É³G ..¢@@F2CG hCG Í~6¡B ebB "b£+¡-¡J" ° vJv/ .$b~} DG E v F ebgC @@D'¡@E , David Aguilar) 4É@@J¡@@/CG v£ J2 b@@Bh : 94C°G jE dC¡C ÌEvgD x: á c~6 ,á£F¡ DG l4G¡ DG) ¡Gh GxF ¡~zA , 94C°G gc£~6 2¡~6CG d . b G bC G3(G" ¶(G ~|J CG cB , b@@Ey@@DG E hx@@B hCG x@@B ,v@@E eÆ J ." D3 b£0 $¤~7 ¥CG A ¢ < J42bB ¡ F D b D ,b G

jj| D fª:&*

ó«cCÉàdÉH »¡àæj ±ƒ°S ⁄É©dG

o*xA 4b: b Â $¤~7 b G z£DH f_£~zD* 4bc1&°* H&* wG @@ bE bE¡J µb D* ¤ g £~6 g g~zFH {£ F &* b Â F(bA 4b~zD* Ä³* bE&* xE&°* D3 b£0 + b£ D* JvD x~{cD*H f J¡: ,ÆA w E D3 lvpJ &* cB Ix1&* f ~6 ¡£ + b E ¢gE fAx E 6b D* $b<2*H ,4b~}²* xmA w E "fJb D*" Ìc g+ 8b1 6¡G $*¡G&°*H )*¡ D* i5x+ . EH y D* Ìj- d<bg´* Ìj- Ìc D* ¡£D* ¤-&bJ ¡GH David Meade v£E v£ J2 cB E y EO '¡c - x1%* f F Kb£Db0 ¥x© 2¡ ~|D* B¡gJ ¥wD* " £ pgD*H kpcD* ¯ |~|sgE" F&b+ ~z F ~|J ¥wD* "fEb£ D* ¡J bE ¡ J hc~zD* &*vc£~6 ¤0¡D* ebgC ¯ S - b jE f ±* ¶(* Í .* ¡J ¯ J &* B&°* ¢ < Â ° ".,b£²G vªmJh ¤-bc DG $b DG E b~6b~6CG vªmgJ J¡ DG E ,ex~}J CG Â ¤gDG á0bg´G 8x DG (G y £+ b@@B ~|- ,á ~6 ¥CG ¯ , + @N @94C°G Éª< d J¡C ,b DÉ1 L s~9 d J¡C ex~}J bEv < . ¡£ E 100 :1 E b gc~zF Ì.CG v D .¥h¡ DG $bg~{DG Ì.Cb- jE Ì.Cb- ¡ £~6 , @@94C°G Q b cm0 gJ CG Â zª~{DG CG ¢g0 , b ²G E Ìj DG b_£~7 F CG b Â ° ,v@@0Gh á.4bC wG .,vJv< iG¡ ~zD d J¡C b~{gCG b £ < dmJ ,á£Db²G b£/¡D¡ gDG E .b Db£0 cB " hxB - µ G 2¡ <" 9Gx F°G dc~z£D ¤ J b§ ÌcC á£ £C áAx ´ hB¡DG E ¤ J bE b £ J D3h b £D(G D¡~8h .$¤~{DG D3 4b~zE J¡« á£´b DG ,4Gx²G ib/42 b -4° á ªgp´G ,xEv´G 4b.%°G hFbC .2¡ < Iv@@E ¢ < á£~6b£~6 ib@@<Gy@@Fh , 1b~6 7b F ~9¡E ,áAx g´G á£1b ´G xGG¡ DGh xpcDG b£E e¡~z E b -4G (G ,bAh ¶(G ¥2'¡J CG Â ,áJw=C°G obgF(G 9b sFG ¶(G áAb~9(G $bª DG } + ¢~{sJ , . Eh .x~{cDG ÍJÉ+ ¢g0h + ÍJÉ´G dC¡ DG mJh á£/¡D¡ J(°G á_£cDG ¶(G ~|£D Ì.CbgDG vgÂ CG CG Â ub ´G Ì - CG ¯ Jy £+ ~{Jh . ~z D +bB Ì= ,4b~}²G Ì J CG Â F(G bB D ,b ~9Gx FG ¶(G ¥2'¡J . ¡£DG b Ax F bªC á£Fb~zF(°G n £C¡G £g~6 Ì ~{DG á£ DG $bJy£ DG µb@@< 4w@@0 v@@Bh

Cb@+ ¡ - ¤gDG v£E áJx F <vJ ¤ª < Q £D2 ¥CG v/¡J ° 94C°G ¡pF mgJ Nibiru hÌc£F) £ª~zJ ¥wDG "X dC¡ DG" vJv DG b G , D3 E .áª DG x~{F E v£E Â µ D3 D .2¡/¡DG E b + x~{cDG ¢pÂO CG Â ¤gDG ibG¡J4b £~zDG E ` - ¡~6 zª~{DG (bA ,GwG C d © E b G3(G ¢g0 ¤gDG c~zDG C < bcgC Gh4x0 , 6b DG E Ìj DG" .bE bE¡J Richard y £+ 24b~{gJ4 bB "b E b J CG b + ¡ DG £ g~zJ zg~6¡~{-b~6bE v E ¯ dCG¡ DG ¡ < 3bg~6CG ,Binzel ,Gv/ á £ ~9 i°bªg0G b C wG , ²G ~z²" :b£/¡D¡ g D ".v+C°G ¶(G hv- D zª~{DG CG ¡G vC'¡´G v£0¡DG xEC°G D ¡ - CG Â ¤gDGh ,b p/xF ¤gDG x DG ÈCCG E ,v0Gh (G ox1 G3(G .b JvJCG ~8 E ¤G ,bF2¡/h ¡¹ ¯ bK cc~6 ~6CÉD ¤~} J CG D3 Cb~7 E z£ A ,ác<xE áJh¡F ex0 ¶(G µb DG E b < ng J bEh iGÌm gDG ¯ 6b DG E )bG 2v< ¢ < CG Â ex²G - CG ¡ J } cDG D ,d~z0h b ~7(°G E ¢ c- bE ¢ < y mJ CG Â "¥h¡F $bg~7" ¶(G ¥2'¡@ ,áªs~9 áJh¡F iGÌm - JvD bC G3(G : y £+ bB" .Í/b DG ¯ b1vDGh b ²Gh 4bc DG E Ìj DG vDQ ¡- CG Â b F(bA b < zcpJ CG Â ¥w@@DGh 94CÉD ¥¡ DG ¥¡±G É DG Q ,GwD" : b~9CGh ,"iG¡ ~6 J µ (G ,x ~7CG ,v´ zª~{DG á ~7CG $bg~{DG ~|Ah , v~|J ° ~{+ ,2hÄDG ¯ ,w1%G 94C°G (bA

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¥2*x~7 f £E&*

x« zª~{DGh á£DbcDG g ¹ +CbgJ bK BGh . b ´G z F :¡g~z- .2ÄDG ,v~7h x DG áBx0 E b~{ -xJ Í /x+ . Fv+ b FCG =x+ á £ F áp)G4 b E k c - z+ÉE £p DG v~z/ .á Ab²G x g J BGh ¡Gh £ < hª ~6 .¶h vB E5 ¶(G ¤ªg : D h B . zEC°G jE x1Cbgg~6 "x g - G3bE :á . + ¤ +b/CG dC4CG CG E d :CG ¤ D á Ab²G )b~6 x gFCG ¤ F(G .¯bs- ° . E ~9¡DG D rx~7CG CG vJv/ E hDhb0 ,áEv~|DG E £ < h 1 -xE i¡~|+ bBh ¤ < v g+G . £A D dF3 ° ¥wDGh ¤.4b DG GK Ì A E h / ¤gDG á£ c DG ÍFG¡ DG C IvpgJ FCbC : bBh ,bK DbE GK v£~6 x1%°Gh bK /bg¹ D3 ¤ C ¡D ¢g0 ~|0 bª E á Ab²G d@@C4CG CG v@@J4CG .¤-b£0 hp~zE . ª 0 Ì£ - < ¥ym< bECGh 4Gx~8(G bECG hEy FG ¤gDG ¤<¡E2 ¯ pgDG g~6CG µh Ì ~|DG ~6CG4 ¢ < ¥v£+ ,bK A2 ¤-G¡ 1 @@A2CG b@@FCGh . c ´G ¡ ¸ É~{C ¤ gª/bG ,Ix1CG á 04 áJGv+ < J á Ab²G x¹ i¡~8 h ª~6 4b~|+C°G ¤ª J bK Fb12 á º á<x~z+ - b@@GG4CG ¤+ G3(Gh bE ¡G E ¤~z F DbCG µ .b + b~zE(°G hbpJ DGh £~}- ° ¢g0 Db+ b~zE(°G áDhb¹ ¤/G42CG h /4 ,hJCG4 ª 0 b~9 bªC -b£0

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

IÔ E j E

á∏aÉ◊G

FCbC Ìc DG á~64v´G eb+ bECG Bh bE xEC° bK Ghv~{E bC .GK v@@0CG x g J áEb~zg+Gh r¡g E Ah Í-vEb/ Í £ + . ¹ÉE ¢ < ~z-x- CG }AxhFbC , GxJ bE I4CG ¤ D ¤~6CG4 i42CG áª.b/ á£~8¡~|³G á~64v´G á Ab0 C gc-h GK v@@ @0CG eb@@ @J ° Éª C .v<b ª D ¡ +b~zgJ JwDG w£EÉgDG : gDCb~6h E h+ÆBG vB £ª±G C° "GK v@@0CG x g - G .dG3 :42bF $b£p+ bBh £ª/ ~{+ ~zg+G CG á Ab²G d0b~8 E d :CG CG 2hCG h C D ,dG3Cb~6 .bF4G2 ¶(G E ¤ ªpJ < kp+CG ¤ FCbC ~6CG4 ¢ < ¥v£+ hp~zEh ÈCCG E h+ÆBG : gDCb~6h eG¡/ " ~z- JCG b £ gÂ Cb+ Ì ~|DG ª 0h v gc- ¤Gh ,á Ab²G dBGxJ ; : Jy0 ¡Gh · bBh .bK ~}JCG v gcJ .iGÆE¡ £C á +4CG ¤~{ECG CG ¢ < dmJ dCxJ CG £ g~zJ ° FCb+ D rx~7CG CG hDhb0 , Fy0 ¤ gEG .á Ab²G : ms+ ¤ DCb~6h ¤Gb©G £ £< A4 "G3b´ µ .á .Gh Ì=h á £ . ¢ s+ 6CGxDG ¤ p E ¢~{Eh ¤ <2h á/b²G ~{+CG bE .,xJx´G á p DG - /h E á £ DG - ÀCG ¤~9G4CG hCG °K G¡@@ECG g ° FC° A ~}Db+ 6b~z0(°Gh ¯ v£ ~zDGh Cb²G E mgD áJ4b© iÉ¹ hCG á£0ÉA .2ÉcDG wG K DG DwD b_£~7 ACG Cb+ ¤~z F iv<h ,·bgDG ¡£DG ¯ ¢ < á DG .á£~8¡~|1 á~64vE á Ab0 e¡@@C4 E hxp´G GK vc< 2x DG E h / ¤gDG b c)b~|E ¢ <h á£~8¡~|³G wG eb+ exB ix gFG .bK m£g~zJx+ áAx ´G E h /h .bK ~{0¡gEh ¯ -v/h , 0b²(G dJx= . p´CG b§4 ,á£E¡ª DG á~z~6'¡´G

¡ DG GwG CG ¡G ÈCCG E ¡G bE (G .,b£²G ~8CGh 2¡/¡DG ¯ bJC°G E ¡J ¯ b Axm£~6 ,4hx~9 hCG áAv~8 bFv/hCG ¥wDG bC G3(G FCG v~| F . £ < y ¯ hCG ,d£ E vJv~7 bp~zFG G3bª A á Bb DG ,b£²G 4¡ ; /CG E GK vGb/ ¢ ~6 vB ¡ DG G3(G FCG ¡G ¤ E ¡G bE (G "b )b A(Gh bGÌEv- ¶(G ¢ ~zJ ¢ < b ²G ¡ DG ¢ A Db+ "á£Fb~zF(G" h+G¡jDG wG hFbC . =¡ cD á ~6 ¡£ + 13 ,7 ¡pF w E qAbC ¥wDG v DG GwG + bFÄs- $¤~7 GwG ,b£²G 4¡ ; /CG E ¡ DG ª~8 v D ª~|E b~}JCG ¡G G3b´ ¡G + bFÄs- ° bE D ,h+G¡jDG wG yg c£D IxJ bªC µG¡ DG ~}ACG ¯ {£ F b FCb+ ¡ DG (G .b DGhyD < Ab gJ FC° zªpgE v/ ¡B ¡G ,Ì ~{DG g0hx:CG ¯ 4hx~{DG 6CG4h µb DG GwG ¯ x~{DG ,xGb; ¡Gh ¤~6b~6CG $¤~7 . b~zF(°G $b A ¡G bK £ª/ , b ´G áJb F ¯ x~{cDG 2¡/h ¡ DG GwG 4¡ - < ngF v D Â ,xªjDG b m~}F áJb F ¯ rx gD á s DG 4¡ g- bªC bK Eb ¯ 4b~{J b G ¡Gh , ¡ DG á CbA ¡G b~zF(°G (G bK ~}JCG ¡ DG á£<Gh iGwC bK ~}JCG Dh 0ÉEh dBGxªC A z£D 2¡/¡DG . ¡ DG GwG á £ 0 Ah G42(G ¢ < ,4v DG g vB bF2¡/h (G 3(G ,áD¡ ~zDG w + ¡ J ° vB x@@EC°G CG Ì= c~6 v D . DG ¢ < b -4vB E ¢g0 ª<CG bE á £ 0 ¤ sJ ¯ xEC°G Gw + bK £c~7 bK _£~7 ~8h CG m£G Áb´C°G ¡~z £ D I¡~6 b~zF(°G z£D x F ¯ .tJ4bgDG áCx0 < jJv0 9x E á ´G rhx@@DG } - CG ¡Gh ,¢ª~6CG 9x= £ pgD á £~6h á£0x~zE ¯ 4b~{J b~zF(°G CG ¢ § . bEyDG áJb F ¯ b ~z F wG D ,b £A ¤~z£)xDG jª´G FCG ~z F E v g Jh ,ÌcC . bEyDG áJb F ¯ °(G á£)xEÉDG b :¡£1 q~}g- D á£0x~z´G ,tJ4bgDG x § hx E ¡G bªC x@@EC°G GwG ¤ª~zJ m£G bC ¥wDG , ¡ DG x E < D3 4Gx= ¢ < lvpgF CG Â A 4¡~{ C [ bK cFb/ b + ¤ExJ vB ¡G bª £+ AvG b FCG b ªG¡J bK _£~7 < x F ° ¥wDG AvG c£~6 bª £0 \ áAb±G á Cb DG $¤~7 ¥CG < x F D b§4h v +

E á<¡ª¸ E ácCxE ¡ - CG v+ ° ,q£~z DG ¡ DG b ~8CG E Dh 94C°G ¢ < 4¡ Db+ b D hpª~6 ¤gDG á£~6b~6C°G h+G¡jDG $b´Gh Ím£~zChC°Gh ¡+x DG É1 E °(G ,b£² 2¡/h ° FCG ÉjE 1v- ¤gDG áAhx ´G á£~6b~6C°G x~8b DG E bGÌ=h Í/hÆ£ DGh wG á~{Bb E (bA G¡@@0C°G £ª/ ¯ .¤0 )bC C ác£Cx- ¯ ¡£DG ¡ F v A .b £Bv-h b DGyg1G /CG E °(G ¡ J D h+G¡jDG b~{gCG (bA ·bgDb+h ,bg+G¡. Äg - ° b» $b£~7CG b £A p F x~8b DG ¡ª¸ ¢ < ¡B¡DG E b ª£~6 ¡ DG ¯ Ix1CG ,b£0 $G¡~6 ,,b£²G 4¡ + á g´Gh h+G¡jDG w D áF¡ ´G á£~6b~6C°G .á£)b~}A hCG áJx~{+ hFbC ,áJx~{cDG ,b£p D ¡ DG áª)ÉE < AGvJ ¤+hÈFC°G CGvc´G (G .á ª´G ,v£0¡DG ,b£²G ¤G h~z£D áJx~{cDG ,b£²G Dh ¡ - vB ,b£²G E á gº b ~7CG ¯ x F CG b Â °CG á~8b1 ,á£~94C°G á_£cDG < gs- Ix1CG ib_£+ ¯ i4¡ ib )b DbA ,b ~z F á£~94C°G ,x DG ¡A 2v gDG GwG v‚ b FCGh yellowstone á£~}Eb²G ¡g~6¡DbJ iGÌp+ ¯ {£ - ¤gDG k£0 á£)bEx²G zAb ´G ¯ {£ - ¤gDG - hCG ,b JxECG ¯ ¯ b _/b - vB ,b£²G CG ¢ < áD2CG b C )b DG ~}DG ªpg.,x g E Ì= b ~7Cb+ c g~z´G ,2¡/¡´G ,b£²G CG x F b FCb+ ¡ F CG Â D3 ¢ < bjªCh ¡ DG ¯ ,2¡/¡´G á£~6b~6C°G I¡ DG ¶(G ,¡ + Jv- 94C°G ¢ < áJh¡ DG ,¡ DG :¤G I¡B á +4CG $bJy£ DG ¯ hx E ¡G bªC ¤Gh ,á£~z£:b Ehx DG ,¡ DGh ,á £ ~}DG áJh¡ DG ,¡ DGh ,áJ¡ DG £A v - x1%G dC¡C ¯ ,b£²G iv/h ¡ A ,á£+3b±G ,¡Bh á£~94C°G á£+3b±G E BCG hCG ÄCCG g£+3b/ CG hCG á£+3b±G + á£+3b±G ,¡B CG á:b~z+ + b D ªg¹ v/ $¤~7 GwGh .á£)bJy£ DG h+G¡jDG ª~9 1v- ° b Db ~7CG áAv~8h 0 á+x~9 2x¸ ¡G b~zF(°G 4¡ ; Cb+ £B $G¡~6h ¢ ~6 ¡ DG Cb+ D3 z < £B hCG , ¡ DG ¯ 4x g- Dh µ wG (b@A ,á Bb DG ,b£²G 4¡ ; @@/CG E v~|B < GK vGb/ áDCb~zE Ì~z gD GK ÌcC bK _£~7 £~}- D á£)bJy£ DG h+G¡jDG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

.á£-GwDG b £Fb § ,b£0 iv/h (G FCG ¤G b G b Ev F CG Â ¤gDG ám²G (G GwG z F 9Æ g~6 b F(bA , ¡@@ @DG E bE b E ¯ á Bb< b FCGh b /CG E dC4 ¡ DG CG b~}JCG ¡ g~6 b F(G ¥CG 9GÆA°G 9GÆ<°G GwG ¢ < 2xDG CG Ì= , ¡ DG ¯ ,2b´G 4¡ - vG 2xDG GwGh .bGv J b» ÈCCG h+G¡jDG wG á0hx:CG 5y J vB ibB¡ s´G wG g A ¥CG , DwC xEC°G £ A á:b~zc+ ¡ J p A ,b /CG E v/h ¡ DG CG bK ~}JCG ¤G v g gDh ,,2¡/¡E á£)b~}A ibB¡ º hCG GK x~{+ b C $G¡~6 ,áDb²G wG ¯ bK £ª/ .bF4¡ ; /CG E ¢ ~6h b c : ¡ DG C° bFv/h bE b E ¥CG ¯ iv/h ¡D ,b£²G CG ¡G E hvCCbgE pF bE (G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

D3 E ÈCCG + , 2¡/h Gh2h ,b£²G ¯ b~zF(°G 4Gxªg~6G b~zF(°G x J ¢g0 nEx+h dC4 FCG ¡D bªC gEx+ ¡ DG CG hvcJ . ¡ DG vG ¤G á Bb DG ,b£²G CG GK 3(G hvcJ . b ´G áJb F ¯ b FCGh ,áA2b~|E h.v0 h+G¡jDG wG C (G 9Æ E ¡ J vB b» Æ@@CCG b ªpFh b g£-G3 b £ < ~zF x@@EC°G á £ 0 ¯ E ¡F ¡G á£Fb~zF(G á£)bJy£A h+G¡. < GK 3(G kJv²bA , ªg« ¥CG La' nthropomorphisme ,á£A4¡E¡+hÈFC°G á<y DG G¡FCG ÉK jE ¡ DbC[ á £c DG ¢ < b~zF(°G |)b~|1 b ~6(G á<yF áBÉ< ° á £c C á £c DG CG Í0 ¯ á Jy0 ,Ì1C°G wG (G b ´G áJb F ¯ ¡ J vB xEC°G .\rx Db+ °h y²b+ ° b D b D áBÉ< ° á£<¡~9¡E á£)bJy£A xGG¡; +h Ì~z g+ gJ

jj| D fª:&*

jª)fj~ª G* l+*§nG* ¿ƒμdG ≥∏N πg ?Éæ∏LCG øe

v ¹ Gb D*

Ì - ¡D F(G $bª DG ¡ J ¥wDG á£+3b±G h+b. ÉK jE b E xCwF ,b£²G ix ; b´ ·bgDb+h , zª~{DG iv/h b´ ÉK £_~9 GK Ì hÆ D(°G á p~7 h+b.h , zª~{DG ,4Gx0 h+b.h . 94C°G ¢ < ¢ < ,2b´G hFbC b´ DwC £~z+ 4Gv § i2G5 ¡D á p~7 ¤Gh ,b£²G á £c: hFbC b´ ·bgDb+h ,bK £Db0 Ax F ¥wDG ~{DG wG 2v< C c~}Db+ ¥4v@@F ° pF ..... b~zF(ÉD áª)ÉE Ì= ,bK g+b. Í~zª1 ¡p + b Fh4v J $bª DG } + D h+G¡jDG b~{gC°G á£Cx0 Ì g+ GK Ì gE £~6 D3 E bG2v< CG b~{gCG hCG áAhx E h+G¡. Gyg1G ¶(G ¥2'¡J vB ¥wDG ¤ª DG . ¡£DG b D ác~z Db+ áD¡ ¸ Gy- ° Ix1CG /CG E b G á<¡~9¡E b FCG ¡G h+G¡jDG wG D¡ - bE C (G

jªIf I(¸* jª)fj~ª G* l+*§nG* ÑG áBÉ< b ~7(b+ á c-x´G á£~6b~6C°G ib<¡~9¡´G v@@0CG h+G¡jDG ¡ª¸ b + 2¡~| ´Gh ,Áb~zF(°G CGvc´G ,x A $bJy£ Db+ ¢ < x - CG b D 4vB ¡D ¤gDGh , ¡ DG ¯ ,2¡/¡´G á£)bJy£ DG .2¡/¡DG ¶(G b~zF(°G x ; b´ ¡£DG b £ < ¤G ¤gDG xJ2b ´G Ì= CG ~} F DwD ,Áb~zF(G +b: b D Dh á£)bJy£A h+G¡. b F(G ebgC bc0b~8 b@@ECG .á£Fb~zF(°G á£)bJy£ DG h+G¡jDb+ b £ª~zF vD¡= vDbFh2h ~zJb- 6É=h2 £F " ¡ DG á~|B ..ibJGvcDG" ,á£Fb~zF(°G á+4b ´b+ xEC°G GwG á£ª~z- É~} J bª A h£ª~6 ,ÌjC ¤Gh .Áb~zF(°G CGvc´G ¡ § ÈCCG áAhx E b FCG Ì=

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

,Æ D D ¤EGvsg~6G E g ~{gCG bE GwGh ..bK £E¡J áBhxp´G bE + Áw FCG ¥w@@DG £c gDG ¢~zFCG D ¤ FCG bªC ,,Ì~|B vBh "Shareit" ¢<vJ £c - ¡Gh , ¡ J%°G ¯ áª DG ¤ d~6b²G Í@@+ m²G ,ÌcC ib E F á£Fb E(G · rb@@-CG v/¡Jh ,áJ2b£g<°G DG Cb~{E E Áb<CG CG h2 , -b DGh á£Db´G ,4G2(°G ib £c - jE Ix1C°G ib £c gDG E vJv DG ,bK Jx ~7 bª D Ax~8 CbECGh -bJÆ~{E D |s - ¤gDG .GK v/ Ìj DG bGÌ=h dg DGh ,$Gx DG ib £c -h ib £c gDG } + E á £~zcDG ¤g+xmgD á jECG 2x@@¸ w@@G 2x¸ h~z£D á£CwDG -G¡ DG CG á £ 0 z - ¤gDGh ,v£ ´G b g~zF CG dmJ , ª~7CGh <CGh ÈCCG ¤G + ,á£CÉ g~6G á £~6h ,b EGvsg~6G ~z0 b ªg¸h bF$b +CG F CGh ~}ACG ~{+ £A 4v F ÉA v£ E Ì= ¡G bE ÆFh ,b E Ì³G w1CbF CGh .hB¡DG E Ìj DG ¯ 8¡ DG Â ¤-bE¡ E xp+ ~7 ¢@@F2CG h2 ib £c gDG ¢ < d gDG ¢ < bFv<b~zJh bFv£ J bE E oxsF CGh 2b +CG ¡ DG b D v - + ,b ~{£ F ¤gDG ,b£²G dFG¡/ E Ìj DG ¯ JvJ Í+ £ª/ GwG ..,v£ ~6h á£DbjEh á£p~8 ,b£0 b£p D ¤CwDG -bG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¢ < . -G¡ DG wG ¤Evsg~zE E E áJb <h bªgGG ¥CG ib £c gDG w D b :C°G Gvsg~6G x~|p J 2b J bj´G £c~6 xEC°G 4¡ gJh ,$bBv~8C°G E ~8G¡gDGh eb DC°G £ª« ¢ < ¢ < hB¡DG E vJy´G ¡~} J GvmgA ebc~{DG v < ÉK £ B < vJyJ ° vB 4bc D ác~z Db+h ,¤<bªg/°G ~8G¡gDG BG¡E b~|-ÉD "e%G z-G¡DG" jE ~8G¡gDG ib £c - Gvsg~6G .bG¡pFh e4bBC°Gh GC°b+ ib p ´Gh ib £c gDG b¸ ¯ áªs~}DG á~} DG wG v + ¢ < b <É:G ~6¡F CG dmJ FCG v g<CG á£CwDG -G¡ DG ¯ b -b£0 E :b g- ¤gDGh ib £c g D ,v@@Jv@@±G ibjJvpgDG lv« vB ¤gDGh ,4bª<C°G gs´h b -bc=4h b -°¡£E E g-h .¤+bmJ(G ~{+h )bGh ÌcC x@@.CG iG3 ¡ -h ,ÉK A bK BxA bK £c - "Samsung" xmgE ¯ iv@@/h b@@j@´G £c~6 ¢ < ,y /CG ¯ xA¡gE £c - ¡Gh "Samsung health" ¢<vJ ÌcC ~{+ bK £~|s~7 iv g~6G v@@Bh ,,v@@Jv@@±G v@@Jh4v@@FC°G ,¤E¡£DG ¤~{´G v E eb~zp+ ¡ J ¡ A , £c gDG GwG E FCG bªC ,á£~9bJxDG á ~{FC°G áDhGy§ bK £E¡J GK ÌCw- ~6xJh ,2b /(°G eb~z0 jE Ix1C°G iGy£ª´G E vJv DG ¢ < ¥¡gpJ áJ4Gx²G iGx ~zDG ,d DG ib~}cF á<x~6 ,Ím~zCC°G c~{-

jj| D fª:&*

¤<H4y´* f :bA

ójóL ·| H D É«LƒdƒæμàdGh IÉ«◊G QÉ°ùe í«ë°üJ b <G¡FCG gº ¢ < b£/¡D¡ gDG CG |s~7 ¥CG x J ° ,y /C°G - á~8b1h ,¤E¡J ~{+ b -b£p+ á c-xE hpc~8CG v < ¢g0 b B4b - 2b - °h b JvJ Í+ b ªpF ¤gDG ,Ì ~|DG á£CwDG -G¡ DG v~|BCGh ,b E ex Db+ b ‚ k£0 ,b E¡F v < b -G2b< } + qp~|F CG dmJ @@FCG I4CG Gw@@D ,GK v@@Jv@@« l¡p+ ¯ ib £c gDGh iGxJwpgDG b ª~6 b´b A ,b EGvsg~6G hCG ¤c DG bm´G ¯ $G¡~6 ,$bª DG E 2v D ib~6G42h á£ª < á~|~|sg´G iÉm´G ¯ bK £E¡J CGx Fh ,¥¡+ÆDG hCG ¤<bªg/°G 5hb© %°G xEC°G CG v/CG ¤ FCG °(G ,á£CwDG -G¡ DG 4Gx~9CG < ,x~{g Eh á<b~{E h-b+ á£CwDG -G¡ DG - C° ,Ìj + D3 ,xª DG cg E ¯ G JwDG b :C°G E ¢g0 2hv0 ¥CG h2h ¶(G ~|£D á DG wG 5hbmgJh vgÂ CG dmJ kJv²bA GwD bE ÉK A ¤G Gh ,bGb gF ¤gDG ibE¡ ´G v~|BCGh ,I¡gp´G q£p~|DG ~{Db+ b E v£ g~zF pF Gh " £D(G á/b0 ¯ pF b J bªCh áp~9Gh ¡ g~6 ib@@+b@@/(°G CG v g<CG .." @@j@EC°Gh Dygs- bEh -G¡ DG wG CG bK £E¡J IxF b FC° , zª~{DG r¡~9¡C , jEC°G ¡p DG ¢ < b EGvsg~6G gJ ° á )bG ib£Fb E(G E ,G2CGh á £~6h b F¡C 5hbmg- ° 6b DG E Ìj D ác~z Db+ ¤ A ,GK v/ ,2hv¹ Gvsg~6°G á£ ª< CG ¢ § ,Ix1CG á£CÉ g~6G ¥wDG ¤ -b DG b~|-°bC b £ < 4b g´G ibEGvsg~6°G ¤Gh wG b g áJ¡£0 ibEv1 ,v@@< E ,v@@0Gh áEv1 Äg J .Ìj DG IvD hx E ¡G bªC á£CwDG -G¡ DG K < lv@@«CG ,b0¡~9h È@@CCG b ~{BbFCG ¤gDG ,x DG ¡ - ¤ D ¢ - ° ¤gDGh b -b£0 ¯ á£ªGCG ÈCC°G ib £c gDGh ib p ´G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

4¡ ª±G á£<¡F Ì g- CG Â + , ¡A5b DG Ì gJ CGh ,x1%G ,rx~z´G ác~{1 D ,ÍA5b Db+ gBÉ< ~7h , ~z FCG .",2b< Íg+b. É J :¡DG 2hv0h .tJ4bgDG ¡ + ¯ á £ ²G < kpcF b C (G Gw@@G 2G2y@@Jh ¥xmJ bE £ < ¥xmJ GwDh , EyDG £ < 2b - BGh tJ4bgDbA 4¡~|gF b§ gBÉ< ¯ |)b~|1 E {£ ´G BG¡DG ¢ < . BC°G ¢ < d)b~|DG hCG ,¤ £ ²G 4b~z´G FCG d~zpFh ªG¡gFh bE C z£D b JvJCG Í+ x~9b²G tJ4bgDG CG GwG ¶(G b~}Jh dDb DG ¯ ,¡Gh , £m~z-h Jhv- ® bE hCG ,¤ + bE b¿(G Ix/ G4b~|gFG bC $G¡~6 ,Ghx~|gFG E x F á /h < Ä J , <C°G .¤<bªg/°G ªgDG hCG ,á ~zDG ¢ < ,x £~zDG ¯ hCG ,ex0 ¯ ¤gDG ,á£+x DG ib ªgm´G IvD á~8b1 ,hÂ µ tJ4bgDG GwGh bEh b -b£~|s~7h bG5¡E4 Äg -h ,,x+b DG bJC°G C ¯ {£ á£~z£)xDG iG2vp´G v0CG ,b £A h Bh ibAx~|- E £m~z- ® á~8b1 ,x~| DG iÉ ~{E ¶(G JÌj DG ,x F ¯ pg- ¤gDG 6b D áE¡ E á + ¡cgC hCG ,lGÆ@@DG Gh2b g~6G E } + CG 4bcg<b+ áÂv DG dg DG ¡ + ¯ hv/h bE E G¡ Eb - ,b FbE5 á +bB ,,vJv/ á Jx + Âv - I¡~6 G¡ J µ GwDh . )b 0 áª E Ì:b~6CG E £A bE G¡ <CbA ,b EbJCG ¯ ~6hCG ,$Gx D ¢ < E Eb g- ,x~8b ´G b£/C°G / bE } + ,5bm´b+ CG vJxJ /¡- ¥CG Í~}AG4 , Db+ Ix/ bE ¡G @@FCG 4bcg<G . b J(°Gh iG4b g~6°G E ~| sJ mp+ á:b0(°G E h Íj0bcDGh Jx ´G E á B b Gh 4¡ E E E h Eb - GwDh ,lGÆDG GwG ¯ 5bm´Gh ,4b g~6°G " bs£~{DG" +bgC áEv E ¯ Í~z0 : 24hCG bE Dh .¥v F x + ¤+CG < dgC bE CG IxJ 3(G ,5bm´G Gw D CG42(G < Ä J ¶(G E |~| DG" ¶(G ex@@BCG eb ³G + xª<h Jv~|DG : ¡ J . ,"lGv0C°G )b 0 £m~z¯ ¥x© hFbC ¤gDG IÄ DG lGv@@0C°G ¡~| J $bEv DG" b FCG @@=4 ,Í DG ¥CG4 b@@GhCG4h bGhv ~7 vB FCbC , EbJCG b¿(Gh ,bGv ~{J µ E GK v0CG Cb+ F $bEvBh ..,x@@1Cb@ + lGv@@ 0C°G w D G¡@@14CG xECG E G¡Ax J µ ex DG E Í@@14'¡@´G ,GhxDG Bb - bE °(G IÄ DG lGv0C°G wG ."·G¡´Gh ex DG E b £D(G ~8h ¥w@@DG tJ4bgDG CG Gw@@G ¢ E ¡G bª jE ,,4b@@ @ g@ ~@ 6°Gh 5b@@m@´b@@+ @@Ab@@0 c~7CG á£<bªg/°G b -b£0 hvc- Gw+h ,b BGh ÌcC rx~z§

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

á£0bF ,b + :bF hCG ,b £A v g E C b +wmJ .á £ ²G < : £A $ § Jx1%ÉD ¡ Jh )G¡GCGh D¡£Eh ²b~|Eh Ab E ." £ < bFCG bE ¤G á £ ²G" ,,2xm´G b g_£Gh b J¡ - ¯ ,á £ ²G < xp F b mJ bEh ib£/¡D¡JvJC°G b + - bE °h ,b D¡0 ibE¡ ´G 9¡ª= z£D xs F ¤gDG iG5bm´Gh iG4b g~6°G b ~7CG bK ~}JCG b¿(G , ¡£´Gh ¯ b ª~zJ E B¡F CG ,4hx~}Db+ b + v~| F ° ¤gDGh ,b £A , £A x F bª< Ä F CG b ~6¡+ z£D D ,á -bº hCG d<Édp~z- hCG , JhCbgDG c - ° á Jx + hCG , ¡ª~7h áBv+ , v g F hCG .,v< i°bªg0G ¶(G , BG¡DG ¡G hC°G ,ÍBb£~6 hCG J4b:(b+ á c-xE ¡ - vB á £ ²Gh iÉ<b gDG E b ~7Cb+ c~{E bªGÉCh ,tJ4bgDG ¡G ÁbjDGh b F(bA bª £ C E F Í0h ,$G¡@@GC°Gh qDb~|´G < Ìc gDGh 4v F hCG ,b D rbgJ bE + , )b ²G b gDG ¢ < J42bB ¡ F ° 4b~zE b ~|0 b» ~|F CG hbpF vBh . + b~zE(°G ¢ < pF . < qAb F CG vJxF bª< bAvDG ¯ ;¡F ,á Gx+ b £+ ,,vJv< Gx@@:CG b¿(G ,v@@0Gh x: ~|J ° BG¡DbA Ch , Gx~8h zAb -h }Bb -h M5G¡- b £+ bªC , <b -h 4hb© ¡ - vBh ,bK ~} + b ~} + v<b~zJ hCG ,q:b g- ib+b 1 ng - wG b G rGv - ,á )b~6 ¡ - vBh , G¡ DG ,2v¹ hCG ,µb ´G áp~9Gh iG4b g~6°Gh ib £c~{gDb+ á c~{E ÍDb²G ¯ ¤Gh , b Gh hvcgD .á £1C°Gh ibª~6¡gDGh ibªG¡gDGh á£ GwDG 4¡~|DGh Ìc DG b DG ¡B d~z0 hCG ,bGx~6Cb+ b£FvDG ~zJ rx~z§ c~7CG ."ÌcC rx~zE °(G b£FvDG bEh" ¤cGh ~6¡J b Gh ,Ìc DG rx~z´b+ c~7CG ,á~6b£~zDG bª£~6°h , ªgm´bA 0" :á@@Jx@@²G á=É+" +bgC ¯ £ DG vc< 2bª< ¡ J I¡ DG b £ < - ¤gDG rx~z´G ác~{s+ c~7CG ¤~6b£~zDG ~8G¡gDG b -b+b 1 y gD b -bFb£Ch b -b<bª/h b +Gy0Cb+ á£~6b£~zDG . :¡DG á+b04 ,ác04 á<bB ¯ ªg© ,,v~{g¹ ÌGbª/ bECG ¶(G Í0 E áAhy ´G ib<¡ ´G Ì g- CG ¤ £c DG @@Eh

ÒÑc ìô°ùe á«YÉªàL’G ÉæJÉ«M jj| D fª:&* ~z0 ¤ < 4b < 2 b gF°* Í+ 5¡g- fc)*2 fCx0 ¡G b¿(* x~8b D* ,2v¹ f£)b £C fc£Cx- H&* f N ¹ f£~9bJ4 fD2b E gm´* z£D O i¡ ~zD*H ds~|D*H É~zD*H D*H f£+bmJ(°*H f£c ~zD*H 9¡ D*H 2¡ D*H *v@@B(°*H $b@@/4(°*H f£)*¡~{ D*H f/4vgE b¿&*H b ~7&*H *¡D&* ib~}Bb g´* wG Í+ v/¡-H £sgD*H xCwgD*H E&°*H 6&b£D*H qEb~zgD*H d~| gD*H ibAx~|gD*H i*4¡~|gD* E B Ä´* h ~|D* c0 ¯ -H £ < ¡ D* ¡c J ,Ì ~8 D* D b +(°*H f+bc~zD*H ¢ ~6¡D* Í+ E ÉC ExD* ¯ ex~zgJ b D&°* ¢ E ¥4v- ° F&°H b D&°b+ Áy/b - hF&bA xm0 D* ÉC ¡A KbEÉC hcC4 *3(bA f£ E D* ÉC ivD¡g~6* b £+ E Kb ~{+ K*2¡D¡E b£FvD* hJ&*xD i¡´* h£ H ¡/4&* " h ~|D* bE 2x¸ ¡ - CG áJv gE ,b jJv0 ¯ ~{ J iG4b g~6°G 4h2 (G ¤pJx~|- , |BbF £c~{- 2x¸ b FCG E á=ÉcDG v<G¡B + b _c ¤gDG iG4¡~|gDGh ibÂ¡ gDGh b@@GhC°G E G¡DCG ¶(G ,¤ E hCG Í £DG /h ¢ < x F ° 3(G ,á £ p D )GvDG eb£ DG b ~|J , A ¯ ªgm´G áCx0 1h ,á£~6b£~zDG iG4Gx DG $G4h J bE .b EbECG |BbF $¤~7 C ¢ c£D A 24h ,á £ 0 áª. z£D" : ~{g£F áD¡ E gF CG b ~6¡+ ¡ J Gw D á £ ²bA ,"iG4b g~6°G E xp+ q ~6 ¡A ¡ J µb DbA , gJhG5 E b D b E C G42(G Ä< b¿(G ,b -Gw+ Í g- ° vB bGhCG ,v< 2CG ¢ § hCG ,bF4¡~|- ¯ )b 0 ,v< qc~|gA

á+¡g E hCG áB¡ E hxp+ ,GwG C < Ìc g D 6b DG obgpJh xGb; Í+ xEC°G ¥xmJh ,iG$bpJ(°Gh iG$bÂ(°Gh iG4b~7(°b+ hCG , É DGh á DG x~}pgD ,¤ 1h ¤ /h ,xª~}Eh q~9Ghh , :b+h ,4hx~9 ¡G ¥wDGh , ~8G¡gDG £c~6 ¯ x~{cDG /bgpJ bE C hCG ,b :hx~7 xAG¡g- hCG ,b£²G á0¡D ªg - ¤C ,ib<bª±Gh 2GxACÉD .iG¡ECG hCG iG2bª/ I¡~6 $¤~7 E b G z£D GwG h2 3(G ,2v¹ ,á£+b~z0 bK @ Eb@@B4CG z£D , É@@ @DG Gw@@Gh ,á DG w@@Gh iG2x E ¤G b¿(G ,2b g/°G °h JhCbgDG c - ° ágª~|E áAb/ b £EGxEh b £Fb E Ah b CG42(G ihb gJ vB ,iG4bc<h d£CGx-h ib£D%G D 9x g-h , @@+ ¡ Eh <bAh , Eb~6h )bB Í+ ¢ ª D dGwJ b ~} + , JhCbgDGh xJhvgDGh xJ¡pgDGh J¡~{gDG v£ g~zF hCG ,GK v / wcF CG b £ < b ~} +h , Jx: exBCG E . b E ¢ < F ¤C iG4¡~|-h iGÄ@@1 E b ~6h'h4 ¯ bE áJ4b/ ,4bc< 2x¸ ~} +h ,b Eb~zE ¢ < GK vJv/ ¡ J ~} + E áEGx~|+ GK 2v¹ bGb E ib+ vBh , ~zDC°G b C¡ - ,,v)b~6h .b £;¡- hCG b Dbª g~6G xA ,ácDb DG ¤G h~z£D á/wª ´G hCG á£ ª DG iG4bc DG wG jE D 4vB ¢ < 2v g- vB ,,v@@< iÉJhCb- ¢ < qg - ¤gDG - b@@¿(G , É DG E +CG bK Fb£0CG hª~|DG © vBh ,Í)4b DG hCG Í Eb~zDG bª E ,á DG ym< ; ¯ ,¢ ´G v~z J vB DG C° ,Iv/CG hCG CG vJxF bE C < Ìc gDG < ,b g=É+h b Fb -(G á/42 hFbC Í0 bK ¹ 4¡c~|DG vc< rÉ~8 Ìc DG x<b~{DG ¡ J b§4h . ¡ F :"¯b²G x~{+ ¯¡~|DG iGxCwE" : -v£~|B ¯ bB

~z- °&* 8x0*" x - °&* 8x0* z - °&* 8x0* g- °&* 8x0*

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

(5)

(3)

(1)

C &*xB&b~6 ¤ < D2&° ; 5¡-&b~6 d£=&b~6 )b~zD* 4¡~}²* ¯ /¡D g p~9 ¯ ob/yDbC x~z g- ¤gD* ,v£~| D* 12&* . `cg1&* 4¡ D* ` :&*H

¤~} Í0 2bC&* ¡ 1&* bF&*H x~z F&*

rbc~|D* E ¢ cJ *3bE Í0 ÌAb~| D* cgd D* ~|g E ¶(* ib+b D* E ¢ cJ *3bE bEv < 4bm~7&°* b -¡~8 x~}1&* ¯ *3bE ¤ E ¢ cJ eb£ D* eb+ Æ- Í0 Kb0¡g E x1&* ¢ <

(6)

ebcD* qgA&* b £ < ¤ ~8&* BH ¶(* ¡ 1 H2 : avG&* £C rHxm´* ¡~{D* d)3

~z0 °H4

| 7

¥ƒ°ûdG ¿ÉªLôJ

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

(4)

g£~zF bE …ój ‘ bC fB4yD* vJv~7 b ~7

(2)

+b£= D xm~{D* ¡£< µ&°* Kb£~6bB mJ Í0 ²* ¯ { < °H {c D* HyJ ° Í0 4¡~|D* <

ÍF y£JbF&*

x £E ¥ÊG

¤~{c ³* IvG

b AbC zF*xA

x £E ¥ÊG < lv« b» ¤ ££sgDG ¥2x~zDG ew DG GwG ¯b jDGh ¤<bªg/°Gh ¤~6b£~zDG ew DG E z£D , Ì@@=h ix-G¡- vBh . E b C42CG bE á~8bs+h ,tJ4bgDG ~6h ¥wDG ¯ z DG D bª£A ªG / bE b Eh ,ew DG ¯ ib D'¡´G á£/¡D¡ £~6) jE , z DG < E ew D bE hCG ew DG b~zF(°G ¯ x.CGh ew DG)h , ¡g DG ~6¡J bFv D ew DG ,xBbc<) ebgC @@D3 Ì@@= @@Eh .v ~6CG £)bs£E ~6¡£D bE C ¯ J bª Eh .v@@ª@0CG ¡@@+CG ÑGvc< vDb³ ew@@ @DG ¡G bE A , gª 0h ew DG tJ4b- ¯ ¡ DG vC'¡J b» v |s~{DG ewC ¡G GK 4b~{gFG Ä@@CC°G ew DG CG GK v£C¡- ÄCCG ~}DG cg~{J ew DG GwG ¤ A , ~{g£F bB bªC , ~z F ¢ < g1CGh .áD¡£1C°b+ á£ ~zgDGh ,á~6b£~zDb+ áÂx±Gh ,,¡ Db+ ¤ D ,¤ < Q h+wC FC° bK m<y E h~zD" :bK ~}JCG ~{g£F ¡ + "v + E Bv~8CG D ¤ FC° n<y E

*vJ42 b/

¥v £ D* £+*yJ(*

¥wDG 2b@@³G + ² Íg ~6 v +h , JxDG ¶(G 04 ´G , 6b DG ex E bJ :xJ5¡DG DCb~6 b´h .ác£: áª + J ° ¥Cb+ :xJ5¡DG Cb~zA ,ibE :eb@@/CG " ´G d C 4bc1CG ¤G bE d DG CCGh , }£+C°G ´G ª/ F : 2b³G eb/CbA ,dc~6 " ª±G F £C :xJ5¡DG Cb~6h .ibªA , ª±G ² E ¶(G ª±G ¢ < bG¡ ªpA ´G CG h-bE : 2b@@³G b A Q b G . A ,,Ä ´G Ix/ bª< Cb~6 ¥wDG ´G d B g A b£FvDG á ´G h@@B4b@@A :bK @£@Cb@@+ 2b@@³G eb@@/Cb@ A , @@EC° Dh : g£² g J ¡Gh ´G rb~|A , @@ECG b £ < y@@²G ¥4v±G v~|0 : h'¡~{´G 2b³G bB "¤-CGxEG h-bE £C ´G Cb~6h .h-bEh ,áEv~|DG ªg« A -b +h $b +CG : h'¡~{´G b A "x.CG x~| D cJ µ 3(G : ~6CG4 ex~}J ¡Gh v + bECG , x~|B ¯ d²G h4wcJ G¡FbC b G h C bEv < . <CG ÉA D3

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

i{ G* j 0 b³¡~8 ¤@@/4¡@@±G ~9h ¥w@@DG ebg DG G¡@@ @< ¡@@G Gw@@G G¡ < á ~8 hFbC _Dh . 1725 - 1658) ,Áb£ £+4hCG b+b~6 G¡ DG Gv@@J42 vªg~6G - á £ ~9 ebg Db+ ew DG tJ4b-) G¡ < á ~8 (b@@A - Cb@ @ 1 t@@J4b@@-) ~|F ¯ ~{g£F @@E GwG Ì~{Jh .á £ ~9 bK ~}JCG ¤G ebg Db+ ew DG áª 0) áª 0) ¥v DG ebg DG E vªg~zE ebg DG CG ¶(G G¡ DG . ib J5¡/h °4b@@+) ~6b+ ex DG ¯ hx ´G 4b@@A°b@@+ E á E2h á £ C) áª/x- q Q Fh /G4 vB Áb£ £+4hCG bCh z£D b£/4¡/ ¡+CG) d D ª0 vBh ,á£/4¡±G ¶(G á£~64b DG b´ + ,á£+2C°G gFb ´ hCG ,¤/4¡/ 6¡EbB hCG ~9h FC° A ew DG áª 0) +bgC ªpJh .b£/4¡/ b£B /CG E w+ k£0 , á £Dh á £D DCG) b -h43h á£.GÆDG ibJ2x~zDG ibª~6 2Gv +h b~{DGh d 0 ¯ qExJ bE b Eh ,ibJb ²G ~6b g:ibJb ²G ,Gh4 2v gJ bªC .b£/4¡/h GxJ(G $b/4CG < Gv< ebgC @@)Gv@@+ @@Eh ... ¡@@£@ Dh Ä@@E¡@@/h x@@J5¡@@DGh b@@Ch4 vc DG CG b £Ah '¡~{DG @@/4h ´G) áJb 0 ew@@ @DG áª 0)

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

.i°¡£1CG ·bgDb+ ew DG E ª DG GwGh ,I3CG hCG á£~|s~7 tJ4b- 2¡/h ¢ < bGÄDG CG ¶(G GvJ42 | sJ D3 C Eh vB ¥w@@DG ~{DG ¡G ª´bA . » Ì= ,ew Db+ 8b1 Í+ y££ªgDG ¤ c Jh .GK 2¡/¡E bC (G ,ew DG tJ4b- wsgJ . ¡ ªC tJ4bgDG GwGh ,,xGb C ew DG tJ4bb£/¡D¡JvJC°Gh x ~{DbC ,ÌjC ¡@@Gh ,ew Db+ zcgDG bE áª. G , 3(G $b~zgJ CG $xª Dh ..áBbª²Gh Cb ³Gh á=hGx´Gh "ewC 3(G hª~|DG G "bK +wC áE¡ ´G $b 1(G Äg J á~6b~zDG ew@@C ¢ < á~8bs+ ew@@ @DG t@@J4b@@-) ebgC g~{J hD¡« ¥w@@DG É@@ @<(°Gh áAbp~|DG ew@@C ¢@@ @<h ,Í£+x DG á £ ²G Cb D ,ew DG á ~74CG ¶(G 4bc1°G F E g £;h 1906) ivF4CG á Q 0 b g~7G v < GvJ42 B¡gJh .,2¡/¡E Ì= IvD ew DGh á~6b£~zDG Í+ ,Ì ³G áBÉ DG ¢ < 1975 á_£cg+h .á£D¡ª~{DG áª FCÉD á£ª~6xDG á£ ~z DG ibGb©°G ibJ4¡-bg JvDG ewC ¶(G Ì~{J CG bFv0G¡D ¡ J b§4 , D3 wG ib~94b E ew@@C ¶(Gh ,áJ¡±G 4b@@c@1C°G ,x~{F ¯ ¢g0 ¯ Eb~{DG 4bEvDG áp ~6CG á+wC ¶(Gh ,bK ~}JCG ibJ4¡-bg JvDG ...¶(Gh , Gx DG

ÜòμdG ïjQÉJ ¬àªμMh jj| D fª:&*

6b£ Db+ bK _£~7 h~z£D - x £E +bgJ - ,CGx´G wG á+wC CG Ì= áª FCÉD ¤~6b£~zDG tJ4bgDG b + ` gÂ ¤gDG ib+w DG ¶(G ebg DG ¯ y£A b~{£E p~}A ¥wDGh ,á£DGÄ£ DGh á£:Gx ÂvDG {£ J b~zF(°G CG ¶(G x £E ¤~}Âh .ew D ~|~|1 ¥wDG GhxEv- ° , -É£s- E ¡Ex« °" : ¡ J .dJ3bCC°G É1 E E {£ DG E ªgJ D FC° ,á £ ²G hÄs- ° , -bAGx1 ,$b ²G CG oh5 CG xCwgJ bE Jx: Eh ."á £ ²G É1 b c J b@@C ,¥v £ DG £+GyJ(G á£ £~{gDG á£)GhxDGh áB3b²G ,Ì1C°G gDb~64 ¯ Æ J ,b AbC ¡G bGh .dJ3bCC°G áF¡ m§ ¤g £~6h ¤G w@@Gh ,e3b@@C ¡ º bFCG" : z£ £A gc£c0 ¶(G b~zF(G Ch ." {G ¤+4b A ,Á5G¡- ¢ < á Abpª D ,v£0¡DG ¤~6b£~zDG ew DG Í+ yJbÂ ¥wDG x £E IxJ bªC ,b AbC ¡G ,xm~7 GwE b D ibJb ²G ¤ Fb~8 dJ3bCCbA ,¤)GhxDG ew DGh á £ ~7 b FCG bªC ,¥3'¡- °h ,á+¡ j´G rGh4C°G ¤£« ¤Gh ,¡cEbcDG .É£gFGvDG E bg~zA jE i{ G* xjQf ~8CG E ¤~zFx DG ¡~z £ DG 2bmJ ew DG tJ4b-) +bgC ¯ ew DG ¯ bB bª£A 2004 - 1930) GvJ42 b/ ¥x)Gy/ wG ¯h . hx@@1%Gh ~{g£Fh FbCh ÁbgF¡Eh ¡~6h4h ¡ ~64CG b£/¡Db £/ ,4¡ + á£ £ gDG ¡@@+CG hbpJ á@@£@+2C°G áJ2x~zDG) BvJ ¡ A ,ew DG tJ4b- ¯ kpcJ 3(Gh .ew DG ¡ ´ á£ £ d£Db~6CGh ib~64b» ,4¡ + ¯ Gb~z- ¤gDG á£Ab jDG EG¡ DG ¯ bªC ,iG4b~}²G Í+ gs- ¤Gh ,ew Db+ g- ebc~6CGh .bK ~}JCG ,v0G¡DG ,4b~}²G ¯h gs + , A ew DG Â E ,¡ ~64CG d~zp+ ,eGw DG z£D ewC CG IÌ@@A ¡~6h4 b@@ECG .bK ~}JCG ew DG ¶(G £Â E ¡G . z£Dv- Ì DG áp ~|´ +wCh , £pg~zE xECG gp ~|´ $x´G 4vDG ¡Gh ,$GÆ@@AG ¡ A Jx1%°G $Gw@@J(G v + ew DG bECG ,ew + z£Dh ew@@C ¡G bE áª. Dh .ew DG E ~6C°G áJb= E z£D k£0 ,$b~}£cDG á+w Db+ x J b» bC b§4

b £ ~6 £cF ¤~7¡ cD* ¢ £D f£Fb D* fc-b D d@@0 @@ )b@@ ~@ @64 ¡@@ @G @@ Jv@@ + eb@@ g@ @C x@@ @ @ £@ E ¥Ê@@ @ @ G Í@@ @ + f@@ ~@ @9Æ@@ @ @E ebg D* ¯ ew DH @@F z£JbF&*H ¤ JxE&°* d-b DbA ,y ´* g~|0 1980 1891 x@@ @ @£@E ¥Ê@@ G f£ JxE&°* fc-b D* gc£c0 lQvpJ ¤@@ +¡@@ C Áb@@ @c@ @ ~@ @ 6(* @@ @ ~@ @ @8&* @@ @ E &* 1977 1903 @@F @@z@£@Jb@@F&* b C ££« h@@Fb@@C @@g@/H5 d@@J3b@@C&* ¶(* g A2 ¤@@g@D* ¤@@G b@@ @c@J3b@@C&* &* h ~8 ¤gD* ¤G zJ4b+H zJ4b+ £A < lvpgJ b C Kbc-bC E @@D'¡@- @@£@A ,&*x@@ ´* h@@Fb@@C ¤)b £~6 @@m@ @+ b@@ @ g@ BÉ@@< @@ < d@@ @ J3b@@ @ C&°* D* µb@@< @@1v@@- ¤@@C ¤)b £~6 eHw D* ,&*x´* h + vBH g ~6*¡+ m D* D3 b BQv~8 ¢g0 b E*xE

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

| 7

¤c : v£~74

N P0HN PibNJbN S D* N2HOv0O ISvcN -N Í · xO P~z N R O ´* O /R ¡N D* K £PD2N ¤P DO HP b N -O ¤UEO&* OhcR P~z0N S &° É N $*xN pR ~| D ¤ U P D P £gU D* fN N £cP : P S "Ì N <O ¤P +N " P)bcN BN ¯ P Oh R -P N +P ¡ O R N ´* P N BP HN Í N P PN D* E ¢ S cN -N bEN HN S P24P *¡N ~{D* N N pR gN AN Í N P0HN H&°* Px R ~zD* U S 1 b fK £PFb. N * N bCN N ~6H N PO JN ¡O R ³ S P JPx D* 2P bgN R O ´bCN eb L JQ (*HN ebN L G3 ,P 4Q bN´* P b1ON 2 ¢N <N Oh£R pS N -N bFN &*H ¤P)*xS D* IxN JN b N £A OhJR N&*4N Q O N BR &* N JPx D* N P P0H OhJR R&*4 ,K xN ~zR JO Th N gDR * Í N P £PD" " zC4R bE" Pf£N pPR +P xT mO JN "Í v£P +N R E O P R JL "yR P ½(N *"HN N P0 OhJR &*4HN N *5° fK N Â R O Th N gN D* Í O $*xN K O D* *¡N AR &* &ÉÂ R N "x O<" N S cN -N bN§P Ph£R cD* *¡N E&R * E ¢ K*v£P +N qO cQ ~zJO "4X 3 b+&*"H P2bgN R O ´* b N CN Kb+bJQ (*HN Kb+bNG3 S N ~6N HN PO JN ¡O R ³ N * N bCN P JPx D* PhFbC Mv£P +N R PE ¥HU vN JO iO ¡R ~8N HN ,4b£Q ~zD* N N f+N xO R EN ¢N <N ¡£O O D*H PdR N D* E M fL ~|N P1b~7N ¯ P rN 2P b N D* dN R N D* *wN GN dO BO xR -N eb£Q P D* N Ov R +N P,%*xR P´* f N £P 0 N PR x<N *& µ ¤ U P D

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

n Il On pQÉHn äÉ l æn ©n W eb R £Q P D* rP 2P bAN Md R BN R PE P b£N ~zR U D* P4bgN ~6R N&* ¢N <N fK N S N EO fK £Q « PN S CN O R E · ¥ P PwDQ * *wN GN HN e*R wN N D* N S N (*P xR O FR O* bFN &* N gN N £P 0 N PR x R -N · ,%*xR P´* N N D* Nv R +N bEN HN Mv N ~zPN + ibL JQ HP xR EN P É ¤ U PE °S (* M4¡gO cR EN ¡R N D* Pf~|S N PE ¢N <N ¶N P(* fL DN b~6PN 4 P b~zN U D* ,O vN R <O S D* ¢N gN R EO É $b~}N £R +N O J2b N N ´* P PwNGH P ¡R N D* Pf~|S N PE ¢N <N Mv£P +N R PE rO ¡U N -O LvJN qJxU D* P /R HN ¯ P M ER 4N fO ~}N cR BN LvJN HN tJP4bgS D* PfN ~8N ¡R +N oN 4P b1 N xO AP b~zN O ´* bN JT N&* ¤P)b N ~6 N R E ¢S cN -N bEN 4R wN 0PR * Mv£P +N R E ¤P cO BO xR JN ¥ PwD* O mR S D*HN NvFN °N HN P £R N < N ~6&N * °N f N ~8b P N D* Pd R N D* ¯ P RixN N ER N&* Rv N AN N N pR gN AN Í N P0 P HQ N&°* Px R ~zD* U S 1 b Kb£Q cP FN Oh~zR DN Á&U ° dU ± O * ¢N <N *HxO EN %bN R +N ¥ PwDS * *wN GN HN ,L 2N b N ~6 N S¥NvJN Í fL N /S N'¡EO O N R HN ¤P £R +N N gR N D* O -U 4N &* N £R N AN Í+ ¥bFN N&* N¥bNJN'H4O ¯ ¤P P gP AR &* PfN ~8N ¡R +N oN 4P b1 N xO AP b~zN O ´* bN JT N&* bJN tJP P 4bgS D* N P AN " {CN *xEO " RhFN bCN Rv N DN fN «b $P vR cN D* N R N P b£S P R D }£N +R &* L K 0 ¥P µ K 2*5N HN R ~6O 4R N&*

h~{BbF ¤gD* l¡@@p@c@D*H ib@@~@6*4v@@D*H ib@@ @D'¡@´* ¢ < @@m@ s@O ´* @@E ib@@ @+H Í@@g@Jx@@ @ @D* @@ @£@ f£Fb~|s~{D* H&* fJ2¡/¡D* < kJv²* ~} + x@@E&°*H f£ ´* f£ ~9¡D* H&* f£ ~9¡D* H&* kJv0 ¥&* @@< @@ @AHy@@< &b@ ~@ 7 ¯ gsJ µ v + b@@E ¯ @@Dw@@CH f£ £ gD*H fJ¡£ cD* ¯ v/H E I¡~6 f£Ax ´* b £0*¡~9H f.*v²* Kb £g< ib+ ¥wD* x D* *wG ,$*xB ¯ ,wS D E $*xQ D* £ B ,vJv±* x~| D* ib ~z A ¢ < rbg F°* b@@C Kb@ @A&* 4Hv@@ + q@@g@A v@@B ¤~6b£~zD* @@+b@@ @D* i*3 x~| D* ib£Db ~7(* £j ¯ ¤+x D* x U D bFv/H DwDH fJ4w/ i*Ì gE E £A b§ Q f / f~{Bb E ¯ ¡:xs J ex D* Jx ´* O ibJ°¡D* b: ¥wD* l2b²* mgF&* bE ib£<*v l2bp+ < Ä@S @ @JO ¥w@@D*H f£ JxE&°* ,vpg´* ¤~} £D 2001 Ä gc~6 @@E x~{< ¥2b@@ ²* f~{Bb E ¡pF Jx~8b ´* ex D* Jx ´* d =&* ¥¡@@EÉ@@~@ 6(°* ¥¡@@ D¡@@ ~@ @8&°* eb@@ @ ³* b@@Jb@@~@}@B O D* 6xU J ib@@+ ¥w@@D* xU g´* ¤~6b£~zD* f@@J*4 h@@« f@@£@+x@@ @D* ib@@ @ @g@m@´* ¯ ¥¡@@ Ev@@ D* f@@+x@@© @@6xU @ @ J b@@ » È@@ @C&* ¤@@ @ Jv@@D* @@6v@@ @ ´* ¢ ~z- f£ £ 0 f£0É~8(* fDvg E f£EÉ~6(* ¶(* yQ g- ¤GH b Db0 3b F(° f@@E&°* $b + ¶(* 2b~|g D ,&b£ OE f£<b©4* ibJ¡Q G °K ¡« ¡£D* j £D Ix/ ¥wD* D3 CO bCH JwD* ex D* Jx ´* *x0 ¢ < &*x J K*ÌcC h ; &* v + f£E¡£D* B*¡D* fCx0 ¶(* *¡DyF ibJx D*H ,2xS @ m@ ´* 4b@@ @ A&°* f~z£c0 @@ G*'H4 ¤@@+x@@ @ D* x@@ @ @ D* @@ E ,v@@ @ g@ ~@ z@ ´* f@@JÌ@@~@ z@ @ g@ D* f 0xE ¯ 2b~|gD*H *v~|D* S 0 ¢g0 kJv²* fJ4w/ ,y C "¤+x D* £+xD*" £ < JO bE b²* E h /H ¤+x D* µb D* f£ CO h ~7 ¤@@-b@@JQ ¡@@G x@@0b@@ @ -H y@@ ¶(* Ì@@~@z@J ¤@@+x@@ @ D* ¤+x D* x D* f £c: ¢ < z F* bE b<x~6 b +xmJO ¤gD* fBÉ³* ¢~9¡ D* )bc0 ~6H ~6H @@~@6H&°* x~{D* ¯ vJv±* 4b g~6°* ¡±*H fÂy D* $bEv+ ex D* b cg J ibp ~8 b~zF(°* xJv~|-H +b~|g=*H $b~z D* ¤c~6H i¡´* f£Q Ev< ¶(* ¤+x D*

@@EH b@@Gv@@ @+ b@@EH f£ £ gD* @@EH f@@J¡@@£@ @c@D* f / @@EH f@@.*v@@²* v + b@@E x@@ @AH f@@.*v@@²* ¤gD* f£)*x D*H f£~| D*H fJ¡ D* ib ~z D* "¤/¡D¡ g~z+&°*" H&* ¯4b@@ @´* x D* b mgF&* F&b~7 E bC bE ¤ JxE&°* ex D*H ¤+H4H&°* x Db+ ¡T pgD* v£ ~8 ¢ < f£<¡F ,x : l*v0(* ¤ £ ²* <b gD* H&* *x@@s@F°* ¶(* ¤+x D* fJb F &* °(Q * ¤@@ @+H4H&°* ¤ ~z D* x D* @@E °v@@F*H ib£ £Fb jD* x@@ 1*H&* ,24b@@c@ D* ex@@²* bgFbC hJ¡ D* *x D* f£FbjD* n£ ³* ex0 4b A&°* f / iHb gA T gD* D3 CO bg~9¡S B O ¤@@+x@@ @D* l*Æ@@ @ D f@@J'Hx@@D* IHb@@ @ -H f@@£@E¡@@ @D* ¶(* f <bA fJx A f£Db ~7(* ~8¡+ ¤EÉ~6(°* ¢ < rbg F°* 4b~8 Í0 ¯ fJv¸ Ì= f£~}B O ¤gD* i°¡Q pgDb+ v~|JO KbJx A ¤+H4H&°* ex D* Hy=H ,42bcD* ex²* 4b£ F* ib£ < b -5xA&* *x@@< ¢ < f£F¡ D* ex@@²* °v@@ F*H hJ¡ D* 1991 b< Í~z0 *v~8

¿hôμØŸG òNCG Üô©dG ™∏£e ‘ äÉ«æ«©°ùJ »°VÉŸG ¿ô≤dG ºgÉ£N ¿ƒãëj ´ƒf ¢ùjôμàd IAGô≤dG øe á«îjQÉàdG ™bGƒdG äÉjôéŸ »Yƒ°VƒŸG âfÉc …òdG OÓÑdG ¬«∏Y á«Hô©dG á«eÓ°SE’Gh É¡àbÓY ‘ äGÒ¨àe á∏ªéH ó¡°ûŸG Éeh »ŸÉ©dG øe ¬«∏Y CGôW ájQòL ä’ƒ– o

xjQ&fkG* jjf¤I x D* 4b~zpF* ib£ £ ~zgD* f 0xE iv ~7 4b~zpF* + ¤@@EÉ@@~@6(°*H ¤+x D* l*Æ@@D* ¯ +¡. ¯ ¤+x D* ¤ ~z D* x D* ¶(* f/b²* b £+ Jx~{ D* x D* mgF&* ¥wD* ¥v£ gD* ib£ £ ~z- @@ @ @E ¯ ex@@ @ D* Hx@@ @ @ ´* w@@ 1&* @@z@Jx@@ @g@D @@Gb@@ @ 1 ¡@@j@ p@ J ¤@@~@ 9b@@´* x@@ @ D* B*¡D* ibJxm´ f£sJ4bgD* ,$*x@@ @D* E ¡@@F f£+x D* 2ÉcD* £ < hFbC ¥w@@D* ¤<¡~9¡´* i*Ì@@ @g@E f m+ b@@ @g@BÉ@@< ¯ f@@£@ EÉ@@~@ 6(°*H i°¡O @ « @@E £ < &*x@@: b@@EH ¤@@´b@@ @D* v ~{´* i*4b~zE f / ¯ x D* zJx -H f@@J4w@@/ mg J b@@C b@@ @£@A ¤@@~@6b@@£@~@z@D* ¤@@+x@@ @D* x@@ @ @D* rHx@@ D* f@@£Q @ @~@z@ @A h@@Fb@@C I'H4H ib@@Jx@@ @ F @@E ex D* Hx ´* 4b~8 *w GH v~z±* f£Q ~6b£~6 fJb F" fJx F ¯ ,2*¡G É+H x D* ¡ Â ¯H bEbJ¡C¡A z£~zF*xA b S ~8 b C "tJ4bgD* b C "i*4b~}²* H&* ibAb jD* *v~8" fJx F ¡g g G £)¡ ~8 bG4¡ + ib_E *¡cgC F&* - -ÉEPT &b- n)bgF E bCH

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

@@B*¡@@D* @@~@9x@@ @J 4b@@~@8 b £A x D fc~6b E f@@~@8x@@A k<*¡cD* b £ < h £G fJx A ib£Db ~7(* E ¤+x D* £G b@@» Q È@@C&* f£)b¿(°*H fJ2b~|gB°*H f£~6b£~zD* ¡G bE 4b~|A 2xS m´* ¥x D*H ¤ ~z D* k<bcD* b £ < D ¤)b¿(*H ¥2b~|gB*H ¤~6b£~6 ¡G bE ÍG4 ¤ ~z A i4b~8 ib£ £ c~zD* f@@J*v@@+H ib£ £g~zD* fJb F w EH ¤.*x- ¡G b´ f £G4 7b D*H v±* v£B ib£Db ~7(°* E ÌjC ¢ < Kb =b~9 l*Æ@@D* ¶(* x D* *v@@+ ¢g0 H&* f£~}B ¤+x D* x U ´* bE&* i4b~|A ex D* Jx ´* ¶(* £´* 4b~8H K*ÌcC Kb G l*ÆD*H f.*v²* f£Db ~7(* f 14&°*H E&T bgD*H x D K*3ÉE l*ÆDb+ f.*v²* +4 f ~74&°*H ¡pgD*H h+bjD* v£ ~6 v 0&* ¤ < ebgC qgA v D | 0 ¯ vDH ¤ Jy£- d£: bCH x F *w D A&°* ,vJv/ f@@J'H4 Hx~{E +bgC 4v@@~@8&* vB 1934 b@@< ¥wD* 1971 f ~6 ¯ £~6¡D* x~| D* ¯ ¤+x D* x D f£m ´b+ fFb g~6°* E h S bm´* *wG ¯ f)2b+ Sv<O b£~zD* *wG ¯H ¤EÉ~6(°* l*ÆD* ,$*xB ¯ f£~zC4b´* ¥wD* 1987 1908 ,HS xE Í~z0 v£ ~{D* ebgC bC f ~z D* ¯ fJ2b´* ib<y D* *¡ < h« $*y/&* f +4&b+ 4v~8 " Ax F £C b .*x- +bgC DwCH f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* 2v< + x.&b-H -*3 ¤~zC4b´* n S D* ~8*H vB 1985 f ~6 ¯ < £~{£E ebgC b@@CH ex@@ @D* Jx ´* E £ B Ì= vB 1974 l*Æ@@D*H k cD* +bgC Ä<H 1989 1910

,$*xB ¯ ex D* Í£E¡ D* Jx ´* bE&* K*vJv/ Jx D* qgA v ¹ ebgC x ; i*¡ ~z+ v +H ¤EÉ~6(°* ¤+x D* l*ÆD* O l*ÆD*H pF *¡ < h« 2010 1936 ¥x+b±* v+b< ¤E¡ D* m F ¢ < 4b~6 EH 1980

bCH ¤+x D* x~{´* ¯ f£ ´* f£ ~9¡D* f ~z D* v)*4 1902 2¡ ¹ d£½ ¤C5 ¥x~|´* ¡~z £ D*H x U ´* f£ + ¯H x~|E ¯ f£ ´* f£ ~9¡D* f ~z D *v)*4 1993 vc< ¥x~|´* ¡~z £ D* b@@CH f@@£@ @Jx@@A&°* ,4b@@ @D* *v@@ @+ fJ2¡/¡D* f ~z D* v£~6 2002 1917 ¥Hv+ 0xD* ¤+x ´* ¡~z £ D*H x U ´* bC Í0 ¯ ¤+x D* :¡D* ¯ f ~z D* b@@ E(* 1993 1922 ¤@@+b@@c@²* y@@Jy@@< v@@ @¹ f ~6É D* @@jS @ *w@@ @ GH ¤@@+x@@ @D* ex@@ @´b@@+ f£Fb~|s~{D* ¯ fAHx ´* fJx D*H f£ ~z D* ibGb©°* x ;&* ex D* h)b D* x D* ib£ £g~6H ib£ £~z 1 f 0xE

jª ª -h jjT §ª¡+

p*|-h j.*ó0

¯ KbgA° bC Kb - Kb~}J&* i5xA&* ib£ £Fb jD* f 0xE &* ¢ < ib/¡E lv0&* ¢ < ex D* Hx ´* qg F* bEv < -*4b~zE fJx D* i°b@@ @g@~@7°* h@@Fb@@ @A ¤@@ @ +H4H&°* ¤ ~z D* x@@ @ @D* v + b@@EH fJ¡£ cD* i*$*x@@ @D* E <b g- ¤+x D* ex ´* ¯

ib@@Gb@@©°* iw@@ 1&* Jx~{ D* x@@ @D* ib£ £ c~6 f@@J*v@@+ @@E f£ D* b -bEbB @@< ¡S @p@g@- ¤@@+x@@ @D* @@:¡@@D* ¯ fJx D* ¤ ~z D* x D* i*4b~zE ¯ ¤)y/ ¡G bE ¶(* fAHx ´* f£ ²* f£)y±* ib ~z D* ¶(* ¤ ~z D* x D* < ¡T pgD* 4b~8 +

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

jj| D fª:&*

u ?ô°UÉ©ŸG »Hô©dG ôμØŸG »°†Á øjCG ¤EG ¡~64 v S ¹ ¡~64 2 f +4&°* Hx D* É1 ¯ kJv²* ¤+x D* ¤ ~z D* x D* mgF&* bE 4*x= ¢ < ¡£0É~8(°*H ¡J¡~} D* Hx U ´* bC fJx AH f£ ~z A I'H4 E f£~9b´* x D* E H&°* +xD*H x~{< ~6bgD* x D* fJb F ¯ *¡ ~6 vB ¡ ~z´*H ex D* fJx AH f£ ~z A ibGb©* ¯ f£0É~8(°* fJx D* G*'H4 d~8 ¶(* Jx~{ D* ¡£EÉ~6(°* Hx ´* b G b A ¤ ²* r¡~9¡D* E f£Db< f/42 ¢ < iv+ D f£ ~z AH fJx A f£S /xE É~6(°* E *¡ / JwD* -b+b 1 gs§ *¡ / JwD* _DH&* Kb~}J&* -b+b 1 gs§ ¡£D*Ä£ D* Hx ´* b GH b GH D fJx AH f£ ~z A f£ /xE ¤+x D* Áb N D*H ¤ ~9¡D* x D* E Áb N D* x D*H ¤ JvD* x D* Í+ / » Jx ´* } + D3 dFb/ ¶(* Ix1&* ,4b- ¤ £ -H ,4b- ¤ £A¡- ¡pF ¢ < ¥x D*H ¤ ~z D* +b 1 oxs£D £f I(¸* 1945 b@@< b@@ G4*5H&* f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex@@²* h ~9H bEv < E µb D* ¯ ¤ + bE ¶(* Hx J ¡£+x D* Hx ´* bC E Íg£´b D* Í@@+x@@²* £- gCx- b@@E $*xQ @ / @@6'¡@+H µ&* b~zF(°* ¯ x D* ¶(* c =&* b A Eb~7 X2x-H ¡/H 4bE2 f ~z D* i2b@@ @g@~@6* *w@@ @ GH ,42b@@ @F f@@Jx@@~@{@+ f@@ @£@B @@ @~@8¡@@+ O * b <bc-&* IvD bGv¸ fJ2¡/¡D* i2b g~6*H b~zFxA ¯ 2v± K obgpJ b )bC b~zF(°* ¯ IÆD b +4b~{E f£ ~9¡D* f ~z D* f ~z D* i2b@@ @ g@ ~@ 6* Í@@0 ¯ ¤@@ @ @< @@£@ @ @-H f@@ @ @B4 ¶(* b@@~@ z@ F(°* f@@ @£@B @@E ¤@@ @ @-O ¤@@ @D b@@ @-b@@0Hx@@: f£Fb~|s~{D* Kb+*ÆB* ÈC&* ¤+x D* ¤ ~z D* x D* 4b~8 *w GH |s~{D* ´N b< ¶(* 1*v´* 2 Tv - =4 b~zF(°* E < v@@ @A ¤@@+x@@ @ D* @@:¡@@D* ¯ @@ @g@s@J µ x@@ @E&°* @@ @ DH x D* E ÁbjD* ~| D* fJ*v+ ex D* f ~6É D*H Hx ´* É1 ¤+x D* x D* fJv ~{E ¯ *xsF°* ¢ < Jx~{ D* 1986 i £ 1 Í~6bJ ¤B*x D* x U ´* b A b -*3 f 0x´*

Ãv - ¯ Kb £ / *¡CÆ~7* F&* $°'¡@ G @@CO x@@E&* ¯ hAÉD* L f£ ²* @@-*H2&* d~z0 C f£0É~8( °*H fJ¡~} D* @@G*'H4 24b~zD* x.b D* EH x<b~{D* EH £ D* E vm A ¡+yD* EH ¥4¡@@j@D* ~9b ´* EH ¤~6b£~zD* EH x.%* E EH ·b£F¡D¡ D* ex D f£ cgD* ibF¡Db~8 ¯ +b 1 b c< @@E g~z£D f£ :¡D* gJ¡G ¶(* ¡@@Cx@@D* ¥¡~} D*H ¤0É~8(°*H ¥x D*H ¤ ~z D* x@@ @D* @@E H&°* @@+x@@D*H x~{< @@~@6b@@g@D* x@@ @ D* @@ @0 v@@ @D Hx ´* @@_@DH&* @@E o3b + Kb@£@EÉ@@~@6(*H Kb£+x< Jx~{ D* bJb~}B ¯ ¡@@CÆ@@~@{@J Kb@ @£@ @/ *¡@@Fb@@CH ¡@@ @ @~@z@´*H ex@@ @ D* Jx EH Í j C ¡ jE ¥w@@D* x~| D* ¯ fJyCxE iv+ ¡ ~zJH rÉ@@~@ 8(°*H f~} D* bJb~}B ¯ ¡CÆ~{J *¡Fb A f m D* E fE&°* 8É1 f£ + G*'H4H G4b A&* ,4¡ + ¶(* -*3 hB¡D* ¯H -b g¸ b D h~9xS - ¤gD* f£Db£F¡D¡ D* *¡FbC bE AHH ¥x~|< ¡pF ¢ < F*v + $b + ¡EHxJ *¡FbC 9*xE&* E Kb~| Q s- x~zJ&°*H ~}A&°*H jE&°* F&* Hv g J ¤~6b£~zD*H ¤ D*H ¤ gm´*H ¥2b~|gB°* T sgD* ibA%*H

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

k£ J ¥w@@DG xm´G b pg~zJ ° - á£ £c DG - á+¡ DG Q Cb@ + D3 ¢g0 b Q pg~zJ b¿(Gh ,d~zpA 2bc DGh 2ÉcDG ¯ b+Gx1 ¡£ £ ²G ¡ j´G @@Gh ,ÍExm´G E ¤:Gx ~zDG ¡ DG . hx gc´Gh ¡ ~{g ´Gh ¡<Æs´G ,xBbc DGh , h2Q b@@@±G Â ÉA ,4b DG E Q g~{E - á:b~z+ Q + - xJ¡ gDG Q C° ."G3b´ GÆ0°G ªQ « G3(G °(G ÉK £D $bª~zDG ¯ C°CÉgJ CG m D

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

E - á ~7bA bGÄg J ¤gDG - á c DG wG i2b+CGh $bª~zDG E b~zF(°G) áEv gE ,vJv/ á c: 4¡ D bm´G q~z - ¤C x~{cDG E C dpJ ~{g£F bC b~}JCG Gw Dh . gJx F d~z0 ¢ <C°G bECG Jx DG Ì J ¤C b + ÆpJ CG ¢ ªgJh ,4b Db+ d<ÉgJ .i¡´G ¡G pg~zJ bE 4v + ,b£²G ¡ pg~zJ JwDG Jx1%°G 4¡Q ~|gJ b~zF(°G © ,Ì gDG ¯ á£:Gx ~zDG á Jx DG wG Q (G

ó«ª◊G äƒŸGh •Gô≤°S

jj| D fª:&*

5¡+2¡+ v£ ~6 *¡Ax J µ Q DH ¤ ~z D* Ì gD* H'HvcJ ¢gE *¡Ax< Jx=(°* &Q * ¶(* ~{g£F 4b~7&* f£ Jx=(°* f ~z D v F ¯ ¡G *x ~6 &Q *H f 0bB fAb/ hpc~8&*H g ~z A h1b~7 DwD d~6b ´* hB¡D* ¯ *¡ BQ ¡gJ µ ·bgDb+H ¡ BQ ¡gJ ¢gE A d~6b ´* hB¡D* ¯ KbE¡ < ¤ Jx=(°* ¤ ~z D* x D* BQ ¡gJ µ *3(* $b~zgF pFH f1¡s£~{D* - v~zmJ E Q BQ ¡gJ &* dmJ K*2Hv0 ¤ ~z D* x D &Q * ¶(* ,4b~7(* + i¡´* ¢ < DbcB(* ¯ &Q * &* "d~6b E hBH ¯ *x ~6 ibE < )bB D¡ J &* Qv+° v + b £A ~{g£F DbB bE &Q b+ E KbC*42(* -¡§ d04 *x ~6 & * HvcJ ¡ D* ¢ < "bGv < Q B&°* ¢ < -w£EÉ- E ebcD&°* ·H&° ,b£0 -¡E ¯ bC v DH f£ Jx=(°* f ~z D* xJ¡ - ¯ 4H2H ¥x D* 4b~zE ¤ c J ° ¤gDGh ,Á¡ DG ¡Fb DG ª< E á +b DG á£ªg²G gD + 4GvO- ¥wDG ¡Fb DG ÆpJh , Gx ~zC ´b+ E'¡J ´ ~9Cb+ ¡Dh b £ < 9Æ Jh b £ < 2xQ ªgJ CG ,á £c DG iÉm< . bÂ(°G 4bcCh Í ~{g ´Gh Í@@<Æ@@s@´G ,xBbc DG t@@J4b@@- b@@ @ @/G4 ¡@@D ¡pF tJ4bgDG Ix¸ GhÌ=h Q iG4b~}²G G¡ ~8 JwDG Í<vc´G Í+ - C F µ (G - ª E vm ~6 , jEC°Gh ~}AC°G , Dh .3¡c Eh ¤~| Eh ¤ Eh 2xQ ~{Eh Ím~6h qJx/h £gB , -bAb~{gCGh , -b<GÆ1G hpc~8CG , D3 E =xDG ¢ < $b g~6°G d ~|J k£p+ , ¡£DG b -b£0 ¯ á£~6b~6CG -b<Gv+(Gh CG v+° bC .. ªjDG G¡ AvJ CG v+ ° bC c~}Db+ Gw Dh ,b < $b g~6°G Â ° ¤gDGh ,b ´b< Ì - ¤gDG zª~{DbA ,G¡BÆpJ á )bG á£ªC .. 4¡Q ~|gJ CG b~zF(ÉD Â ° ~{+ Æ« ,b < b Jx: Ì - ¤C 4Gxªg~6b+ b A¡/ ¯ Æ« Í/h4v£ DG E . 94C°G wG ¢ < ¡~zJ á~|B £ < ¡ - ¥w@@DG Á¡@@ @DG " ¡Fb DG" ¡@@G Gw@@Gh ,°K hQ CG bB2b~8 bC FCG ¢ < £‚(°G ácgC GÄJ ¤ A bK ~}JCG - ¡c ~|J CG v+° bC ,bK £Fb. GK xJ¡ -h GK Ì£ -h GK xJ¡ - lv0CGh v£+h .,2b ~z+ i¡´G c g~6G FCG ¢ < GhvCQ '¡Jh - ¡c ~|g~zJ hCG á £;h Q Cb@+ 0É- ¢g0 $bCwDG E ÌjC ¶(G obg« ° FCG ¤)b+x DG "2¡ª DG" á £;h c~{- GwG bFx~|< ¯ "d£ ~|DG" Ì J CG Â ° ¤)b+x DG rbc~|´G Q CG bª A , 4b~{DG ¯ J µ q£~z´G @@Dw@@C ,$¤@@~@7 £A Æ@@0G G3(G °(G 4b@@~@{@DG . DwD bK ª. 0h4 AvJ CG h2 ª£Db g+ v~|J CG ~6¡+ ,v£ª²G -¡E ¯ Gx ~6 C42CG ¥wDG ,2b ~zDG /h ¡G GwG ~{g£F CG k£0 , ~6Gh b F ¢ < bK ~}JCG ~{g£F @@C42CG b§4h ,4bm0 h ~6 hCG )bG 4b~|<(G $b/ ¡D ,2b ~zDb+ x ~{£~6 bC

£ < 0 ,ÁvcDG Gv<(°b+ FbE5 ¯ Gx ~6 C¡0 bª A xJwF Äg<G k£0 ,¤ ~z DG Gv<(°b+ bEyDG x1%G E ~{g£F Q á ~z Db+ oyDGh ¤BGxDG) ¤ £ DG x DG á1¡s£~7 v~zmJ Q '¡~7 Q @±G ´G dGb£= ¯ á£ Jx=(°G ¤ Q - $b@@<2G á/42 ¶(G b@ ~{g£F ¶(G ác~z Db+ - á/4vDG wG ¡ + (Gh , D(G E ¤0¡DG (G k£0 ,áAb jDGh x DG á1¡s£~7 ¢ < ,54b+ áEÉ< Äg - áª. ¢ cJ ÉA ,áAGx³G ªGGv-h , xsJ t£~{J bEv < x DG bª C v~z±G Q C° D3 ,$bª~z D bEh 94CÉD bE Í+ 4b~8 y££ bp DGh gB4b ´ ¡g-h rhxDG £A vGy- á1¡s£~{DG + hEvQ .q£p~8 z DGh ,$bª~zDb+ i¡´G c g~6G D3 E Dh ,bK F¡ ¸ J µ Gx ~6 CG ¡ E b £ c-h b =¡ + vJxJ bC ¤gDG áJb DG Q D ."G3bª A ,,2b ~z+ 4vJ ib+ t£~{DG) ¡~z £ DG GwG Q CG ¯ jQ ªg- -wEÉgD vQ +° ¤ £ 0 $b < C Q Cb+ ¤~} J ¥wDG Á¡ DG ¡Fb DG 4Gx~6CG CG - £~zcgDG £c~6 ¢ < - Â ° ¥CG ,bK =GxA ÆJ CG CG ¤ J GwGh , v£~84 ¯ bK ~| F ÆJ CG h2 GK 4°h2 ¤ , g Db+ bE(G , 4b ACG ª. AvJ CG E D vQ +° ¤ £ ²G Q j´G .á Jb~}´Gh $b~|B(°G b ~7CG E ~7 ¥Cb@+ hCG , m~zDb+ hCG Ì - CG Â ° , £ª DG Á¡@@ @DG ¡Fb DG Gw@@G ¢~}g ªcA 4¡Q J ¤ £ ²G Q j´G Q CG ¢ § ,bK _£~7 hBx0C N G G3(G °(G á E ¯ 4b DG Q C° ,x1%b+ hCG ~{+ (G ¡G ÆpJ bE 4v + Jx1%°G .4bF É+ 4¡F ÉA ·bgDb+h ,4¡ DG ng - ¤gDG ¤G ~8C°G ÉK £D2h ,bK :x~7 , Gx ~6 ¶(G ác~z Db+ , Gv@@ <(°G b@@C v@@Bh GK Ì£ -h GK xJ¡ - h.v0CG vB g ~z A Q CG ¢ < , ~z F hB¡DG ¯ Q 1 FQ CG vQ +° "xJ¡ gDG" GwG Q CGh ,¤ £ DG x DG ¯ GK xJ¡ -h G¡ª 0 E Q CG ¤ J GwGh .bK ªg0 Gx ~6 g g~6 ¤gDG ¤Gh GK 4bF Í Q j» I¡~6 , £D(G ác~z Db+ ,G¡F¡ J µ ,i¡´b+ Gx ~6 ¢ <

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

¯ b gcD¡B v£ -h b gAb .h b £<h ¯ b Fygs-h b DhGvg-h Â ¥CG ,á £ gE á£ ª/ áF¡ £C Jx gDb+ F(G . b ´Gh bEyDG hN v DG (G .$¡~}DG ,x)G2 ¯ b ~9hh b ~|£s~{-h b £D(G ,4b~7(°G bK J2¡/h GK vJv - áO <bª±G £A Ix- ¤gDG áO £ ª±G áO F¡ £ DG ¡G áL £;h DwC ¡G hv DG CG Ì= .tJ4bgDG ¯ bK £ A ¥CG ,ÉK .bE á<bª±G }pJ GK yAb0 Q ~{J + ¤<¡DG CG 4bcg<b+ á£<bªg/G N b /bgF(G ,2b@@<(G hCG h bGÌJb Eh b Pª£B áP E¡ E c~9 P ¢ < .Ix1C°G ib<bª±G h2 E bGyJb ¢ < v£CCbgDGh bGvJv©h bK ~8¡~|1h ,tJ4bgDG ¯ á£ ª±G áJ¡ DG CG 4bcg<b+ c~}- ¡BCG £ DG N áEb DG b -bª~6 ¯ O ª© ,ib<Gx~|DGh ib@@ E5C°G ¯ hCG h á<bª±G bGb cg- ¤gDG b£ DG á£Fb~zF(°G ÌJb ´Gh á£ ³G .b Ab~|E ¶(G ¤ -x- CG d« Áb´C°G bªg/°G µb< b + ¡ J ¤gDG ,x DG ¶(G £pJ c~6 bE . hw0 hw« ¤gDG á~64v´G Ch 1918 - 1858) E5 U 4¡£/ Gxª DG iG4hx~9 E ,4hx~9 Gx~|DG CG ,x DG á~8É1h 6b DG Av Jh ,iG4b~}²G Cb~{ - Gx~|DG ¡-CG ¤ A .á ~zFC°Gh ,h 4b@@ @ g@ +°Gh ib@@Bb@@ @DG @@£@/¡@@-h v@@£@~@7Æ@@DGh £ sgDG ¶(G Gx~|DG J ,áJx DG wG d~zp+ . Gxª DG ¶(G ,4b~|g1b+ ¯ jªgJ ¤ 1G2 v£ ~8 . Jv£ ~8 ¢ < á £jC áBb: hv DG E b gJ¡ + b £<h ¤Eb -h b A¡ ~8 @@84h ib<bª±G ~6b Áb~zF(G ¤ U C v£ ~8h .á£ DG b ²b~|E ,v@@0¡@@+h á£ ª±G b E + AvJ áJx~{cDG ib<¡ªm´G Í+ Gx~|DG CG 4bcg<b+ ¡ J bªC ,¤ / dc~zD , ÌJb Eh Gxª DG ~6 ¯ $b -4°G ¶(G hv Db+ áÂy DG b J(G) Gx~|DG ¯ b AvG .b Fb£+ , E5 U . Gx~|DG Gv£E ¯ b ~} c+ b Cb g0Gh EÉ~zg~6G 9xAh Gx~|DG bªg/G < d~zp+ hv@@ @DG) 2¡@@/h hvcJ ° Gw G GK v + hCG h ,, A , bªg/°G x~8b < E bK £ 1G2 GK x~| < áK @/b@@0h @@+ ,d~zpA ,á£ ª±G á@@J¡@@ @DG 2b@@ @ +CG @@E bK @s@~@6G4 v£~7x-h I¡ DG á_c -h ª DG wp~{D R (G ,bK ~}JCG á£m£-GÆ~6G áDb0 ,4hx~}Db+ £D(G ¤~} - ¥wDG TGÆDG B¡D hCG ,b £;¡$b1Æ~6°Gh 4bG25°G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

á£~6b£~zDG áJx DG ¯ ib D'¡E ¡£DG CGx F bFx~8 .x@@EC°G ,x~|²G ° bj´G £c~6 ¢ < ,b FG¡ < ¤m£-GÆ~6°G x DGh ¡Dh . La fabrication de l’ennemi) ,"hv DG áCÄA" b¸ ¶(G á ~z²G b@@JG¡@@ @DGh á <¡´G Gv@@£@E @@E b /x1 CG $b < Ì= E b ~{gC° ,tJ4bgDG ¯ Áb~zF(°G bªg/°G Gw + ,xJv/ á£m£-GÆ~6G D áJ¡£0 á/b0 hv DG ÌA¡ 8¡~|³G Gw + xCwgJ ° b E E , 8¡~|³G Gw + . ~6°G bC ¥wDG ,Gueorgui ARBATOV ¡-b+4CG ¤=4¡£= áD¡B , ª~6b+ :b DGh £~{-b+4¡= £)bs£´ ¤~6b£~zDG 4b~{g~z´G 9) ÃbgDG á£ JxEC°G á£<¡c~6C°G b -x~{F á£ p~8 á +b E ¯ CG ¤Gh ,ibEv³G CG¡~6CG D v ~6" : 1989 ¡JbE 4bJCG ."hv DG E ExpF Eh hGb+ áJv£ gDG á~6b£~zDG ¯ hv DG ,x A 4¡~}0 (G h B µ áJv£ gDG á£Fb ~zDG áDhvDG CG D3 £ -h .qEÉE Ì= µ .b -G3 DÉ1 E vQ « x1%° á/bp+ - µ .áECG áDh2 .bG2¡/h ¯ áEC°G ¢ mg- ¤ D bK J4hx~9 x1%°G J ,á<bª/ @@Ch .iGw@@ DG @@< lvpgJ hv@@< @@< lvpgJ @@Eh bGN2¡/h x Q g- Í0 , 8¡~|³G /h ¢ < ájJv²G á<bª±Gh - ,tJ4bgDG ¯ b )b + áN £m£-GÆ~6G hCG bG4Gxªg~6G xN ~8b <h ,yCxE hCG ,á ~6 ¡0 áL ª g Eh áL c-GÆE áL <bª/ ¤G b§ D3 P á £ gE á<bª/ ¤G b§ ¥CG ,áEb DG b O-bª~6 -%GxE ¢ < z /h ¢ < E $Gv@@ @<C°Gh , g /G¡E ¯h @@Jx@@1%°G $G5(G . 8¡~|³G ¶(G ¥CG áJ¡Q DG ,x A ¶(G ,x~7bcE hv DG) ,x A £« Gw G -4¡~8 hCG h ,hv DG ~{Jh .tJ4bgDG ¯ á£ ª±G iGwDG ,4¡~8 b s- bªC ¡ DG ,4¡~8 E bK J¡£ + GK $y/ , < hs~64 ¤gDG bFC°G) b FQ (G . b ´Gh bEyDG ¯ b ¹ÉE ~6x-h ib<bª±G ¯ N ~9hh vS @0h hv DG ,x A Ä~6 N R q£g- ¤gDG iGw@@DG ,4¡~8h .$¡~}DG ,x)G2 K zc D b A4h r¡~9¡DG á£ + v - b´ ¥4¡ DG Jv gDG ¤ c J á<bª±G b ª~6x- ,4¡~8 hCG ,x A 2x¸ hv DG z£ A . ªg¹

:&*

¬JQhô°Vh ôNB’G øY

fª D j|

e¡ J Ab0 v ¹ 2 + Hv D* ,x A eb£ + fJv£ gD* f£+x D* f£~6b£~zD* ib+bg D a4b D* &b/b JO ¢ <H b gG* ¥&* H Tv D* Ì O JO Hv 1 @@+* 2b J °H Jx - 9¡ + ¢g0H bJ*xE ~6b+ x JO bE ¡ D'¡E H&* f~6b£~zD* ebgC E cB JwD* A 4*x@@= b~zD ¤ g JH qEÉ´* E K*¡ 1 H&* KbgGb+ °(* b £A Hv D* x~}pg~zJO ° $*xE&°* Í+ fBÉ D* ¶(* ,4b~7(°b+ f£+x D* f£<¡~6¡´* z£E*¡ D* E Ì=H ex D* 4v D* £A 5Hb/ Kb ; ; ¥&* 4v D* 5HbmgJ" ¥wD* H Tv N D*H ¥x±* HO v N D* vp D ,5Hb¸ b F&* ¯ bCÆ~{J D*H *Hv D* µb; ¡ A "¥2b D* bK J4hx~9 z£D 2¡/hh .hv D á£m£-GÆ~6G á £;h ° ,Ì1C°G á ~6h ExCh g p+ ,dJ4C°G Cb²G ª~}J ,b c~zp+ . ªO D O ¥xs DG) ¯ . £ < 2xQ E á<b:h , £DG¡J µ E $N °h , ACG O +G ¡ J á£Fb ~zDG eG2%°G ¯ ¤G á~6b£~zDG (G b RO DG $Gv@@<C°G J¡« ¥xmJ á~6b£~zDb+ FC° ," ´G bE 6CG4" áJb= ¡G ~zDG ."$bBv~8CG b~z0(°Gh ÄDb+ GÌ£~|-h" .á.Gv²G áDh2 ¯ á~6b£~zDG És+ GwGh ,áJv£ gDG á~6b£~zDG Ax J µ bK £m£-GÆ~6G GK Ì - kJv²G bªg/°G < 4¡S : iv= . @@s@J4b@@- 2Gv@@g@ EG ¢ < ¥v£ gDG ¤~6b£~zDG x DG Jv~|DG Í+ ¥4hx~}DG y££ªgDG ¢ < ¡ - ájJv²G áO ~6b£~zDG Dw+ . c Db+ ¤~|s~{DG z£Dh b DGh ¤ ª±G) hv DGh )b~z´G E á ~6Gh á )b: ¢ < hv DG Jx - á£~}B qg , ¡£DG ¥x~{cDG bªg/°G bJb~} D q@@/4C°G ¢ < ~zg- ¤gDG Gv= . zcNg R ´G ,4hx@@~@}@Db@@+h á@@.Gv@@²G @@E) k@@Jv@@²G ¥CG + ¹ÉE ~64h O ££ - ¤ c J á£m£-GÆ~6G áK /b0 hv DG O CG vC'¡J ~} + (G + .á£m£-GÆ~6ÉD ¥4hx~}DG £~| gDG ¢~}gBG (G 4b g+Gh ,hv< Ì= E ¡ - ° ¡£DG á~6b£~zDG

d~|FG ex DG ebQg D ¥v£ gDG "¤~6b£~zDG" y£CÆDG CG BG¡DGh bK £ ~z=hCG . bK £ ~64CG GK v£ - Gh4b/ Gw + Gh .ex²G ¢ < Í+ ¤ £c: xECG" ex@@²G Cb@ + Í ~z=hCG zJv D ác~zF) d0b~8 Ìc - d~zp+ ," £/ °h á@@ECG E ¡ s- ° x~{cDG . hv 1 +G ª0xDG vc< ,áEv ´G ebg DGh á ~6É DG E ÌP =h Í ~z=hCG zJv DG 4Gx= ¢ <h ex0 Í+ hv 1 +G ª0xDG vc< y£S E ,Íª ~z´Gh ex DG ¡Gh .á<hx~{E á£<bA2 ex0h ,,4hx~}Db+ áª£E3 ,á£FGhv< : bg )b: b .N hv0 ~6¡g- CG ex@@²G hx~7 hQ CG CG vC'¡J á£FGhv DG ex²G ." AGvO- Ix1C°Gh b gF°G d - bªGGv0(G" ¼C°G E ¡ J bE ÈCCG" FC° ex²G E £EwDG ~|DG ¤G ¯ bE ¢ < 6b DG dO N =N £<CG d~|Fh ªT G ..h) á£~{0¡DG . gBx~6h , Jx1%°G iGhx. ¢ < $É£g~6°G ¥CG ," JvJCG bªGv0CG ehx²G E Í ~8 Í+ y££ªgDG Iv g- áDCb~z´G D z~6CG E ,v@@0Gh ,á.Gv²G ¯ ,iv@@= hv DG á£~} A . £E3 ¢ < ¤m£-GÆ~6G Ì - C d ~8 ¯h ,á£~6b£~zDG áJx DG wG ¯ . $Gx@@ EC°G bJGxE) Ax - µ ¥w@@DG x@@EC°G É@@:(°G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

á£+ÆDG á£ªGCG ¢ < ¡:ÉACG yCxJ CG áA2b~|´G eb+ E z£ A ¢ £~6¡´G < ÉK ~}A ,¤~6b~6C°G £ gDG iG¡ ~6 É1 á£FvcDG xp~zDG y F ¤ D , D . pgA ÂO x1%G eb+ GwGh . |BxDGh E 6Cb+ ° - £ pgDG x1%G ¯ ¥¡~{g£F $Gx/(G ¡Gh– ~{g£F < .v~z±b+ x DG +4 ¶(G ~{g£F c~6 vB G5¡ £c~6 Cb+ ÌCwgDG : É1C°G <) ebgC E 2 $y±G E 13 á£~9x DG ¯ ¡ J ."v~z±G ¡G Áb~zF(°G DG z~6'¡- ¤gDG ,x DG ~9¡E" F DwD .bF2b~z/Cb+ x F b FCG ¢ < b -G ¡£DG áª. ,bK E¡ª< ,á~9bJxDGh ,¤)Gw DG b DG )b~zE ¢ < q J Q ~{g£F bC £C .tD(G ,d~6b ´G $G¡ DGh ,áBb~7xDGh ,¤~{´Gh bF2b~z/CG b D 9x g- ¤gDG iGÄ³G C ,xª. bFÌ - e¡ ~6CG á£~z Fh á£)Gw=h á£Cx0h á£~z0 iGÄ1 E ,á£E¡£DG ,b£²G ¯ v/¡J ° ,v~z±G +b E < v/¡J ° .tD(G á£ ~8G¡-h á£c~|<h ~{g£F ¡ J bªC " < ¡G v~z/" + , DG +b E v~z/ . h~72G4G5) b~zD ¢ < K Q + °(G Gv~z/ v~z±G ¡ J ° + .v~z±G á~6b0 Ì gDG E iÉ@@ @F°G {EbG p Â bE ¡@@Gh ,°K hQ CG -Gw+ ~6b~z0(G .iGwDb+ ¤<¡DG Iy E ª J b G .$b£ª DG á£/¡D¡£cDG á£ªg²G E á£ªC 5x J @@FQ (b@A ¡³b+ v~z±G x ~{J bEv < , bjE ,iÉ~} DG }c -h ,d DG ib+x~9 -ÆA ,ÍDb J42CG ¡ExG .tD(G ,ibFG¡£²Gh 7¡0¡DG b C4v- ,y£Q » áp)G4 x DG 5x Jh v A ,b£FÉ < v~z±G A 24 ¡ J ° v@@B $b@@ @ .C°G w@@G ¯ °h ¥4vJ ° k£0 E CÉ + m J vBh ,vªmgJ vBh , { -xJ b J µ (G Ì gDG Ihv/ bEh) Ì gDG á ~6G¡+ D ,vJxJ Jv - /C° ~z F d£-x- v~z±G v£ J vB " hx DG CG¡~6CG ¯ ¤gDG i°b F°G ¯ pgDG ,G2CG ¡G DG Q CG q£p~8 .ám£g DG ¡G Jx gDb+ DG CG Ì= ,Ì gDG £ -h v~z±G bG5x J E ~z F ¤ªpJ ¤ D v~z±G DvcJ ¥w@@DG ¤~z²G v ±G , y@@²G ,v@@ @²G , ¡@@ ³G) á£c ~zDG á£ 1GvDG i°b@@ @ @F°G d~z0 á Jy0 i°b@@ @ @FG ¤@@Gh , t@@ D(G ,d~} DG ,á@@£@GGx@@ @DG x«h , ~{g£F d~z0 áJ¡£²G áBb DG y g~z- ,G5¡ £c~6 ,b£²b+ ,xJv/ ,b£0 á~8xA E b~zF(°G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

bK c ~6 bK _:G¡gE GK x~| < J + ,¤ DG b~{ DG < g~zE b DG ~{g£F v g J CG á Dbc´G E z£D ,Gw G .bK +bmJ(G hCG bªC GÆEh ·bjE Ì - ¯ dcQ ~zgJ ¥wDG Áb@@´C°G ¤)Gw DG bE G3(G ¤ J $b ECÉD GK Ì ~8 °K ¡ª1" CGh bª£~6 ° ,v g J GwG) "bK _J24 bK _£~7 ¥x c< E mJ C° á_£~6 ,2b< ¶(G ¡Q « ,¤)Gw DG b DG 2hv0 v < xEC°G B¡gJ ° . b~zF(°G ¡G ,ub ´G ,$Gw DG :v~z±G - ¤gDG £~8b gDG x)b~6 ª~{J + áJ¡£0 + , gEx+ ¤Cx²G b DGh , ¡@@ @DG ,¤~{´G ,¡@@±G á ECGh $Gw= E ,Ì ~|DG $b£~7C°G wG (G" .b ªCCb+ v~z±G C ¯ ¤ D ,iGwDb+ D¡DG )bB2 ª¸ ¥CG bªmg~6Gh ub Eh . E FCG ¢ < w1'¡JO %°G v0 ¶(G ; bE C E GCG G¡0C°G ¡G GwG) " gDG ,2b<(b+ $x´G CGvcJ CG ¤ c J iGwDb+ b G E .,b£²G - ,2b<(G , Dw+ v~| J , b~zF(°G ¥wDG , ~{g£F ~6b+ m~zE b~{gCG v~z±b+ Ì gDG CG hvcJ .v~z±Gh x DG Í+ ~| DG ¢ < áª)b DG i4b J2 á_£ 1 q~zE N ¤G i°b F°G Q CG 4bcg<b+ á£F¡:ÉACG 4hw/ b D á_£ ³G D ¯ , ¡:ÉACG d~z0 áJ4hx~9 áEbB(G v~z±G 1G2 £ - ¤gDG ,4hb¹) á£~9x< áEbB(G °Q (G v~z±G 1G2 x DG £ J ° Í0 E ¯ pgF b@@E 4v + °Q (G x F ° b C G3(Gh . hv@@£@ A ¯ pgDG ,G2CG ¡G DG bC G3(Gh - q£p~8 GwGh– b -°b FG 4Gv~8(Gh iG4Gx DG 3bs-G $b .CG bGÌ.Cb- E v²Gh i°b F°G á£F¡:ÉAC°G ám£g DG Q (b@A - DwC q£p~8 GwGh– b 0C°G Ì gDG ¡ £~6 .v~z±G vQ ~9 á£ ª< ¡ £~6 Ì gDG CG hÌj DG / Gw G .GK 3(G i¡@@´G E bK <¡F ,v~zm D bK c££ ¯ 4vg~zF CG b £ < D .v~zm D á-bE(G á+bj§ EQ CbgDG á£ ª< , ¡:ÉACG á ~z D ª£ E ¤ ~6hxB JhCb- bECG b FCb+ +b ´G áBvDG ¯ ,2bJ5 .á£p£~z´G iGx.'¡ª D ~}1 ¥wDG JhCbgDG ¡Gh v - µ "á£ ~8CG" á£p£~z´ JhCb- 2xQ ¸ b ~z F á£p£~z´G : ¡ F ° b F(G" , hÌj DG b DbB .,2¡/¡E h~z£D á:b~zc+ hCG ,,2¡/¡E ¯h bK ª)G2 áª. CG ²G ~z0 E ." JhCbgDG JhCb- °(G x F x~|+ ,ÉK jE .,2b~}E iÉJhCbgD á~8xA bK BÉ FG iG$Gx DG vQ ~7CG ,v~z±G E v)b~zDG Á¡@@:É@@AC°G JhCbgDG B¡E < x DG

&* D fª : jj |

ó°ù÷ÉH ÒμØàq dG ,2b@@< b@@ @J ° b@@E ¡@@ @ Fh ib@@Ab@@~@z@´G x~|gsF CG b ~6¡+ ¶(G Av J E ,qc~zJ ° ª O DG ¶(G Av J E :Í~64Gv D b F(bA b~zF(°G < kpcF bEv < ,rx~7Cb~6 . x@@ @JN ª O DG áª ²G ,$¤~7 ¥CQ G v/¡J ° k£0 ª DG D , ª DG ¯ kpcF . 6b Db+ ¤ g F ¤ D q ~zDG ¶(G 2¡ Fh b~zF(°G ¢~z F CG GK 3(G $x´G obgpJ , DwD .v£0¡DG b ª< F(bA ,v~z±G ¡G DwC Ì= ° v~z/ ¥x~6Cb+ ¤ F(G" , ¡ J ¤ D ~{g£F áGGyF ¶(G " Db+ bFCG ¡G FC° bFCG áª + qmcgJ Q ° v~z±G GwG ...) ª< 2¡/h QG¡-h ,v~z±G b£~zF . h~72G4G5 - Gw G) 4¡ ; ¶(G I¡~6 2¡ J ° ,v~z±G q ~6 h« "¥xp~6" ¯ ~{ DGh {£ DG ¯ 6ÉA(°G á/42 ¶(G Í £ª< Í jE d~{1 á Dh , ª~}G x~z J e¡ ~6CG Ì= D 2G5 ° ,,b£²G hbpF CG G¡0C°G C ¯ . ª±G d£Cx- ¯ á+b-4h , ´G Ìj (Gh ¢g0 , Db+ x F b FCG ¤ J ° x F b FCb+ b ~z FCG b B(G á~64v´G bc-CG bC ."¤ª DG kpcDG" 6¡ : 64b¿ b Q C $Gv@@g@BG b@@§x@ Q @D ,¤@@~@{@´G $b@@ @ .CG Ì gDG ¡@@~@64b@@Â á£)b~{´G ~{g£F CG Ì= .bK £~7bE ~6h42 } + ¤ J bC ¥wDG ¡ ~64Cb+ 4b AC°G bGv0h" ,ÉK jE , b ´G GwG ¯ á £B2 °K G¡@@BCG Â b ~8C°G ¡@@ACG) "bE áª£B b D ¡~7bE pFh b £-Cb- ¤gDG ¯h r¡g ´G $b~} DG ¯ vD¡- µ ,x A ¯ G¡ j- °" , DwC ¯ bK @~@}@JCG Æ~{- ~z±G iÉ~}< k£0 x@@²G xQ @p@g@DG . b~zF(°G ¡G GwG) " b g0°G £ J DG Q C° A z£D bF2b~z/CG á ~6G¡+ x F b@@ @FQ (G Q C° b@@¿(Q Gh - q£p~8 Gw@@Gh - v~z±G 2hv@@0 @@1G2 GK x~|0 á E E b G h~z£D bªC .v@@0Gh $¤~7 v~z±Gh DG ¡p + Ì gDG áªQ § 2x - ¤gDG ¤G v~z±G 1G2 ,2vQ @¹ b¿(Gh - GK x~|0 bEvDG ¡ - CbC - v~z±G x)b~6 < g~zE ¡Dh ,Ì gDG á£ ª< ¯ 4b~{J £~8b - +h gEx+ v~z±G ¶(G cg F CG h2 b DhGvgF ÌjC iG4bc< áªQ . .á-hb gE d~z + "á DG dGwO- á cDG" ,ÉK jE .5bm´G ¢ sg- ¤gDG bG2b +CG áD°vQ DbA áJGhxDG v ~6 < x DG x~|+ . ¥¡cF kJv0) Ì= ¤ª~} DG 5b@@ @±G .á@@£Q @E¡@@£@DG b -Ä1 b@@Gv@@C'¡@-h á £B2 Q

v£~7bF v£ ~6 2 ,4vBO &* 2b E 4x~}D* Db+H x@@.&°* ~6*H bc F* f . K ~7 v~z±* b G(b+ °Q (* £ g~z- ° Ì gD* ¢ < $x´* É j D o3¡¿ Db+ ~6xQ C bc F°* *wG KbF¡ ~}EH K jE Q g J ° b £+ )b~7 C&bJ vB ¤)*w D* b Db+ É ~{ g~zJ ¥wD* $*¡ Db+ Q g J ° `£~6 e¡ ~6&b+ H&* + @@Cb@@E&°* ¯ @@6¡@@ @±* @@£@ @J H&* f@@G*x@@~@{@+ @@1v@@J v@@B

H&* 4&°* E Áb J vB ¡ D* b J(b+ ¤ g J ° f ´* v J vB ¤~{´* H&* f~9bJxDb+ lÆ J ° ¡ D* f B E ,b£²b+ 4¡ ~7 f J¡: ib<b~zD Kb£E¡J ¤~6x D* ¢ < 4b= *H&°* cB ~6*¡0 +w-H *Hv@ @D* ¢ < $b~}gJ Q K*5Hb@@© ¢ ~z-O 6¡ : ¯ *4H&°* ~6H EbJQ &* x)b~6 ¯ ° D*" KbE¡J x/v£G b DbB D "¤ D* kpcD*"@+ D Íj0b+ "¤ D* kpcD*" ng J vB £~}F "x J x1%* 4NvB x D* Jx E ng J °

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

| 7

OÉ–’G ìhQ u

O @ @ @ @ @ @ :H&°* O @ @ @ @c@ @-N *w@@ @ @ @ GH b@@ @ @ @ @-N HN 43 b@ b@@ @ £@ -P b@@ @ @ @ @ @ G2N *5 Mv@@ @ @ m@ @ @ @N P´ P2b@@ @ @ @ «(U °b@@ @ @ @ + b@@ @-P xN @~@}@ N @+P ¡@@Gy@@-N ¤@@g@ DS * eb@ N @ 0xU @ @D* S (* N * b £~9bE N b@@~@ 9 b@@ @£@ P @+N R @@ PE Rh@@N @ 1 *3( @M @ N @ @BP ¶(* ¡@@ @ ~@ z@ FN b@@ @ @ @ -P vN @ @ 0¡N @ @ +P b@@ @ @ @FS (* b £A ¤@@ @gN @ @FN ¢@@gS @ 0 N d@N @ @~@@S |@D* *¡@@ @ DU wN @ AN @M @N @ <N ¢@@ @ < K*4¡@@ @ F b@@ J Ì@P @ @ ³* Nv@ @ @ JP *5 b@@ J b@@ @J4b@@+ P$*x@@p@ ~@@S |@ @ D Nh@@ @ CO ¥w@@ @DS * Nh@@ @F&* K*4'¡@ @ @+O b@@ @ -N Ì@S @~@@N 8 ¤@@ g@ DS * Áb@@ @ @N ´* @N @ @ -P N @ + Px@p@~@U @z@ @D b £ ~zJN Px@ m@ N @ D* O b@@ @ =N ib@

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

S 4*5b< v E 4b½

b@@ @ @<O yP @ @<y@@ -O ° M54&*N Pf@ @ +N b@@ @ @ @ CN *¡@@ @F¡@@ @C O @ @ ~@@P8b@@< °H q@L @ @ J4P b@@ @J¡@@ @-N Px@ @GvS @ @D* ib@ L @ @ j@ @ @CN Mx@ @ @ @ FN N @ @ j@ @ PE H&* O vO @ @ @ @ @ @ AP *H4N i*Ì@ b@@ @£@+*H4N Rh@@FN *25R b@@A @P@ 94&°* ¢ < ¢@@ @:N b@@ @ gN @ EN *x@@CN ¢@@ +&b@ - ¤@@ g@ DS * @N @6¡@@ @ T @ D* S (* b@@ @£@~@9*¡@@EN Kb@ E¡@@J R @ P @ jN @ @ -N µ N °3(°* O @ O @ )P b@@<2N Rh@@ S @ @CN R P(* 4O b@@ @ @ JN xO @ ~@ z@ P±b@@A b@@ @£@FP b@@+ N b@@ @C v@@B R @@ @N P´ Mx@@~@ z@ Pm@@CN *¡@@F¡@@C b@@G Pv@@0T ¡N @ -N ¯ ¥4*¡@@~@@S }@ D* N2¡@@ ~@ @6&°* S (* b@@ @J2b@@ @JO R @@ @» S P Rh@@ N @ P/¡@@ OG *3(* ¢@@~@{@s@-O

,2b g~6°G ¯ 6h4vDG gD GK 4v~|E qc~8CG iG4bE(°G + ¡ £A ox1 ¥wDG EyDG GwG ¯ á~8b1 ,á£Fb~zF(°G ibBb DG E }A4 < Ìc gDG ¯ A z£D , gª~8 < ¤+x DG ebc~{DG +bm<(G $Gv+(b+ + ,b F¡cpJ ° ¤gDG ib~64bª´Gh ib£C¡ ~zDG .rbm DG |~| D áª E h-b+ b FC° iG4bE(°G áDhv+ f G* I2f G* ó0&* ,b )b + á ~z A ¯ á gº á£~6b£~zDG vJG5 t£~{DG á+x© (G ám£gF , ¡£DG ¶(G vg» bGÌ.Cb- (bA GwDh ,b gJ'h4 ¯ á £ª<h w@@G @@< b@@ @.v@@« b@@E G3(b@ @ A ,·b@@g@ Db@@+h . b@@~@ z@ F(°b@@+ b@@ @ @+4 b/4 v0CG ,Ì~6 < lvpgF b FCG xCwg~zF CG v+ ° ,á£~|s~{DG b@@G3CG ¯ ¢ cJ CG bK £ £c: ¡ J ·bgDb+h , b DG tJ4bgDG ,vDb1 4b.%Gh .4(G C° 6b DG

jE CGx - FCG ~8b1 , +bc~6CG < 'hb~zgDb+ £D(G ¤0¡J b§4 ,,x~7bcE £ < ¡0x J µ G3(G 6b DG ¡/h ¯ 'hb~zgDG GwG á£FGv£´G á +bg´G É1 E hCG ~} + IvD á+b/(°G v© vBh C á~8xA ¯ á jªg´Gh ,iG4b@@@E(°G á@@Dh2 ¯ á£E¡£DG ,b£p D CG Â bE hCG ,ác£ DG á Eb ´Gh Ãx DG {£ DG ¯ b~zF(G J D3 $G4h Eh ,,b£²G d0h 94C°G 4bª<(G £ < F áBÉ< áJ¡ - ¶(G iG4b@@E(°G áDh2 ¯ á£~6b£~zDG ,2b£ DG ¤ ~6 E $G¡~6 ,á£~z ±G < x DG } + , b~zF(°b+ b~zF(°G "Gx+hC°G" DG 4h2h 0bg´bC áJ4b~}²G ib<hx~{´G É1 k£0 E hCG ,bGÌ=h á£ª DG ib£Db DGh á£Ab jDG 94b ´Gh IÄ DG á£ :¡DG ibc~6b ´G ¯ á~8b1 ,á£ :¡DG áªp DG áJ¡ . DG ¡Jh ¤ :¡DG ¡£DGh v£ ~{DG ¡J jE áDhvD áJ2b«°G á+xmgDG rb‚ ¯ G¡ ~7 vB } cDG bC G3(Gh bE CG G¡ ~{gCG vB ¡£DG F(bA ,b Eb£B ibJGv+ ¯ iG4b@@E°( G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

x~{cDG $°'¡G E v0Gh vJG5 t£~{DGh . £04 v + ¢g0 ,vg» j " .4(G" ¡ F CG Â bE hCG ¡ª~6 áª~|+h ,Í£)b jg~6°G iG4bE(°G áDh2 h-b+ ¢g0 ,ib ªgm´G $b +h á£Fb~zF(°G áEv1 ¯ bC $G¡~6 ,x1%°G E qEb~zgDG á~6b£~6 n g J bK Fb£C x A ~} + .bK £cGwE hCG bK £Bx< hCG bK £ J2 b gº x1%°G GwG vJG5 t£~{DG CG b ´G GwG ¯ b £m~z- Â ¤gDG á DG ¥wDG v£0¡DG z£)xDG F¡C ¯ µb DG ,2bB ¤Bb+ < gsJ $b +h á£Fb~zF(°b+ á c-xE b FC° , 4b ACG ¡0h D¡0 $G4%°G gvJG5 t£~{DG CG v‚ Gw D , É~6 ¯ {£ - ¤gDG ib ªgm´G $G4%G D¡0 ~z - JwDG Jx1%°G Í£~6b£~zDG < gsJ GwGh ,b D ¡~}AG4 b Gh )G4%° hvJ'¡E b A ,Í p´G 4b ACG E gJ DbA vJG5 t£~{DG < kJv²G v < v© ° bE .qDb~|´G á + pJ µh d DGh Db+ 0 FC° Dbª<CG Eh ¤ H ó)fE ój*5 iG4bE(°G áDh2 ¯ $b cDb+ , -b£~z / gs§ , 6b DG ~z T , ¡p E xECG b £A {£ DGh b £D(G hv DG ¯ Jx1%°G ác=4 E

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

2b«°G GwG rb‚ Dh ,b gJ4Gxªg~6G ¯ } cDG £ ~{- ¶(G á~6b£~zDG ¥x E h / µb DG ¯ ÍcBGx´G ix +CG á Jx + ¤~z~6'¡E E £ DG °(G bGv£mJ ° ,4b E b FCb+ ¡ª pJ á£DhvDG ."bEyJ4b DG"@+ á~6b£~zDG < ¯ x JO bE hCG , hvDG obgpJ L ¡~9¡E ,¤~6b£~6 Eb - n E 4bcg<b+ " b B(°G" Í£~6b£~zDG CG b ªGCG ¡ J b§4 ,,ÌjC ebc~6C° v < B¡gDG GwG á~64bª´ ¯b DG hB¡DG JvD z£D g £c + ,2b DGh t£~{DG Dh , GxECG E á m< ¯ ¡F¡ J FC°h ,e¡ ~6C°G á AGvDG ,¡ DG bC +¡ ~6CG CG á£~6b£~zDG g+x© ¯ hc.CG vJG5 ~{£ F ¥wDG ¥¡ª gDG ¸bFx+ . ¤~6b£~zDG <hx~{E rbm D Ch ¤-G4bE(G C + x1b gJ ¥wDG) .4(G qc~8CG ¢g0 , ¡£DG ¶(G .Ix1C°G ib ªgmª D bK /3¡¿CG ¤+x< v‚ , hvDG $b + ¯ tJ4bgDG 0GxE b cg- ¡D FCG D¡B vJ4CG bE áª~|+ G¡Cx-h Áb~zF(°G tJ4bgDG 4b~zE ¯ Ghx.Q CG bK ~6bFCG b G CG bK ª£ < GK x A ¡ gÂ bE ,2b< $°'¡Gh ,b Fb£~zF d ~|DG E ,tJ4bgDG iG4b~zE hÌ Jh ,vJv/ £Gb E ¡=¡~|J mJ ¤gDG ,Æ DG vs- ° á +GÆEh á Eb~7 á@@J'h4 ¡ gÂ FC° ¤G + , £A ¡~{£ J ¥w@@DG b ´G °h , A b £A hv/G¡gJ

gA ,Í~z0 Gv~8 v + bE Gx D ·h2 rx: b G bC , bj´G b £ < hJ¡~|gDG ®h iG2b«ÉD á£´b<h á£+x< o3b¿ 4b£g1G .¤BGx DG d ~{DG 4b£g1G ¤G á£-G4bE(°G á+xmgDG hFb A d:bs- áJx~|< áDh2 ¤ cJ CG vJG5 t£~{DG b g~6G , ~7 É+ 2¡ m+ Gb~zA , bEC°Gh qEb~zgDGh {Jb gDG á£~6bE¡ +v+ µb DG b E ,áJx ~z DG ib<Gx~|DGh ib<Gy DG E vJv DG b J(G ¯ ¡ J CG 4bg1G ¡ª~6 CG bªC ,á£FGxJ(°G- á£BGx DG ex@@²G ,2b DGh $bª<yDG £A zAb J ¥wDG 4bª~}´G ¡G ¥¡ª gDG bm´G .iG4bE(°G áDhvD ¤ £ ²G rbm Db+ v£~{J DG 4b~|A ,4bc DG ój*5 pQ(* 2f³¸* qDb~|g´G 0b~zDG iG4bE(G Cb+ á<b B E vJG5 t£~{DG FG ¯ {£ - CG £ g~z- ° iG4b@@ E(°G áDhv+ %°G x JO b@@E) ,v0¡DG hv@@+ IÄC á£ª£ B(G h2 £A v/G¡g- ¥w@@DG b ª£ B(G ¡Dh b -2b£~6 v - vB 2b«°G D3 hv+ b F(G + ,b £+ bª£A i$b/ ¤gDG áJ2b«°G áDhvDG z£~6CbgD ¢ ~6 ·bgDb+h ,,¡ Db+ I2CG bE ,ib ªgm´G ¤Bb+ ¯ gJ bªC GxC(°b+ z£Dh b B(°b+

I| 9f0 IÔ 6 ój*5 ,bAh ¢ < bK Eb< x~{< á.É. ¢ < vJyJ bE 4hxE E =xDG ¢ < hDG5 ° $b cDGh ª DG |~| + á Ab²G -Ì~6 (bA ,vJG5 t£~{DG + ,b £A Íª£ ´G DwCh ,iG4bE(°G áDh2 ¤ :G¡E v < ,x~9b0 á£~|s~{DG wG (G + ,µb DG e¡ ~7 gº E Ìj DG v <h É+h .,b@@£@²G v£B ¢ < Gy@@- °h b £+ ,x~9b0 b FCbCh hvc BG¡´G E vJv Db+ ¡ª~6 bc-4G ¶(G /xJ dc~zDG (bA , ~7 ¢g0 F(G + , Gv/¡DG ¯ ¢ +C°G bK ª)G2 ¤ A ,á£Fb~zF(°G lGv0C°Gh ib ~8 bGb <CG b /4b1 hCG áDhvDG 1G2 ¯ á£~6b£~zDG BG¡E M e¡ DG ¯ bK £ª< ª~6G x « CG ¯ hªGb~zA ,á£Fb~zF(G GK 2b +CGh v£0¡DG ¤+x DG v)b DG F¡ + h c-4G -Ì~6 CG bªC .bK E ¡ DGh ¡ ´G ¯ h2 c~6) iG4b@@E(G c~6 v0¡J CG b g~6G ¥w@@DG á@@BG4(G ¥CG h2 v@@0Gh < h@@«h ,v@@0Gh á@@Dh2 ¯ ¤~6b£~zDG < bK cJx= hvcJ b§4 n E ¡Gh , ²Gh Ä~|Db+ b¿(Gh ,$bEv D ,IwgpJ °K bjE 2b«°G GwG E /h ,á£~6b£~zDG ¡ DG ¤~64G2 E vJv D bK /3¡¿ á£-G4bE(°G á£DG4v£ DG á+xmgDG h0x: ¢g0 £c~6 ¢ <h .á£ )b DGh á£Bx DG ibEb~z F°G Áb - ¤gDG hvDG

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

jj| D fª:&* ¯*¡~|D* b 1 v ¹

..ójGR ï«°ûdG äÒZ »àdG á«°üî°ûdG á≤£æŸG ï`jQÉJ iô›

x A j bªC .¤c;¡+CG ¯ 1981 b DG ¯ -b~z / ¶hCG v < ,x~| D ¤~6b£~6 B¡E E ÈCCG ¯ 1v- ¯ DwC ¥hv0¡DG xJv~|- E B¡E bGx ~7CG ,á£EÉ~6(°Gh á£+x DG bJb~} DG DG" : bB ¡J ,1973 ex0 É1 ex D ¤+x DG DG 1 ¯ Gb~6 bE ¡Gh ,"¤+x DG vDG E ¢ =Cb+ z£D ¤+x DG ,¡B" ~6G h« ¡£DG 64Q vO- á£DhvDG á~6b£~zDG ¯ ,vJv/ ,¡B ¡ gÂ µb DG ¯ á B Gh ,ex DG CG 4bcg<G ¢ < ,",4v DG ,á£~6b£~zDG áBx O DG Dh ,áJÈCC°G ,µb DG b /bgpJ ,ÌcC ,hx. µb DG ib@@Jv@@« Ä@@CCG ¤@@G ,v@@JG5 t£~{DG b ~} cJ b@@C ¤gDG hCG ,á£-G¡´G 8x DG E Ìj DG ex DG x~z1 b cc~z+h ,¤+x DG .x J bC ¡ª~6 CG v g<CG Gw G

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

IQó¡G* I§Eh ój*5 , b£ F %G b ~6 + v@@JG5 t£~{DG ¶b - @@F3(b@+ D 4¡ ´G F ¥hv+ /4 ¡G ,,vpg´G á£+x DG iG4b@@E(°G áDh2 z~6'¡E 5x+CG ¡ £D g E $b +CG v£0¡- ¯ jªg´G ¤~6b£~zDG x A ª 0 ª0h .bK +¡ ~7h ,2bB ,µb DG GÆ0b+ ¢ pJ ¤+x< v)bB h« iG4bE(°G $b +CG v£0¡- bC k£0 ,á£+x DG gECG v£0¡- ¯ q‚CG E v0Gh b£ D ¶hCG ,¡ 1 á+bj§ ,v0Gh á£~6b£~6 ,2b£B gBÉ< ~{ggDh ,"ex DG £ 0" ¡ £D ,á£´b DG iG2b«°G hDG5 bE á£+x< á£~6b£~6 áE¡ E b£B ¯ ¥hv0¡DG x Db+ ¥wDG á£+x DG n£ ³G hvD hb gDG z ¸ ¤Gh ,q‚C°G Äg O-

2óCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 7 h&¸* £§IfF Ì j2

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗـــــﺼـــــﺪر ﻋــــــﻦ ﻣـــــﺮﻛـــــﺰ ﺳــــﻠــــﻄــــﺎن ﺑــــــﻦ زاﻳــــــﺪ‬

x@@JxpgD* z£)4

¬Q§ ¡¼* «¤ < óª 6 Q§ ¡H x@@Jxp@gD* 4b~{g~zE

jfL 2§ Á « ¡0 x@@Jxp@gD* x@@Jv@E

CC=5 uCC-fCCD óC CCtCH 2 ox@@ @ @ @s´*

CCCC;fI 5*§CCCCD

¡ ~6*x´*

ex@@ @ @ @ @´* @@ @z@ @ F¡@@ @- x@@ @~@ @ |@ @ E b@@ J4¡@@ ~@ @ 6 b@@~@ z@ Fx@@A x@@)*y@@±*

¤@@ @ @g@ @´* Ñ*v@@ @ @c@ @ @ < 2¡ ¹ h + f :bA v ¹ ·v@@< b@@~@74 x~8bF v ¹ ÁbE&* ¡@@F4¡@@£@ / b@@£@ @£@~@z@C ¢@@ @ @~@|@E ,y@@ @Jb@@ @A

h~CC< óCCjD§CH ¥4*2(°* x@@ £@-x@ @~zD* x@@Jx@p@gD* iÉ~6*xE dr.fatehz@gmail.com 00971 2 2223000 -fCJ 00971 50 6252829 jf+§H

J5¡gD* H'¡~zE

6fg< ó 0&* marketing@cmc.ae 00971 56 3150303 -fCJ

emarat_cmc emirates_cmc www.mags.ae/culture/

110

äÉ`` ` `jƒ`` ` à` ` ë`ŸG ,$*|E h¯ *3fº 92

ª 6f I¶* z gG* " jM*K|G*

,$*| G

ªH*|F§+ z© 6

7fF £*5§ G Ò1&¶* uGf 8 *zM§J

" jM*K4 ¨ < H*§J 68

~)*§·* vfk H xM4fkG* 96

" H|G* j 6

2017

N *2}6 ª)f ¡G* zº* 70

j j¡ G*" jM*K4 µ j ¡º*K

z©F&fkGf+

s*|D 4f:

¦{J 6fE ªg E 37

| 7 j © G*

j ¡º* xM4f- L|¾

µ*§ G* £f 1 z ¿

¢MzG* vÏ 8 «2f 7

«~< f+&* 4fgH

j/| G* £f I(* 38

z ·f+ Ò kG* 12

" G* oMz0 72

2KK*2 ªHf 6

¥-4K}9K |1%¶* ¢< 14

,zMz/ L'K4

ª E4 $f D

j© E|G*

" f©¡©q©D(*

ÇKÌ G(¶* £f 8| G* 42

2§ ¿ ¢+ j :fD

«§¤º z© 74

, ,Ò G* ªH& * ,%*|H 103

jM| D f©:&*

zM*5 x© G* 6

7fE|E f¤H

v*zE L'K4

½fqº* fI¶

¼(* | -

i§ M Df0 z ¿ m§º*K *| 6 16

z© ¸*

5§+2§+ z© 6

«| 7 I

j+fk G* ; l± 76

¦§g0&fD ¤g0&* 46

6§kº* ¦| M *3fº 104

} G* sf- ÒH&*

j©Df . £*§G&*

o© + j :fD

,zMz/ jMzq+&f+ jM4§ G*

i4f < H j<f G*

pz¸* ¶ ¸* H fI&* 80

ª<*4 jÈ4

Ç§ G* | / j /|-

«KÏ G* z© 6

«2§·* £f 0

jM24§G* jgM} G* 54

ª )f.K © D

¶ ÏH ,} 0 µ 84

£§If G*K | G*K ,}6&¶*

§I4§©/ f©¡©G§+

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

¢H m*4fkÀ 114

",$K| H Ò= f¤¡ G

jM*K|G* µ j+4f kº*

*| G* 2§ ¿ )*K

£R f X G* *{Q J 91

«|t+ ÓH&¶* z ¿

¢H £§ G* 1 J 30

Jf G* z ¿

4f D&¶* j+*|=

$*| G* i4*§E j G* |t 6 } G* 78

i4f < 4Kz- *3fº 106 " j<f G*

ÒH&¶* zg< ªE§ 7 «Kf¤ G* z 0&*

j 8§ E&*

£f © 6 6fg<

,f©0 fÅ&*

ÒIfI2 j w+ |M5K 108

§G§Ffk©g 6 110

£f © 6 6f+

¨nI* mfMf 0

g± ªkG* m*4fH(¶* 122 }8fI É|H

100

ª¤k¡M § 6 »f G* 34

«K*~G* ÓH&*

| 7 R ªkMfFK&* zG*K5KR&*

ª S0 z V ¿ 2 jR /|-

j MX|G*

Mf/ ª ¡0

jgM| kG* jM*K4 48 £§Df 8 ,4fq0 ªJ

| 7 53

z IK mf 6*42

mfM§¤G*K j ¤k¡º*

,%*|H µ «4§I |Ff 7 64 M4f+

Kzt¡+ z© 74

| º* ª È ¢M&* ¼(* 18 }8f º* ª+| G*

§ 64 z ¿ § 64

i{ G* xM4f- 22 ¥k 0K

£f © 6 ©gI

§ G* £f /|- 25 | 7

¢ 0 ¶K4

¢ 0 ª < 4f <

f©/§G§¡ kG*K

ª<K4~º* j :fD " f¡ /&*

j E j Df¸* 33 ,Ò E

«2*}7 j¡©H&*

Oó©dG á«MÉààaG

x@@ @Jx@@p@ gD* z@£@)4

¥4¡~| ´* ¤ < v£ ~6 4¡~| E

‘ á«μ∏ØdG AÉjõ«ØdG âHGƒK ôo NBp G øjÉà°ûæjBG É¡ZÉ°U »àdG á«Ñ°ùædG ájô¶ædG hCG ,á£)bJy£ DG ibJx DG +b~zC áJx F b FCG v g F ,á£c~z DG áJx DG ¡ ´ 9x gF bEv < b D áK £ 0 vT N -O áJx C b Dh ,á£~9bJ4 áD2b E ¯ b =b~8h b~zF(°G b ~{gCG ¤gDG - E ,v0Gh °(G h~z£D b FCG .$bª DGh ¡j0bcDG b Ax< ¤gDG )b ²G iÌ= ¤Gh ,v££~{gDGh $b cDG ¯ b DÉ1 E Eb gJ ¤gDG 2b +C°G hFb A ,2b +CG á.É. ¯x ´G 4¡ - ¯ Í ~zDG xU EN ¢ < b~zF(°G x< á£c~z DG áJx DGh .á£~6v DG b~zF(°G ib+b~z² á£AbC Jx~{ DG x DG E ¢g0 iv<O b FCG bªC , b -4°Gh 9x DGh ¡ DG 9x DGh ¡ DG ¤Gh ,2b +CG á +4CG h3 £A {£ F ¥wDG ¡ DG (G" bBh , Jbg~{ J%G b + $b/ ¤gDGh EyDG) +GxDG v cDG áJx F ¤G ". EyDGh b -4°Gh ¢ < h/x1 vBh , $¡~}DG á<x~6) $¡~}DG +xE ¯ á g DG ex~9 ~8b0 ¥hb~z- áBb DG «J ádOÉ© F á«g ¡dG áj| ¡dG bjE M ¯ , 1905 b< Jbg~{ J%G vJ M ¯ á£c~z DG áJx DGh . 1799 b< ¯ h~z~6Cb- ¤gDG $bJy£ DG ib£D¡0) á ¸ ¯ x~{P FO kp+ ¢ < x1%°G ¤ +h ,á ~6 ,v´ $¡~}DG á<x~z+ xAb~zJ bªG Nv0CG b mA ,hB¡DG z F ¯ G NvPDhO ÍECG¡- b G CG 9GÆAbCh , £~z+ ¡ J 94C°G ¢ < ¤ + ¥wDGh ,ÍEb< xO ª< ¡ J 2N b< R EN S CG vm ~zA , 94C°G ¶(G $¡~}DG á<x~z+ 42b= R EN 2b< á ~6 v + 94C°G .$¡~}DG á<x~z+ xAb~6 ¥wDG IvD EyDG 2vT N ¡G b G dc~zDGh bK Eb< Í~zª1 xO ª< 2¡/h v D , £pg~zE Jbg~{ J%G v < GwGh ,$¡~}DG á<x~6 ¶(G ¡~8¡DG á£Fb E(G -¡£F IxJ ¢-§«I £§IÉE Mój ¢jÉà ¡j%G k£0 ,ib p~{DGh áCx²G ÍFG¡B ¯ ¡D¡C µb DG E -¡£F ¥CG4 +b gJh $¡~}DG á<x~6) á<x~zDG gD ¡~8¡ D á£)b F ° áBb: áCx0 < GxK ~8bB 4¡~|gDG GwG IÌA Jbg~{ J%G bECG CxU «O ,L ¡B £A ix.S CG G3(G °(G ~z F $b - E xpgJ ° ~z±G (G -¡£F ¡ J .b £A ,¡B Ì.Cb- h2 xpg-h GxA ¯ v/¡- ¤ A .. ¡m DG µb DG ¶(G b J bªC áJx C á£c~z DG tJ4b- 2¡ J É¤-G3 · á«g I «J á«g ¡dG áj| ¡ d ¢jÉà ¡j%G É àFG á « M xN CP 3O v A .Gx~8b - Jw DG J4b FG¡+h Jbg~{ J%G Í+ áJx DG wG ¶(G ~8h EN ¯ c~zDb+ 8b³G v±G rx ~6 b D ,¡£ £Db/ b £A 9x g~6Gh , á£c~z DG áJx DG hb - ¥wDG jp+ Jbg~{ J%G x~{ J CG cB ,¥CG) 1904 á ~6 áEb< ,x~9b¹ ¢ DCG J4b FG¡+ CG ¡F < £A lv« , á£~9bJxDG ¡ DG áJx~{F) á ¸ ¯ b DG z F ¯ °K b E bK ~}JCG x~{F vBh ,á£c~z DG áJx DG < áª E ib £ . á<x~zDb+ á c-xE á g DG) CG ¶(G GK Ì~{E ,b £Fb £´G E vJv/ hx ´G ¤~9bJxDG ¡~z £ DGh µb DG , Jbg~{ J%G Jv~8 D ,á£c~z DG áJx DG ¯ Jx FG¡+ ª< ¢ < J µ F(G Jbg~{ J%G ¡ J S Jbg~{ J%G Jv~8h FCb+ Æ<G 1958 – 1875) ÍA¡D¡~6 zJ4¡E CGh 1902 b< i4v~8 ¤gDG J4b FG¡+ á~6G42 ¢ < b N N :G ,v< £+b~6CG bª ~{G2CG F¡ª~}E

2v D* 1*2 ¡~9¡E Y¡D¡Cbg£c~6Z E ,4¡~8

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ emarat_cmc

ΩÉ«b ≈∏Y Ék eÉY

OÉ–’G xjQÉàdG á+ÉàF ¾(G ÉH|dG ¨ < á+Éà dG ¢H

ÉgôgƒL ¿É°ùfE’Gh

emirates_cmc 2017 ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮن ا ول‬- ‫ ـ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬62 ‫اﻟﻌـﺪد‬