Emirates culture issue 47 r by SBZC Mags

f£ :¡D* f0b~zD* ¯ ¤ D*H ¯b jD* *v+(°* yP R 0 ¶( N * É<(°*H fAb j D vJ*5 + b ~6 yCxE ¤ N ~6 4b:* ¯ E x D*H É<( °*H fAb jD* i°b¸ ¯ ,y£ gO´* f£ D* lbp+&°* bc g~6* ¯ NgcN =R 4N OyCx´* O P R JO f£+x D*H P Í~|gs´* E £ « O JxA bGxT P JO &* v + bGx~{ D fC4b~{´* ¯ Íc=*xD* ebg O D*H Í D'¡´* N 0 O O JO x~{ D* ¡ O N ~{R JN ¤ JxE&* M4°H2 7000H 5000 Í+ rH*ÆJ b£DbE bK cR E lbp+& °* ebp~8& * 9¡ N O }J¡ gD* N N O´ f /ÆD*H f<bc D*H D'D'¡´*H yCx´* Í+ P ÄN R O´* R vP R N D* tJ4b- E i*¡ ´*H y M N ~6 N zP R 1 ,v

:‫اﻟﺸﺮوط‬ 200 150

μ t μ t μ

μ 200

μ μ

t t t

w w w.c m c . a e ½fkG* £*§¡ G* ¨ < ~F|º* E§H u - ¨/|M p§tgG*K mf 6*4zG* 8§ I f 64(¶

á≤«à©dG Qƒ°üdG

J2b ~|D* h« bK _cgº x 0&* bK BHv ~8 hp´ Í0 ¤gAx= d£-x- v£<&* h C i4xB D £A bE d£ -H Hv ~|D* *wG qgA *K v < h Gb© b´b D ,Ìj D* *wG ¡ J °&* ´* ¥v@ Q @D £ +&* H&* E | s-&*H Gb© ,¡ 1 ws-&* &* ¤BHv ~8 Í+H ¤ £+ $b ±* b g~{< $b£~7&* ¤-bJxC3H ,Ì ~|D* ¤~|~|B ¤-b£0 i&bc1 Hv ~|D* ¯ ¥v +H ¤ cB hFbC Ix1&*H ÈC&* ibJb 0H ,ÌjC 4¡~8 4¡~8 ibE¡cD&* hFbC Hv ~|D* ¯ D b £A ,b£²* B¡g- ,v@@Eb@@±* b -b ² fDygs´* b -b ² 4¡~|D* v£ g~zF &* obgpF b /bgpF Í0 b <xmgF i°¡~zcC b F&bC ¢ c- ibJxCwD* b g´%* IxC3 E Eb gF £C gF ¢g0 H&* D b g~7* bK /H H&* d0 f ² ¥wD* ¥v/ *K ÌjC gcc0&* ¥wD* /xD* v~7*4 ¥v/ /H iv/H 4¡~|D* Í+ c£/ b© *K 4¡A ¤ £< h ~6 gJ &* H2 E bK c0 q~} - ¹ÉE hFbC E Áb <&* °(* gJ&*4 ,xE E b A · fc~z Db+ 5¡ D* `csJ bC ¥wD* c£/ Á*xB&* Í+ E v~6&°* d£~|F b - ¤gD* bF&* h C bK )*2H bK _£~7 c£/ -2bm~6 ¡A Ix1&*H ,É~8 Í+ qJÆ~zJ H&* *K v/b~6 °(* xCw-&* ° ¥wD* ¥v/ b £A gp)*x+ h g0° - -2bm~z+ h g0° ibE ¡J 42&* h C ¤ g£D ¤gD* ¤-v/ /H b £A x D* fDb:(* Hb0&* µH b E eÆB&* µ ,v0*H ,4¡~8 E ¤c B x J &* H2 b /¡D x F&* £C v + -&* µH *K x1'¡E b gB4bA bGv A ¢ < vJv/ Áy0H ¤0xA ¤ gC4b~7 ¡@@/H ¤-b Jv~8 ¡@@/H iv@@/H bK ~}J&* 4¡~|D* ¯ b C F ,¡BH f+É~8 ÈC&* ¡C&* £C b E h - ¡/H ,b£²* ¯ ¤+4b©H ,ÌcC ,b£²* ¯ b +4b© Q D *K 4b ~8 iv 0H ¤ E ~8*¡- ¢ < Í + ¤-ÉD* ib Jv~|D* ¡/H v£ g~6&* &* hDHb0 b E )*2 ~8*¡- ¢ < Íg .b+ · h g0* ,b£²* &* Ñ* E ¡³*H y²b+ ` g ´* ¤ /HH f~64v´* ¯ ¡J H&* bK ~}J&* ¤BHv ~8 ¯ bGHv +&*H b g£+x- hDHb0 ¤gD* eÉ D* $*x ²* f£)*¡ D* ¤g/*42 f+xmgD* x 0&°* ¥x ~7H 2É£´* v£< iÉ 0 b + fJb D* b c0 ¯ h Db+ Á&° ¤ < ¤gD* ,v£0¡D* ¡£D* ¢g0 b ;&* ,Ìj D* $b~}£cD* Í-b~z D*H bK )*2 È c´* µH f £g D* 4¡~|D* C ¯ b < {£g gD* hDHb0 ¤gD* ¤gEb~zg+*H ¤+ £ b§4 ivDH w E b~zg+°* -&* µ Á&* 42&* ¤ g / bGv/&*

~Êf- 4§M§ª¡G* ¢<

º∏≤H ájGhQ a cure for suicide "QÉëàfÓd êÓY" jesse ball ∫ƒH »°ù«L

D3 qc~|J Í0 ,b£²* ¯ 4*x g~6ÉD ,¡ D* b £ J ¥w@@D* ¡~z £A EH x<b~7 Í + b g _~6&* < d£mJ ÉK £pg~zE E $vcD* b g~6* ¡D b E°%* E | sgD* b Fb E(b+ bC (* jE : + vJv/ + vJv/ &*v+ Í0 h ~|D* The curfew ¡mgD* x 0 Db <&* E Silence once begun

121

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¤ JxE&* ¤)*H4H b~64H x<b~7 1978 ¡+ ¤~z£/ oÉ<" f@@ @ -b@@ @ D*H f@@ @ £@ F&°* w@@ G f@@~@z@Eb@@³* @@g@ J*H4 ¯ ¢ < "¤<v´*"@+ A x J |s~7 z mJ "4bpgFÉD ¶(* g~zJ ¤~6xC ~6* &* *K x1'¡E x< v D ¤~6xC D rx~{- f~|0b D* H&* "f pg ´* "b F&* ¢ < b Ax J ,&*xE* g~zJ £C °K H&* gJ &* ¤<v´* ¢ < f~|B IHx- £C E z£D f~|0b D* D ¡ - f~|B 4Hv+ ¥HxJ . f~| D bK E¡ E ¡ - &* ´* E z£D ¡B&* *3bE - &* ´* f~|B ¶(* b g~6°* ,2b ~6 x1%°* |s~{D* q F&* b´b: . i¡@@Â 2b@@C @@F&* f £ ²*H *K v@@/ bK ~}JxE b@@C ¤@@<v@@´* Hvc- i¡£cD* C fJx D* wG ¯ ¢Ab g£D b G ¶(* x~}0&* ¶(* ¤<v´* J &* ÂH o4b@@³*H 1*vD* E b ~z F |s~{D* ¤G f~|0b D* hBH ¥&* ¯ E¡F $b .&* x1%* h£+ ¤<v´* gJ b E <b gJ &* ¤<v D Â ¤gD* v£0¡D* b D* Hb - f£E¡£D* ,b£²* f£ £Fb £E h+b. ~{+ bK ~6* ¤ <&* l2bpgD* ¤~{ D ebGwD* z+É´* $*v-4* ¥&* < ,xC*3 ¥&* JvD h~z£D $b cD* gJ ~6xD* gJ -bE¡~64H E¡F $b .&* |s~{D ux~|J D *wG cB $¤~7 f E ¢<v- ,&*xE* +b J k£0 f 0 ¶(* f~|0b D* w1&b- ¡J i*3 wG &* Äs- x~zDb+H *K x~6 +b - &* *v £G E d - *v £G ¡<vJ b C *¡~z£D ¡~|0b D*H £ < Hvc- b C h~z£D fJx D* v<" b E g£A x 1 ¯ b F&* Íc- ¤gD* fD2&°* D 5Ä-H &* E d - "f jD* f£DbgD* f@@ @£@ @D* b +b J 22ÆJ D bK E b+x £D gJ @@Fb@@ @ E ¯ ¢@@ @c@JH *v@@ @ £@ G ¢@@ @ < @@}@ c@ @ D* ~6&°* ¢ E g£A ¥Hx@@J f@@:b@@~@z@c@D* w@@ @ + b@@ E*4v@@ D* w@@ @G ¤@@~@z@£@/ f@@B¡@@~@@{@@´* f@@£@@~@@z@@ @@ @@D* E $v@@ c@ @D* f@@£@ @£@C @@ < b@@ @ @ @ m@ J $¤@@ @~@ @@7É@@ @D* ¡G ¡@@g@ D* &* ~{g F

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

www prezi com E§H ¢<

?Öàμfh CGô≤f GPÉŸ »μjôeC’G ÖJÉμ∏d øjôZ ¿ƒL Hb g- e¡£-¡£D* ¢ < f j E ib 0 Áb . E f ~z ~6 Hx~{E ¯ z D* < $b£ £ D* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D* tJ4b- µb D* tJ4b ¢ < b -b B ¢ < Jx= ¡/H FbG :&* Hx~{´* e2&°*H rx~7 ¯ f<4b+ H f+*w/ ¡Jv£A :b E bEvsg~zJ k£0 e¡£-¡£D* f£Fb~zF(°* ¡ D* ¢ < f )b D* fAb jD*H ¡ D* ¡ /¡J JwD* Í£ JxE&°* Í£)*HxD* G&* E v0*H Jx= ¡/ b EH bK £cE ÈC&°* E cgCH young adult Í G*x D -b+bgC H the fault in our stars "b E¡½ ¯ &b ³*" ,Ì ~{D* gJ*H4 bGÌ= Ìj D*H Looking for Alaska b ~6°%* < kpcD* ,$*x@@ @D* @@< ib ²* Iv@@0(* ¯ ¤@@ @Jx@@E&°* d-b D* lvpgJ v<*¡B b <Æ1* µ " £CH &*x F *3b´H f D* b Evs- ¨ f+bg D*H "fp/bF f Jx + bK +2&* dg F £C DwCH "f D* f+bg D* ¯ ,v<b~z D f~8b³* i*Ä³* *vsg~6* ¶(* Jx= ¡F bK cDb= ¤G |~| D* &* £CH JÌjC $b+2&* E f jE&b+ bK £ g~zE bK )*2 b F(* :b gD* b <&* E < ,$*x D*" ~8*¡gD* < bK ~|s~7 h C ¡D £ < b@@²* ¡ J &* Â *3b@@E £s- ¡0 ."x1%* fc=xD* - ,x . ¤G ,v£±* f+bg D* B&°* ¢ < f+bg D* bE&*" ,v ´* i*Ä@@³*H 4b A&°* £~8¡gD f D* *vsg~6* ¯ fp ´* ~8*¡gJ d-b DbA x~7bc´* ~8*¡gD* És+ k£0 6b D* Í+ °H /H i*Ìc - HxJ ° b ´*H bEyD* Ä< $b+x= 6bF&* E fp ~8 ¢ < fg£E fAb/ ib C H&*x J A £ £< ¯ ¡EvD* ¡ J &* dmJ f~| D* + x ~{FbE rx~{F &* d ~|D* E bE E + x¿ bE A b )bBv~8&* ¢ < ~z- fJxJ¡~|- f D b JvD ¡~{£ J JwD* 6b D* ¢ c£D f£AbC i*H2&* DwCH f£ :b< ibE5&* ." 0x~{J &* d-b D* vJxJ bE 4¡~|-H A ¢ < J42bB *K v£ + *H'Hx - &* E d :&* &* ¤ <" ¡ £A ,$*x D* f£ £C < bE&* HbpJ ¤@@g@D* f£ ³* x@@ @D* ¶(* *¡ cg - &* fJv F ,$*x@@ B (* b -*v£ - Eb + fJx~{cD* f+xmgD* b~|J(* d-b D* b g ~6*¡+ 6bF&* ,b£² ~}A&* A ¢ < ¡~|²* ¢ < Cv<b~zJ D3 i*H2&°* £ - b C E bK :b - ÈC&* mJH CÌ= Jx1%* ÈC&* ~{+ f~8b³* g+x© fC4b~{´ fE5ÉD* fJ¡ D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

120

l 6§+ £§k¡ªDf¤G* ¢<

"ÒNC’G AÉ°û©dG" ñƒZ ¿Éa âæ«°ùæ«a ≈ØNCG πg ?"π«∏dG ‘ ≈¡≤e áaô°T" ¬àØ– ‘ $*Ä³* E 2v< <vJ ¥wD* Æ~zCb+ £~}J D3 ¢ < ,HÉ< x - bc ~|D* E *K 2v< &* 6¡ C £+ D* u4'¡E D3 ¯ b§ ,wAb D* £G v < ~6b0 ~{+ ~{gJ b E v0*H ~6xD* ¯ $b~}£+ ,Æ~6 zc JH J¡ D* x ~{D* i*3 fJ4¡p´* f£~|s~{D* ¡A ¢ ´* 2bF &* ¡~z£D* ¡G&*

u¡= b D f£ JvD* ¡£´* rÆB* E H&* Æ~zCb+ J µ %°* ¢g0 *xJ2¡C *5bC¡- ¤+b£D* D* u4'¡E (bA 1990 b D* ¤ A Db <&* ¯ f£ JvD* 5¡Ex D u¡= bA *vsg~6* 64v- dgC f<¡ ¸ x~{F z ~{D* d£ - k£0 the sower 4*y´* g0¡D bj C b E xCwF fDbG ~{+ f Eb/ ¯ ,4¡@@~@z@£@AHÄ@@D* bEx £~6 *4¡@@c@ J2 ix~{F @@Dw@@C ¤~6v D* D* < kpcD* b=¡=H u¡= bA < bK +bgC b£F4¡ £DbC 1888 b< w E 4¡ - u¡= bA A (* "hcgC k£0 ¤ JvD*

."f£~6v D* f£ B*¡D*" g£ ~z- Â ¥yE4 Hx~{E ¶(* v A D* µb< ¯ bK D Ìj- Db <&*H u¡= bA ,b£0 *y- °H ¤~|s~{D* ~64 &* 2011 b< *v D¡G ¯ u¡= bA pgE <&* ¡£. £1&* ,4¡~8 f £ ²* ¯ ¤G 1888 b<

119

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

fAx~7" g « ¯ "Ì1&°* $b~{ D*" u¡= bA h £~z £A ¢ 1&* G "" £ D* ¯ ¢ E K *x1'¡E ix~{gF* H*x+ *2 ¤)*Hx D ,xE*'¡´* fJx F 4*x= ¢ < ¡ J &* Â u¡= bA b D* &* rÆ - fJx F D* µb< ¯ $b~{ D*" 12&* k£0 ¤~{ A *2 H24bF¡£ D Ãx - f£« ¢ 1&* vB " £ D* ¯ ¢ E fAx~7 " g )*4 ¯ 1495 1498) "Ì1&°* 1888) ib£~|s~{D* &* ~{ - ~6x D exB < f~6*42 (bA f £ ²* ¯ 12 b + £pJH J¡: x ~7 i*3 fJ4¡¹ f£~|s~7 ~}- f£~z£)xD* G ¤~z£)xD* ebcD* E 42b J |s~7 ; ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ bK ~|s~7 "bK A¡D&bE v ~{´* *wG HvcJ *wGH Æ~zCb+ 24b/ g~z´* k0bc D fc~z Db+ DwC F(* F ¯ f£ s´* f£ JvD* 5¡ExD* E 2v D v£ ±* c/ f B I¡~6 z£D u¡= b D ,Ì1&°* b <&°* ,¡ B fAx~7" f0¡D &*v+ bEv < u¡= bA (bA Æ~zCbcD fc~z Db+ bK £Cb~7 ¤ £ sgD* ~6xD* ¶(* *K Ì~{E ¡£. £1&° dgC " £ D* ¯ JvD* ¶(* f~6b´* g/b0

The vegeterian "á«JÉÑædG" á«Hƒæ÷G ÉjQƒc øe ¿Éc ¿Ég á«FGhô∏d b £ J(*H "¤ G3 ¯ f+*x=" gJ*H4 < ¡Eb+ b@@A4H&* E ."f )b~}D* f D* fJb 0" < ¤gF*ÌA b F(* f£-bc D ~8H ¯ b ²* f ± z£)4 Í F¡- vJ¡+ ¡ J b§4H $*x D* bG3&* ¯ ÉK J¡: {£ g~6 f04b/H f£)b = fJ*H4 EÉ0&* ¯ f+bg D* ¯ f~64vEH f p EH f£ £~6¡EH fc-bC 1974 ¾bC bG b E fJ4¡ D* f D* ¯ f@@£@)*H4 b@@ @<&* ,v@@< b D f@@£@<*v@@+°* 2011 b< "f£FbF¡J 6H42" bGx1%*H 2007 b< "f£-bc D*"

2016 b D f£´b D* xC¡+ b´* ,y)bm+ ,y)b D* fJ*HxD* ¤GH f+¡g ´* µb D* $bpF&* ¢g~7 E ibJ*Hx D q H b£³* < f£)*HxD* ~zg - ¡~6H b £D(* f /Æ´* H&* fJy£ ½°* f Db+ k£ ~6 *4¡cJ2 ebg D* f /ÆE E 4°H2 72000 ,y)b±* < Jy0 ~{+ ¤ « fp ~8 200 E B&* ¯ - fJ*HxD* ¤GH ¥bG ¡J 2x fDb0H f£~z ±* ,4b.(°*H D*H ibExp´* ,b£0 b /H5 E {£ - f£+¡ ±* bJ4¡C E f c¹ y E f+4 f£~{0¡D*H vD*H D* < z£+*¡C b B4'¡-H ,&bmA b +bg - fJ2b< &b@ @ @+ @@ @ @p@ @g@ @A ¶(* ¡@@ @p@ @ g@ @ Ì gD ,xm~7 @@Dw@@D b@@ @ @ @ < qc~|- &* 4x f£-bcF f@@~@|@ @D* y@@Cx@@ Ì@@ @.&b@ @ - ¢@@ @ @ @ < ¢@@ @< b@@ @G4*x@@ @B f~8b³* b -b£0 b + Í £p´*H < ,¡ + A*v f ~z ~6 ¯ b gEHb E ¶(* f )b D* 2*xA&* £ / AvJ b» bG4b£1 ¡p D* Hb - < b <b gE* b g :b § ¤ g - l*v@@0&°* E ¡« ¢ < $¡~}D* ¤ J fJv£ gD* Ì= É@@1&É@D b Jv«H dF*¡/ gº ¯H D* ¯ ¤~6b~6&* yAb0 ¶(* É g~6°* f£<b g/°* ,b£²* b F(* yÂb- 4¡J¡£ D* ,vJx/ E f£ p~8 f +b E ¯ bG ¡ ¯ f£:*xB¡ÂvDb+ fcDb ´* i*xGb ´* E bG4b A&* h0¡g~6* h gF* f£ ~6 obmg0* ib£ < ¤GH 1980 b< f£+¡ ±* bJ4¡C h ~7 f~9b gF°* wG ¡½*¡= f~9b gFb+ hAx<H Db+ f£p~}gD* ¢ < bK ~}J&* DH D* ¢ < b~zF(°* ,4v D b A < $b~z-&* h C "f£-bc D*" dgC&* h C Í0 f 0xD*H z Db+ z)bJ ~{+ i2*4&* ,&*xE* ~8&* &* i24&*H x~{+ b F¡C ¢ E ¡ - &* }Ax- &*H %°* v + ¥x~{cD* z ±* ¶(* ¤ g - °&* D* *wG d -xJ bK Fb~zF(* ÍB¡Ex´* ebg D* E ,x.'¡E f<¡ ¸ ¢ < hc - ¾bC bG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

118

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

www thereadingroom com E§H ¢<

õFÉéH RƒØj "øjƒ‚ ¿ÉK â««a" 2016 ájGhô∏d Qõà«dƒÑdG ~Êf- 6§ Å* 6§G ¢< E *K v@@ 0*H &* Í@@C4v@@E Ì@@= 6¡ ½* 6¡D ¯ ,v@@Jv@@/ ,2b£ D* ¶(* xJ4b gD* dg JH *K x~6 f<¡ m´* dB*xJ Ç+b D* ¾¡ g£ D* ¯ b£ D* e&* cB E ¢+x- /4 Ç+b D* *wG fJ*H4 ¤G " :b g´*" /4 b cpJ ,Ì A f£Eb g£A ,&*x@@E*H Gx J d)b= ¤~zFxA ~9b £D b g£A ¶(* 2b@@< D b JxE&* ¯ f Eb/ ¯ @@642 {£/ ¯ ¾¡ g£ D bK ~6¡~6b/ JH f£<¡£~{D* f£~} D* /&* E ,v0¡´* b g£A ¯ Fb E w1&bJ &b+ pJ f£+¡ ±* b g£A E ex D*H z~zmgD* ¯ 4*x g~6°* E d - ,2b£ D* D f+x~9 @@E bK @A¡@@1 gcB*xE @@/&* @@E g<¡ ¸H *Ê@@±* ,2b~}E b J¡~{-H b )bCw+ £ < £ - f£~6¡~6b/ f~|B b@@ @F(* ~8&* E f£ JxE&* ,&*xE* E ,x.'¡E d0 f~|B ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ Ä~z-H Í gº Í´b< ¯ ,b£²* ¢~| g- fJ*HxD* Áb+bJ ¯ g£~} D 'H°H f~}Bb g´* i*$°¡@@D* Í+ ¤~z D* *x~|D* F¡sJ &* x ~}J k£0 b JxE&* ¯ )bBv~8&° 'H°HH b g£A ¡ - v@@0*¡@@D* + ¤p~}JH 9x g~zJ b@@ @ C x@@ @ @1%°* b g£A ex0 l4(* d-b D* DH b £~zD*H e2&°* ¯ x F f /H @@E ,x@@E H&° f£ JxE&* z£DH f£Eb g£A

117

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

b£F4¡ £DbC e¡ / f Ebm+ 64vE ~8&°* ¤Eb g££A J¡½ ,y)bm+ The sympathiser " :b g´* @@g@ J*H4 i5b@@ A D H&°* ¤+2&°* D* ¤GH 2016 b D 4yg£D¡cD* d-*x´* ¯ h 0H 2015 b D* ¯ ix~{F vB hFbC f@@J*Hx@@D* ¢ < Í-xE b g~{Bb E hH bK £cE È@@C&°* dg D* Í+ ¶H&°* yÂb- 4¡J¡£ D* ibp ~8 4Hv~8 v + Í .°* ¡J ¡c~z£ D* ¯ gp ~8 ¢ < J¡½ dgC x~7b D* dg § h ~|-* ¢g0 + h +&* bE v~8&* µ n)bg D* ¯ bF&* 4yg£D¡cDb+ ÉK A i5bA vB " :b g´* " &b+ ÁHÄ1&bA ."fEv~8 fDb0 ibA*Æ<* b F&* ¢ < " :b g´* "@+ 4yg£D¡cD* f ± i2b~7&* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡D*H b g£A Jv +H Í < ¥3 /xD ,x1b~6 f£<¡£~{D* i*¡ D* k£0 ¡ Jb~6 ¯ 1975 Jx+(* ¯ &*vc- fJ*HxD* {£/ i°*Ê@@/ v@@0&* ¢~9¡A fDb0 ¯ ¤GH ¡ Jb~z+ £« ,v<b~z§ y mJH cg E ¯ ¤ ~zJ¡D* ex~{J f£+¡ ±* b g£A H42b £~6 JwD* $b ~6&b+ fp)° "Ç+b D*" ¡.¡´* Jv~8 ÇE ¢ < E iÉ0xD* x1%* v cD* o4b1 *Ê@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @±* ¡@@ @ @ @ @:*¡@@ @ EH ,b£0 H'Hv@@c@ J

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+

£fM24f¹* ¢<

¿Éc ¿ÉLô¡e ICÉLÉØe "¿ƒ°SôJÉH" ¢TƒeQÉL º«L êôîŸG øe á«°ùfÉehôdG

μ μ stranger

" μ

μ "

than paradise Ghost dog

μ " "

μ μ "

μ μ

μ "´QÉ°ûdG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

116

£fM24f¹* ¢<

πjhQhCG IõFÉéH RƒØj »μ°ùahÎ°ShG …OÉcQBG "É«°ShQ ´GÎNG" ¬HÉàc øY 2016 ΩÉ©∏d á«fÉ£jÈdG ·b´* b D* ¯ ~8b²* &b ³* £A pJH ¥bC hFHbE vFb J2x D b/*4 ¡E2 The Tears of the Rajas 6 f )b< ,v/ x F f /H E v D* ¯ b£Fb Jx+ tJ4b- < ¤ pJ hFHbE y£Â bE £ pgD* f ± $b~}<&* v0&* i4bG2¡= v£A*2 ¡ J C f Eb~{D* ¢~9¡ D*H £~9*¡´* ¯ ¡ gD* ¡G b D* *wG dgC bK B ¤ g / b D fAx E i225* ¤ F&* x ~7&* ¤ g / dg D* ¥wD* bE f =b~}D*H f~6b~z²* ¡£D* £~9*¡E E ,v< b© b - £~9*¡E < ,v£/ f+bgC E ÈC&* c F b~{ Jb D ÉK ~6*xE JH b£~6H4 v£D*¡E E ¤ ~zAHÆ~6H&* rbg F* w E b@@ @g@F°* f£ < +b- h~z£E¡F¡ J(°*H yÂb f£Db²* Í-¡+ eHx0 ¶(* 1985 b< fJx²* ¢ < ¡~{-b+4¡/ f@@£@/¡@@D¡@@Jv@@J°* ib@@<*x@@~@ |@ D* iÉ@@+b@@ @ ´*H kpcDb+ ÉK @ @ ¹ Í ~zD* fAb0 ¶(* b£~6H4 i2bB ¤gD* i*$*x=(°*H i°5b gD*

115

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

dg D q ¤ £DÆ~6(* £ / 6000 b g £BH @@JH4H&* ,y)b/ ¶(* @@JH4H&* o4¡@@/ b ~9*H r¡ : d~z0 v -H f£~6b£~zD* dgC E £~9*¡E i4¡p bK A f£~6b£~zD* f+bg D* / f£EÉ~6°* ib£~{ £´* ~6H&°* x~{D* bJb~}B ¢ < b D* *wG ,Ì~| D* fp)ÉD* ¶(* dgC fg~6 h ~8H vBH fJx~|´* ,4¡jD*H ¤GH The New Threat from Islamic Militancy 1 Ì+ ¡~z£± f£EÉ~6°* b£~{£ £´* E ,vJv±* i*vJv gD* b£ JxA(* ¯ bJ24b±* ~6*xE " ¡~z £g~6 v JH"@D +x´* xJHv- Circling the Square 2 ¶(* 4bcE z£)xD* ¡ ~6 E fJx~|´* ,4¡jD* 4b.%* £A +bgJH ¤~6xE v ¹ ·¡ ¤ «H "¥b ~6 bÂ(*"@D 4b£ F°* The Unravelling 3 v + *x D* 4b <(* ,2b<(* ¯ ,v<b~z D bÂ(* h<¡ - £C £A ,4b~{g~z´* D3 v + qc~|gD Í~z0 *v~8 ¡ ~6 b D* ¯ ¡FxJ2H&* vF¡Â4 ¤ JxE&°* *Êm D f£~6b£~zD* Hb« k£0 fJ*H4 ¡ J &* ¶(* exB&* ebg D*H 2007 ¯ 4¡- E C B*¡E q£~9¡- f p~}´* £~8b gDb+ fJb D* ¯ q~9¡gD Í£B*x<H Í£ JxE&* E f£ D* &b ³* bC J&* b£~6H4 *Æ@@1* The Invention of Russia 4 E b£~6H4 ¢ < ,x F "¤ ~zAHÆ~6H* ¥2bC4%*"@D b£~6H4 ¯ ¤EÉ<(°* d<ÉgD*H Í-¡+ ¶(* ¡~{-b+4¡= fjJv²* 6b D* *¡E&* Other People’s Money 5 ¡/ ¥2b~|gBÉD @@Jx@@1%°*

jCCCªCDfC C. fCCCCH*4§CCIfCC+ ½fCCC CCCG* mfCCCCDfCCCC CCCC. ¢CCCCH m*4fCCCCCkCCCCCÂ G dG

MÌ F(¸* ¢<

"¢ùjQÉH ‘ AÉà°T" Un hiver a paris

bC *K v@@£@/ *w@@G b@@C z+É´* ¢g0 °H fJ¡ D*H f£Ab jD* ."v£/ Ì= *wG {Gv J z D* ~{+ D*H fcB*x´* ¢ < -b:b~{F ix~|gB* ¯ 22Æ@@JH ¶H&°* fJÌ~}pgD* f ~zD* ¯ qm J Í0 *K ÌjC 2bcgJ b ~7b< ¤gD* f ~zDb+ f £c~7 ¡ g~6 ,vJv/ f ~6 f +bgE ~8H dDb: ¡£-bE E ib0*Æ~6°* ,ÆA $b .&* ib C ~}+ jE )b- F&* HvcJH bK jJv0 E fDwE f 0ÉE fm£gF f~64v´* ¢ cE ¯ ¡£-bE xpg J Í0 ¢ < £ ±* £D(* x J Ì g- 4¡g £A ,b£0 (bA Í~64v´* v0&* ~{g J b gG* ~9¡E qc~|JH xpg ´* dDb D Jv~8 F&* 1vJ ¡£-bE 4bpgF* E b £ mJ &* Â ¤gD* d~6b ´* bGv < fcJx= fBÉ< Í .°* Í+ &b~{ gA E ~8*¡- ¯ 4¡g £A vD*H *K v/ f~6b~z0 f+bg + £~9*¡´* E Ìj D f@@J*Hx@@D* h~9x ¤<b g/* ~6H b~{gC* f£ )b D* ibBÉ D* ¡0 ,yCxEH &* b C fB*v~|D* f +b~z§ 5¡ D f~zAb ´* ~6¡D xJb E | D* EbC ¢ < x £~zJ e2&ÉD ¥H*xD* e*w½* E qc~|- &* ¶H&°* E e2&°* *¡+x© &* Ix@@0&°* " ." + ¡ £pJ JwD* _DH&* fc D ¡ - &* E bGH&°* 4¡g £ D f£~z D* i°b²* fJb + ~|- *K v/ f~6b~z0 fJ*HxD* ,x~7bcE v D* ¶(* 2¡ - ,x.'¡EH f £~z+ f + 64Q vJ 1964 v£D*¡E E ¤~zFxA d-bC JvF¡ + d£ £A b/ b E y)*¡/ ,v< bF fJy£ ½&°* f D* x~7bcE ¡~8H " gJ*H4 < 2005 b< f£+2&°* £c£C ,y)b/ .Acces direct a la plage "`:b~{D* ¶(* "d0 f£ =&* h~z£D wG" < 2008 bJ*Ä~z J* 4b~7 ,y)b/ This is not a love song

~|J dDb: ibJxC3 b £A ¥HxJ JvF¡ + d£ £A b± fJ*H4 f ~8b D* ¶(* g~6*42 &*v@@c@ J e2&°b@@ @+ @@D¡@@E eb@@~@7 ¤c~8 4¡g £A ¥H*x@@@D* t ~z J k£0 zJ4b+ ¯ ,ÌcC f~64vE ¯ f Ebm D fJÌ~}pgD* E ¡F C v J bK cJxB fJv£ gD* f£ p´* ÌJb E < ,¡ + ,2b0H f£~6bB f~zAb E 2¡~z- ¥wD* ~|D* *wG ¯ ÌJb ´* v JH eHwJ ¢g0 f<¡ m´* x ~|gA ,¡ D* 5¡E4 b E v JH f£Ab ~{D* f/4vD -*3 b £A 5¡ExD* gE&* C&* µ ¤ F&* h@@C42&* ¶H&°* f p D* w E"

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

114

b £A < f£cGwD* *ÌEb D* ,y)b/ £Â + IvG f£+x ´* b £~zD* f~z~6'¡E f_ D ¶H&°* ,y)b±* hcG3 b £A Í J2

¥b £~6 4H&* oxs D bFQ &* £ D ÉA&* G&* < h <&* b D h gF* bC E ,vJv±* fs~z D* Ì= < bC b/x E f£ ~}A&* -*3 hB¡D* ¯ f~6x E f ~zD* £ ±* D* bE&* ,ÌcC ib0b~zE 1 ¯ Ìc D* 4H2H

113

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

bE&* zgFbA Ç+bC £A < @@6H4 ibE ¤ JxE&°* oxs D Í J2 Íg1&°* d£~|F E hFb A ¡J4b £~6 ~}A&* ,y)b/ ¥v D¡ D* oxs´* 5bAH f B¡D* £A ¡J4b £~6 < °¡C JÌEH ,b p ~zD* £A @@< f@@~@8b@@1 ,y@@)b@@m@+ H2H2 @@ @Jb@@E

y£ £ £/ ¡sF*¡/ oxs D 2¡C Ãb- £A ¤ 0H $*x ²* f£~zFx D* f/xs´* iv~|0H Ì~|B £A ~}A&* f ~z+

º∏«a √ÉÑàf’G âØd ∑ÓH ∫É«fGO ÉfCG …õ«∏‚’G êôîª∏d …òdG ,¢ûJƒd Úc Ék ≤M’ RƒØ«°S ,¿Éc áØ©°ùH ¿CG ≥Ñ°S »àdGh 2006 áæ°S É¡dÉf íjôdG ¬ª∏«a øY ;Ò©°ûdG õ¡J õFÉØdG ¬ª∏«a ‘ Gk Òãc ¢UÉZ äGóYÉ°ùŸG ΩÉ¶f øe á«YÉªàL’G QÉ‚ ádÉM ∫ÓN ⁄ ∂«∏H ≈Yój ≈∏Y Gk QOÉb ó©j ÖÑ°ùH πª©dG ,Ö∏≤dG ¢Vôe Ék gôμe í°†î«a ájÉYôdG ΩÉ¶æd á«YÉªàL’G

oxs´*H bF¡D ¡ £J2 ¤ £~z ´* oxs´*H j ´*H xF5HbG b £~z£/ h£Db~6 Í £~6 f£~zFx D* f j ´*H vF¡ g~6H&* @@+H4 ¥vJ¡~zD* ,b£0 ¯ ¡J v ~6&* ¥v D* £ D* b £A 5bA v A $b~}<&* oxs D H&°* D* ¡GH £A ~}A&* ,y)bm+ ¤CbE ·H&* Áb+b£D* oxs D ¡£F¡E4bG £A 5bA b C ÍFb ~7¡= ¡G¡J o*x1(°* ,y)b/ i2b<H £ pgD* f ± ,y)bm+ *2bC¡A ¤/¡C

< vD¡F4&* bJ4vF&* f£Fb JÄD* f/xs´* b F(* F ,&*x@@E* wG ,ÌjC É@@A&* ~9 E ¡@@GH ¤ JxE&* ~z< b £A ¯ f£<b g/°* b~9H&°*H gD* < bJb~}B h±b< f ~zD* f£Db ~6&*xD* ib gm´* f j ´* E b £ « f ± h ~{- ¤gD* bE ,x F f_A ¯H fJHb~z D* f/xs´*H f~z£)4 x £C b@@-4b@@E fJx~zJ¡~zD*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

112

π°ùY) É¡ª∏«a øY (ódƒfQCG ÉjQófCG) á«fÉ£jÈdG áLôîŸG É¡H äRÉa º«μëàdG áæ÷ IõFÉL ´É°VhC’Gh ∂μØàdG øY ÉjÉ°†b â÷ÉY áæ°ùdG √òg IÒãc ΩÓaCG øª°V øe ƒgh (»μjôeCG á«dÉª°SCGôdG äÉ©ªàéŸG ‘ á«YÉªàL’G

D *K vJv« bC ¯H pg~zJ b» ÈC&* *xJv - b J eb~{D* x1%°* ¡ - b D* ÉA&°* f<b ~8 ¯ 9bE ¤E&* h gB d0b~8 fB¡~zg´* £A f +b Db+ bK £EÉ<(* x J %°* qc~8&* + B¡- H2 b@@²(* @@=4 6bJb~6&* £ £DH&* ¤~zFx D* oxs D f£~|s~{D* o*x1(* ~}A&* ,y)bm+ 5¡ D* b g~6* fc£s´* ÉA&°b+ D } cD* ¡£½¡E b£g~zJxC oxs´* E f ~8b E ,ÌcC f£ A i%b/b E iv ~7 b/x ´* x < E ,Ì1&°* f 0x´* ¥2bGxA x ~8&* Á*x@@J(°* oxs D )bcD* £A 9x< x.(* y)*¡±* d =&b+ y)b D* b~| F* d0b~8 E&bg´* +¡ ~6&b+ Ix1&* ,xE x ; fAHx ´* Ìc gD* ¢ < ,2¡ ´* -4vBH £~8b gD* ¯ f E fJx c + f£/HyD* ibBÉ D* < ¡J4b £~zD* ,y)bm+ 5bA ¥2bGxA Ì D* £A dGwJ &* ÌcC B¡- E ,x´* wG ¤ £~z0 eb ~7 + bF b C bC E v +&* ¥v D¡ D* oxs´* j» ~}A&* ,y)b/ *K ÌjE bK £A 4Hv@@+ Qv@ B A¡GÌA ¡@@+ ¡FHx+ ¤~zFx D* oxs´* bE&* "¤G" *¡ + ¤-Ì ~8 *¡ + bK £A Qv A ¡@@EH2 b + i5bA v A £ pgD* f ± ,y)b/ bE&*

111

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

fc~zg ´* f<b ´* *v A 6HÌ + eb~|E ¡0 4Hv- ¤gD* 6b=° EbJ&* hpc~8&* bEv + <2¡£D J¡: eb£= v + g )b< ¶(* 2¡ J /xº /H :*¡ D* E Ìj D* xpJ £ D* ,2Hv E É:(°* ¢ < f£~|s~{D* EÉA&* ~}A&* Äg JH } cD* DbsJ fJb F A £ D* 9x< É- ¥wD* v D* E n<y E Ì= ¡GH °H2H £ pgD* f ± ,y)b/ v~|0 *w@@G C v + µb D* 4*2¡= ¡D b/ ¥x c D* E f ~8b E ,y)b±* bF &* c~6 oxs´* &* IxJ } cD* mJ ¥¡ D* 4¡~}²* *wG 2014 b<

≈Mƒà°ùŸG (⁄É©dG ájÉ¡f §≤a) ¬ª∏«ØH ¿Éc ¤EG ¿’hO ‘Gõc ÜÉ°ûdG …óæμdG êôîŸG OÉY Oƒ©j áÑ°ùàμŸG áYÉæŸG ¿Gó≤a ¢ShÒØH ÜÉ°üe ∫ƒM QhóJ »àdG ¢SÉZ’ ∑ƒd á«Mô°ùe øY IOhó©e ¬eÉjCG âëÑ°UCG Éeó©H º¡YOƒ«d ÜÉ«Z ó©H ¬à∏FÉY ¤EG

bK ~}J&* F* d²* EH bK <¡ » b £+ o*Hy@@D* bC hBH bK J2¡ < $b cD* £A ¯ ¥2HÌ@@= %°&* ¤~zFx D* oxs´* £A J4 Jv JH 6°¡ £F ¤C4b¿vD* oxs´* 9x<H ox1 ,Ì1&°* f.ÉjD* ÉA&°* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+H v D* Í:b£~7 b£~64b= ¡ £F f£~zFx D* f/xs D x D* 94&* E £A bK ~}J&* ,y)b/ H2 fJ¡B ,2¡< bC ¶(* °H2 ¯*yC eb~{D* ¥v D* oxs´* 2b<H ¡D f£0x~zE < ¢0¡g~z´* £ D* µb D* fJb F A £ +

¶(* Hx D* bGx ~}- &* 4H2 f<*Ä+ iv~z/ k£0 f j» b )b +&* £ -H fDb<(° i*4vs´b+ 4b©°* K ,b£0 < ÉK £ / b £A QvB ¡J¡+ ¤g~zJxC ÁbEHxD* oxs´* ¯ 4b~{J F&* =x+H *2b £F *Ì£~6 *¡ + f+w E f )b< QvB b £A ÉK £ / bK Jx~|+ bK £A QvB v A ¶H&°* ,x D bC £/ 9x<H bJ4¡DbCb+ £A ¡£½¡E b£g~zJxC :*¡E Ä£ C ¤ J5*ÄD* oxs´* x -H ¡~6x-b+ £A 7¡Ex/ f£~6b£~zD* b~9H&ÉD 6¡J4*¡C&* vJv/ ¯ ¡ £A b~6Hv E 4¡ ±* v@@Gb@@~@7 @@. 2É@@c@ + f@@ @ G*x@@D* f£Fb´&°* f/xs D b@@E2x@@J&* Á¡@@- £A E 9bA¡D* ·b1 ox1 ¥wD* 2R &* 24bE

5¡ D* ib ~8*¡§ £A F&* =x+ f~zAb ´* ¶(* HH b~7 4b+ ¥4¡ D* oxs´* 2b<H < £A ¡GH fE2b³* vJvm+ Q bC ¯ f£+¡ ±* b@@J4¡@@C ¯ f£~z ±* f£ j´* &* b~{D c~6H ¤~9b´* x D* ib £.É. bK cJxBH 2009H 2004 f ~6 bC f ~z+ 5bA ¤ JxE&°* oxs´* £A v½ <¡~9¡E E f~|B vB ¥wD* d¹ zD¡ £F £/

b JxE&* ¯ 2¡~zD*H }£cD* Í+ Ix1&* d0

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

110

h ;H fD¡ m´* ,bg D* @@J24*2 J¡1&°* £AH Ì@@1&°* h D b £+ f~zAb ´* ÉA&* ¤Bb+ 9x< v + f E ib gD* {-¡D ÍC ¥y£ ½°* oxs D É+ b£F*2 bF&* £A bcgF°* f ~6 b DbF &* c~6 ¤gD*H bC f ~z+ bK 0° 5¡ £~6 ¥wD* 8b= y)b D* £A Ì ~{D* y - qJxD* £A < 2006 fDb0 É@@1 E f£<b g/°* i*v<b~z´* b F ¯ *K ÌjC 9xE dc~z+ D* ¢ < *K 42bB v J µ £ + ¢<vJ 4b½ f£<b g/°* fJb<xD* b D bK Gx E q~}s£A d D* f ~zDb+ 5¡ D* E {-¡D b E b DHb - f Jx:H f~| D* ¤ £c£ £ D* ox@@s@ ´* v@@½ b@@C ¶(* @@Jv@@)b@@ @D* @@EH D c~6 vBH *5H4 bE £ + b~6Hv £E £gFbJx+

£A < 2009 b D* oxº ~}A&* ,y)b/ bF &* QvB D ,x´* wG y J µ F&* q£p~8 ¥b-b £C

Íc Db+ É£FbE ¯ ¤ ~zD* µb D* < f )*4 f~|B ~}A&* ,y)bm+ J5¡/ Í Cb/ £ D* f + i5bAH

109

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

m*zJf H

¿Éc ¿ÉLô¡e qr 69`dG ¬JQhO ‘ !¿É°ùfE’G øY á∏Ä°SCGh ô≤ah ÖM G É °

° G É É G

QÉ°û G G μdG É 69 dG Q É É° É G ° G É É° G É G ° dG dG G É G É dÉ G É° É É

G É É É ° Q dG G G dÉ G dG É G QÉ°û dG É ° É°

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

108

f£FHÆ D(* fpJx~7 fBx~zD £ sgD* ¯ h j f g~zE ,x A ib£~8¡~|³ *K vJv - ~{- b F&° bG2*2Æ~6° £ sgD* . Áb~zF(°* B¡´* bpB(* GH "µb D* ¡0 6b D* i*x-¡£c C 4bE b jE ¤gD* 52H4 ÉJ2 £ D f~z£)xD* f£~|s~{ D £+&* i¡@@E f.2b² *K x.&bgE {£ J hB¡D* ¡@@: m+ ¡DbAH4 ¢ = ÈC&* ¡ ~}´* f£p ~6 ± ,vFb~z´* E bK <¡F v J bK Bx= fFb£1 xJÄ-H fEb<yD* ¯ D* f £0 b g~6* &* &* "*K Ì.&b-H $b ~9(* qEÉE Í+ E bC gFb E ¯ bK : ´ w£ gD* bE G&* (* ¡ D* b D pJ &* "¡J4b £~zD* ,x A ¢ < fJv±* h - g C bB *3(* 4v D* &b+ A*Æ<* ¡G ¡J4b £~zD* *wG ¯ "x~{cD* b Â ¤gD* i*4v D*H I¡ D* £ / ¯ « vB £ D* b@@G4b@@.&* i°'Hb~z- E f / hFbC ebcD* JH i°'Hb~z- 2x¸ - D3 EH b g+¡/&* b -b£: £ pgD* J bE ¥¡« vB f+¡/&* b D v J &* 2*4&* ´ bK 0¡g E "Á*x- hF&* %°*" £ D ¤/3¡ D*

107

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

e*¡±* ¯ bFv<b~zJ G "Á*x- hF&* %°* £A ¡J4b £~6 ¢ < E f<¡ ¸ @@F&* E £ D* ¯ 0¡D bE *'¡~zD* *wG ¢ < ~{ J ¢g0 *K ÌjC vGb~{´* x g J ° ¤gD* f~}Eb D* l*v0&°* F¡ + y£ gJ £ D* ¡J4b £~6 "x1%°* ¡ - v0*¡D* b ~9¡ = D ÌgF¡´*H J4¡~|´*H oxs´* ~9H D g ´* ~zD* ¡F E *¡p½ A ¤ £ 0 4bcg1* ¯ fJx~|cD* i*x.'¡´* ¯Æ¹H £sgF &* b D "vGb~{´* *¡ B&*H D'¡´* *¡~94&* G " 5b£g/* ¯ z£DH bK £ £ 0 *K xp~6 +bgJ F&* vGb~{´* b B(* £A 2*xJ *K v ~{E fJxp~zD* eb D&°* ebp~8&* J b jE fCx0 f 1 2x¸ Ã¡ gD* ,x A g ~6&* G " D3 ¯ £ D* ¡ Fb~8 q½ G xJÄ- ¯ @@D'¡@´* D b@@G*v@@G&* ¤gD* @@:b@@³* ¤~z£:b ´* É1 G . " 4*¡@@³* c~{- 4¡E&b+ <b B(*H vGb~{´* %*4N bE ,x A 5*x@@+(* ¶(* ¢ ~6H + vg J ¤ = ¡ ~}E E ¡J4b £~zD* ¡ D bK £AbC bC GH "b D ¡ ~}E ° vGb~{E ,4¡~8 ¯ D'¡´* bpB(b+ £ D f£ EyD* f0b~z´* *x g~6* ¡ ~}E £ D (*

b@@ @~@9&* J ¡@@~@ 6 ª G* ,| D Í@@g@~@z@D* ¯ @@Ab@@ @ ~@ 9&* :kÓNGóàe Ék «KÓK Ék ©HÉW πª– º∏«ØdG Iôμa ¿CG ÉÃ vB b@@C ¡@@D b@@ @C bK @ Eb@@< £ D* ,x@@ @ A &* b@@§ »°ù«WÉæ¨ŸG ËƒæàdG "Í ~zD* ib@@_@E @@7b@@< bK @£@.É@@. bK @ @ +b@@: @@ @ « ácô◊G áYô°Sh £~8¡- £ D* 2*4&* G Ã¡@@ @ g@ D* ÉK @ @ 1*v@@ @g@ @ E ,äÉ«°Uƒ°üÿG áæ°Uôbh 2¡£D¡G i2bg<* fDb~64 f@@<x@@~@6H ¤~z£:b ´* Ék WÉÑJQG á£ÑJôe ä’DhÉ°ùJ ÒãJ IôμØdG ∂∏J ¿EÉa b jE x@@Jv@@~@ |@ - ¢@@ @ < f@@ @@~@@8x@@BH f@@ @ Cx@@ @ ²* º∏«ØdG º°SG ∫ƒM ÉæJ’DhÉ°ùàH Ék ≤«Kh ¶(* f@@ @ @ g@ º @@£@ ~@ |@ + (b@ A ib@@£@ ~@ 8¡@@~@ |@ ³* bG2b E x~6&b+ µb@@ @D* Ì@@j@ - ,x@@ @ @ @ @ @ D* @@ @ @ Í£ JxE&°* pF b@@ @F&* f@@ @ c@ -x@@E i°'Hb@@ @~@ @ z@ @ 4v J ° b@@E ¢ < 4v@@ @F bK @ @ @ @£@ @.H bK @ @ @ :b@@ @ @c@ @ @ -4* D b ~8 bFÌ= £ < ~6* ¡@@0 b -°'Hb~zg+ « f£FHÆ D(* °K ¡ < ¡ Fb~8 2*4&* G £ D* K b~}J&* pFH C4*x~6&* ¢ < v@@£@ C&b@ g@ D* @@ @£@ @D* c~6 D xA¡£~6 @@E Ã¡ gD* 2¡@@ /H f £ 0 f ~8x D* E b gJb 0 &*H "¤@@~@ z@ £@ :b@@ @ @ ´* v@@s@ g@ ~@ 6* ¡@@ @ DH ¢@@g@@0 &* @@ @ Â @@Db@@ @ @ g@ ~@ 6* x@@p@~@z@D* f@@ @ ~@ 8*x@@ @ D* ¥wD* v@@²* ¶(* 4¡ gJ b@@p@ g@ B° ¤@@ @ £@ ~@ |@ D* x g~zJ ° ¡N ´* mJ &* "f~8b³* -b E E È@@ @ C&* @@-b@@c@ ~@ 6 ¯ ¢ < ,x £~zD* ,x D ¤ JxE&°* ÌCwg D S E v£C&b- bE&* pF ° bA&* *3(* k£p+ D3 É1 DÉ g~6* gJH "lÉ. H&* Íg£Fb. 2&* fAx E ¢ < ,4v D*H v + < x~{cD* ¯ pgD*H µb D* É1 ÉK N g~zE bC F&* ·bgDb+ x J °H bK E¡N E bC F&* 4vJ "b m0 x ~8 b E £~8b gD* ¶(* lvpg- &* D3 bjE "*K xp~6 J bK cm< IÌA E¡F x g~zJH bE bK _£~7 g gD xJvg~z- . EbE&* J |s~7 ¬&*4 2|À ~9H ¶(* 2¡ - @@. b DÉ1 ¡N @ @- lÉ@@. H&* Íg£Fb. @@D3 .vpJ v© . EbE&* v© ÉA E jJv0 +bggD +b~zD* d-b D* *w@@G £ D* ¡J4b £~6H f~|B ¡E¡D¡~6 v@@J(* dgC q~{- (* bEH ÍgE ¥¡B cp+ |s~7 ¥vJ +x- H&* 1 E ¯ b £~zD* µb@@< @@D¡@@12 w E < x@@<O ng ´*H ox@@s@´*H v© ¢g0 £D(* x D* 2Hb -H lÉ. H&* Íg£FbjD < /¡+ fJv£E¡ D* dD*¡ D* ~{ J F&* ¤~9b´* x D* ib£ £Fb . fJ*v+ f £ ²* ¯ ¡GH *K x0b~6 - D3 Ix- Í0H Bb.H A v g - -b+bgC &* D3 ¶(* £~}FH *K vJv« f B*¡D* bJv£E¡ D* H&°* bj´* ¯ E¡F $b .&* f<x~z+ gF* x ~{- &* H2 EH ¯ b E $b gF°*H @@B*¡@@´*H l*v@@0&°* +bg- ¢ < ,2b@@ @D* ¯ d0b~8 2*4&* G ÁbjD* bj´* ¯ ~z + c²* - /H f J¡ D* f c²* ,x D £Â °H £ - H&* fDb:(* H2 b £0 )bB2 x g~z- ¤gD* 4¡E&°* E *K ÌjC &* ¢ < v£C&bgD* ,x D* bG5¡E4 N -O ¢g0 fJb D* cB bE ¶(* bK E ¤ g´* © ¤gD* D3 &*H Íg£Fb. H&* f£Fb. ¯ f :b1 f<x~z+ bG5b½(* Â *w D oH2y´* e¡ ~6&°* D3 z F* G &b~z D f BH b D b GH *wG GH " :b1 E5 ¶(* J¡ D* EyD* 4b~|g1° fEv E B*¡ D Jx~zD* ~z²*H fGb D* Í+ mJ ¥wD* d-b D* ÉK jE bK Eb< Íg~6 {£ J ¥wD* b~zF(°* J bE &* ¶(* Ì~{J

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

106

ª G* 6* *wG Now you see me Á*x@@- h@@F&* %°* v~|B ¥w@@D* b@@E @@F*¡@@ @<H £ D* ~6* ¡@@G ¤ F&* v~| J G " ~6°* *wG E ¡E¡D¡~6 ° h C &* v + Á*x@@- /&* &* h g~6* DH %°* Á*x- g / v~| J &* "Á*x@@ ¥w@@D* h@@F&* v~| J &* "ÉK c g~zE Á*x@@ 2¡~| ´* &* " Ì@@ = Á*x@@ J °H Á*x@@ J ¢ § DH 4b~|+(°* ¢ § fJ'HxD* z£D ix~8 %°* F&* ¢ ´* ¡ £A 2b g<°* h C &* v + Bv~|-H A&* b§ E'¡ $b£~7&* IxJ vGb~{´* &* 4bcg<b+ +w " B*¡D* ¯ lv« &* D x sJ °

105

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

m*zJf H

ÊGôJ âfCG ¿B’G §G&f¼* ¨ < sK|»*K mfª¤MzgG*K m¸'Kf kG* ªD ° É É É dG É G Now you see me 2 G G G É Q μ É dÉ Q QÉ d° d Q G μG dG É dG 2013 É dG dG G dG É° dG É dÉ dG G G G dG É° G É°û G d É μd É° dG É° dG G dÉ G G G G É É dÉ μ G dG dÉ dG É μdG μd É° dG μ G G É G d É° dÉ É GÉ É É° μ d QG

G QÉ ° ° ° dQÉ dG

°û G

2016

É É

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

104

J¡<H £0xD* + ,x<b~{D* g« g« ex@@ @²* u*x@@~@@8H ib@@ @ @E&°* É;H ,y/b D* &°* i¡~|+ ,x<b~{D* ,x<b~{D* g« "f ~zDb+ ¡ ¸ e&* 4bEvD* b@@E&* vEb~|D* xpcD* i¡~|+ y@@/b@@²* x@@p@ c@ D* b@@ @ @´* f@@~@7b@@~@{@GH r¡g ´* xpcD* x~{cD* e*x@@1 2*vgE° fJx²*H £0xD* i°b g0* ¢ < b~}J&* i¡´*H £gD* H&* ~8&* E f£)*H4H ,x<b~7 ¥4¡1 6¡ £A .1972 b< w E zJ4b+ ¯ £ - Áb cD E vJv D*H ib@@J*Hx@@D* i*x~{< ix~{F Dw+ iv£~7 vBH fJx ~{D* ib<¡ m´* f@@J*Hx@@D*H x ~{D* @@E b@@£@ @= b@@ @C*x@@ ,y)b/ y)*¡±* E vJv D* ¢ < h ~|0 ,y@@)b@@/H ¤@@E4°b@@E ,y@@)b@@/H Ì@@ @£@D¡@@+&* fEx~| ´* f ~zD* ¯H x ~{ D 4¡ F¡= fJ*Hx D H2¡FH4 ,y)b/ hDbF b ~7 ¯ b-b= ¥4¡@@1 6¡ £A iv@@DH h~642 ¥x@@~@{@+ c/ f@@Jx@@B ¯ b cD f£ p~|C f£ ´* b -b£0 i&*v+H e2&°* hpc~8&* 1959 b@@< ¯ iHÌ@@ + ¯ b /H5 h : . iHÌ@@+ b / f E b£~zFxA bj0b+H bc£c: h/Hy-H H&°* h gF* 1972 b< ¯ b-b= b/ ¢<vJ f£+2&°* f ¸ ¯ h Gb~6H b~zFxA ¶(* bGxJvJ bC ¤gD* "b+H4H&*" ,Ì ~{D* ¥wD* ¡@@ =*4&* zJ¡D x<b~{D* f A4 f£+x D* f D* ¶(* g /x dDb D* ¯ bC Jx1%* $*x ~7 ¯ b@@ @ @ £@ @ E i¡@@ @ ´* ¡@@ ~@ @9¡@@ E Í.v0 dc~z+ b§4 bGv)b~|B ex@@²* b -b£0 ¯ Í £~z/ b< ¯ b@@ @/H5 ,b@@ AHH f@@£@ @G&°* ¤ = ¤@@ +2&°* bGym E 1981 bF*¡J2 x~{< f~z 1 + d ~{gEH ebg D* E ,v@@0*H ¡£D* ¤@@GH È@@C&°* Í£~zFx D* $*x@@ @~@{@D*H ,x ~7

103

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

f D hpc~8&* ¤gD* f£~zFx D* f D* ¯ ¯ }E¡- bGv)b~|B ¯ bG*ÊA f+bgC ,x~}0 ¯H fGbgE b F&* ¡D b C ¡~z D* f £c D* d B ¯H eb£ D* b G 2¡/¡D* b D¡0 *4v±* E tJ4bgD* b G µb< 4bm~7&°* y -H 4bpcD* © }£+&°* xp+ ¡G b:b= ¥4¡@@1 6¡ £A d~}s´*H f0¡g ´* )b ~z+ ~6¡g´* « qEb~zgD* v<H d~| gD* $bEv+ bGb E ¶(* rx@@ ±* *w@@G ,x@@<b@@~@{@D* m m´* i¡´*H eb£ D* < f D cg gD Í+ @@G$b@@ @+&* v@@ @A ib@@ @ E&* u*x~|+ lvpg- É D*H ,xm D* 4bp+ n± *v£ + I&b J ¤~9b´* :H < ,x<b~{D* ¤ gsJ É~z+ pC ¡@@£@D* @@:H ¯ ,x<b~{D* ¡ - fp ~6&°* d~}= bE&* *Hv£~7 `+bs´* ¯ ibs)b~{D* $b~z D " ¶(* h g - ° 5b ´* v + ~6&* *v + ¤GH b@@ @ +*¡@@+&* « ¤@@g@D* ib@@/¡@@´* ~z ¤@@-*¡@@ @ D* x ~{D* @@E dp~z 4bm~7&* v)b~| D* gs- " -b1x~|+ ,x<b~{D* ¡ - f£G*H É C fDb~9 42b £~6 rbc~|D* *wG 5x D* b <2H" q/4&°* ¢ < ¡G £0xD* " b JxE&* ¶(* qc~|- b@@Ev@@ @< @@+ b@@£@ @ D* d@@m@J b@@E b G k D f £pg~zE f@@Eb@@B(°* f£B*¡D* ¡ ~zD* ebcJH É;H 4b.%*

¥x ~z D* e&°b@@A ,x<b~{ D fc~z Db+ }AxJ ¡ A x ~7 D Hv D* ¡ D* ¡G b G @@EH ,b@@£@ ²*H x ~{D*H f@@Ab@@Gx@@D* ¯ f£~z£+&°* ,4b@@ @g@~@6°* w@@G x~{g £~{ D* ¯ 4b DbC v)b~| D* A*v- ¤ A f£ 1*2 ,x<b~{D* v)b~|B ib m D* v~9 b g£~6b~z0 < f-b g~6b+ H&* °b/4 H&* b0bJ4 ¡ - vB f£/4b³* b+b)3 ¯¡1 ~64&* &* rbJxD* ¤ E hc : 8 hEb~|D* d~{ D* rb£g/* h ~6xA 96 ¡ - x1%* b E ¯H ex²* ¶(* dGw- ° D* 1*vD* E h1b~7 D* o4b³* ¯ f g D* 255 8 :¡D* ¡ Â ex²* b-b= ¥4¡1 6¡ £A x~}pg~z µ&b+ v@@E&°* f J¡ D* f£Fb c D* f£ G&°* hcgC v)b~| D* &bCH Ev - µ r*x/H ¯ ,x g~zE hD*5 bE ex²*H &bm E ¯ *ymg¹ ,x<b~{D*H x ~{D*H 4*¡@@±* E 2b@@B $*¡@@< b £pJ @@1*v@@D* ¯ ¤gD* $bG¡~{D* 4bm~7&°b+ f_£ E f+b= f£ £ 0 eb)3 b F&bCH b +b£F&* v ÍgD* ,xm~7 É;" b~}J&* bGx ~7 ¯ ¢ < @@ @ D* fp)*4" " gAx= ¯ " c~}= ¯ b£E" " AxE e&°* o*yE"H " E&* É0bC" f -¡+ ¯ µb D* ~{gJ *w G " x~{D* ib@@Jx@@C3 Í@@+ b@@E © lv@@p@g@- ex@@@ @ @D* e*Æ@@ @ @ =*H < ,vJv< ibc~6b E ¯ 6¡ £A ¢ < f£~| g~z´* f D* 4¡~|B f£ ~8&°* b g D Í+ bE Ìc gD* f D f£~zFx D* f D*H f£+x D* £C" ,x<b~{D* ¡ - f+bg D* " E v@@ @ - µ f@@ @ @ + ¤@@ @ c@ cg~z- &°* f@@£@+x@@ @D* f@@ @ @D*

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

≈ØæŸG ìGôL ,|<f G* zMz/ f-f= ¬4§1 6§¡ªD G

hFbC v@@)b@@~@|@ @D* ibp£ - D " bExD* " b@@Gv@@D*H ¡@@<v@@- ,x@@<b@@~@{@D* £ / b@@@/x@@@D* q@@c@ ~@ 8&* *w@@ @ @GH ¶(* f+¡~z E f£ £c: ,4b g~6* ¡ pJ E g<¡ ¸ ¶(* ~|- 4bm~7&°* v£C&bgDb+ bExD* bCH 4bm~7&°* *¡F&* e&°* bCH v ~}E /4 ¥&° d~6b E "x<b~{D*4¡g £A" zcp+ xE&* v A DwC ¯ bEb< x~{< f£Fb . 6¡ £A £ ~7 µ ¥wD* f£~z D* 9*xE&ÉD ¢ ~{g~zE ¥4¡1 6¡ £A dg - *v+&* E oxsJ c:bs- b F&bCH b-b= f £~}D* fJx D* ¯ 4bm~7&°* ¹ b/xD* pJ 36 8 d~{ D* ¤G $b~z D* hFbCH

f@f@@p@ @ ~@ |@ D* @@ @E $b~}£cD* h g JH" b C @@ ~@ @6&*4 y@@ @ J f + f=b~|E ib C ¤-*$*vF hFbC ¡D f£c /&* " 8*xB" x~zD* f C f~z 1 · 4xÂ . 34 8 "¤g E ~z£D ,x<b~{ D fD¡ : rbg E ¡G " 8*x D*" ¡0 ¡ - ¤gD* eb~{<&°* ¤@@GH b C @@ @~@6*H b@@ @ c@ D ¯ b@@ @ -v@@D*H y@@ @ E ¤@@ @ @JH ORTUS ¡@@ @ @ @G f@@£@ @ £@ -É@@Db@@+ fJ*v+ fJ*vcD* b~}J&* DH x~{D* Â ° ¤gD* f+bg D* fJ*v+H ,b£²* ibcF bEb c~{- ¤gD* b £ < ,x £~zD* ,x £~zD* Â ° b C ¥wD* 8*x D* b~}J&* £ < ¥4Hx~9 ¤@@-*3 Ì~zD* 2x~zD* qc~|J

fJx ~7 i*4b@@ g@ @º *x@@ 1'¡@ @E i4v@@~@@8 6¡ £A ,Ì@@c@ @D* f£Fb c D* ,x<b~{ D b~zFx + 4b £Db= 4*2 < b-b= ¥4¡1 f+x© < fEb< ,x A fBbcD* wG ¤ &* ¡ EH 1997 b< w E ,x<b~{D* ÈC&* w E b JH*H2 x~{ - hFbC ,x<b~{D* ¡£D* v JH bEb< Í@@ @+4&*H f@@ @+4&* E É)bG *ym E ¤´b D* ¥x ~{D* bGym E ~{- ,Ì1&°* v)b~| D* D bc ~{gEH fJx ~{D* b g+x© ¯ b£Db / b E ¡pF bGÌ= E É£E È@@C&* ¤G k£p+ x J f£-*wD* ,Ì~zD* £~8b - Ä~6 -x~{F fD¡ D* < |F ¯ b£ / D3 b@@F*¡@@ @< @@D h@@ @ ~@ 9H 2006 b@@ < ¯ *wG 4x gJ " 8*x D* h£+" b~}Eb= wG + qgg - bE ¡GH rb²(b+ q ~|´* ¤gD* x~zD* f C qc~|JH + i*4bgs´* ¡ - fD¡ ¸ f£~|s~7 b < h ~{ -

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

102

h££A¡~zD* ebg D* 2b«* E i2x:H ¶(* f£-*wD* b -Ì~6 i4x0H f /ÆD* E b ~z F £ - hFbC bBH ¤g££A¡~zD* 2b«°* ¯ hExC *K Ì1&*H ibJ*HxD* dFb/ ix@@ @+H4 b@@ @-4b@@Jy@@+ ¤@@ @ Jx@@E&°* x@@<b@@~@{@D* h@@~@ 6Hx Hx@@A ix@ bGv)b~|B Ä@@< ,x@@<b@@~@{@D* h<b g~6* d@@²* @@~@|@- &* f@@ @£@ @±* eb@@g@ @- ¤@@ g@ @D* x@@<b@@~@@{@@´*H f@@~@{@Gv@@D* @@j@ E Í@@c@ p@ ´* $x@@´* eb@@g@ @- ¤@@g@ D* ¶H&°* f+xmgD* gD 9x gJ b £0 f £ D* d²* x<b~{E bK ~}J&*H d0 f+x© ¥&* ¯ v/¡- ¤gD* bK ~}J&* f£G*x D* x<b~{E ¶(* fAb~9(9(* f@@Ax@@1y@@E f@@ @ DH ¯¡@@~@ 8 @@ @~@7 ¯ ¯ E ,Ì ~8 ib~8b~|B v - bG4b ~7&~7&*H ¥¡ D* kJv²* v²*

101

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

f /H @@E bA¡-¡ 0&* iÄ@@g@ <*H f£ g E ,x<b~7 f£~zC4b´* x D* fJ¡jF&* bG4b A&*H "fJ5*¡/Ä D" x@@~@{@ @D* f@@+¡@@ @ ~@ 8 @@@EH f@@ @ Ab@@ f /x- ¯ h@@<x@@~@ 7 ,v@@J*y@@g@ ´* 4¡=b:H ¡m£G 4¡g £A 4b ~7&* @@ @ ~@ 7¡@@+ ib@@ @ @D'¡@ @E h@@ @~@ @ 642H v D* ¯ h <H ¤ ~zA¡g~62H µH i°b ´* xJx« ¯H ¤+2&°* b@@´* @@E ¤ J b@@E b JvD J E b@@ @ @+* x@@ 0H b@@ @ @ D* H&* f£ Eb±* f@@~@6*4v@@ @D £m~zgD* $*x ~{D* E bG'HbBv~8&* 04H @@E i*x@@ @@E ,v@@ @< ¤@@@G ix@@ @@AH b +* @@m@~@6H b £ < }c D* b@@ @³* ££~}- @@=x@@+H @@£@D 4b@@ @ ~@ 7&°* d@@g@ @ - h@@ @ ; b@@ @ £@ @ < 4b~|0 iv ~7 f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex@@ ²* ¯H bGx~{ -H i&*v+ 194 1940 b< ¯H ¡J 900 ¤ + ¥wD* 2*xm £D x~ x~{ - µH " + H2 E ,v£~|B" fF¡ ´* b -v£~|B x~{ - µH ¤<¡ - + hEbBH 1976 b< ¯ °(* b£~6H4 ¯ ¥x ~z D ¥x ~z D* ¢ ~{´* ¯ 2¡ m D 4b ~7& * ,$*xB ¯ j * 4b A&°* © bG4b ~7& * ib £- i4b~8H f c±*H bK < È@@C&°* ¤ ~z D* x ~{D*H f£~zFbEHxD* ,vJx/ * ~z- f£ :¡D* bG4b ~7&* E } +H ,vJx/ ¶( ¯ bG bGv)b~|B E vJv D* ix~{FH *vA*ÄD* v +H "f m D*" fJx ~{D* f@@£@+2&°* f m´* $b~z $b~z D lvpg- & * b D q ~6 Áb´&°* Hy D* E b Db <&* hcm~7 DH b@@Jw@@´* Ä< ¤< ¤<¡£~{D* ey@@p@ @D f@@Jy@@Cx@@´* f@@ @m@ @D* "¤~6b£~zD* bGv c-H b g£A¡~8" dc~z+

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

É«°ShQ IôYÉ°T ÉaƒJƒªMCG ÉfBG b£ gD*H zJ4b+ ¶(* b .°* gF*H g/Hy- i*¡ ~6 lÉ. v +H f0¡D Jx~{< b D ~64 ¥wD* ·b J(°* b~6xD* Áb£D2¡§ b< ¯H f~8b1 bEyJ4bC E b D b§ b D¡0 £ ±* «H h £+H b D ¥x ~7 *¡J2 H&* $*x ~{D* 2b«* b D x~{F 1912 v D* i°b E E i*x~{ D* h -H bK Jx~6 f)b ~z ³* t~z D* qg g- fcG¡EH ,Ì ~8 ,x<b~{C b g ~6 h E&*H ¤+bmJ(°* E ÈC&* f/3b~zD* bG4b ~7&* f<bc: E ¤G dm g-H f<x~z+ *wG Jx~zD* ¤+2&°* rbm D* b ~z D ¤G B¡g- µH ,xE 13 ÁbjD* b F*¡J2 b gAx= ¯ bG4b ~7&* ¤ s- &* i2bg<* k£0 i*x<b~{D* x ~7&bC b g ~6 z~6&*H 1914 b< x ; fpc~z´* z ~z=&* ¯H bFÆ~6b+ zJ4¡+ hB2b~8H bGx~|< ¯ fJ*v+ ¢ < D2 bE b£~6H4 ¢ < ex²* b£Fb´&* h <&* 1914 b< ,4¡jD*H f£ G&°*H f£´b D* exp D f C*vD* f ~8b D* ." }£+&°* £ D*" kDbjD* b F*¡J2 4b ~7&* Ì~}« ¯ h<x~7H 2¡ ±* 4b~6H oÌc~zg£+ ¯ ,4¡jD* i&*v+ 1917 b< xJ*ÄA ¯H hFbCH *H2x 2¡ ±* ¤Bb+H JxGb g´* ¡ /b J 4b~{D* ¯ $bEH $b+x C H2 E h£ + f Jv´*H f Db gE f£gpgD* f£ cD* H&* b JxE&° } cD* xAH b D¡0 E bG'HbBv~8&* ibEH b :H ,Æ D* - < *K x ~7 ,4x¹ x - µ b DH b+H4H&*

dÉ G ° " d É ° Q – QG dG " G É ° dG dG b /H5 E h - 1918 b< ¯ f£+2&°* b -x ~7 ,H43 ¯H iv A b F&*" ix@@B&* b D ÌÂ2ÉA x<b~{D* E h@@/Hy@@-H dc~z+ ¡ / H&°* b /H5 v ~9* 1921 b< ¯H "b gJx0 :&*H f ~7ÉcD* v~9 h £0 ¤gD* ,xE*'¡´* ¯ ¡<y´* 4H2 v £ J*4 u4'¡ D bK AH x@@1%* bK ~|s~7 61 E 8b~8xD* £ < ~6b gD* DH < ¡ D* ¤C4¡/ £~zCbE d@@J2&°* z gD*H xE&°* bC ¡ D* Í £D £A q E ¥wD* hB¡D* ¡ p+H }A4 x ~{D* f<b / v < x F* *w GH *K x1&bgE ¡ < ¢-&*H w F vB

x~{< ~6bgD* x D* ¯ bA¡-¡ 0&* bF%* f£~6HxD* ,x<b~{D* ivDH ebgC @@G&* E + E ¤@@+2&* i¡~8H f.v¹ ,x<b~7 ¤GH Í+ bE rH*Æ- fJx ~{D* b Db <&*H Jx~{ D* x D* ¯ b£~6H4 f£ £Dbg~zD* ,Æ D* *¡G&* ~|- ¤gD* 4b ~7&°*H ¤)b D* x ~{D* É+ r¡@@~@9¡@@D*H j ´* ¤ :b D* p~{Db+ x@@< b +¡ ~6&*H Íg£~6b~6&* Í-ÆA ¶(* ¤+2&°* b /bgF(* £~z - ÂH 9¡ = 1936 b< E f£FbjD*H 1925 b< ¶(* 1912 b< E ·H&°* Æs- µ f£ £Dbg~zD* fE¡ ²* E f+bBxD* =x+H b -bAH ¢g0 f£~6b£~zD* i°¡pgD* ¢ < ,vGb~7 b£~6H4 ¯ h + + ex D* E 4Hv- ¤gD* l*v@@0&°* dBx-H v cDb+ h´&* ¤gD* f ~8b D* EyD* ¡0 b -ÉE&b- ¡0 4Hv- f£~6b~6&°* bG4b A&*H b D¡0 b£~6H4 ¯ ,b£²* ¯ b gA2b~8 ¤gD* ib+¡ ~|D*H ,x@@C*w@@D*H ex²* &* b§ ,42bF b -b£0 ¡0 f£~6b~6&°* ibE¡ ´*H ÍDbg~6 hFb< i*2¡~z´* E vJv D* xE2 ¥4bg£D¡gD* b D*H ,4¡jD*H H&* ~{+ *¡Fb< b )b+xB&* E H ~z gD* E f J¡: ,Æ D 2¡~6&°* xpcD* $b £E exB bG2É£E bCH ib ~zD* E x1%b+ {g£A¡F¡gF&* ¥*4v@@F&* ¢<vJ ¥xp+ 6v E e&° b~zJ2H&* ¯ b -x~6&* E v0&* g J µH f £cF ¡~8&* E ¤GH bF%* b -vD*HH bK ~}J&* b JH x ~{D* 9x - hFbC b -b < Iv0(* DH x ~{Db+ ¶(* b -x~6&* h gF*H b1 y£ / ~zF E bG2*v/&* v0&* (* bGx ~7 ¯ v + hFbC b £0 oÌc~6Æ£+ hFb~6 exB b E exB f~64vE ¯ h - ¤ J b§ hc~7 b £0H x~{< ¥2b²* b E &*v+ x ~{D* DH ¡Fb D* h~642 v + b £A . ££C ¢-&* b Eb D(*H bG4b ~7&* ix~{F k£0 ,x~{< fJ2b²* ~6 w E bK ~}J&* b g1&*H ÍJyExD*H Í~6*4 Í/H Í ~7¡+ 4v ~z D&* E *K xE&* v)b~| D* x~{F Äg<* bGvD*H DH x ~{D* 9x - hFbC b -v/ ~6* iw@@1&* *w@@DH ib£g D f~8b1 "bK EÆ¹" z£D x<b~{Db+ h gD*H bG4b ~7&* + 4x« ¤C bA¡-¡ 0&* ¥ÆgD* b m~7 ¥wD*H 1903 b< £ E¡/ ¥°¡ £F ~zD* Ì ~|D* fJx ~7 bK ~8¡~|F ix~{F zJHÌ~6 g £p~8 ¯H f+bg D* ¢ < oÄ~6Æ£+ hFb~6 ¯ f£ D* x)*HvD* ¯ ix g~7* bE b<x~6H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

100

b ~6bcD*H £Ab~zD* 5H bK Evsg~zE bGbJ(* bK C4b- x cD* v)b~|B f+bgC &*vg+* f ´*H f J¡ D* È D* v)b~|B ¶(* Q 6bE¡- 1 ¡ Jb Db+ $b gF* bK Fb£0&* ,xC*wDb+ ¡ p´* Jx: xEHÆ~zFx « hFbC ¤gD*H l*v0&°b+ ,xEb D* bE @@z@/*¡@@ @D*H @@ @ @D*H f@@Dy@@ @D* @@E ¤@@<*v@@+(* |F f<b ~|D bK £AbC b@@C ¢ < f )b D* f g´* f D* @@E*¡@@B x~8b <H £j D* i*$*x D* Hyº f~{ S ´* b -b )b + f Jv~|D* f £c D* E f_~7b D* f@@£@ @1*v@@D* b@@ @£@~@6¡@@´*H f ²* f~64b ´*H ,H4w@@ D* 6b~z0(°* e&°* eb@@£@= w E x ; ¥w@@ D* x@@ @ @D*H $K b gF*H f@@~@64v@@´* ¢g0 Ì D* ¤@@²*H C4b~{£D "b :" ¯ ~z< x ~7 )b~} + < v@@£@ @+ b@@Jw@@G f@@Db@@p@C @@ @ ±* @@E Í´b< Í+ bK )bG x ~{gD ¢g0 ¡D&b´* Db£1 ¶¡@@£@G I¡@@~@6 b £+ ~| J ° i*w@@D* E D%bgD*H 8b³* ¥x ~{D* f g E ,v£~| D* ¤-&bgD

Éμ

É G" É É û dG QÉ É G

° dG

E&* v/ c0&* E E D%bgD* i*w+ n~z J &* b g~6* x ~{D* 0bg´* cgC g A*4 ¤gD* g/H5 E fg+bjD* gBÉ< vJxJ b§ - hFbCH EbJ&* x1%* ¢g0 ¤gD* f £ ~zD* -b£0 ¢ < ¤ ~}-H D¡B ¡ J &* ¢ < *K y@@/b@@< ~9xE h / U bK )b< ¢ < f Eb D* f jDb+ ~z F bK ~{ E z D* i*w+ ~z F oÉ<

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

f£+2&°* gJ¡.*v0 hF¡ < ¤gD* f D* bE *w@@GH f@@J2x@@ @D* f+xmgD* h <H f 0x´* ¯ bK £+bc~9 HvcJ JvD* / ¢g0 $b@@ @ ³* ex@@ @ - f@@/4v@@D ¶H&°* ¯ bK 0° cgC bE hE5° ¤gD* f D* 4¡p g- 4¡~|D*H i°b£³* E nJyE £ ~{D* ¤ D(°* 4¡ D* fJyCxE ¡0 ,v£~| D* ix@@.&b@- b £~6¡´* 4¡~}p+H f J¡ D* lÉ@@j@ D* v@@)b@@~@|@B i$b@@m@ A b EH ¤ £~6¡´* b ~6bcD* dDbB ¢ < "f +4&°* ib/°y´*" ,v£~|B i$b@@/ q~9*H 6b F* < ,4bc< hFbC ¤gD* z F « ¤gD* f£ £~6¡´* f<¡ D k£Ev £G 4b £~6¡ D *¡ D* ¡pF f J¡ D* v)b~| D* @@E ÉK g E ,Ì~| D* ib<¡ ´* i*3 v)b~| D* i&*v@@+ ~9xE v + ¡ Jb D ex@@ B&°* v@@0*¡@@D* z S D* ¢p E w@@1&b@- @@ @±* ,4¡~|D*H ,x Db+ ´* *y@@g@ 1°*H r¡~9¡D* ,2b0 i*2x §H ,x~7bc´*

"QÉ dG

dG ° " dG °ûdG É É

~zQgJ ¥wD*H a2b D* 3É´* y ´* ¤gD* cg DH 8b³* )b~} DH D &* v + -b£E¡J E *K $y@@/ iv= E bK ~z : ibcg ´* 2b@@£@-4* 4b~8 2xQ -H f )*vD*H f~8b³* ~6¡ : 4b ~|D* b@@ @+x@@ @J ° i*4b@@£@ g@ 1b@@+ "*v D¡+ 2b ~{g~6*" ebgC ¡ £D bG&*xB ¤gD* dg D* H&* k£0 ¢~zB&°* ¤G hFbC fM +xmg+H ¤~9x´* @@6*¡@@~@6¡@@D* £ < x £~6 h@@D¡@@«H bK @ @£@A4 b £~6¡´* h@@Fb@@C $b +(° f@@£@G*H fm0 ¶(* ,$*x@@ @ D* &* b g~6* gAx= ¯ bK £Q 0 $¡~}D* ²* Í+ bE ¤G*¡D* ³* *3 1vJ £A v@@0¡@@g@D* v@@0 ~{Jb JH f £ ²*H FQ &bCH bGv + g£~|s~7 µb E Q ~{ggD ib~6¡ D* E x Q 2vpg- ¤gD* ¶H&°* ,Æ D* fD¡ D*" &* Hb0&* bF2¡/¡D G&°* qEÉ´* b £A ¶(* °K ¡~8H Æ@@1&* &* Hb@@0&* x@@CQ w@@-&* :b ´* - ¶(* ¡~8¡D* D b G ¤ p ÂH Ì@@ @ 1H d@@ @~@8 f £j D* -*3 i¡@@´* E h+ÆB* ¤ F&* 4¡ ~{D* *wG °K ¡pF dFw´* +3 2*2yJ v g+&* f 1 È@@ @C&°*H ¡@@ @:&°* x@@ @ D* ¡@@G ."bK <b~z-* ÈC&°* DwC DH "§ Mf¤G*" §tI vK~¡G* bK E f+bg D* ¡pF b 1 fp~9*H fM £-*w+ ib£ ´* b £A y£ g- ¤@@g@D* f£ D* $b D(b+ *K 4¡ » H&°* /bgF Hvc£D D¡0 f£ £ ²*H ²* Í+ ~8b D* ³* Ì ~9 ¶(* g£Q -*3 ÉK £¹O hB¡D* @@EH h Q ~7 b £+ f0b~zE ³ d@@)b@@=

fM* H ¢ f¡J

:"É*|- mfM|F3" ¥-Ô 6 ifkF · |HKÎ I*|- 6fH§-

á≤«≤◊Gh º∏◊G ÚH π°UÉØdG §ÿG AÉ¨dEG dÉ° dG É G d

É°

d É °

° G 2011

É°û d Q °

G °

° d G G dÉ μd É G °û dG dG ° G ° dG É°ûdG Gμ d É É É G G GÉ ° Q d dG É°û d dG ° dG É μdG " G dG G É ° É ° 2015 É dG É μ d É dG dG

¤ + @@F&* f/4vD bK £ :b< E dJx D* fAx= ¯ @@D f£gJ5 ,4¡@@~@|@+ bK g¹ DH . ¡J C f£pgD* £ < ¤ J E¡F bGv +H i*x~{²*H fJ¡£²* 0bg´b+ b £A h ~7 ¤gD* b£A*x ±*H tJ4bgDb+ ·¡ D* 0 ¯ fB4bA fEÉ< b£ JxA(* ¯H @@+ f~8b1 fM 04 Ä< b Ab~{gCb+ 4¡ cg- f£+2&°* D¡£E i&*v+ f G*x´* ~6 v + ¤ £-ÉD* e2&°b@@+ DH ¢ < fK £ cE + x.&b-H Ãv D* x ~{D* ¢ < <É:* fJx ~{D* f.*v²* ¶(* bGv + BÉ F*H ¯ *x@@J e&M *H f@@ @Eb@@<H f Q E &X * @@E hFbC f@@£@+Q x@@E @@EH @@ @A ibc~6b ´* f£F¡-x D* b -bE¡~6x+ @@Eb@@J&* @@A*x@@ 8b³* ´b< ¶(* ~6xD* h 12&* ¤gD* b FH2 bEH f ~6¡g´* ¶(* exB&* f c +H E f@@+x@@ @D* @@E Ìj + gD¡ : @@7b@@< fK ~8b1 -bEb gG*H Í £p´* 2°H&°* E / ¥wD* ¤ D* 64Q v´* 2¡/¡+ bK £ £-H4 bK +b < f~64v´* ,b£²* Í+ f ~8b D* 2Hv²* JvD i&b~{F l¡S g- ° ¤@@C f@@~@ 64v@@´*H f@@£@<b@@ @g@/°* k£0 o4b³* d)*¡~{+ f~8b³* -b£0

y@@)*¡@@±* £ / ¢@@ @< ~|0 2003 Hv@@D* b p ¤@@g@ D* f@@ @ @´* f@@£@@+2&°* f@@£@+4H&* y@@)*¡@@/ ,v@@<H f£AbFv ~6(°* ¤cGwD* £ C(°* 1981 4*Æ+ Ix1&* 2011 e*2%ÉD +¡F 2003 j J*|¼*K jG§ G* Õ+ fH bF4b <&* E x ~8&* b F&* x ~{F bE bK )*2" ¤@N @G¡@@/H ¤@@ @ 1*v@@+ @@ @ 0&* f@@£@ @£@ @²* ¥¡@@p@J ,x@@m@ ~@ 7 w@@ / @@j@ E ,x@@Cb@@c@@D* ."bF&*" ¡G ¡/¡D* wG ¡ ¸H -b 0 Ì@@ 1&°* ¤@@ @/H Ì@@= ,%*x@@ @´* x~|c- ° " £ < f +b~zD* - bF&* x<&* b £+ ¤~6b£~zD* m E E fJ5*¡gE fBÉ + ¥2b@@Ex@@D* ¡@@ @D* gpJ ° b@@C ¥w@@D* v~9 H&* E h@@F&* bE(bA *K Hv@@< 4bcg<*H bE bK Bv~8 ÈC&°*H q~9*¡D* B¡§H x gG ¡ J &* 4bg1* f G*x´*H fD¡ D* Í+ $b +&* < g£c)*x= bK )vgcE fJ5b D ° fJ2b£g<°* fD¡ D* < *K v£ +H £/ $*x ~8 *4H&* ¢ < ~6xDb+ &*v@@+ k£0 v/ b + ¤@@-&b@ J b@@C fDb cDb+ f~8b1

É μdG" " G É Q

" G

,|FfgG* «J§/K « 1*z+ 0& * Q µ¡ C¡g~6 f@@ @ Jv@@E ¯ x@@<b@@~@ {@ D* v@@ DH b@@ @g@ @Eb@@/ @@ E ox@@s@@- 1931 b@@ @< 1956 b@@< z D* < 8b~|g1b+ l*v0&°* ¡m~6 ¯ ~8b~|g1b+ <H 9*xE&°* ¥H3H i*4vs´* ¤ EvE EH g+b~8(* ¢g0 f£~| g~z´* f£~z D* Íg~zD* 2É£E v£< ¯ f£=bE2 f m+ Jx~{ D* x@@ @D* @@E ib£ £ ~zgD* ¯ ¢ <H D* ¢ < @@-4v@@B v A k£0 DH ¤ £c: ~{+ ¢ £D* vJ Jx« f+bg D* Q g+ vJv±* ~9¡D* E £Q 5b< 4bcg<b+ Ix~z£D* v£Db+ y D*H ¶(* b~9&* F¡ D fK Ab~9(* *K xGbE ¡Fb£+ 4b ~7&* E f£´b D* f /ÆD* fcg E bjE&* Í£~zFx D* f£DbJx~zD* f~64v´* ¡Jx+ J4vF&* ,x~{< fjDbjD* ~z+ fJx ~{D* -b+bgC &*v+ x~{< ¤ . f£<*v+(°* -Ì~zE Ä< *K ym E bC" @@F&* =x+ bK @JÈ@@FH bK Jx ~7 bK +bgC D¡B v0 ¢ < " g£/bgF(* f + bK AHx E b< f£+x D* fcg ´* -b D'¡E h@@ @12

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

±ô©j …òdG ,QÉé°T’G πNGO √É«ŸG §¨°V ƒg ¿ƒμj ÉÃQ "AÓàe’G §¨°V" º°SÉH Ö°SÉæàjh ,ƒØ¨J ¿C’ QÉé°TC’G ™aój Ée ™e Ék jOôW QÉé°TC’G πNGO √É«ŸG §¨°V É¡Yhôa ∫GóàYG

4bm~7°* 1*2 b£´* ~9 9b sF* &b+ D3 $b D* x~zA turgor pressure) "$ÉgE°* ~9" ~6b+ x J ¥wD* ~9 d~6b gJH ¡ - &° 4bm~7&°* AvJ bE ¡G ¡ J b§4 vJyJ bEv < b <HxA *vg<* E bK J2x: 4bm~7&°* 1*2 b£´* ~6&° ¶vg- } s J bEv <H fDvg E Hx D* d~|g Hx D* ¡ ~6 4*v E 2*5 9b sF°* 4*v E 2*5 b CH ¢ ~zJ b§ ¡ - bE¡ < ib-bc D*H 4bm~7&°* &* bK £ / F ¤GH photosynthesis) "¤)¡~}D* £j gD*" f£ < E fBb D* 4bm~7&°*H ib-bc D* b £A vsg~z- ¤gD* f£ D* b -b£² 5ÉD* 2¡B¡D* H&* x ~zD* f<b ~8 ¯ z ~{D* $¡~9 ib-bc D* 1v- £ D* ¯ z ~{D* $¡~9 xA¡gJ ° bEv <H DwD $b1Æ~6°*H f0*xD* E ,ÆA ¯ 4bm~7&°* ¢g0H £ D* $b .&* bK £Db< -x- ° "°¡£gcD*" xm~7 *4H&*H HxA (bA x~{- ¢g0 ¤1Æ~z- b gBb D *K ÌA¡-H D3 E °K v+ b D vJv/ E z ~{D* ¤ ¼* h)f G* £K4*2 ~G4f 7 4b D* É@@1 b -Ég+ qg - 4¡GyDbA bK £ Jv+ @@D3 HvcJ $b < 642 vBH ÉK £D b - . z ~{D* $¡~9 c g~zgD ib-bc D f£E¡£D* ,4HvD* ¡~9¡E ~6*H b F ¢ < ibc D* " H4*2 yD4b~{-" b@@CH cB E f£E¡£D* b -b£0 b J(* H&* E H&* 1882 1809 54bcD* Áb JÄD* $b£0&°* µb< ,4Hv+ bK £E¡J x ib-bc D* &* 1880 b< x1*H&* ¯ ~{gC* ¡ D* E ¤gD* ¶H&°* ,x@@´* b F&* ¯ ,vJv±* f~6*4vD* f£ G&* -H $¡~9 ¢AH ÉK £D b - b~}J&* 4bm~7&°* &* ¡j0bcD* b £A 0ÉJ 4bm~7&°* E Ix1&* *¡F&* f~6*42 $b D Â n)bg D* wG ° &* .b» ¡pF ¢ < x~|g- hFbC *3(* bE 4bcg1° f~6*4vD* wG (bA "yÂb- -" B¡E 4x¹ dgC b c~z0H bEv < bK m£m~9 lvpF &* cB Í-xE x F b © ¡~6 f )bF 4bm~7&* E ex Db+ ÉK £D £sF

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

É`` Ÿ Ék ` ` ` ≤` ` ` Ñ` ` ` Wh á``jQhO ¬Jô°ûf Ωƒ`` ∏` Y ¥ÉaBG" óLh ,"äÉÑædG ¿CG AÉ`` ` ª` ` `∏` ` `©` ` `dG Iôé°ûdG ´hô`` a πØ°SC’ ¤óàJ π`` ` ` «` ` ` `∏` ` ` `dG ‘ 10 ‹Gƒ`` ` ` ë` ` ` ` H ,äGÎ``ª`«`à`æ`°`S ´hôØdG π°üJh ≈`` ` ` ` ` ` fOCG ¤EG É`` ` ` ¡` ` ` `©` ` ` `bGƒ`` ` ` e ¥hô`` ` °` ` `T π`` ` Ñ` ` `b ™°†ÑH ¢ùª°ûdG º``K ,äÉ`` `YÉ`` `°` ` S ¤EG Oƒ`` ` ` ` ©` ` ` ` `J É`` ` ` ¡` ` ` `©` ` ` `bGƒ`` ` ` e á`` ` ` dó`` ` ` à` ` ` `©` ` ` `ŸG á`` `Ñ` ` °` ` ü` ` à` ` æ` ` ŸG ¿ƒ`` `°` ` †` ` Z ‘ á∏«∏b äÉYÉ°S ¥hô`` ` ` °` ` ` `T ø`` ` ` ` `e ¢`` ` ` `ù` ` ` ` ª` ` ` ` °` ` ` ` û` ` ` ` dG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

b~zย ย Db+ 4y@@ยฃ@ย @D* ib@@~@6b@@ยฃ@B ย @@ย @F vย ย E ย @@E "xJยกcmย ยฃA lยกp+ yCxEH "ย ยก-ยฐb+" vย ย E ย E "ยขย ~zย ยฃย J5 6bJ4vF&*"H fJxmยด* ย ยกย ย D* fยฃร 2bC&ยฐ ย +bgD* bยฃ/ยกDยกย J(ยฐ* i*ร ย - f@@J&* ย cggD 4yยฃย D* $ยก~9 ibp~6bE $bย ย ย D* ย vsg~6* 4bm~7&* ยคGH birch) "ยฐยกยฃgcD*" 4bm~7&* ย ย ~7 ยขย < &*xย eHx= ร + ,ร ย D* ย ร @@1 ย @@D3H fยฃFbc~}ย D* fย ยฃ~|ย D* ย E ยฏ bK ยฃ)ยก~9 bK p~6bE x~{< v0&* *ยกEvsg~6*H bย BHx~7H zย ~{D* v~84 ย /&* ย EH b~zย ย D* ยฏ bK p~6bE ร ย c~6H fย c~6H *vย ย ย A ร + fย ~8bย D* ,ร ย D* hFbC ย EyD* 4HxE ย E 4bm~7&ยฐ* fCx0 ย )bB2 x~{< ร -4ยก~8 ย C ย &* $bย ย ย D* v/H "ibcย D* ย ยกย < ย bA%*" fJ4H2 ย -x~{F bยด bK ย c:H i*ร ย ยฃgย ~6 10 ยท*ยกp+ ย ยฃย D* ยฏ ย ย ~6&ยฐ ยถvg- ,xm~{D* ย HxA ย ~}c+ zย ~{D* ย Hx~7 ย cB bย ย B*ยกE ยขF2&* ยถ(* ย Hxย D* ย ~|-H ย ยก~}= ยฏ fc~|gย ยด* fDvgย ยด* bย ย B*ยกE ยถ(* 2ยกย - ย . ib<b~6 zย ~{D* ย Hx~7 ย E fย ยฃย B ib<b~6 "ย D3 fยฃย G&* bEH "*3bยด ย ย D

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* ย ย CCCย CCCCCCCCย ย CC=&*

Frontiers) "ibcย D* ย ยกย < ย bA%*" f@@J4H2 ย -x~{F bยด bK ย c: 10.3389 ย B4 ย +b~zD* bG2v< ยฏ in Plant Science ร g+xยฉ ย ยกj0b+ Ix@@/&* ย 2016 x@@J*ร @@A 29 ยฏ 42b~|D*

b~zย ย D* ยฏ f@@ยฃ@Fb@@j@D*H *vย ย ย A ยฏ b@@ย @ G*v@@0(* ร gย ~|ย ย E 4H2 ยฅ&* ย bcย ย J ยฐ ย Bยกยด*H zย ย D* ยคย Eb< ย &* ย E *HvC&bgยฃD ยขย <H f0*xD* ย E i*ร ย + ย gย g- 4bm~7&ยฐ* hFbC *3(* bย ยฃA ยฏ bgJx/&* bย ย F* ยฐ(* ร g+xmgD* ย BยกE ย ร g1* ย E ย =xD* bK cJxย - fย .bย gE ย Hx; ยขAH ย ~zย F hBยกD* fJxmยด* ย ยกย ย D* fยฃร 2bC&*H fJvย ย ย ย D* lยกpcD* f~z~6'ยกE hDยกE ย E fย c~6 ย ~9 ย JxA ย + ย bBH ร Eb< ย xย g~6* ยฅwD* kpcD* ย E "ร Fยก-ยก+ ยกgJ(*" ย G xmยด*H b~zย ย D*H *vย ย ย A ย E ร j0bcD* fยฃFbย ยด* bยฃA*xย ยฑ* lยกp+ vย ย EH vย + ย < 4bย ~{g~6ยฐ* vย ย E vJxย -ยก/" "yJ*x+ ย bยฃg~zJxC" fJvย ย ย ย D* f0b~zยด* f_ยฃGH ย ~zB ย E "xย JbA ix+4ยกF"H "x~zยฃA ย -4bE" "x/ร DvFbE yCxEH "ร A" fย Ebm+ fยฃ/ยกDยกยฃยฑ* ibEยกย ย ยด*H bยฃ~zJ2ยกยฃยฑ* ย -4bE" b~zย ย Db+ fยฃ)bยด* 24*ยก@@ยด*H ยค~9*4&ยฐ* v~84 ibEยกย ย E

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

k ` ` ` `«`d ΩÉæJ Ék °†jCG QÉé`` °TC’G ..º`` ©f Ó É dG d QG

É G É

É dG GÉ

É ° dd

G dG É É ° É Q É É G É dG É QÉ ° G G É ° dG É É dG dG QÉ dG É G G É ÉμdG °û dG É

QÉ ° G G G° d É É G É QÉ ° G G ° dÉ G d É É°û G dG É°û dG É É°û

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

dG °T á j G h ô « ≤ á L Gk ó ŸG ÉH áÄ«∏e ácƒÑë H û ° μ çGóMC’ òY æa π Hòéj Ü ™à‡ » , ∂ H h ≤ S ° ƒ ô I O Vô©J É¡«a ¢ G d ô h G gôŸG F » ¢ù◊G ∞

Jx1%b+ A 4Hv+ ¡G ¥vD*H ¡ J °&* ·b+ ~{J bE "bK 0 f ~{´* ¶(* ¡ ~64&* < gsJ µ @@F(* k£p+ + 0 bE £ / *¡FbC b ~z F i*v g ´* bK £ / JvD hFbC v D 2v J x ~8 b E < Ég1* ¥&* &* Hv g J Íc~| gE 4¡E&* ~6b+ ¡ gB v D Í ~{gE £ / *¡FbC . EH ,4¡jD* 4Hv+ ¡G ¡ J ° *K 3(* *3b A b + E'¡J bK ~}J&* ¡G bC f~6v E bC&* "b + ¡ Eb< ¤gD* b ~z F f Jx Db+ Jx1%* E x~| ¡Ev<&* E f £: E ¤+&* ,v < ¡ D b DH&* b~zD ¢ < É£E 0x: ¥wD* *'¡~zD* *wG +H |s~7 ¥&* J¡s- *K v/ ~zD* A f£~6b£~zD* ,b£²* qc~|J v@@BH v@@~@9 ¶(* qDb~8 @@E @@J5*¡@@´* d - f:b~z+ £p±* ¡G *wGH 2É/ f£p~}D* fJ*HxD* wG ¯ fJb D b +xJ &* *xJvF¡C É£E b g~6* v D &* H2 b FbG3&* ¯ 4Hv- vB ¤gD* 4b A&°* E vJv D* rx: v A É D* ¯ f +b D* z/*¡ D* ¢ < $¡~}D* /H bK Eb b + F ,x)b: ¢ < b 0 b + ÈC&* gD*H b D ib gD°* ¶(* bFÄ/&*H < E b + ¢E4H f E b D ~9HH Æ+¡ G

M ¥4¡ ~7 ° ~{+ H&°* 4¡p´b+ b +4H eb½(°* ,x A rx: v D ¤ 1 e¡Cb/ b~zD ¢ < bBH ¡ D* £ g~6&* ° ¤ F&* ¡G v0*H xE&* E °(* *K vC&bgE h~zD" ." +b½(* ¯ d=4&* ¤ F(*H )*4 )bC b~zF(°* (* ¡.¡+ b J5H4 ix ~7 bEv A fJb Db+ bF%b/bA *xJvF¡C É£E F(* fD¡ ~6 +H i4x@@B ,b£²* ¢ E h AH ¤ £ ²* d²b+ b c-bC b D $b~{JH gc D d J 4v D* Q D Í ±* < $b g~6°* &b ³* Jx: < i¡´* g» ¤ A ~{+ fC¡cp´* l*v0&°b+ f_£ E *K v/ f £~7 fJ*HxD* z²* Gx´* ¤)*HxD* b £A 9x - ,¡ + +wmJ ew< 2x~6H E fD¡cm´* z D* - ¯ f£ ³* ib<*y D* ~8H ¯ £ D* ¯ -b+b~z0 v£ - © ibB4b E ,v@@<H ib~}Bb - ,v< g )*4H *xJvF¡C É£E @@F(* 4*H2&°* vJv« v£ gD ,b£²* &* *2¡D* zDbA

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

q ~zE 64b0 jE b <¡F bC b £C fJxs~zD* &b+ bK )*2 v g 1v- &* vJx- ¥wD* ebcD* D3 b c g~zE eb+ ¯ B*H ." ¡1vD* E b Â . fcJxE Í + 64b²* b ~|p g£A fBv+ É£E b ~6xJ ¤gD* f £ D* f£~z D* £~8b gD* wG (* ¯ f £ ±* d£/b<&°* Iv0(* fJ*HxD* E © fJ*HxD* wG ¯ ¤~z D* e2&°* µb< ,4wcD* wG ¡G £ D* < bGy£Â bE C &* ix ~7 v D" &* v g - b F&° /xD* fJ¡G i2v@@0 v D "b c+ f <Ä´* £pg~z´* E Ix- hFbC b F&* f/42 ¶(* 6v E $¤~7 fE¡E&°* ¢ < bK )bB J µ b gB* ¡GH x g« /4 ¶(* bGHy - &* bG2bB D* 2Hv0 5HbmgJ *x~7(* ¢ < + ¤ E Ì HxJ /4 E °(* « &* bK » bC bE F&b+ f<b B ¶(* *wGH fJx~{cD* z D* &* v½ b G E + dm -H 4v - b D ¯ ¢g0 x.'¡- vBH b -b£0 ¯ *K ÌcC *K 4H2 d - É£E *xJ bE ¥2'¡JH x~zJO H f~6É~z+ Jx: ¯ ¤~{ £D ¥¡ ´* )b~z D rb ~zD* *wG 2v« E ¤G É£E µb< ¯ ,&*x´bA eb~|1(°* ¯ g E vC'¡J *w + ¡ A d²* E ²* bc-4* ,x A É£E rx J

µb< &* IxF b G EH v~z±*H d²* Í+ ,v£:¡D* fBÉ D* ,Ì D* + -bB ¥4bF H&* ¥2bE4 ¶(* ¡pgJ vB ¥24¡D* ,&*x´* ebc~9 < lvpgD*H z D* µb< ¯ {c D* É£E z J µ ¡cD* 5b< IxF 3(* d²*H fc=xD* Í+ ibBy gD*H ,¡ ~{D* 4*x~8(°* c~6 < )b³* /xD* ,x A ex~}J F(* ¤g/H5 d@@0O&* bF&* fc£_C ,Ä + bK AÆ E 5b D* bB" b G A < 6b D* E ym J ¥w@@D* ¤~z ±* y D* 2b@@C&* ÉA bGÌ= $b~zF ¡pF f ² C ¯ ¤ AvJ bE $¤~7 w -H fc£G4 ,¡B b E ¤ <y - ¢g0 G*v0(* ¢ < ~|0&* b D ¤cQ 0 © ,vJv/ fFb£1 CH "É£EbC" 4*¡@@/ ¶(* ¤+ ;b gJ fJ*HxD* wG ¯ *xJvF¡C É£E £ < g~7* ¥wD* ÁbjD* 4¡p´* f )b~7 f@@J*H4 b / b» ,4¡jD* ib~z+ÉE < kJv²* ¡G bGvD*H < b DH&* hD&b~6 bEv A ,x D* fc£m< f £B i*3H ¤ F ¤+&* bC b/xD* E ¡F ¥&* E e¡Cb/ bJ ~}A E

á`` «` `Ø` `jô`` dG IÉ`` `à` ` Ø` ` dG É`` ` `æ` ` ` jRhQ ,Ió`` ` ≤` ` `©` ` `ŸGh á`` £` `«` `°` `ù` `Ñ` `dG á`` `≤` ` Jƒ`` `H ‘ É`` `æ` ` ©` ` °` ` †` ` à` ` d É¡H »°û“ »``à`dG Iô``μ`Ø`dG hó``¨` à` d á`` «` ` Ø` `jô`` dG IÉ`` `à` ` Ø` ` dG ∑É`` æ` `¡` à ,á`` ` æ` ` `jó`` ` e IÉ`` ` à` ` à IOQÉ`` ` H Üô`` ` `Mh ‹RCG √ô`` ` c á`` ` «` ` Ø` ` jô`` ` dG IÉ`` ` ` à` ` ` `Ø` ` ` `dG Ú`` ` ` ` H É`è π`` `ch á``æ` jó``ŸG IÉ`` à` àh ¿ó``ŸG ™``ª`à`› É``¡`d ¬``∏`ã`Á

« ¤gD* b J5H4 f+5b D* f£ JxD* ,bg D* ¡GH H&°* 4¡p´* ¡G 4Hv@@ + ¥w@@D* b £ C Ì ~{D* ¡@@c@D* 5b@@ <H bK £ / É£EbC b -b£~|s~7H fJ*HxD* wG ¯ Æ~{´* ~6b D* Í+H /&* E D* Æ- &* h ~}A ¤gD* f -b D* g/H5 f jD* jÂ ¥wD* d D* d£c: ¤ JxE&°* /xD* £ -x+

¡ A ¡1 H2 ,xEb E C 4b = ¯ 9¡³*H z Db+ Í+H /*¡- f ~{E ¥&* E oxsJ £C bK Eb x J 4b A&°* d0b~8 4*¡@@:&°* dJx D* bgJx ~6 d£c D* fJ*HxD* ¯ ÁbjD* 4¡p´* ~{J 4Hv+ ¡G ¥wD* fc£m D* ¤<¡£~{D* ¤~zC4b´* /xD* Í+ Æ~{´* ~6b D* ¡GH A $*x/ ,x~z ´* f£~|s~{D* d0b~8 e¡Cb/

E h /H f£ ´* x@@:&°* @@CO £A hs ~6 ,4¡@@. bC v A Ì= 4b£1 Â ° ¥Ä/ ~{+ bK F5*¡gE b C -b»H -b£0 ¯ bK pgE mJ bE v£+ pJ bE w E ¤ E Q ; 45&°* 8x D* *wG (*" ¡ J ¤gD* f ~zD* v cA f ~6 ,x~{< z 1 ¢ < ¡+xJ ¡G v@@0*H $¤~{+ h gB* m~zD* ¯ b g£~}E&* wG ¤ A -¡E ¯ « E bK £gE $x´* ¡ J &* ." ~zD* ¶(* f/b0 ¯ ¡ F ¢gE ¥4vF ° 2ÉcD* bGx < E f +b~zD* ¯ ¤GH bG¡+&* v@@<O&* ¤gD* ,bg D* b DH&*

J µ b gJb<4 4xB Jv~8 bC e¡Cb/ ,4¡jD* fFb£1 f g+ ibG*xC(°* E ,4xpg´* ,¡+&°* E ¡ D* *w D ew½*H 2°H&* D $b~z D* E ¤G b@@ @DH&* gc£+4 bG¡<vJ b@@C ~z F f£ ~zgDH {£ J |s~7 Íg£~|s~7 ¶(* *K v < ~| - ¤-*¡ D* ibJx~| D* dB*xJ x1%*H f £~zcD* f£ JxD* ,bg D* b J5Hx+ j g´* H&°* 4¡p D 2¡ F f£ JxD* ,bg D* b + ¤~{ ¤gD* ,x D* f -¡+ ¯ b ~}gD ,v ´*H ,bg D* Í+ ,24b@@+ ex@@0H ·5&* x@@C b A f JvE ,bgA Hv gD « ¤G v´* g¸ b D jÂ bE CH f Jv´* ,bgAH f£ JxD* fFbG(°b+ b Gb© x ~{- ¤gD* f:b~zcD*H ,¡~z Db+ ´* b ±* v0*H %b+ x D*H d²* b ~z F ¯ vDQ HO e4b~}g´* 4¡ ~{D* *wG - ¤gD* f£Fv ´* b£´* wG E b ~{g J ¥wD* d²* < kpc vBH b pg~z- b F&b+ Ix-H f gº ,b£p+ q - f~9x C b + b pg~z- ° hFbC v A gD* x - ¤G" 24b~zD* b~zD ¢ < É£E ¡ J

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

E ,Ì0 ¯ *xJvF¡C É£E mJ Ix0&°* ¢ < + v£±* xE&°* ¡ g J c~}Db+ ¿ ¥&* ¶(*H gJ¡G vJv« ¯ xE&* z D* (* ~{g gD fc£G4 f g§ ,$*x D* v£ O- mJ ¥wD* fD¡ ~z+ O- &* E *K v£ - ÈC&*H fcJx= fJx~{cD* ¢ < fD¡ cD* 5¡g-H 8bs~7&* ,v< Í+ fJ*HxD* l*v0&* 4Hv b < .vpgD x: ¢ < w1&b- f£~|s~7 C ib£~|s~{D* C 1*2 ¯ f<*Ä+ ib£~|s~{D* ~6xJ &* fJ*HxD* wG ¯ É£E b g~6* v0*H %b+ f +xEH fg EO 4Hb¹ ,v< ¡0 fJ*HxD* l*v0&* 4Hv-

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

bE bc g~6° a4b@@ @D* z£~6b0&* c - f+É³* fJ*vcD* w@@G ,Ì D* ¡@@GH x ~8&°* ,b@@£@²* *¡@@ D&* ¤@@G *¡@@D&°b@@A ¡ £~6 f£Fv ´* b£´* bE&* i¡´*H e*ÆD* ¡D ¤ cD*H ~{ D* x 0&°*H fJ4*x g~6°* b@@©b@@+ lb@@ @ O @D*H ¤ :b D* @@Av@@D* q ¤gD* $*x=(°b+ ¤0¡J ¥wD* £ ±* ¥2*¡D* eb½(°* ¯ ,v~zmg´* fJx~{cD* z D* d D* f ~zD&* E ¡ + b¹ *wG CO ¥2b´* O b£0&°* } + ¯ f /b´* ,¡ ~{ D £ ¤gD* f£D%b+ x ~{J b@@J* f~z 1 5HbmgJ ° ¥w@@D* f@@J*Hx@@D* @@E5 J¡ g~z- fJ*HxD* 8bs~7&* ¯ f+4b~}g´*H f Jx~zD* fCx²* cB b E $¤~zD* E :b g- F&* f/4vD ib£~|s~{D* £ /

Gôjófƒc ¿Ó«e M*|H

f¡J ¢H f

*2§CG* CGfCDK

jªJf¡kHÑG* f¤-f+*{<K jM| gG* ¡G* mf I ¨ <

QÉ G

ȚǍƁǋſǞż ȴǾƸž ȬǋƃƵƴŽ ǀƁȚȶǍŽȚ ȵǌƀ ȴȘ Ƚ ǀƪƀǋž ȆǟŽȶǈȚ ǀƵƴƳŽȚ ǌƶž ǙŮǌƏ Ǜųȥȶ ƾƷŰȚǋŲȖ ǀƳƃŲȶ ƾƷƴƸǧƾƱƄŮ ȹƾŮǍƷž ǋƏ ǽ ǙſȖ ǂƸƇŮ ȆƾƷůƾƸƫƈŵ ǏƱƶŽȚ ȝƾŮȚǌƯŽ ƾƁ ȹȚǍŴ ȠǞƃŽȚ ǜž ƾƷůƾƬŻƾƶůȶ ǀƃƁǍưŽȚ

μ °û dG G dG G G G ° G QG G G G " É dG ° É °ûdG GQ G É G dG ° dG GÉ G " dG ° dG É É

° G Q

G ° É G G

4477

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

i¡´* *H4bg1* JwD* Í£Fb+b£D* 2¡ ±* E ex²* fJb F ¯ É~zg~6°* E °K v+ *K 4bpgF* f£FbjD* f£´b D* ¡C¡£c£~zD* ¡ E 4¡ - x~8b ´* tJ4bgD* ¯H h ~8H ¤gD*H "¥5b £ £C" f C ix ;H fJ4bpgF°* Í£Fb+b£D* J4b£ D* ib mG b + *¡FbC k£0 f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex@@²* $b .&* ~zD* ¢ < b 1*v+ GH -*x)b + ¡ J 2¡ / Dw+ ÍAv g~zE f£ JxE&°* f£+x²* ,ÌcC x)b~z1 Gv£c - v@@ @+ $*v@@ @<&°* ¤+x²* 2bg D*H r*H4&°* ¯ f£<¡FH f+¡ < i¡´* Äg J ° f£Fb+b£D* fAb jD* ¯H Äg J @@+ f_£ 1 4bpgF°* Äg J ° b CH £A {£ J ¥w@@D* £p´* ¯ ,b£p D bK ~}A4 fE*x D* @@E $¤~{+ £ < c £A xpg ´* < *K Ì - i¡@@´* HÄg J @@GH 4b@@B¡@@D*H x~{D* d~zCH 4b D* d mgD f £~6HH &b ³* E f@@£@0Hx@@D* ,¡@@ @D* @@< Ìc - bK @~@}@J&* ¡@@GH i*wD* ¢ < f Eb D* ,x £~zD* 4b ;(* É1 E °K v+ -b£² fJb F |s~{D* ~9¡+ D3H E Í+x D H&* ~z D 4b D*H ¥y³* d / Í£Fb+b£D* f£cDb= IvDH 4bpgF°* Äg J b CH }AxD*H obmg0°* < Ìc gD* E bK <¡F b@@C $*¡@@ ~@ @6H Áb@@ +b@@ £@ @D* @@ @ g@ m@ ´* @@ @1*2 bK £~z F H&* bK £<b g/* H&* bK £~6b£~6 obmg0°* E f£Ab jD* v£Db gD* wG C i4¡ c- vBH ¥*4¡Eb~zD* f c: ¡ ~6 É1 fJb F < xB E ÈC&* ¤~}E v +H ¡£D*H ´* E *5 bE F(bA ¥*4¡Eb~zD* x~|< ¡ ~6 ¯ ¥*4¡@@Eb@@~@ z@ D* rH4 ¢@@ @< 4¡@@j@ @ D* bK @ .4(* *¡Cx- k£0 -*v g EH Í£Fb+b£D* *y- °H v + x.v J µ bK £<b g/*H bK £Ab . f£E¡£D* ,b£²* £~8b - C ¯ ,2¡/¡E 4b.%* ¯ D3 bC $*¡~6 x~8b ´* Áb+b£D* d ~{ D ¡ A ¯ H&* f£E¡£D* ,b£²* i*2b@@<H v£Db ex²*H bg D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

+ ¯ ~6x J *K Æ g ~6 Í.É. ¶(* D¡: ¶(* 4b~z£D* E bJ(* bK Cx¹ ~6bcD qgA v + °(* f£ D* g- ° ,2b<H z D* H&* Í £D* v~z/ < < ~| - f+x~9 ¢ gJ &* v + x1%* |s~7 cB E fJ*v+ ¯ b -H43 ¡C¡c£~zD* f~64b» h + vBH b g0* ¢g0 ix g~6*H x~{< ~6bgD* x D* ,vJxA f.2b0 ¯ D3 bCH ex Db+ b+b£D* f £ ~6 h ~8H bEv < 1868 f ~6 ¯ h ~|0 f£Fb+bJ ,v + 0*¡~6 ¶(* f£~zFxA fJ4b© fDb0 4¡ ; ¯ dc~z- ¥wD* x@@E&°* ,Ì ~8 ,v cD* - b ~6 IvD D*H ¡@@³* E ¥v~|g D ¥*4¡Eb~zD* ¤+4b¹ $b<vg~6* B¡A Í@@+H £+ i4*2 v@@BH $b@@+x@@ @ D* $°'¡@ @ D ~6 z£:¡D* f£Eb0 fCx E Í£~zFx D* Í£~zFx D* E ÌcC 2v< b £A dDb: f@@J¡@@Ev@@D* f@@.2b@@²* w@@G x@@ .(* ¢@@ @<H 4b~7 E C f Cbp§ ¤~zFx D* ~| D* b A fCx ´* - ¯ Í£~zFx D* gB ¯ ¤+4b¹ E Jvg ´* 4b~}0(b+ ,v cD* Cb0 6¡ : $*x@@ /(b@ @+ @@ Gx@@ E&*H ¥*4¡@@Eb@@~@ z@ D* x1%°* ¡ - v0*¡D* D3 *Hw F vBH ¡C¡c£~zD* xE&* $b@@Ev@@D* ,È@@CH x ´* f<b~{cD *K x@@ @FH v ~{´* @@D3 b J(b+ ¤~zFx D* ~| D* *K 4¡A K 4bpgF°* f Jx: E b£ ~64 ® @@D3 x@@.(*H ¯ D3 bCH "1873 f ~6 ¯ ¡c£~zD*" wG &* Ì@@= "¤m£E" 4¡@@ :*Ä@@ E(°* v < Í£Fb+b£D* ¡@@ @~@6 ¯ @@g@ @- µ ,x@@Gb@@ @ D* JwD* i*x~{ D* b G bC k£0 F*v/HH 4bpgF°* E f Jx D* wG D3 v + *¡~64bE ÍJx ~z D* E ÌcC 2v< 4bpgF* D3 EH ¡C¡c£~zD* f Jx + 1895 f ~6 ¯ Í£Fb+b£D* fDHvD* 4*xB ¢ < bK /bmg0* D3H f£~{0¡D* b £ < $É£g~6°* ® ¤gD* ¤@@~@9*4&°* ,2b<(b+ 2v< b ~z F f Jx Db+ xpgF* b C Í~|D* ¶(*

™æe Ék «ª°SQ ” QÉëàf’G á≤jôW ‘ ∑ƒÑ«°ùdG" ,"1873 áæ°S ‘ ∂dP ¿Éch QƒWGÈeE’G ó¡Y ¿CG ÒZ "»é«e" IôgÉ¶dG √òg ‘ ¬àæJ ⁄ Ú«fÉHÉ«dG ∑ƒ∏°S ,º¡fGóLhh ∑Éæg ¿Éc å«M øjòdG äGô°û©dG ∂dP ó©H Gƒ°SQÉe øe á≤jô£dG √òg QÉëàf’G

¡c£~zD* f£ D qc~8&* EyD* 4Hx§H dmJ ¤gD*H b 0&°*H 6¡ D* E f / E bGw£ - ¢ < *vB(°* cB bGxA¡ ¯ Hx~{D* v <H fJ*vcD* ¯ @@F&* D3 J 8b1 ¥5 $*v-4* E v+ ° f£ D* ¡ D* @@E ¡@@GH "¡F¡ £C" ~6* £ < g£~8H f+bg + xpg ´* ¡ J . }£+&°* 4*¡m+ ¡ J $b .&°* wG ¯H ,Ì1&°* f£ D* b@@(b@+ ´* ¡@@GH |s~7 ~|J 2b0 ~|F *vsg~6b+ ¡ J k£0

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

,fª0 fÇ&* ° G É dG É dG ° É G É dG dÉ dG G É °ûd É dG G É É dG dÉ " ° dG" É G d ° °û " GQÉ dG " G dG É°û G ´ É° É° G QÉ G °û É dG dG ° QÉ G μ G G É G É ° G G G É É dG G ° G G QÉ dG Q É° G dG °û °G É G ° QÉ É É dG QÉ G G É QÉ É É ÉG μ É É G É μ ´ QÉ d ° G ° É dG μ ° dG ´ dG G G dG QÉ G QÉ G d É G d G É dG Q G ° G dÉ ° G ° É G ° G ° ° G dÉ ° d G G G G G É °

..ƒcƒÑ«°ùdG ÕªIf+fªG* z¡< m§¼* jDf .

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

(5)

(8) f+bg D* ¯– vc´* | Q gJ lQvpgJ f£Q ~|s~7 x<b~{E fDb²* w1&b-H b Fb~zD ¢ < £A 4vJO 2¡ J ° M b E ¶(* b < ~| - ¤gD* fAb~z´* @@1*2 b@@~@ 6xQ @ D* ¡@@g@ J v@@ BH ¤ £~6¡´* xAb~zJ H&* g0¡D Q Fb²&* ÇE ¢ < b + xQ @ Â ¤gD* f@@Db@@²* w@@G b < Ä@Q @< bK @~@}@J&* µb@@²* Q F*¡~7" ¤ £~|D* Q x<b~{D* ¡@@GH @@Jx@@: @@ @~@{@+ "¡~6 @@EÉ@@0&* f@@£Q @ @ B*H @@~@|@J f £ D* ¯ Oh 0" É@@)b@@B f~7*xA h C ¤ F&* fg)b D* *3(* bE ¥42&* v@@<&* µ %°*H bK 0 x~|+&* vB ÉK /4 Oh C &* f~7*xA £A ~z F I&*4 hFbC b@@ §4 f@@~@ 7*x@@A ¤@@ @@FQ &* " /4 b F&b+ %°* «

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

(7) Q eb£jD* E ib c: c~6" -4¡< ~{ - &* ¥4w0*H ¡ - " b ´* b Q ~6 ¢ < bK ~z F dp~z ¤@@GH ¤-v/ O f J¡: M b~z+ M ¡£ = E x@@m@ @ D* oÉ@@@c@ @F* @@c@@B " fF¡gJ5 4y@@D f£AbC ,M Æ + f Jv´* < ¤ 04*H £<Q2H .",Ä P´* dm« f £jC b12 f+bp~6 ¶(* " z - ¤GH b £g ~7 ."d£p Q D* f Jv´N * f£Q )b £~zD* Q fJQ v ~{´* EQ &b b@@ @EÉ@@0&° ,2¡@@ @±* f@@£@Db@@< *'¡@ @~@Q @ z@ @D* Ì@@j@ J f@@£Q @ @ £@ @ D* jE ¡@@ @ @ D* oO x@P @s@@-O @@£@C ¢ < b <5Q ¡-H É@@A&°* wG ¤Âv< Í@@ @)b@@ Q @D* e*v@ P @ @G&* ¢ § "f£Q D* d@@G*¡@@´* µb²* Qg gJ £C x@@1%* ,b£0 É1 5¡ - i*4b § M "f £D* Q ¤ £g /4&°* x<b~{D* d£m£A $¤~}-" b£~74¡+ ¡£F¡ F&* Q D¡Q « °H £ D* z ~{D* x1%* M b E ¯H "$¡~9 ¶(* ~z F $¡~9 v0&* °" vCQ '¡J Q g0 ."b -*3 z ~{D* ¢Q

(6) ¡ Q D* b~z+ ¤ g¿ bEv < ,xEb E 9¡sF x@@)b@@ @Q @D* ib@@Jb@@ @ F ¢@@ @ @< f@@p@ g@ @ @ E i¡ E ¤ sJ k£0 ,2Qv gE i¡ ´ @@Fb@@ @E ,4Hx@@~@@Q }@@D* bF&°* fF¡ £C Hv -H fJQ x²* x<b~{´*H 4b A&°* f£Q /xE ¤gD¡ E @@ @© É@@ 0&°b@@ A Q b Q 3(* b ´*H bEQyD* f ~6b~7 ibAb~zE B E E ÈC&* ¯ bF2¡/¡+ q ~z-H 8bs~7&* ,Qv< EH b E &* H2 ¢@@@-¡@@@E @@ @ @ £@ + pJ ¥wD* ´* DbsF b gE¡ E b p Â @@Dw@@C *v@@ @@+(°* 64b¿ k£0 fp Q ¸ f £1&* Ä@@g@º @@ @ @1*2 b@@ @ @g@ @JxQ @ @0 H&* 2Hv@@ @0 H2 f@@+x@@m@ gQ @ D* f BQ ¡gE ibJb F H&* +*¡~9 – ¡Fb ~z£D 6¡D4bC ¡G b A ¤G f+bg D* (* ¡ J ÉjE ¶(* x - &* H2 ¤~} &* x - &* H2 ~|g~6 J&* ¥&Q * ¶(* ~|g~6 h C (* ¢g0 b E

,b E ~{P +N M ¡Q ~{E )bC f jQ / M HvcJ b@@ @ ´* f@@DHb@@: ¡@@A J Hy@@ @ E ÄM @ g@ º @@j@E D¡JxE bK Jv-xE k0bcD* £A 5bmJ &* cB @@}@£@+&°* ,v Q E f£Q )b+x C fM D%* £ ~{g+ Q fjQ ±* xQ pg- d£CÆD* ,v~7 @@E k0bcD* ex £A ¥4b@@E £g~z- x@@ <wQ @ @D* x gcgA b@@ @E¡@@F @@E ¤ £~7 Q f£Q Db£³* ib£~|s~{D* x ~7& * d@@<xQ @D* e2&* b Ax< ¤@@g@D* ,4b.(°*H ¥4b@@E @@+ h0xQ ~8 b@@E *w@@G f+bgC $*¡@@ @/&* ¡@@0 ¤ £~7 " Jbg~{ F*xA" b@@ @ g@ J*H4 f~| D* D 1818 b@@< *3(* b@@ @g@£@Bv@@~@8 v@@ @ @g@~@6 hFbC b@@ @FQ &* f £ 0 b G&* fDHbp§ b@@£Q @ @ G3 f ~{ E &* cB f£Q Db£1 f~|B f+bgC Q hBH ¯ b ~7*xA ¶( * ¥H&bM ¡DH*vgJ £A @@6b@@ Q @D* b@@C 4b£- xJx S &* bG2b E ,x A vB f£Q E2%* fM jQ / ¯ ¤)b+x C ,b£²* b £A kcJ fJQ 2xA fDb0 ¤ £~7 - µ $b@@ @ @ @ +2&°* @@ @E Ì@@ j@ @ @ @Db@@ A Í@@£@ @£@~@6¡@@´*H $*x@@ @ ~@Q @{@ D*H Í@@AHx@@ @ ´* Í@@ Eb@@ ~@ @6xQ @ @D*H h@@A° M4H2 @@@< *¡@@@.v@@@« @@ @ -b@@£@ 0 ¯ É@@ @ 0&É@ @ @D h ~8¡- b@@ @C @@ @ Db@@ @ <&*H É0&°* Q &* ¶(* ib~6*4QvD* 8bs~7&°* i*4v@@ B 4¡Q @ @ M x + Cb~{E Q @ 0 ¢ < f£Q <*v+(*

É GÉ

,zMz/ L'K4

"ƒ°S ≠fGƒ°T" á°TGôa á«°ùæŸG "¢ù«NQƒH" á¨dh q

(4)

(3)

(2)

(1)

Ä Q f£Q F*¡/ É@@ 0&°* f D v~z±* fCxp+ b ~z F < ° x D yE4 v~z±* k£0 < fJb C < Ä - f £ F*¡/ *v+( °* f D Q Q *¡@@D&°*H ¡ ³b+ b ~z F ,4¡~|D* Q H&* f0¡ D* @@1*2 Q H&* ,v£~| D* ¯ fJQ x ~{D* f£Q £~6¡´* f D* ¯ Q D* *w GH

¥w@@ D* v@@ JHx@@ A @@ < *K v@@£@ @ + Hv£c£ Db+ ¤<HÉD* x~|gsJ i¡@@ @ @ ´b@@+ @@ F¡@@ J 4b@@ @ @@CH ,M Äs+ c~{´* ¥4¡@@ @~@6&°* @@< f@@ @.H4¡@@ @E f@@ @ @~@@Q 8&b@ @g@ @E (b@ A f@@£Q @ Bx@@ @ D* f@@<b@@ @ ±* b@@ @-Ä@@1 @@ @ FQ &* Ix@@ @J Hx@@ @A - {£ F bEv < f£Q GwD* ¤gD* 2¡@@/¡@@D* @@E f £~|D* Q b~|-* C b DÉ1 J ¤@@/4b@@³* µb@@ @ D* @@E b@@ @D b Eb gG* 4¡Q @ p@ @ g@ J k@@£@ 0 ¢Qg0 A b -*H3 4bcg1b+ z£14¡+ v < £D(* bFv< *3(* b@@Fv@@/H ¤@@<HÉ@@D* ¥&* 2b ~|J "f-¡c E f E" Ì@@c@ @ D* x@@ <b@@ ~@Q@ {@ @D* b@@ @ £@ A b A Â ° "*K 4¡~8"

4É~7b+ ¡@@g@~@6b@@= pg J ,24b@@~@Q@{@ D* iÉ@@E&b@ gQ @ D* eb@@+ £ g~zJ £C " É)b~zgE &* ,b@@£@ ²* @@=4 b@@~@ z@ F(* ."*K x<b~7 qc~|J @@p@FH @@0b@@g@ @ E Ì@@ @g@~@z@F eb@@+ b@@ @ E&* I4b@@ £@ @0 @@ @ F Ì~|£A f£Q £ D* É@@ 0&°* b@@~@ z@ F(* £ g~zJ £C" qc~|J &* f@@ @ @£@D* @@=4 .""*K x<b~7

° f@@£Q @ ~@ z@ @ E f@@ @ D É@@ @ @0&°* b@@ @ @:&°* °(* b@@GxQ @@Cw@@g@@J f@@J'Hx@@D bK @ @ AH $*x@@ @ ~@Q @{@ D*H 94b g- ° ¤gD* HxA J4(* qgg J ¥w@@ D* z£14¡+ @@E ÉK @ )b@@B @@ @ ²* -v£~|B Q ib<b~6 $bs~z+ v- bEv < É@@1 @@£@@ @@D* @@~@|@g@ @E wQ /&* ~zQgJ ¥wD* hB¡D* ,4b@@p@Q @c@D* @@_@ DH&* @@E v@@ @ +&* ¶(* bK £ < f@@~@ z@ J2H&°* ¯ b Db - ° ¤gD* ²* b£E fJQ x~{cD* ,xC*wQ D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

rHx@@D* b <&* T ~{J bK JbF f+ÆD* b <&* Q ~{J ¡@@GH l*xp´* Oi*¡ ~8H 6bEH L L pA bG2¡BH fJQ 4bs+ ,x:bB bGv + i4b~8H nE*x+H ib£FHÆ D*H ib£ B4 bGv + i4b~8H v - ° ~{< M M M N U - ¡ - bE ¢ +&bC fM £ - i°É~6H i*H2&°b@@+ fO £Q gD* s~}O P U x ~{D* ,x~}0 ¯ b Q D iÉ~}<H 6*¡0 E v~z±* ib M P N N EN QM N N Q N b /b/y+ rHxT @ @D* ib EQ s~}gD ib D* ,*2&* vsg~z 8x0&b~6 ¡ £´* ¥x)b: v ~zD* Í< c~{J ¥wD* ¯b~|D* ~7HH fJxp~zD* f@@D%°* eb B&* v@@0&* ¤c B ¡ J &* ¢ < *K 3(* $N *x~}1 fK Bb: b D ~9&* Dw+H x@@1%°* b c B v ~zD* 4N bF v ~zD* o¡DH %* rHxT D* ©x- Í0H fK E*vg~zE fK £ F 4¡~8 J2b ~8 ¯ )b D* f £1& * obgF(b+ Oib D* &*vc- f+xmgD* P b S ; ¤Cb« &* b D vJ4&* ° ,vJxA ib E ~7 ¢ < fJx ~7 M N * &* cB dgC& vsg~6&*H N <&* &* cB 6v0&*H x<& O * bF&bA U bG45*'¡J fK £Q - ~7¡D* Db+&* &* ·H 2¡ ³* £ pgD x ~{D* ¤ £D2H ¤c0b~8 v~z± ¢+¡: ¡B&bA · T pJH

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

z¡ G* |)f: ¤G f ~} ´* ¤g Jv~8 v ~zD* x)b C 4b@@ @D* ¯ O @ @12&* H&* ¤~{J4 v A&* &* H2 4b D* E ox@ O @1&* DwD b£/¡D¡£j£´* v Q -&* 2¡ ³* i°%* 6v EH x<b~7H ~7b C ¤-4¡~8 H& * ¤)b + M M P c~{- ¡£= O *H ¤g £Q º b ~{- ¤gD* 4b Db+ M ¡A b £A z /& Q * 2bC&* ¡ D* Íc/ ¢ < v g- ¤GH x ~7 iÉ~|1 E ~7& bK EÉ0&* ¥vmg~6&* i¡@@´b@@+ B4b E Á&Q * x A&* b@@F&*H ¤g<¡D R S -&* µ b C cQ B&* cB E lvpJ µ b C D bg~7&*H f£Ab~9(* R b - J2bF&* bK 0x/ R =&* µ b C T ~9&*H fK ~7 f£Q B*¡D* E · R f Q jA ·b@@ @- i*4b@@~@z@±* ¯ 2Qvmg D v ~zD* ~7H ¶(* Fb~8 d=yD* ¡ ~6 ¡A b ~7HH < b g+bgC vJ4&* ,v£~|B S ib@@F42 fD%* £ ~{g+H ,v£~| D* w@@G f+bg + @O @ @0&* c~{D* Ä< 22ÆJ £ ±* bG*v~8 *yJ bE ¤gD* f£Q D°vg~6°* ib D* i¡~8 b@@CH q D* ¡ 0 ¯ bK £Q )*v+ bK .*x¹ hFbC EyD*

,zMz/ L'K4

¿Gƒ«◊Gh OÉª÷G Ωƒ°Th

gJb 0 £ g~6&* £C 4N xQ @ B&* &* fJx ´* ~8*¡ D* v~84&* < &*42&b@A ¤<*4w+ £0& * b§4 f R O´* ibFb~}£ D* E Q S ¤gD* fAb jD* 2Hv~6 $b c+ B&* b§4 H& Q * fJ2¡/¡D* 4b 1&°* *vJvD*H b£´* 7¡0H )b~|A bE&* fK £ E fK £~|0 © O * bK E M$¤~{+ Ì~{g~6&* ° b§4H f+xQ s´* 62b D*H ~zE& N ¡A ~9&*H d~9b D* x D* < *K v£ + + Ì@@:&*H v£+ Ì ~|D* ÌE&* ¥Ì+HyC* *¡ F&* ~9H b C Mv£ + d J¡C M K fjJv²* ¤gD%* ~7H b E 4b£g1* < *y/b< hD5 bE ¤ F&* Ì= Á¡ D* *v+(°* bg £ ~6 b CÉC + £ J bE ¡G b + £ J bE b CÉCH Ix1&* i*ym E ,2°H ¢ < ,42bB ,ym E b CÉCH *wD e*x³* vS ~9 5x0 b gF&* b C ,b£²* f<b ~|D b-4Hw E ¯ *4Q ¡D* b ~9H $bB45 ,5xs+ bK Q £- 45&°* ~7¡D* 4bg1& * N R R * A ¤:b B ¤ ~{ - µH x_+ ¯ ~6&* µH M b~}£A ¯ x=& M Q ¤g = x g - fp ~|D* $b ~6 ¯ « bG*4& * ¤gD* r4*¡±* O S £ D* ¥2*¡D* ¯ b £Ex-H f £ jD* ¤gD%* g gD ° ,2b<H fK £S gA b=( M * ,Ìm~7 J4b~|gD* 6b£ D ¤gD%* c~{ Ì= x D* *¡0&* fAx ´ ¤gD%* b £A ~9&* Í0 4b F&°* ¡ ~{ 5x - bGx+(* fJ'H4H v~z/ ¢ < b ~7H E %°* b1&* ¤ F&* D i*wJ¡ - lÉ. f+bg + d@@=4&* DwD ~6*¡0 ¯ bK £ < P Q ¤G ¶H&°* ,b£²b+ ,Ép´* b@@=(°* ,4b~|< E b £+x~{ 3b F(*H i°b g0°* f~6*42 ¯ f<4bcD* b£/¡DH4v£ D* ,wJ¡ U ,wJ¡ - f£FbjD*H i¡@@´*H x D* E b@@F3b@@ @F(*H v@@´* x ~{D* fjDbjD*H 2¡ ³* 6b£ D f@@D%* ~8¡+ z J *5b@@E ¥w@@D* d@U @²* ,wJ¡ £A xQ A&* É£C ¤ jQ pJH Á3&* ¯ f£U ²* ¤gD%* ~7H h~}A4 ¡D ¢g0 P ¡A fM g£E z ~7 M ~7H + hDvcg~6*H N I¡~6 ÉE ° k£0 @@Â&°* gC R 4N f 04 ¯ ~64b0 ¤c B

G É°

M4f kG* 6fªE jG%* ¤gD%* N ~7&P * &* Hb0&* fP £c D* µO b< *5¡ £E ,N xG5 ~6xJ b C N * b D 4bg1&* f ~} ´* Ix¸ O ~zgJ k£0 bK Eb CbE&°* /& bGv + O AvgJH f £ D* f£Q A¡±* Gb£E E c J ¥wD* x D* f ~|0&ÉD fM JQ xp~6 ,M ¡Q + Dbc/H +b~}GH +¡ ~6 Ä< ¯ b£´* Eb E Q C ¢~}E bE b £A £D(* h 0 ¤gD* b ~z F R H&* ¤gD%* ~64&° bK c~6b E bK Fb E x ; bC b§4 f£~94& °* ,x D* Q fA4b±* o*¡E&°* < Mv£ + M b E ¯ b ~9&* &* ~}A&°* E b§4Q Q M q~{QgE Ma2bG M b E v~|B&* yp D f £ D* ¡£ D*H É Db+ 1 b§4 b£´* HxC bK Eb +(* h« M O h ~|+ n~} - k£0 Q Q N ,42b D* i°*y D* f£Q ¹ x ~7 eb~{<& * ¤ - k£0 < P ¤J&*4 Ì=& ,P 4¡Q ~z´* gcC4 ¡A b§4 H& Q Q * Q * b§4H z£D¡< ~z+ £A £ g~6&* J4b~|gD* 6b£B fD%* £A ~9&* x1%* M b § x Q A&*H bK c-xE ¤ © M$b 1&* H2 Gb£E e¡~z E b -4* z£B& N * &* Q H2 + £~8 C b JS 4 Í £ g~z- ¤gD* ib0b~z´* xJv - ¯ 2°H&* Gb£E ¯ Jx1%°* ¡ 0 ¢ < ibM JQ v - H&* i*5Hb© M D3 ¢g0 H&* Eb~64 Q ~} ´* x<b~7 £~{< @@/H5 g£F*y£E xJv - ¯ ÍcD* ; =4 £c« ¥wD* ¤~6b£~zD* Q fK £Q Ax0 fK £B2 ¤-b~6b£B ¡ - &* ¯ *K ÌjC d@@=4&* f£)b´* ÉK jE £ g~6&* i*'¡c gD*H ib B¡gD* E Ìj + · q ~z- ¤ A bGv + Q 1&* &* x F ¯ b£´* Av- f<x~6 d~z0&* Í0 fP Jb ~zD 5É@@ D* N @@Ey@@D* b £ g~{F fM D¡ : 0 P ¢g0 5É@@ @D* N @@ Ey@@ D*H ¤-'¡-H 4bm~7&°* n~} i*M xQ ~zEH ibM Q ~{E b CO&* 4HwcD* 4*x~6&* N )*y1H Í0 bK @ ~@ }@ J&* @@£@ @g@~@6&*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

G É Éd

QÉμ G É É ° dG ° dG É É ° dG Q É G dG É É É dG G dÉ dG É " É dG Q d É G ° dG dÉ ° dG ° É° G É° G

° dG G

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

dÉ G Q G G ° É É Q G

dÉ G G É° É° É G G" É ° °û É Q ° QG ° É É É G G G É° û ° G ° É G G μ dG É É É ° G G d ° G G

,zMz/ L'K4 ÉYQ

IOQƒdG åjóM ° G É QÉ

à G É à° G ° G ° É° É μdG ´ É dG ° É ° É Q É É É dG É μ dG É G Q dG É G É G ° dÉ dG ° dG G Q G Éd μ G É É dG GÉ °û G É dG É ° dG G É Q É° É μdG G G °ûà dG ° É Y É° dG Y Q dG ° Y G É É dG É Q G μ É° °G ° à É à Q dÉ û μ μ dG G G dG É ° G ° Q dG ° G ° G dG É É G ° G °û dG G à É à ° É Q° dG G QÉ μ G É à °û É G É° G °û É μdG ° GQGQ ÉÉ ° d G Éà G dG É d É É° É É GQ É Y ° dÉ Éà " GQ" É G É à dG dG É É É à É É° ÉàdG " É " à d É É É G dG Y " G" É G dG É ° QÉ d É° d dG Q d É d d Éμ d G °ûd ´ dG ´ dG G É G É G QÉ dG dG Q QÉ ° G

´É

Q dG

G dG É É Éμ G" É É G É μ° GGÉ dÉ " μdG G G GG É É É G Q ° "QÉà°ûY" QÉ° dG ° °û ° G" ° G Q d YG àÉ GG Q dG G °û "É ° G G É G G G É °û °ûdG G ° É° dG É° G ° É ° ° É dG É °ûdG Y G ° Q Q dG à °û μ G " G ° dG G YG" à° G É dG Q " dÉ μ dG ° d " É dG d É É° °ûdG d É É° É ° QÉ° Q d É É G G dG É Q dG Q ° É ° dG G Y É Q G Q É° QÉ ´ É G É G ° É °ûdG àYG dG É ° dG ° É dÉ " dÉ É° G É μ G ° Y àdG à QÉ Q G É dÉ É É° "Q É " É Q dG É° μd É à G É μd É G G à É° ÉÉ Q° É° É Q G à° dG G ° É G É Q G " É É " °G °Y ° Q G ° ° É G dG G ° dG Q dG °

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

G Y

| | 7 7

μ G

ó ó«©dG ìÉÑ°U ìÉÑ° Ñ°U ((1) 1)

É ° dG

° É G É dG É G dÉ

Éà Y É GQ dG Y ° dG Q ° dG G G É É É É àd d" É " G ° dG G É ° dG GG ° YG ° É d É É Q ° G

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

(2))

G G ° Q ÉÉ°ûdG °ûdG Y G É°É° dG G ° G É G É G Q Éμ d QÉÉ G μ°

° Y à dG μ

G G ´ dGG ddGG QQGG ddGG É ° Y É dG ° G É Q Éd à dÉ

É G dGdG

Y É dG Q É É dG Q dGG " É G" G ° G G É° dG É É dG É ddGG Y Q dGG G ddÉÉ É ddGG ° à G É É É Q à° G ddGG G É μμdd dGG G ° Q ° Y G G Éμ Q É d Y Q μdG G ° Y àà°û°û ° dG É É à° É G É°û É°û É É à ° G"G" Q Q à Q Q

b§ x@@CQ w@@- ¤@@g@D* ib£~|s~{D* ¯ fJxp~zD* f£ B*¡Db+ ¤ Q ~6O ¯ *K v@@ Jv@@ «H y@@£@ C4b@@E e2&* f@@Dy@@ @D* @@E b@@< f@@_@E f@@@J*H4 *¡ :&* b £0 2b Q D* Q (* k£0 f@@DHb@@¹ ¢@@ @ < f@@£@ @~@z@g@D* w@@ G f £c D* ÍF*¡B x1 y£C4bE @@-b@@£@~@|@s@~@{@D @@g@ +b@@g@ C Ä@@@< b G x@@ E&°* Q (* °(* f@@£@ )*Hx@@D* £G*x+(* $b£ < (* 3(* gsJ f£ B*H ib£~|s~7 @@< dg f£c)*x D* - E bK _£~7 h~7b< ÉK A ,&*x@@/ ,Ì@@~@z@D* w@@G y@@£@Â b@@E b -x~6&* )bBH 2x~6 ¯ fc-b D* b@@ @g@DHb@@¹ v@@ @<H b@@ @ Bv@@~@ 8H &* Â b@@E £ mgD 1vgD* HÌj D* ¢AÉgJ vB bK _£~6 ¡ J g~9x< b F&* hAÉD*H 2x~6 a4b DbA ,x Q E Ì= f Jx + E :b gE F&* bK £ ~9 x ~{J f/4vDb+ b Bv~|D ,Ì~zD* wG d@@g@C&* h~zD" ¡@@ @ - ¶H&°* H&* ~8¡s~{D $¤@@~@6&° ¤~9b´* ¤~9b´bA @@-4HÌ@@~@ 6 v@@ @ g@ F&° ° ¢g0 ¤~9b´* &*xB&* bF&* g E ° ¢g0 cgC&*H *K 2v¸ ~{£<&* lv0 D (* 6b D* 4x J D bGb A (bA fDb~64 ¤c ~6 *K x gE Ãv D* tJ4bgD* x J .",vJv/ ,$bc< ¯ Ix1&* ,xE $b£ < $b@@~@ z@ F lÉ@@ .H f@@ @Jv@@E 4*2 f@@£@ )*H4 ,Ì~6 @@£@G*x@@+(* ¤+2 4H

AÉ«∏Y ó«Œ º«gGôHE É¡à¨d ™jƒ£J ⁄GƒY A»°†àd §≤à∏àa ,øª«dG π«° «°UÉØJ ≠Ñ° Ñ°ùJh á«dÉ d ªL Ék ≤jôHH É¡«∏ «∏YY øe Ék «dÉ d ªL É¡Y ¡YGõ Gõàf àfG ∫Ó ∫ÓN N »¡j ¡jóÑ óÑdG d øe ‘ Égô gô¡ ¡°Uh ‘" :»H »HOC OC’G ’G Iô¶ ô¶æH æH ,øª øª«ddG ≈∏Y ∏ IóM ó Gh ∂Kóﬁ ô°üN q ﬁ ô° ¿C øμÁ Á ¬à«Ø ¬à à«Ø∏N N ±ô© ©J q ∏N

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

sc- °H ¤ £D* m ´* E ,ÌjC f£Ab~{D* ib@@+b@@/(°b@@+ a4b@@ @D* ¢ < Q gJ b@@ @£@A %* ¯ ,x@@~@ |@ g@ s@ ´*H q£~9¡- ¶(* obg« ¤gD* ib Db+ ¶(* ,Ì~{E b ~8&* ¶(* f C Q C v£ -H ¯ fDH*vg´* ib D* E Ìj D*" Q &* *K ÌjCH "Ix1O&* f D < ,4¡Q @¹ v< bjE&*H ib C ¢ < $¡~}D* ~z- bE E *K $y@@/ *¡FbC JwD* 2¡ £Db+ f gE b< cB £D* ¯ f£Fb ~zD* fc£CÆD* E b £A |~|B E $b£ < ,Ì~6 ¡ s- ° b -Ì~6 Q &* È@@C&* b D vC'¡J bE f£c)*x D* &* ¢@@ @< @Q@}@p@J b@@E l*v@@ @ 0&°* @@E b@@ @£@A ¥wD* Ñ*vc< b Db1 +* f~|B jE b cg Q Q ¡~8¡+ @@-2°H h E*y Dy E ¶(* f B i°Hb@@¹ @@E @@=x@@D* ¢ < D* h@@E5É@@A f D* £A h/x1 ¡J ¢-&* &* ¶(* bG2x: ¯ ,x g~z´* E&* =4 ebcD* ¤c~|D* &* b D qg - µ i2b< Í0H y ´* E ~7*xA ¯ bK g£E D* *Hv/H ~z F ¡£D* ¯H q Q O´* b )*¡E Q v@@BH ¯ bc . ¢ < b@@JQ &* v + *HÈ £D 4Q ¡@@-H wsA 45* h£cD* h~zQ EO ¤gD* ¡ Q E fDb³* l*v@@0&°*H ib£~|s~{D* - EH fm£g D* hFbCH 4*y@@D* 2¡ - hFbC ¤gD* b -b 0 x < + f£c~|< ibE5&* v + b B*H < f ~| E b -b£0 h~}B b F&* E b@@GÌ@@=H x@@ @ @D* b E*vsg~6* h - ,v@@Jv@@~@7 f£~z FH

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

f£-*4bE(*" b F¡C E B&bgD*H ¤ 1*vQ D* É~zD* {£ gD ¤ J ."4Hw±* f£Q Â I¡ D* £D* µ*¡@@< $¤~}gD b g D J¡ - £G*x+(* $b£ < v£© E bK £Db / bK Jx+ b £ < c~z-H f£Db / £~8b - g gA £D* ¯" ¤+2&°* ¯ bGx ~8H ¤ JvcD* E b <*ygF* É1 g£Q 1 x - &* Â .vQ ¹ x~|1 ¢ < ,v0*H ,x + g£ £C D ¤ £D* ¥yD* ¯ h+b. xE&* f£Q c ±b+ gD* i*2x E 24¡-H " gm´* ¯ ~9H 2vQ « ¤gD* ¤G g£<¡Q FH

z IK mf 6*42

G É d GQ

zAÉ°ùf çÓKh áæjóe{ ,4§t H fN +*§.&* « 9f¼* g M Õ0 ¢üNÉH øjOÉf IôcGP" Y μà É Q HÉàμdG G É HG IÉ H GôHG É Y ° dG G ° G ° " É É jG É Q G " ° Iô cGP HÉ à f OGQG É fG IôYÉ° jOG ° d É fG Q "QÉ μdG d à° É ° Q H "I fÉ° fG É HÉàc ø I c G G ° dG jQÉàdG É H

E *K 2°H&* b E d½&*H f <b + v 0&* oHy- ÉK AH fc~6b E b E(°b+H £G*x+(* E h/Hy- ¤gD* $b£ < &* ,ÌE&* £+ 6b~6&* ~{+ ib£~|s~{D* wG ¢ < ¡ - ,Ì~zD* Q &* 4bcg<°* ib£~|s~7 b < xQ ggD £G*x+(* ,ÌE&* v 0&* f <bF

¤<vg~z- Í@@0 fDbm + b@@Gx@@C3 ¢ < fc-b D* xQ @ f£Ab~9(* GÌ=H b D*¡1&* ib£~|s~7 jE D3 ,Ì~zD* Q E N Q @C A E É D* dp~6 i°Hb@@¹ < $b£ < - ° Q C E v£ -H £D* ¤~9bE < bK ~|~|B pJ &* Â < b -&*xB ¤gD* dg D* dFb/ ¶(* ibJb ²* - ¯ fE¡ E E g ~6 bE } c+ b £A -&*xB bE fF4b E £D* tJ4b £+ @@EH E h ~6 JwD* 8bs~7&°* } +H b E&* ¤~9b D 2x@@~@6 ¯ bK Q pgE b@@C ¥w@@D* @@£@G*x@@+(* b@@ @£@+&* IHxJO &* ° I¡ J &* ¤~9b D ~}A&°* J&*4 ¤ A bK c~}g EH c B fJ¡G f£/4b³* gJ¡G E G&*" b D b@@B b´b DH b§ ,x D* g+ bÂ(°* h<b g~6bA $b£ < bE&* "f£ 1*vD*

°ûàcG Q ø jOÉ Hô "

f g~zE $*y/&* b D i2xA&* ¤gD* f£sJ4bgD* l*v0&°* C Q Q (* °(* 24¡- b§ ,x~7bcE f ~8 b D ¡ J &* H2 ,x~|gº (*H bCH ,$*x D* f gEH ,Ì~zD* ¢ < bK _c< bC b -x~6&* ,Ì~6 E E f Db g´* f£sJ4bgD* )bB¡D* 2*xJ(b+ ¤ g - &* ~}A&°* E b g )b< ,Ì~6 ~9 bG2x~6 vJx- l*v0&* k£0 b< E f <bF b EQ &° b -vQ / E b -Ì~6 $b£ < &*vc b ~8¡+ b FQ &* bGHÄ1&*H ,Ì ~8 ,bgA ¤GH b JvD*H iv A Q b Q DH fDb¹ ° f Q ±* ¡12 ~8 Ñ* E i5b0 vB f £gJ ¢ < *¡ ~6 JwD* g )b<H b Q < ; E xQ ´* hB*3 +b ´b+ b + xAb~zJ &b+ xE&°* ¤ g £D b B54 E bG¡Ex0H b £+&* y E ¤ D¡ D* ¤ < ¢<vJO E4&° v< ¯ b £cJH dm~{´* E b Q < ¶(* ¢ gF*H ÃvB 4&b. E bK A¡1 x ~8 ¯ g £cB E xQ A ¥wD* Q b Eb< bK c£Q : ÉK /4 bC FQ &* b 0 ~z0 EH {£c 0 f £cB O fJb<4 D3 ¯ b§ ,b£²* ¯ 4¡E&°* E Ìj D* b Q <H f +bC Q ~6 ¯ qc~|- Í0 v 0&* +° b mJHy- g£F ¯H f£~7b´*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

S ôμH iƒ∏° : M à ≈ G æY YCG ,¿B’ ÖZQCG Éeó »°ùØf Èà c ‘ É J G d Ñ á μ hÉg «M a ,áHÉà ÖàcGC ,áj CG πãe »JÉ æWGƒe ÉfCÉ á … G Gh e e ô ô G C G C I I jOÉY Óe ÓH ¢SQÉeCG ,á üe ‘ íe ° ô h dG © É dG ⁄ ¬∏c »Hô©

@ bGvD*H ¯¡- ,xGb Db+ ",xGb D*" fJx ´* ¤0 "fJx ´* @ fJvJv²* ~zD* "x~|E vJv0 ~6" ¯ J bC ¥wD* ¯ ,$*x D b c0 &*v+ ,x~6&°* f£DH'¡~zE b E&* h pgA *K x cE dFb/ ¶(* ,ÌcC fcg E JvD hFbC JwD* b E&* G&* h£+ h ~|0 ,x²* ,$*x D f~|0 |~|s- hFbC ¤gD* f~64v´* f Eb/" ,4bmgD* f£ C E b@@ @<&°* ,4*2(* 6¡J4¡Db + ¢ < $b .&* h:xsF*H 1972 f ~6 z ~7 Í< f Ebm+ " z ~7 Í< 1974 f ~6 h £<O f£+É D* fCx²* ¯ f£ Eb±* b g~6*42 h ~|0 1980 f ~6 ¢g0 *wG b < ¯ h ;H J¡ f~{g E h <H ¤0x~z´* v D* ¯ zFb~z£ D* f/42 ¢ < 1976 f ~6 ~{+ &*vc- &* cB ib£0x~z´*H ÉA&ÉD ,vBbF D3 d < ib£ £Fb jD* ~|g E ¯ ¤+2&°* b Jx: ,v D h < k£0 8ÄB ¯ b /H5 E x + I¡ ~6 h~7b< ,42b~|D* iÉ@@m@´* @@E 2v@@< ¯ f£)b £~6 ,v@@Bb@@F i*¡ ~6 $b .&* h Og<*H 1986 f ~6 x~|E ¶(* 2¡ - &* cB f£+x Db+ b D h@@0b@@-&*H 1989 f ~6 d ~|D*H vJv²* b < e*x@@~@9(* ¯ ib£)b ±* ib £m~zDb+ Ég1°* f~8xA b g<°* Jx© x:b D* m~6 " ,2¡/¡E Ì= fp ~|D* x:b D* m~6" wG < ngFH £+ ,v£0¡D* f£~6b£~zD* f £m~zD* ¤G hFbCH ¤gD* "$b ~zD* ¶(* v ~|- ° f£cGwD* f+x D*" f@@J*H4 ,Æ D* ,&*x´* ~9¡+ gBÉ<H ¤)b~z D* m~zD* µb< ¯ b .*v0&* 4Hv f Eb±b+ *K x@@)*5 *K 3bg~6&* %°* x + I¡ ~6 -H gm´* ¯ ,xGb D* ¯ f£ JxE&°* f£+x D* ,&*x@@´* h<b g~6* G ¤ D* *'¡~zD* 4bjJ bK Ebg1H E f+b/(°* ¤-&b-H " gm´* Í+H i*wC b £+ *x~|D* ~z0 {£ - f£+x D* ,bg D* hD*5 bE *K 2v¸ x + I¡ ~6 ,$*xB É1 J b GH 5Hbmg- &* £ g~z- ° *y- ° b D fJ¡G fE5&* x + I¡ ~6 ibJ*H4 xG¡/

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

fc-bC b g ~|+ b ~z F ¶(* x - °H f+bg Db+ g g~z- ,&*x@@E* Eb gJ ° b D x~|0 ° f )*2 i*Ì gE f /*¡E ¯ f jE H&* ¤G ,Ì 1 f ~{E b Jv A bK EH2 2vmg- f£ cC f D* E e2&°* dc~z+ 6b D* f ~zD&* ¢ < fEvsg~z´* f£=ÉcD* f D* /*x £~8¡- ¤~6b~6&°* b AvG fJb D ,Ì A f D v J ¥wD* É<(°* f £;¡+ É<(°* ¡ J x1%* dFb/ ¢ <H D Ä³* H&* fE¡ ´* Í+ y/*¡²* $b D(* ¤G ,v£ E b ;&* ¥¡ D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < ,x~z£EH ,x~8b E f£+x< f D É1 E ib£Eb D* ¥xmJ bEH bK @ EH2 2vmg- f D* &* ¶(* cg J &* e2&°* ¢ < f )*vD* i*Ì g´* fm£gF ¡G b¿(* f D E 6b D* f ~zD&* ¢ < ¤G b¿(* ebc~{D* b DH*vgJ ¤gD* i*2x ´* -b£0 e¡ ~6&* ¯ dmJ bE ¡GH f£~6¡EbB i*2x ´ ,vJv/ fJ¡ D i°°2 lv« e2&°* dg J E £D(* cg J &* ¤gD* fEb D* x + I¡ ~6 f+x© < kJv²* ¯ hc ~6&* v D f£)*HxD* ¡ gD vJy- H&* bK Eb< Jx~{<H f~z 1 É1 ix g~6* E ex D* b D &*x J Í g´*H $*x D* £/ E bK Eb gG* ÈC&°* f~{)b< &* fJ*vcD* w E bF4xB *3(b@A m£ 1 ¶(* £¹ b G&* vBH ¤+x D* e2&°* ¯ fJ*HxD* 1 E H&* hFbC d-*4 v D* f0b~6 ¶(* ,¡ + ix~}0 vB x + I¡ ~6 (bA ÉK J¡: 2b D* f£)b~z D* fJ*HxD* GbmgJ &* 2b/ vBbF ¥&* b E(b+ v J µH x cD* ¡~7 %°* v + GbmgJ A x + I¡ ~6 ib@@J*H4 f~8b1 ° f£cGwD* f+x D* H ¥4¡ ~{cD* H 4b FH £D H b g~z´* É~6&°* 4¡ ~7 H hB¡D* ¤B*¡~6 H $b ~zD* ¶(* v ~| ¤+x D* :¡D* 2Hv0 ibJ*HxD* wG ,x ~7 iQv - v D bGÌ=H b D f£)*H4 b F&* x + I¡ ~6 hgc.&* v A ,v< ib D ¶(* /ÆgD h gE*H fJ*HxD* A h -&* fEyg EH ,2b/ fc-bC ¤GH f£~}B bK D&*H fJx<b~7 b g+bgC i2*25* hB¡D* E ¤GH f D* f£~8bF ¤0" @@E f ~9*¡gE ,x@@~@ 6&* @@E x + I¡ ~6 i4v@@p@ F* v D

4bcg<b+ *¡ D* f £;H ¶(* x - ¤GH f+*x Db+ b g£cDb= ¤)*HxD* eb ³* £j - £ g~zJ ¥w@@D* ¡ A f£ A ,4Hx~9 ¡C¡C" *¡ < eb ³* *wG b©* ¯ a4b D* A2H ~|£s -H f ²* 2¡ / v@@0&*H fJ*HxD* + ~6* ¡G "¤~7bcC *2¡~6 2b~8H dJx= *¡ < ¡G Db+H £~z ´* ¢ < fJx~|´* b ~}gJ ¤gD* l*v0&°* Ä<H ¤)*HxD* eb ³* &° a4b D ¯ ¥v£ gD* £<H ¶(* -x- &* bJ(* D ¡ JH a4b D* c J tJ4bgD* ,$*xB HvcJ £FH xB +xO D* i5Hb@@/ ,Ì~zE v +H x + I¡ ~6 (* bs- ¤ A ¡³* ¯ %°* bGv < jÂ bEH f+bg Db+ ¤<¡D* bK £º bK _£~7 ib+ Db+ b~zE(°*H ¢~}E b» ÈC&* f+bg D* v0 ¶(* 2*5 4HvD* *wG ,4¡ 1H f£+2&°* f+bg D* 4Hv+ ¤<¡D*H ; ¯ fJb D *K v E *K x@@E&* hpc~8&* f £ ²* fAx A ÌcC f+bg D* &* =xA ¡c~zE Ì= ¡pF ¢ < JU yE É<(* f £G f g´* f £ ²* ¶(* ¡~8¡D* x: G&* E hpc~8&* f£+2&°* i*H2&* b JvD ¤+2&* z mC fJ*HxD*H bK ~}J&* ¤~9b´b+H x~9b²b+ ¡~{gD* ¢ < ,4v D* b JvDH 6v²*H z²* b JvD f JbcgE ,4v D* b JvD f £ ²b+ f g´*H f~6¡ ´* ib=*x D* $ EH ,2bg E Ix@@1&* )*x + 4b~|cg~6* Â ° bE x~|cg~z- &* q£g- i*$b~}AH ib0b~zE b JvD tJ4&bgD*H f£Abp~|D* f+bg DbC ¯ ¤gD* b -b£0 )b 0 E f £ ² ~}A&* *K 4¡ E v - &* b D £ D* °(* b < x F ° b E | gG* z ¡G* dgC&* fJHbG fc-bC ¤~z F Äg<&* %°* ¢g0 x + I¡ ~6 ¡ 64bE&* fJ2b< ,&*xE*H f :*¡E bF&bA f+bg D* ¯ d=4&* bEv < C ¤+x D* µb D*H x~|E ¯ qEÉE É+ ,&*xE* ¥&* jE ¤-b£0

f;¡ ¹ ibJ2x+H p~8 ¢ < É:°* Ä< x~|E ¯ x~{gF* Ãv D* ¥x~|´* d D* < &*xB&* h C v A v+b EH ,xJ2&* ¯ 6¡£F¡E&* dG*xD* b cgC ,4bc< ¢ < h BHH ¤ c D* d D*H ." b g~z´* ¡~7" OhcgC b cc~z+H f£ G&°* f Db+ b ;&* ¯ "d-¡¹&*" vc E ¶(* hcG3" 6¡£F¡E&* dG*xD* ¡ J f£c D* fJ2ÄD* wG t~zF&* &* 6x²* hF3&bg~6*H E f JvE *K ÌjC ¤ B¡g~6* xE&* *wGH "bmJH5" fJ2x+ v~| J "fÂv D* f£F¡<x D* v+b D Ix/ *3bE fJ*HxD* 0x - ¥wD* *'¡~zD* b BÉ=(* 4*xB v +H f£p£~z´* ¯ f£FbEHxD* fDHvD* h 12 &* v + v£ - &* Hb@@«H " b@@< f)bE É1 lv0 *3b@@E " 531 b< bG5xA&* ¤gD* f _~6&°* < kpc-H Ix1&* ,xE ub ´* *wG v£~z© ex D* (* ¡ D* jE fp£p~8 Ì= f _~6&* b ~} +H ub ´* *wG fÂv D* fJx~|´* f D*H ,4b~}²* ÌEv- < ¡DH'¡~z´* G ¤ D* l*Æ@@D* E dF*¡/ Gb© ® *3b@@´ @@G&°* *'¡~zD* bE ¤<vg~zF &* b £ < ¤ c J b GH x~|E ,4b~}² ¤ ~z D*H l*ÆD*" +bgC ¯ z £/ (* ¤/ o4¡@@/ ¤ JxE&°* 0x: ¯ "fBHx~zE fJx~|E f ~z A f£FbF¡£D* f ~z D* Hx~z´* E *¡Bx~6 64¡=bj£AH ¡ ~64&* jE bF¡£D* f ~6ÉA } + &* ~z F&° bG¡c~zFH ¡ D*H 4b ´* E *K ÌjC fJx~|´* v+b ´* bE fAx ´* $*4H bK £ ~6 6¡£F¡E&* dG*xD* b B ¤gD* f 0xD* f )bB hFbC ¤gD* v+b ´* i*x~{ + f_£ E x~| A "f )bB hD*5 b EH v+b ´* wG ¶(* @@«4* 6¡£F¡E&* fcJxB ,ÆA ¢g0 " z ~7 Í<" vc EH tJ4bgDb+ |gs´* "2¡ ~6" vc E vc EH d Db+ |gs´* " E" vc EH f ~z Db+ |gs´* v+b ´* E bGÌ=H xp~zD*H $b£ £ Db+ |gs´* " £ 1&*" *¡FbC 6b D* $°'¡G &* ¢ < v- b¿(bA hD2 (* ¤gD* f~|gs´* f~|gs´* ¡ D* *¡Ax< E H&* F&*H 2b g/*H vm+ ¡ J ~zg- ¤gD* b -bJ*H4 JHb < v0&* ¡G "¤~7bcC *2¡~6 ¡C¡C"

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

j c 6&* ¢< otgG* f ~z ~6 ~9 *K x1'¡E ,42b~|D* " b g~z´* ¡~7" b gJ*H4 ¯ d-bC É:* f B*H E - fJxGb D* " *xG&°* ibJ*H4" ~}- bmJH5 fJ2x+ ~6b+ x O- f£ cB fJ2x+ ¢ < ¡ ¸ $b~zgJ f B*¡D* - ib~z+ÉE É1 EH f£c: 4b E ¥4b~}²* x~|E ¤~9bE E f £ D* ebc~6&* < ¥H*x@@D* ~6bgD* x D* ¯ 4HvJ " b g~z´* ¡~7" ¯ ¤)*HxD* EyD*H ,Æ D* wG ¢ < 4b£g1* BH *3b´ hD&b~6 bEv <H ¥2É£´* ÉK ~}A f£ G&°* Db+ xB ¡G ~6bgD* x D* hDbB "f£ EyD* IÄ D* -°¡« &*v+ Áb~zF(°* x DbA zcg EH }Eb= F&* < ¤gJ*H4 4bg1* ¥wD* ¡G Æ@@1&* µ bF&* bK E¡ < x D* *wG ¯ $b+¡D oÉ< < bK jp+ 6¡£F¡E&* dG*xD* f 04 < lvpg- ¤gD*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

f D* E ,vJv~7 f£~6b~zp+ ¡ Eb gJ JwD* E ¤ A ,vJv/ £~8¡- ,*2&* h~z£D b JvD f D* | D* 1*2 b £;¡- f£ £CH f £;H *K Ì@@1&*H °K H&* ¤ A f£Ax15 H&* f£ £ © f £;H h~z£DH c~7&* ¤+2&°* | D* ¯ f D* f £;H ¢ < y -x- bEv < f£Db / ¤ £ ~{gD* b D* b Evsg~zJ ¤gD* *¡@@D&°* 2¡g~z§ x@@E&°* b B*¡E 2v« b ´*¡< < Ä - ¤gD* f£~|s~{D* ~6x- f DbA f£Ax ´* b -bJ¡g~zEH b -b£ /xE 2v«H µ*¡ D* wG 1*2 8¡s~{ D Áb ´* bm´* H&* f£Fb ´* f£A*x ±*H E È@@C&* 1949 x + I¡ ~6 fJx~|´* f£)*HxD* ,Ì~zE ¯ =4H f£0x~zEH f£~|~|B f<¡ ¸H fJ*H4 Í+ bE bK +bgC 20 ¢ < h ~|0 b DH y)*¡±b+ b£)b F g - °H ¢ ~z- ° b F&* ¶(* b cgC h /x-H 1993 b< f£Fb´&°* £A ~{gJH2 ,y)b/ v cg~zEH ¤~{EbG ¡G bE + fD¡ ~{E x + I¡ ~6 ib D ~z f~8b1 "f+bg D Áy g~zJH ¤ B¡g~zJ bE ¡G < i¡ ~z´bA" ¶(* ¡~8¡D* x: G&* E" b F&* Ix- ¤gD* f£)*HxD* f+bg D* ."Ix1&* )b~6¡+ 4b~|cg~6* Â ° bE x~|cg~z- b F&° f £ ²*

z IK mf 6*42

ôμH iƒ∏°S ôμÑdG áÑjOC’G É dGO O jG ôdG øY G fÉà° É É c ´QG °ûdG IGô ° d IGô ô à I ° H μ° IGô °ü dÉ ¢ É dG Y É ° G ôHÉ dG ° G à IGô jG ôdG H ôμH ° É ø É É ô jÉ G ° GôdG I °ü dG °ü dG jG ôdG ° G

bGv s- f £p´* ibBb£~zD*H f_£cD* bK Fb£0&* D bK )*2 x<b~{ D ,4bc< b GH e2&É@D 4H2 2¡/H ¢-&bg@J fAx ´* E ."x ~{D* ,4Hx~9 6b D* x< ¡D %*" ¡ - 2¡ C ¡+ ¤~zFx D* e2&°* e2&ÉD ,4Hx~9 < + e2&ÉD f £;H < lv«&* ° bF&* ~7&°*H <&°* bGb E ¯ f£Fb~zF(°* fAx ´* IvE 4b£ E ¡G ¢ ~zJH b cF*¡/ ¢g~7 E f£Fb~zF(°* xG*¡ D* ¶(* x J F&° e2&°* &* ¯ j g- G&°* fD&b~z´* fJ2b0&* Ì= fJ'H4 bG*xJ &° ¤<¡D* Ì£ - i*H2&* G&* E hBH ¥&* ¯ bC b» ÈC&* %°* Áb~zF(°* $b£~7&ÉDH @@-*w@@D @@g@ J'H4 Ì£ - ¯ Gb~zJ v@@£@±* e2&°* °H e2&°* 4H2 ¡G *wG C µb D*H f£Fb~zF(°* ibBÉ DH f £;H D e2&É@ D fJ¡+x- H&* f£ £ - f £;H < lv@@«&* ¤ ~z D* ¢ ´b+ DH ¤-bE¡ ´* ¢ ´b+ z£D f£Ax E H&* f _~6&* rx J ¥w@@D* e2&°* ¡G v£±* e2&°*H fAx D bJv£/*ÆD*H Ìc~z ~7 e2&* jE f _~6&* rx - ib+b 1 ng J bGÌ=H f£FbF¡£D* fJ¡ D d£C*x-H i*2x E ~}gJ x + I¡ ~6 v < ¤)*HxD* | D*

bGb £< *x- bE Ix- f£<*v+(°* b -b+bgC ¯ x + I¡ ~6 f£)*HxD* bK jp+ f~| D* f+bgC ¯ 8¡ - b £+ fJ*HxD* ¯ 8¡ - bEv < ¤ D dg - ¤ A ¤ s´* v£ ±* c/ E ÄC&°* $y±* < < dg - x+b D*H ¤ D* 9b F&* o4b@@1 b -*3 < kpc *K xJxB b JH ib 0b~{D* h« 6v £D b E ex J ¥wD* D* E bK +HxG $b ~zD* ¯ fJHb D* ¡m D* < dg - ,2HÄ@@D* ¯ *4v@@±* ¯ dCb D* @@/4&* 4b@@.%* < dg - x D* ,¡ ~6 c±b+ f £p´* fDb D* < dg - ExD* ¡ 0 ¯ D*H H&°* -x´* l*Æ@@D*H $*xp~|D* < dg - f£ s´* fDb D* fJx²b+ i¡´* vpgJ k£0 ¤ Gb±* x ~{D*H I'HxD*H É0&ÉD $¡~}D* b E ex~zgJ ¤gD* Hx´* i*3 Í D* i¡£+ < dg f <*x D* v < &*v@@+ ¥w@@D* ¥x~{cD* l*Æ@@D* < ibJb ²*H b Eb EH b D¡~8&* ¯ fAx ´* < kpc- f£+2&* i*3 E f E fJ4b~}²*H f£Fb~zF(°* &*H Áb~zF(°* 2¡/¡Db+ fF¡GxE fAx ´* ¯ fc=xD* &* B¡ 6¡£j£EHx+ fAx ´* ¯ fc=xD* ,x D bK /bgF i&b~{F b¿(* ,4b~}²* ,2¡/¡E fAx ´* ¯ fc=xDbA fAx ´* ¯ fc=4 f£ D(°* 4b D* x~6

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

S S b-4bc< b A £g ~7 }< ,4bc<H £g ~7 E ,4bc< Q bK cJx - b Q C ib£Q ~|s~{D* b~zD ¢ < b-4 xS E S £g ~7 ¡~zF¡/ E S t i&b:&b: b £g ~7 ,&*x´* h E b £g ~7 ¤GH b ~6&*4 *v £D Q £g ~7 ¢ < vD*¡D* }< t S b £g ~7 ¢ < hR ~}< v + ¤0¡J ÉK jE @@D bK cQ - b c~{J b@@EH i*4bc D* w@@G Q r¡J µ R (* f£Q )*HxQ D* b g D ¯ ib£Q ~|s~{D* Í+ yJb xA*¡ b DÉ1 EH f£Q )*HxQ D* ,x £~z+ ~z F v0*¡D* b g~6°* Q ¢ < ,24b~zD* ¤gD* ,x £~zD* Q - f£Q )*HxQ D* ib£Q ~|s~{D* Q Q b £ < v-H f Q D* b p~} U - bE 6b F* D3 ¶(* b~}JO ¢ < fJ2bF f£Q )*HxQ D* ~} O Q ¤/4b³* 6b F* ¥& * f £S sg´* fJQ ¡~z U D* f£Q ~|s~{D* ib ~8 Q N £Q )*HxQ D* h ~8H v A ¤ 1* x ~7&* FQ &b+ *v £D x R ~7 f Q vQ D* ¢ < x ~7 FQ * hAb~9&*H ,xQ E Ì= ~8¡D* *wG i4xS CH ¥xJx0 Q Q ,2b~6¡D* ¢ < dGwDbC ÄJ H&* + $*¡ D* d<ÉgJ J¡: N *v £D x R ~7 ib ~|D ¥¡ D 4*x - E D3 ¶( * bEH $b~}£cD* Q S Q &b+ ¤0¡- ib ~8 ¤GH Í g D* ¢ < eb~z ´* x ~7&°* x R ~{D* S ~8H 2xS ¸ z£DH b ~z F f£Q )*HxQ D* ebm<(* ~9¡E x R D*H Q f£Q ~|s~{D* v~z/ E dFb± Q ¶(* ib£Q ~|s~{D* ,2b£B f JQ ¡ Q D* i°b²* wG ¯ v£ ´* E f D ¢ < ¥¡ Q Q D* 4*x QgD* x~|g J k£p+ ¥¡ Q Q D* yJb QgD* Q Iv@@0(* b g + bGÌ= E 5bg gA f@@£Q @)*HxQ @D* ib£Q ~|s~{D* b :b¿&* ¯ bK » yJb QgD* J µ (* fJQ ¡ Q D* b E5*¡ + H&* Q fJQ ¡ Q D* E x~8b < b Âv - ¯ H&* ,Ì~| D* H&* f J¡ D* Q fJ2bF Q &* ¤ ;H b < bGÌ1&b- ¯ H&* Ix1&* ¢ < f ±* *K xJ¡~|-H *K 2x~6H bK ~8H f £ ~6 b g A D3 ¢ < ,42b@@B d£C*x-H i*2x E 4b A&°* Q &* ¶(* d<xQ D* ibJ*H4 < +b~zD* kJv²* E | 1& * Q bE b G J µ R (*H b £A e¡=xE Ì= fc<x´* ib<¡~9¡´*H b£g Db+ f~8b³* f £Q )*HxQ D* ib<¡~9¡´* ¯ bGxA*¡- E Â Q ¤ Q g D ,K v)bA ÈC&* b £D(* $¡m Q D* v< Q &* D3 bK ~}J&* 4bc D*H ¡s+ ¡ £Q )*HxQ D* £-&bJ ¢Qg0 ¤/4b³* ¡³* ~| J ° ¥wD* M Q ¤/4b³* ¡³* E ~z F ¯ BH& * ¡ J vB x1%* ¤@Q @)*H4 Q f£Q Q A fJ*HxQ D* hFbC *3(* C¡ ~6 ¯ *K Ì.&b- Qv~7&*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

£ g~zJH fJQ ¡B ,xJxQ ~7 bK @ 0H4H ,vJxE fFb £~7 bFbG ¡ bFbG ¡ - G "b £ < dT QgD* 6b Q D* E ¡JQ 2b< 2*x@@A&* ¡ - GH "x R ~6O fDb0 ¯ ¡GH H4v£+ g - ¤GH fJQ ¡B ¡0 ° É : b GH ¤-bC +* ¥¡/H bGb1&* g - ¤GH fJQ ¡B ¢ < $b~} D* *v £D h<b g~6* £C .Q ",¡Q @B °H b D Q " Q gQ D* ~6&* ¶(* fAx~{D* E b O AR 2N ¡G £~z+ + bFbG f@@J*HxQ @ D* l2*¡@@ 0 ¯ f@@ @+b@@~@Q@z@D* ib@@~@}@Bb@@ @gQ @D* ¶(* b@@~@}@J *v £D H Í + Í+ fJ*HxQ D* f c0 g0x: ¥wD* }Bb QgD* ¡~8&* E f ~zE *v £D Q D bK ~} + b ~} + bcQ 0&* b FQ (* 3(* "o*HyQ @ D* b £ g~zJ £ A ~zE Ì= Í +H fJQ x)*y/ < fJ*H4 ¯ D S ¹ ° Í +H *v £D Í+ }Bb QgD* *wG Q (* fJ*HxQ D* f c0 ¶(* gAb~9(* ¯ hc=4 fJ2bF Q D d<xQ D* E fJ*HxQ D* fJb F ¯ S g- &* H2 bK J¡~{- ÈC&* b mgD Í + Q &b+ h0H&* R (*H }Bb QgD* *w D d~6b E Q 0 Ãv *wG D3 v + J2 Ì U JO vBH ¤EÉ~6( °* JvQ Db+ g J &*v+ Q rxU ~|O- µ R (*H b£g D* d:bs- f@@J*H4 ¯ D Hy@@D ° T C fJQ x D* f 0x´* wG ¶(* /¡g- b F& b+ fJ2bF S K ¡ - &* H2 b gJ*HxD bFb E b£D*Æ~6* fJ2bF 4b£g1* Q D x~7bcE Ì= ~{+ bG2bB ¥wD* ¡G DwD f£Q )*H4 f/b0 ¯ bC b@@§4H f@ @J*HxQ @D* f c0 ¯ @@JvQ @D*H d@Q @²* ¡~9¡E ¶(* Q $b ~6&°* ¤<vg~z£~6 FQ &° ¢g D* E bK +xB ÈC&* ¤+x D* b ´* Q 4¡E&°* E D3 Ì=H f£Q +x D* v£Db QgD*H i*2b D*H f£Q +x D* b E ,2b@@A(°* fJ2bF f£Q )*HxQ D* £ g~z-H ¢g D* b D&bJ ¤gD* ¥&Q * < *K v£ + b gJ*H4 l2*¡0 v~|+ ¢g D* *wG b J(* ¯ Q gJ bC &* l2*¡²b+ Q gJ b@@C&* $*¡~6 b £A }Bb Q ib£Q ~|s~{Db+ jªT )*K|G* j T G* 4 T b gJ*H4 ¯ bK ~8HH *K 2x~6 fJ2bF f D ,2¡/ ¶(* ,4b~7(°* h c~6 iw F&* ¤gD* ¤G f Q D* ,2¡/ Q (* + ¤g gE v~z JO v0&* °

Â fJQ ¡ D 5*¡@@D b G Q &* v£+ b ~6(°* E f@@J*HxQ @D* Q 5bgH fJQ ¡ Q D* f p Q D* vJygA b < ¤ Q sQgD* ib£Q ~|s~{D* Q Q &* D3 bK ~} + b ~} + E f£Q )*HxQ D* wG 2U2xO- ib£Q ~|s~{D* *vsg~6* b E ,v0*H f£Q ~|s~7 < ,42b~8 b FQ &bCH 5*¡ Q D*

∫ƒM ¢üp∏NCG ÖYôdG q äÉjGhQ QÉμaC’G ¿Cq G ¤EG äÉYƒ°VƒŸGh ÒZ áÑYôŸG ,É¡«a ÜƒZôe øμj ⁄ ¿Er Gh ™æÁ Ée ∑Éæg ‘ ÉgôaGƒJ øe äÉYƒ°VƒŸG á°UÉÿG á«FGh q q ôdG q ,¿É«àØdÉH Ék °†jCG QÉÑμdGh

Ef¡TkG* 3 Q ,¡Q B Í+ }Bb - b G ¯ b £ < dT QgD* fD¡ ~6H fFb £~{D* Q (* 3(* fJ*HxQ D* fb1 ¯ b £ < $b~} D* . fJ*H xQ D* b£~6 Q N Q ~z F $¤~{D* h@@DHb@@0H q - A b £+&* RgB hDHb0 bFbG q - A *v £D h /bG bEv <H Í + h /bG bEv < £C *K 4*xA E i3ÉA b £ < *¡c S - bK £ / FQ &° bK ~}J&*

f£Q )*H4 bK ~8xA *¡<v+&* S .N EH bK ~}J&* $*vQ ~7&* F¡+4bpJ JwD* fJ*HxQ D* fJb F ¢Qg0 *K xQ AH *K xQ C Í Jx D* JwG Í+ *x~| D Q Q ¡ - vB ~z ~z´* fJb F H&* ¤)b £ ~zD* Jx ~{D* fJb F H&* Q Q K f/b²* wG h 0° ¡D ¢g D b<b B(* È@@C&* fJ2bF f@@J*H4 v£ - k£p+ fJx D* G&*H bFbG Í+ I¡ D* 2b - ¶(* f£Q )*HxQ D* J¡~{QgD* E ÌcC 4vB ÌA¡- ¯ Í Jx D* Í+ *x~|D* E Q K Jx1%°* obgF(° v£ QgD* xGb E < *v£ + b gB°*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

&* H2H s£~6x- E °K v+ <yg - vGb~{E E U FO H&* vGb~{´* wG ¤ F Í0 S gF Q &* bG2b E f £B2 Ì= iÉ g+ b Db g~6* 8¡~| Q D f²b~8 Ì= g D* vGb~{E ,¡~zB b£g D fEvS ´* f£Q +2&°* ¤gD* ¡ D* ¶(* fc~z Q Db+ ~z F x@@E&°* @@BO < *¡jpc£D ¡@@-H zFbGH *v £DH Í + b 12 ¥wD* zFbG E c J d<xQ D* *3(b@ A b £A bFbG c J °H D* 1*2 *v £D ¢ < $*vg<°* Hb0 Q ¢ < )*vg<* v + zFbG h gB ¤gD* fFb £~{D* E K b£Q )*H4 fD¡c E f£Q +bmJ(* f+¡ < D b O gR BN *v+H *v £D *v £ D -$b~6(° zª TkG* 2 g D* 4¡@@ E&* ¯ iv@ R @~@S@z@© ¤@@g@D* d@@<xQ @ D* ,x@@ @A Q @ @D 2xS ¸ ¡£ D* ÉgB*H $bEvQ D* 8b~|gE*H ¡ D*H iÉ~z ~zE bK ~8¡~|1H f£Q JxE&°* iÉ~z ~z D v£ ¯ 4xU g´* v R N @D* g D* f:x~7&*H $bEQvD* ¤~8b~|E Q Q S ib@@F*¡@@£@²*H ¡ D*H 5b@@ @´*H 4*¡@@~@@{@D* f s~}D* Ix1&°* dC*¡ D*H 94&°* :b+H b F&°* ¯ f~{0¡g´* U K b~8¡~|1 f£Q JxE&°* f £U s´* g<vg+* b» D3 Ì=H f )b: °K *¡@@ E&* f£Q )x´* ~8¡~|F 2*v@@ <(* ¢ < h F&*H É@@A&°*H iÉ~z ~z´* wG fJ2bF v U O- &* ¯ bK £Q Q A d£< °H b¿(Q * f£Q +x< ibJ*H4 ¯ D3 £;¡- ¶(* ¢ ~z-H ibJ*HxQ D*H l2*¡²b+ ¤ Q g´* ¢g D* J bE bGÌA¡- v< ¯ ¤Q Q D* d£ D* ¢ g D* < x-*¡g´* kJv²* Q &* D3 ,v S O @D* ib£Q )y±*H bFbG ,¡Q B £D2 FQ &* ¢ < ¢g D* J bFbG R-2N 4R &* JwD* Ì= rx: ¤@Q @)*HxQ @D* b£~zD* Q Q D b £ < $b~} D* fDbpg~6*H Í +H bG¡+&* D3 A fD¡ ~z+ bFbG ¢ < dT QgD* f£Q Fb E(* ,xQ E bFbG ¢ < ¤~} - *v £D / ~z F b£~zD* Q Q &* b C *v £DH S ¥&* R ~}D*H ¡³* fJ*HxQ D* *¡: ¤<vS - hFbC ¤gD* ¤GH f£Q )*HxQ D* kJ2b0&°* }£ F bFbG < f£Q )*HxQ D* l2*¡²* Q &* *¡ / FQ &* b 0° Í£Q JxE&°* £ ~8 ¯ b BS 2 *3(bA b < b +&°* *¡ / b C $*vQ ~7&* °K b@@/4 $bEQvD* ¤~8b~|E Q f g D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

i*xEb ´* ib<¡~9¡§ f Q g´* 4b A&ÉD £~} - b£g D* :b+ o¡@@ DHH $b~} D* ¯ x ~zD*H S 5b@@ @ D&°*H ib@@<*x@@~@@|Q @D*H ,x A fJ2bF 4b£g1* E Â bE b G z£ A S .N EH 94&°* wG f±b § bK )*2 f c-xE f£Q Q D* f£Q ~} D* Q D ¡@@³* Q ,x D* R O µ fJ2bF Q &* Q D*H b FQ (* 3(* f±b ´* wG ~zP « ,vJxE fFb £~7 bFbG Q (* ¡ D* ¯ ,ÌjC ibp ~8 i2¡S ~6 bEQ &* b £+&* RgBN hDHb0H bGb1&* h gB b C ÉK £D 6b Q D* g R O É D* v~zU © ¤gD* fc<x´* vGb~{´* - b ~z F g D* vGb~{E v ~{´* D3 bG5x+&* Q D £ B b c£~| A xJy D* ~8¡D*H Ix/ bEH £A bFbG g +* dp~|J bFbG ¡+&* Jx-b+ bC ¥wD* D3 ¯ b Bb 1(*H b £+&* RgBN bFbG fDHb¹ v + 4*¡0 E b £+ Q b~zF(°* B¡´* *wG £ QgDb+ xJv/ g D* fDHbp§ Æ ´* Á O * H2 d<xQ D* < kJv²b+ ¤ g ~6 b FQ b( A °(*H ¯ v~zU ½ &

z IK mf 6*42

ÖYôdG t ájGhQ ]«k kH z M z0&* ¸^ «CD °ü dG

Qô ° O

QÉ G ø àdG G G YôdG ÉjG Q IÉcÉ HôY d É à dG I Gô G ø É fG HÉ° dG É à dG ° àcG dG d ° dG NG dG G àdG IOÉYG Y YÉ° jô dG à ô °ü°ü dG YôdG ÉjG Q dG G H ° dG à Hô àf É GÉ c dG ÉàHÉ ¢ d YôdG ÉjG Q É° H dG G àdG YôdG ÉjG Q j É Y G dG ÉHQ àdG É G Y ¢ ô ° ô É fG H à dG YQ G IÉ G QÉ ¢ H d É ° j ° H à É ° G É É ô G É É G G °üdG ø à d É Y O I μdG I °üdG dG fÉ G ôNG fÉ ° f àdG Gô É ÉfÉ G ôdG Éc É μ G j É G YôdG ° ô YQ É jG Q ´G àHG ¢ dG Y É ÉfÉ G ôdG øμj GPG ° dG ø G °ûY N N É àdG G àdG G ø H G ° Q øjôN G àH àcG

¥wD* b £~{D* b B4bAH bFbG h-bE 3(* b )*x/H b -b£² f /4 Ì= ¶(* b £A S 0 Q * ° R O £Q +x D* f Q D* fJ2bF f£Q )*HxQ D* Q &* ¯ ~7& ~zP «H f K b gJ*H4 f ~{E b@@EQ &* b ~8HH *K 2x~6H *K xJ¡~|- b + xT ~|SgD* e¡ ~6&b+ Q g- b¿(Q * f Q Db+ Q g- ÉA ¤g gE v~z J v0&* °

@@+4&°* b Q D* Q DH b D b -4bg1* ¤gD* ,x D*H b g±b E U f£-%°* xS gJH + £ J bEH ¤)*H Q xQ D* ¡~9¡´* f £c: q~9¡ < jM*K|G* ,| D 1 T b£g D* ib@@J*Hx@@D f²b~8 ,v£U / ,x A b G Q &* v g<&* ° ibJ*H4 ¯ b G bC (*H f²b~8 4b A&°* Q A f_£Q ~6 Ix1&*H

fJQ 2¡ ~zD* f Q £Q )*HxQ D* gcgC bE f£Q +x D* d<xQ D* ibJ*H4 o3b¿ E JvJ Í+ d<xQ D* µ*¡< ib@@J*H4 f ~z ~6 ~9 fJ2bF

fJ*HxQ D* wG f~8É1 ¤g gE v~z JO v@@0&* ° f@@J*H4 b EH Q E ¥4¡c + exB b gJxB ¶(* fc£c D* ,bg D* *v £D HvB ¢Qg0 ~|- 2b - bEH ,5b/(* ¯ Áv£~6 f£Q D*Æ~6°* f ~8b D* 6b Q D* g - h0*xA b £~7 b £ < x £~6 ,bgA &bcF ~z H2 i*¡ ~6 b £ < h~}EH *K 4b ~8H *K 4bcC °K b/4H $K b~zFH °K b :&* } + ,24b~zD* 9x - b £ < $b~} D* fDHbp§ v0& * } J &* Q . Q ¤)*H Q xQ D* ¤~9b´* ¯ lv0 bE |£s - v + g D* l2*¡0 H4v£+ H ¤-bC H *v £D ¢ < ¡m D* l2*¡0 } + Uv -O Q $b~} D Jx~{D* ,4b.( * ¶(* g - &* cB GÌ=H Í + H Q ¤Ex+ *v £D rbm + fJ*HxQ D* ¤ g - fFb £~{D* bFbG ¢ < Q Q *K vQ 0 Dw+ fK ~9*H Q gQ D* ~6&* ¶(* fAx~{D* E fFb £ ~{D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

| 7

ó∏H Éj

G Éà j °ûdG c É° ¢ É dG c ¢ É dG c μ G É Nô° É dG dG É H Éj G c " ° "d ° fG ¢û Y G àj É ° ø à° G ° ô É dG ÉjÉ G Q àd É Q É É É° ° G Éd G ° øμd μdÉ G Q dG ÉjÉ f c G HQ f

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

dG É

G H Q É É G QÉ d YN Hc I c ° É °É G Q ø Éà H ´ÉàHG G ° Q dÉH HGG Q dÉH ô Y HG ø d ô ôjOGG ø d ô ôjOGG ø d ô ôjOGG d G j Q d G j° É j Y ° dÉH ô É μdÉ

I jÉY

dG GP Éj Gø Yô àdG Gô j ° QÉH IÉ G à° ° ô Gø Y Éj ° H É ° ø É YÉ G ÉfOÉ cG HÉc É d j j dG Y OGô G d ø dG j É ÉfQ HôdG N f °ûY É Éd G ° øμd H Éj

êhôÿG IOÉY º¡d ∂«°ùμŸG ¿Éμ°S ≈∏Y ∫ƒ∏jCG øe ô°ûY ¢ùeÉÿG ‘ Ék jƒæ°S k «d 11 áYÉ°ùdG ,áNô°üdG q ó«©H ∫ÉØàMÓd Ó Gƒeƒ≤«d äÉMÉ°ùdG ‘ ¢SÉæq dG ™ªàéj PEG º¡Jƒ°U ≈∏YCÉH ñGô°üdÉH q

N &* v@@0&* b B(* £ g~z- D FbA f~}£+ ng O- f~}£+ < K Q b¿(*H *5¡A « µ - ¤+2&°* Hv D* b <&* C bA f~7*xA .."ym D*" ¢ E < fpJx~8 f £~|+ Ä - hpc~8&* ,x A ,v@@0¡@@D* fGbgE < ¯ lb@@+ ¡@@£@Ab@@j@C&* b D x~|gsJ 64b Q Äg ~6 b CQ (*H f1x~|D* Q O ÂN O f£Q 1*2 f1x~8 | D* b D¡~8H IvE 4bcg<* vC'¡´* E FbA Ä@@²* 2*v§ bG*v~8 P d-b D* b £ < ~|0 ¤QgD* f ~6*¡D* f0b~z´* mp+ Jx1%ÉD O * ~6H ¢g0 vJx D* ¥Hv@ 2¡~{² Q @D* *wG 2*v@@<(° 4b A&°* E Q eb £g~6* b £ J £ g~zF ¥w@D* hB¡D* ¯ b + ¡ F &* b £ A £~z ´* b ~6 &* ¡£AbjC&* ¡ J x~zgDQ * < $b g~6°* f£Q GbE ¢ < ¡ J&* E x~{< zEb³* ¯ bK J¡ ~6 oHx@@³* ,2b@@< D ¯ 6b Q D* gmJ 3(* f1x~|D* v£ + b g0ÉD ÉK £D 11 f<b~zD* Q v ~{´* *wG 4¡Q ~|- -¡~8 ¢ <&b+ u*x~|Db+ *¡E¡ £D ib0b~zD* Q $¤~{+ $b D(°* H&* $¤~7 E b gF°* ¡DHbpJ FQ &bC ·bJ4¡~zD* ¢ < ,xQ ´ ¡DH *¡ ~|pJ µ JwQ D f~8xA b FQ (* ~z F&* o4b1 O b g0°* O p Â 3(*H Gv0&* /H ¯ *¡1x~|£D f £ . f ² ¢g0 f £ D* - ¯ u*x~|Db+ ¡ c~{gJ F(bA fJQ x²* wG Jx @@FQ (* ¡£AbjC&* eb@@/&* b C b D* f£Q + h ~|D* *¡ ~zpJ Q Q f1x~|D* gD ¡ £D Ix1& * f /H EH z D* ÉgE° b~7 Q L Á Q *v/H L . f1x~8 d-b D* 4bgsJ &* v£Q ±* E *w D 2bG K f £: g ~8 f~64b» b 0° £ g~zJ ¢g0 b + O cQ ~{gJ fJQ HvE u*x~|D* E D bC °( *H D3 A E d g- Ix1& * f 0xE O Q b§4H Q f1x~|D* | D* Q b g0* É@@:(* fc£G *v A Ìj D* -*3 b g0°* O J µ *3(* £A fC4b~{´* < O´b+ ¤ g~z£~6 ¢ < A¡ g£+ f1x~8 xCwg~zF 3(*H 4¡~}0 < ¢ g~6* E ¡G b + . ¤QgD* f gO´* - b D b~|J(* HbpJ ¡GH i¡´* 7*xA - b ~6H'H4 ¢g0H b gp /&*H ib:¡ T D* Jw+ ~zÂ ¡GH µb D* $b ~6 ¡A Q « &* dmJ b F& * ¢ < xQ ~8&* ¤QgD* ,4w~{D* O f ~6bQgD* f£F¡ ~zD* fB4b³*H fJx c D* g£F¡ ~6 v~z/ b £0 Q *w G 4*x~8(°* f£F¡ ~6 2b D* E vJv D* b £ < :&* ¤QgD*H Ìj D* k£0 Q D* f0b~6 ¯ -¡~8 *¡ J 4b~|gF°* rH4 Q + "b g A v D" £ < ¢ JO v0&* ° &bC ¡ J ux~|J

G j QÉ°üàf G Q μH G μ QGô ° j G Éc j ô°üj μdG

G f ° ¢D§¤kª+ ø dG É° ° Éà d" Y

¡~|²* *K Ì@@1&* £ g~z- b £ < ~|pgD b g~z- &* Hb«O O N vJv/ ¢ < $b~} D*H £ < Q Q ¯ ¤ J ¥w@ D* *w + bp D* ebQg D* E Ìj D* HbpJO 3(b@A Dw+ F(bA £ < ¡~|²* ¢ < Hx~|JO 3(*H @@ @~@6H'H4 É@@:(°* b Â ¤QgD* b@@ @<&°* E f EbC f ~z ~6 ¡c -xJ ¤ Q D* ym ´* Q &* q£p~8 " ,v0*¡D* ,x P D* b <&*" b £ < - Q &* q£p~8H ,2xQ gO´* -b ~8H f~8b³* ~8 *Q ¡³ obgpJ Q N ¯ b D Qv+° bC G D gsO´* D3 /& ° hFbC i°HbpO´* Â ° b £A $¤~7 l*v0(* /&° $b£~7&°* i*w+ bp Q D* ,xQ E Q C - N c F &* b £ < bK E*yD bC G H&* " ~z F q Â & * ´b+ N N - + FQ&* b p/4 bA "bFym< $*x D* x~{ D i°Hbp´* Q H&* + bp D* *¡ £ g~zJ µ bK _£~7 b D *¡D¡ J &* *H2*4&* b <&°* µ b £0 x~{ Q D* < Hv D* *¡Eyg J µ F(bA £ < }c D* i*xEH ,xE ,Ìc D* ,x D* f=b£~8 ¢ < ib D* ~zON HÄ J *¡0*xA 24b~{gJ4 ¥y£ ½( °* d-b D* A b C ,ÌjC Q bEyD*H b ´*H b +&°* b £A gsJ fs~6b gE f ~z ~z+ b < µ F(bA F¡ 0ÉJ G bE ¢ < }c D* ¡DHbpJ *¡FbC 3(*H N GHv< ,Ì~6 tJ4&b- ¢ < O´b+ JÄ¸ *¡F¡ J bE D3 ~|D f~}£+ °(* f/b/QvD* bE" gD¡ E ¯ x + J¡Eb~8 v~z/ Q ,4x g´* -*3 ng J bK )bC x~|gsJ ¡G bC (bA "Ix1&* f~}£+

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

°ûàj j Nô° ÉμdG QÉà j G G ø pf+ §ªDfnF&* à ôNG ô IQOÉf à °É Q° QÉH É ° dGà° Éj ° à G É cH dP

G à ° É É °ü ° ô G àYG d ~M| / 24f kM4 ÉfG É ÉY ô°ûY ° OG à G H H Y dG j ° fG μ° É Q ° G à Iôμ dG øY àdG øY Y YG

ib )bC ¹ÉE hA2b~8 3(*H ¡cB f ; %°* Ä O J ¡G 1*2 £ JO bE < {QgA b Q C ¥wQ D* D3 < kpcJ FQ (bA b Ax< ,ÌjC ¡cB dO Q J / b§ ,ÌjC i*4b~7(* -xCQ 3 < Ég0* ¯ ¥v+&°* ym D* D3 E x g~zJ U µN d-b D* $b~zgJH b =¡~|- ° 4b A& °* } + (* $b N D* D3 Q C v + *4H&°* | Q D* O bE b FQ (* i*2x ´* £;¡- ¯ fJQ x c D* b -4v E =4 ib D* ,x D* fEbs~9 eb £g~6* ¢ < f DQ * ym< f£Db ~7(* ¢ ~zJ O O « DwD ° ix .&* (* b Q D bGx1%* ¢g0 *4H&°* E Ìj D* lx ¢Qg0H ¢ ´* E f EbC bK ~94&* /&° b c Q B ¥wQ D* *w´* b £ vm A b 1&* J&* *K v£/ F b F( bA $*x D* b~9x+ h +¡B ¡D O O f~|B < < Æ J yJx / 24b~{gJ4 ¥y£ ½°* d-b D* ~7 ¥& * ¯ g ~8 b´ bK £Q ~|s~7 x@@E&°* Äg<&* µ ¡D" ¤c B M bF&*H bEb< x~{< f c~6 2*vgE* ¢ A ¤+¡ £O + ¤<¡D* vJv~7 ¤ FQ (* K 4¡N ¹ hp~9&* ¢g0 ,x D* wG < Ìc QgD* < ¥ym< ¤<&* ~{g £D A FHyº EbC Ä@@²* vcJ *w G "¤-b£0 < 1*2 bK 14'¡E ym< K b£ gE ~z F Db+ Q b@@ @-*3 ,4b Q ~|D* ¤@N @E4 c~{J x@@E&°* O * ¥y£m - xL @ @E&* *w@@GH bK @~@7x@@B f ~6 @@< °K v@@+ ¡@@~@|@² E b-x- $b£~7&* ¢ < ¡~|²* Ä Q @ D* ¢ < Nh@@F&*H Â ° £ g~z- A f/¡E f +b¸ exQ © µ (* ib £pO´* b <&* s~9 < ¢ < ~|« D FQ &* . v£Q / m0 ¢ < 4¡j O D* M K O fDHbp´* x~7 b )*2 q+Æ~6 *wG =4H f ~9*¡gE ib£Fb E( b+ P 'N H¡~9 Nh 1 b Q C e2&°* ¯ f~8b1 Q bK ~9*¡gE bC b Q C ¥wQ D*H N ¤gD* f £ Q D* ,x D* wGH $b :(* HbpJ £A Gv0& * Q &bCH

cg J bE C ¯ xO Q g~z£A d-b D* FH2 E ox J O |F Q bK )*2 f Q . b¿&Q bC } cD* 1*v+ f+bg D* ¢Eb g- *w D bE $¤~{D ¡~8¡D* O Ov ~|J *4HbpgJ D¡0 ¡pJ |F ,v0*H ,4¡~|D fDÉ~6 ¤G O O * ,xm~7 < N y J &* H2 qc~zJ x Q D* y J . £A 2¡ ³ S Q D f gcE ,ÌjC f E&* £A Æ@@JH bJK 4b< oxsJ c=5 N Ä0 ¯ bgs- ,2HÄ+ x ~{- $b£~7& °* wG Q D gAx E =4H - bEH DbC qc~8&* É D* ¯ £ < }c D* hDHb0 b C N |F Áb ´* v mgD x1%* 2*xE °(* £A ix~6 ¤Q gD* ,2HÄD* N * O ~9x - E Hx¹ 4Hv E ¯ z£D Q D £A ¡J P Q C 4b A& Q E )b- C FH2 E g~6 |F 4*H2& * d D N bK )*2 f Q D* Q Q * H&* ,2¡ D bK Jx: < kpcJ Q £~6H f=ÉcD* ¡~6 ¯ EQ &* ,b g~{´* ,x D* ¶(* w1&bJH ¤-&bJ 2*xA&* E *K v0&* ¤ ~zD* ¯ 4b A& °* wG jE b~}1(* HvJxJ » Ìj D* 1vJ S É=(* Hb¹ xE& O °* E d S - ¡ A ´b+ £pg~zO´* $*4H Q 4*v/ ¢ < ,x:bE f £D ¯ bK +¡ .H ~7b ´b+ z ~{D* wAb E P P bC i¡´* Q < h£+*¡SgD* qgA 2b@@<&* (*H ¢g0 e*ÆDb+ ¤ £: Q N £D bK £~{g E /xs£A gsJ 2b J O Av£~6 ¥wQ D* Q &*H bK 05bE $b£~7&* ¢ < ~|p£D b -*3 $b£~7&°* exU mJO £~6 FbA E ib Db+ g-¡p E O g0¡D ² H&* ~|F Q dg JH f gºO O *K 5b¸ %°* ¡pJ FQ &* ¢ < b -*3 Ím D*H *¡D&°*H ib:¡ D*H ¤0¡D* d0b~|J h ~|D*H Q ¡ ±* ¯ ~6v0 cQ gJ x@@1%* T U x1&bgJ *w DH 4¡ D* E eb-xJ ¥wD*H 1*v+ z£c²* ¤0¡D* 5bm´b+ )b ²* +xJ &* v@@+H Bv~8 x1&b- b Q C Fb -(* Q ¤ - ¯ & ¶(* ¤~} - ° ¤QgD* CbE&°*H x D* $ *vcJ . 22S ÆJ Q

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

ôG £A *K vDb1 E *¡ / JwQ D* fp)*4H P gcp~|+ h.v0 ¤QgD* E Q g- ¤C D bK +b E ÉK EbC *K v ~{E xO gcg~6 FQ &* ¢Qg0H x B < wA*¡ S D* 1 Okpcg~6 f~{£ O´* f p Q D* - 4*x Q ¡ : hBH ob/QyD* ¢ < /H ¤~zF bK c . lvpOg~6 z ~{D* N ¡~8¡D* *K x1%* P O °K Hb¹ B*4H&* x0 ,ÈC E ¡Q ±* É= ¢ < N Ég1°* ¯ ,2Hvp´* -4v +H ¡ ±b+ F¡ S g£~6 £D(* N 5b£g/* ¢ < xQ ~|- %°* NhF&* bGH ym< FQ (*

É °G

z IK mf 6*42

õLÉY Oƒ°SCG ô`` `ÑM

",42bF ¤G bE 4v + fc ~8 f £c D* $b£~7&°* C" *5¡ £c~6 ¡ J E ,bAb E b FQ &° ° fL £cF fK £cF b~8¡~|F b D bFx g+* vB b Q C (*H K fGQy E b FQ &* ¯ ¢Qg0 °H 4¡~| D* ¯ b - b FQ &° °H $b 1&°* ¥wQ @D*H b F*v/H ¯ 6v ´* 4v D* Dw+ b@@¿(Q * i°Qy@ D* E q J bE *K 42bFH 4¡D* ¢ < J¡« f+¡ ~8 f£~6v D* - p &* £ g~z- ° |F Q bK )*2 Db G D3 ¯ ¡<vc´* |~| Db+ tJ4*¡gD*H CbE&°b+ /*4vg~6* *K vGb/ Hbpg~6H

Q H

dG É ° G c 5§¡ªg 6 yK4f+ IQOÉf É

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

bC b´ ¤ £ 0 £j ¤G k£0 E f£sJ4bgD* f+bg D* f ~z A $b + ,2b<(* ¤G k£0 E H&* f£Db£1 ,2b g~6* ¤G k£0 E H&* ¡ J &* E ~z F D* ¡ sJ ÉA bG4Hv+ i*wD* £A ~} ¥2x~zD* Ãv gD* f £c: &* D3 ¤ JH iÉJH&bgD* E ÉK JH&b Áb ´* E ¢ § fJ¡ D* obgF(* E x1%* H&* ~7 E 5Ég £ ~{g+ gBÉ< ¯ f 0xD* 2x~6 $ÉJ(* Â bC D3 ¢ <H ¥wD* b ´* 8¡~|º ¡pF ¢ < tJ4bgD* )bBH c0H fJ¡ D* ¢ < + ¡ J bK ~}º ¡~9¡ D ¥x D* }s´* ¯ Q pg~zJ ¯ bC (*H *wG f£ £~| gD* f Jb ´* ¯ *x g~6°*H xJ4wgD* ¢ ~z´* *wG ¢ < ¡pJ bE "r*vB I'H4"@D ¤jpcD* b ~6(°* + x P ~{JO H ¯ o4v J 4¡g D* ~9*¡E E £D(* ix~7&* bE (bA f ~|p´b+H *¡0&°* E bp+ rv J °H 4*¡²* bA%*H ,$*x D* ib » f£ D* -$b CH kpcD* f£Q G&* ¯

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

E f~8b1 f c0 ¢ < f )b D* f£Q ~| D* f=b£~|D*H ,x~7bc´* fJ¡ D* Hv - @@D3 j§H l*v@@0&°* d£-x-H )bB¡D* £ d£ J bE } + ¶(* b G Ì~7&*H fJ2x~zD* f c²* w D bK /bgF jE E fj0bcD* v g - ¥w@@D* xA*¡D* ¤ /x´* hcjD* < 2¡/¡D*" 4¡ J4 ¡+ ebgCH 2x~zD*H fE&°* < b+b+ ¤E¡G ebgC H&°* ~z D* ¯ hcjD* *wG < eb= b C "2x~zD*H bEyD*H ebgC " É~6(°*H ¤ ~6Hx D* ex D*" f£)b . £A kpc- ¥wD* / bE D3 Q DH "ex D*H É~6(°* Í+" ¡~zF2H4 £~z E f£)y±* ib £Q gD* Ì~6&* b£0&°* E ÌjC ¯ ¢ cJ É D* i*4b~7(°* ¶*¡g- hFbC (*H f±b ´*H |£s~{gD* ¯ ¡~9¡ D D* b A&* eHb -H £ gD*H *yg1°* ib£ <bA ¶(* £A fJ¡ D* ib~6b£~6 I¡g~zE ¢ < Ì - xmJ µ bE ¡GH £j gD*H P tJ4bgD*H fAb jD* eb 1 ¯ ¤ +b gD* 2v gD* ¢ < f~z~6'¡´* < *'¡~zD* E £D(* ib gD°* dmJ bC bE ¶(* Oh D&* b G E

b EÉC E fj0bcD* + i&*v+ bE ¶(* 2¡ F ,x D* w D bK Eb(* ,4¡~8 v g<* ¥wD* bGvD* £ pg+ É~}A +* fDb~64 ¢ < bCH f£F*xJ(°* v ~{E f JvE ¯ 2¡/¡´* fDb~6xD* ¡ s´ i¡BbJ b gc.&* ¤gD* 8¡~| Db+ v ~{E fs~zF +bB &* < E Qv~6 ¯ 8¡~| D* wG v g<*H " *v cD* m E" ¯ ¥¡ ²* fDb~6xD bGvD* £ « jQ E" fj0bcD* ¡ - ¡ s´* | F ib~6*4vD* £ / £D(* iv g~6* ÉK £~8&* bK /xE É~}A +* | D* *wG f£Q B¡.¡E ¢ < vJ b» fDb~6xD* wG hDHb - ¤gD* Ì= ¢ < bGvD* < q£/x- Q D " £D(* b _ :°* fDb0H ~z F É~}A +* ¶(* e¡~z E |F ¢ < g~7* F(* k£0 E &ÉE bGvD* &* b £~6°H " ~8&*" ¢ < É D* fc-4 ¶(* ¢BxJ ° fDb~6xD* E i¡BbJ b D 0 b§ ¡ s´* ¯ | D* *xA (bA + J¡ gD*H bGvD* < Ãv - f£ G&* E =xD* ¢ <H °H ~8&°* ¢ < É D* ,4¡ 1 ¢ < cQ g- °H 5Æ« ° fj0bcD* $b~{F(°* b <&* ¯ fAb jD* ib ~6¡gD fE5ÉD* fAb~z´b+ g« Q K b¸ ¯ f~8b1 @@D3 E ¡ J bE ¯H bGÌ=H £EÆD*H ¡p~{E b¸ ¯ £ < ¢ cJO &* Â bEH ¥2x~zD* A*vgD* $b~{F(°* £ - ¯ i*wD* 4¡~}0 x.&* £A ¢ sJ ° 5b gDb+ Dy ´ bK c Q © D bg« &* fj0bcD* ¢ < bC bE ¡GH £/¡-H ¥x D* x+Q vgD* iÉ ~{E E + J bEH ~8&°* ¢ < É D* b£~zD* *wG jE ¯ jªwM4fkG* j+fk G* j DK jM§¤G*K 2| G* fN nGf. ¯ D*H f ~zD* E "r*QvB" < + Qg gJ b§ 4*x@@B(°* E ¥v D* bGÄD* $b~{F(* ,¡BH f Cbp´* fEÉ~6 EH bK E %* Ix ~|D* x~8b D b c£Cx-H ¤ £~| gD* b cQ g- ¯ b F(bA f 0xD* 8¡~| D f£~6b£~zD*H fJQ x D* i°°v D b ~}ºH b0 eÉ F* E fc£= |F £ < ¥¡ J b´ y£Q g´* b /bgF(*H £j g D ¡~9¡E ¶(* D <bA E D¡Q «H É~}A +* fJ*4yD* ¶(* Ì~{J ¡pF ¢ < b~}1(°*H eÉg~6°* ¶(* . EH Q f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* ,4b~}²* d B ¡GH f£)b jD* ¤c B v0&b+ =xD* ¢ < b F(* ¡B&* b ~{D* G&° ¡ g´* yCx´* +b E ¯ b < n)bg + -x- µ £ D* v ±b+ ¡G bEH– C D3 E f£ ~9¡´* ib Cbp´* + 5¡© vJxmgD*H ¡ D* E @@A&* ¶(* I¡g~z´* ¢ < )b~|²* wG d£Cx- v£ gD f£Q jpcD* $*y/&°*H fJ¡ D*H 2x~zD* Í+ f£Q D* fBÉ D* ¡pF j g´* ¢ <&°* ¥x D* E fJ¡ D* £ ~{- i*2v¹H ¥2x~zD* £ gD* )*x: Í+ H&* f+xmgD* Í+ ~6¡gD* b A&* E A ~z F ¡G 2x~zD* (* k£0

f£jpcD* ibF¡Q ´*H dF*¡±* Hvc-H bK Eb 0(* Qv~7&* f£ £D&bgD* f/4v+ a4b D* x ~{J ° k£p+ bK ~6b I¡B&*H bK Bb~z-* ÈC&* &° D* dF*¡/ Í+ ¤1*ÆD* H&* 4¡g D* ib/42 E Ix1&* H&* lb cF*H f£)b jD* Q ~{gD ¤sJ4bgD* v~8xD*H ¤E¡ ´* }s´* E ¥4Hx~}D* b Q ¹ ¯ ¤-&bg~6 hFbC b -b+Hb©H b )*v~8&* qg - b´ bK £ -H $K *x.(* ¡ gA É~}A +* fDb~64 ¡~9¡E kp+ f£~6b£~zD*H fJx D* b -bFb E(* £ < jªT ¡G* £§k¼* z IK j 0|G* I T fN ªIf. b -4v E bK 0 ebm<(°b+ xJv/ ¡G b»H fj0bc D m~zJ b» Q f£Q D* ,2b´b+ f:b0(°*H ¤jpcD* $b~| g~6°* ¢ < fgAÉD* ,b g~zE f£Q £D¡- i*4w~7H x~8b < E b Q s- bE ¢ < cQ gD*H | D f£)b £~zD* f±b ´* D3 ¯ b§ Ix@ @1&* 42b~|E E Q B&b+ z£DH f +b gE i*4¡ EH f JbcgE ib E E f 0xD* 2*¡ D Í~8xD* £ pgD* ¢ < bGxAQ ¡- E BHb~zJ bE D3 E M4¡~|+ Í D* &ÉÂ b» D3 Ì=H ibEbpB(°*H ib J¡ gD*H v +O H ÄM ~8 ¡:H ,M bF&* E b c.¡-H fJQ v D* f~6b²* f J E b gC* b -*H2&* O-H ¥v D* x D fDb~6xD* 4¡~8 fj0bcD* ~}sO P X bGÄD* $b~{F(* c~6 b Eb E E Q g~z-H b E C 4bcg1* ¯ vG*¡~7H ²* obgF(* i*5y § Q C D3 <v-H bK ~} FH fK £Cy b´ f £ D* b g±b E ¯ £ < F bE D3 ibJ%* EH E*x+(* ¯H "¢-¡´* f C&*" ¡gJ*xC fJ*H4 ¯ É~}A +* f 04 E $b/ ¯ x ~}JO H x JO b´ bGv£ -H ÍG*x+ E B¡~zJ b´ bGv F f 0xD 4b~z´ Ax0 ¯H $b~{F(°b+ c<É- ¯H $b cD* f Jx: ¤gD* f£Q ³* )É D* < M4*vgBb+ fj0bcD* ~{ - b G EH ~}-H f£Q p ´* " D¡£+" ,v£~|B ¶(* ¡gJ*xC |F Qv~{Q ¤gD* f c´* ibJb D* ¢ <H < ¯ z£DvgD* CbE& * ¢ < bGvJ D3 $*4H E bGb£Q gJ 8¡ D* ¯H ¤ A&°* q~z´* ¯ bcD* ¡ + ~zQg´* $*2&°* *wG E obgF(°*H D* ¢ < ,4v ´* ¯H $b~{F(°* i*x ~}E ¢ < bE ¡G bK E Íg ±* E } + ¶(* b ~} + )*x D* ~9 É1 Q K Q fc£= v ¹ 4v£0 |F |pA ¢ < b < ¯ *yCxE IQvcgJ Q ¤ JxE&°*H ¤+x D* Í~| D nE2 E ~8* bE fD$b~zEH Q ¢ Q mgJ b ´* *wG ¯H É~}A +* fDb~6xD £ « <5 ¯ cQ gJ µ bE ~{C ¯ ¥v D* x~|cgD*H $*2& °* < Ix1&* ,K xE Q ,¡ D* ibBÉ< ,yCxE E < ¯ I4*¡gJ b» "fc£=" £ < ¡~9¡´*H i*wD* H&* x1%°*H bF&°* f£)b . ¯ b -ÉJ¡«H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

EH b ~z F f£)b jDb+ ÍgD¡~8¡´* ¤ 0 ~z0 fDHb¹ D3 f jE&* ¯ ¡~9¡´*H i*w@@D* f£)b . d B fDHb¹H *x~{g~6ÉD g /*¡E É~6(°*" +bgC ¯ zJ¡D 24bFx+ ¯ f£)b jD* ¥vS 0 v£C&b- "ex D*H <bA2 ¯H ex D* < gpAb E / bK @ <b@@A2 *x@@~@{@g@~@6°* @@< 24*H2(* ¢ < c~}= b@@/ d~|J T *x~{g~6°* v F ¯ 2¡ /H v£ ~6 b -É£~| g+ ~| D* *wG ¯ f/4v´* i*x D* b +b- bE *3(*H bE &* Ix1&* ,xE b D vCQ &b- fJQ x D*H f£A*x ±*H f£sJ4bgD* bK jp+ ¥¡g~zJ &° q ~|J 1v´* ¯ b C b G fj0bcD* g g1* KQ f +*xD* ~9 E $¤~7 0ÉJO &* Â b G EH É g~zE ~| D* ¶(* g F bEv A ebg D* b~zB&* Í@@+ f£ £D&bgD* bG4¡~|+ É~}A +* fDb~64 ¢ < É D v + bEH ÁbjD* Q sJ ° gº ¡~9¡E f /*¡E ¯ b F&* x ~{F ,2v g´* Qv~{- ¤gD* x~8*H&°* 4¡g + H&* c~6 b < <b Fb+ 4¡ ~{D* E b~z-°* £ - E b ~9x< bg1 ¯ fj0bcD* B¡~z- bE £D(* eHx@@²* f 0xE @@D3 ¯ b§– b g0°* 4¡~8 f C*xE ¯ B¡´* < *'¡~zDb+ zDvF&°* ¯ f£+x D* fDHvD*H f£c£ ~|D* b£~zD* *wG ¯ É~}A +* |F wsgJ ¥wD* ¡ J &* D rbg´* E bC fj0bcD* < &* ¤g / E 4QvB&* Q h~9x< bE } + h ;H b F& * ¡D bK Eb 0(* Qv~7&*H bK c~6 I¡B&* v~84 E H&°* ~| D* ¯ £ < h-&* bE } +H 1v´* ¯ D h R Q <H É~6(°*H ¤ ~6Hx D* ex D* f£)b . ¯ £j gD* b ~7&* ib+3bmgD* E É~}A @@+* fDb~64 £ < qg - bE kp+ + 4¡Q ~|gD* *wG jE ¤ A £j gD*H D* 4*¡:&* eHb -H f£)b jD* f +*xD* x - f gs´* f£jpcD* 2¡ ±*H 4b ´* £;¡gD

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

£A @@1*v@@g@- ¥w@@D* })b D* ~6¡gD* Q *w@@G dc~z+ k@@p@c@D* vJvpgD*H c~}D* ib E £A Jbcg-H ib£Q /x´* Í+ fJQ x1%°*" *¡ + Q g~z£A ebg D* E H&°* ~| D* bE&* f£)b jD* wG kp+ ¢ < xAQ ¡gJH " É~6(°*H f£Q ~6Hx D* b+H4H&* fj0bcD* 9x - b GH kpc D ¤/¡D¡JvJ(°* £p´* b ~8¡+ £ / b~{ D " É~6(°*H b+H4H&*" ¤@@G ib@@~@ 6*42 @@+4&° É~6(°*"H ¤ 0 ~z² "e*x g~6°* < ¯ fEv E"H £)¡ ~|D "i*4b~}²* *v~8"H zJ¡D 24bFÄD "ex D*H fBÉ D* f@@J'H4 ¯ b E Q C I¡g¹ ~z+ ¯¡g~z-H ¡g g G +b J @@B*¡@@E @@E b £ < ¢ cJO b@@EH É@@~@ 6(°*H ex@@ @D* Í@@+ ¤/¡D¡JvJ(°*H ¥x D* b ~8°* b ~7&* ¯ bK ~} + b ~} + É~6(ÉD ¤@@+H4H&°* jQ QgD* f +bgE ¯ Hwc´* v ±* *w@@GH Gv + ¢@@-&* R @@EHN 4*¡@@ F&°* f ~6ÉA v < vG*¡~7 f£ © ¯H Q ¡ £D ~| D* *wG q~7xJ G*¡~6H *x~{g~6°* ¥x E E KQ ¡~9¡´* *w@@G $b cD f:b 1 H&* <¡~9¡´ É g~zE °K Hb@@ @ Íg ±* E £ < b A&°* 2H24 d Q -H g±b E ¯ f~9bA(°*H

z IK mf 6*42

¿Ó°†a øHG f G* 4f H · ájƒ¡dGh Oô°ùdGh π°UC’G £p´* ¢ < É Db+ &*vc- f£ 1*vD* ibF*¡ D* E 2v< h« "¢-¡´* f C&*" f@@ J*H4 |p + ¤ g -H f 0x D ¤sJ4bgD* | Q sgJ @@D3 4*x@@= ¢ <H " D¡£+" ,v£~| + b gBÉ<H *K $v+ "fc£=" £ pg+ É~}A +* fDb~64 kpcD kDbjD* ~| D* Í+ É~}A +* ,4¡~8 $Ém+ $K b gF*H Db+ Jx gD* E Hb gD* i*x A o4v - JQv²* JwG Í+H £S sg´*H ¤ B*¡D* E b D¡Q « ¯ É~}A +* i*3 ,4HÌ~6 c~}D f ~z ~zg´* eÉg~6°* ¶(* fJyCx´* ¯ b g£ G&* ¶(* Lh R D Í ~| D* JwG ¶(* ,4b~7(°* Ãv - ¯ ¢ < É D* Ì1&b- ¯H n)bg D* 8Ésg~6*H f±b ´*H $b cD* E b Gy££H b G2*xA(* fJb= ¥¡ - H&°* ~| D*H 1v´* 2x - ib 0É´* E 2v< ¢ < *K 2b g<* Í 0ÉD* Í ~| D* i*wD* Í+ ¤0É ~8°* +b gD* i°°2 }s´ 1v´* fj0bcD* b E W C b £ < z~6&bgJ ¤gD* ibE¡ ´* vJvpgDH x@@1%°*H rÉ ~8°*H f Db+ &*vcgA ¤ ~z D* x D* ¡ 0 ¢Qg~7 ¯ f£ ~z D*H fJ¡ D* ib m ´* E bK <¡ gE bK gc. ¤<vg~z-H f~8b³* ibE¡ ´* f~{Bb E ¯ f ~6*H ibp ~8 x g~z-H bF&*ÉD*H ¡~9¡´*H Ì D*H b@@F&°*H x@@1%°*H i*w@@D* E Q + f£Q Jx=(°* f ~z D* E f£Q ~z D* 64*v´* +bg- ¢ < oxQ -H b EÉ<&* } +H b -b Jx -H fjJv²* f£Q +H4H&°* f ~z D* ¶(* *wG ¯ b <bc~7(* ¶(* £c~6 ° i*yJbH iÉ£~| - ¯ 9¡sgA ¯ eÉg~6°* ¡ E f~{Bb E ¢ < xAQ ¡g- D3 j§H Q p´* f£Q <b g/°* ¡ D* z£E*¡BH ¤ ~z D* rÉ ~8°* ib m E É<&°* E 2v< v < ¤ Jx gD* 5b gD* eHx~9 ¢ < gA D3 ¢ <H tD* ¡DH y+¡GH ¡~6H4H zC4bEH £G jE E bK ~8¡=H f£Q p ~|´*H q ~|´* ¯ ÉK g~zE bK jp+ 1v´* HvcJ 0*¡ D*H +*¡~z D *K vJv«H Hx D bK cQ g-H ¡~8&°* ¢ < HvcJH ib Jx gD*H Áb ´* 5b - ¯ ¤ ~z D* v±b+ °K b ~{F*H Q ¡~9¡§ gBÉ< ¯ e*x ~9* E ¡ sJ ° b G D* &* ·

2b«* < 42b~|D* " b ~{D* 4b~zE" r*Qv@ B I'H4 ebgC Tv J f£Q jpcD* b <&°* E *K v@@0*H 2014 ~{E2 ex D* ebg D* f£ D*H f£sJ4bgD* -É ~{EH f 0xD* e2&b@@+ f~|~|sg´* f +b~6 2¡ ± °K b g~6* +b+ ¯ *wG b < ¤-&bJH f£Ax ´*H Jv gD*H vAxD*H fAb~9(°* ¢ < b Bb£~6 qg + b D bK c£~|s-H ,2b<(*H Ã¡ gD*H |p D* i*4Hx~9 E D3 c/¡J bE ¢ <H ¡~9¡´* obgF(*H ,xJb ´* h+*¡. ¯H f Q ~{g´* I'HxD* ¯ x D* E £ < ¥¡ J b§ vJv±* 4¡ ´* £~}g J bE f / E bE D3H ~{ D* i*x .H fAx ´* i*Ì gEH ,Qv±* x~8b < Q f£-%°* i*x D* É1 E £ < É D*H 0b~}J(* ¶¡g ~6 G* ¡H z IK ifk Gf+ M| kG* ¸N K&* f gs´* bG4¡~|+ É~}A +* fDb~64 kpcD ebg D* v J ¤Eb~6 £ pg+ fDb~6xD* | D 9x £A g 0x+ Jx gD* v + f C&*" ¡gJ*xC fJ*H4 ¯ f 0xD* wG 2x~6 ¢ < JH bGvD* fJ*HxD* fBÉ< ¯ ¥2x~zD* £D¡gD* x~8b < ¡ mJH "¢-¡´* É~}A +* fDb~64 f~{Bb E ¶(* | s£D " D¡£+" ,v£~| + E < ¯ $b@@/ b@@E v£ -H fc£= v ¹ 4v£0 £ pg+ ¡~9¡´* $b + ¯ f£c ~zD* f £ D* ibc-ÆEH £ sgD*H bpB(°* EvgD fDb~6xD* H&* f 0xD* 2Hv0 5Hbmg- ¤gD* fJx D* m)bgFH Q f£EÉ~6(°* f£+x D* ,4b~}²* b gD¡ p+ bGvJv« ¶¡g-H "fc£= v ¹ 4v£0" ~8* ¥wD* D* E 1*2 E ¢@@F2&* ¶(* x g J bK JQ x~zB bK @ ¸2 JxAb gE Í~| D Q ¸v+ b~z-°* ib/42 ¡~|A f.É. c - 1vE ¯ fEv ´* v + ebg D* J £ - f£Q m ´ 4¡Q ~|gD* *wG 4b:(* ¯H ¤ /xE hc.H fb1H kp+ ¢ < ÁbjD* ~| D* xAQ ¡gJ Hb gD* i*¡ 1 ~64H ,2b´* ¡gJ*xC JbE ¶(* bGvD* ¤Eb~6 E É~}A +* fDb~64

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

" ªn kG*" j/*{ 6 ¥wD* f £ D* B*H &* 4v- ¥x-b£= ,vBb D* (* &*H <b~}E bGxE&* ¢ < f+¡ ´* $*x ~zD* b£« gm´* 1*2 x ~z@T D h~z£D b G f ~zD*H f£@ cgD* &*H DwC x P g~z´* }£c D + d~zpA ¥v D* gÂ E É /H i*¡~8&°* b S C f£ cgD*H 6'¡cD* 4*x D* 3bs-* ¢ < *42b@@B v@@0H ²*H f ~zD* É / b jE f@@J'Hx@@D* Jx~|-H É@@ @D* ob@@g@ F(*H 4b@@ @g@0*H CÉgEb+ *vcg~zE i¡@@~@|@D* d0b~8 s£~6x-H f £mA *42(*H fJ'HxD*H i¡~|Db+ ¤<¡D* < EH ¥x-b@£= h ~8*H b@@ @ @C*42(* @@E h ´* | D* v + bE ibJx F Í+H +x=H b Bx~7 Í+ b0ÆD* Ix1&* µ*¡< n~z - f£F¡ D* f ~z D*H 4b g~6°* e4b D* x~9b²* tJ4b- ¡pF q - Ix1&* ib + ¡G v@ D* &* Ix- D3 /&° ¤~7Ég´* x~9b²*H ¢ < ¤~|@ Q <H 2x@ E ¡G bE b U J ¥wD* |~|@sgD* £Jy- H2 f £ ²* ¶(* b ~8¡JH E @ T pg@D* ibAb jD* Í+ 4¡c D* &* Ix@@-H £j H&* x B H&* ¤)*x/(°* £ gD*H ¤BÉ1&°* Ì gD* E E b £0 " £j gD*" f/*w@~6 ~{@ J &* Â bE ¡G "¤-b~zD*" z@@ : ¯ "f@@ @+b@gD*" i¡~8 £@~}J "f£ gm´*"H "f@J4¡@Cw@D*" f @ ~zD* @=¡@~|- b £AH 4b @ @g@~6°* v +H 4b g~6°* $b .&* "fJ4b @ g~6°*"H i¡~|DbA | DH fJ'Hx DH i¡@~|@ D 4b g0* E B*H ¯ F&° 6x1&°* +bgD* b@ @+ rv~|J ° vB fJ'H4 ¶(* b@@ @-4°* ; ¯H b ~z+ ,vcg~z´* fAb jD* Â ° ,xGb D* i*2b@@ @D*H f =b~}D* *x@@<&°* < *K v£ + @ |@ D*H -¡~|+ gJ'H4 < Ìc@ gD* f@ @cJ2&°*H f@ @<vc@ D E @ -*4b g0*H tJ4bgD* f@ @ j´*H gD DwD f@ @ j´* |F " £j" q~|J A i*¡~8&°* < ¯ fJ'HxD* ¤~}- &* H2 f@@ +bgD* "f~zcg ´*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

≥`` ` `ª` ` ` Y ø`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` eh »`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `Yƒ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `dG äƒ`` ` ` ` ` °` ` ` ` ` `ü` ` ` ` ` `dÉ`` ` ` ` ` H ∑GQOEGh ájDhôdGh ¢``ü` æ` dG á`` ©` `«` `é` `a ø`` e â`` `∏` ` Ø` ` æ` ` ŸG É`` ` ` ` ` ª` ` ` ` ` `¡` ` ` ` ` `cGQOEG …ôJÉ`«Z â∏°UGh ∫É`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` MÎ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` dG É`` `¡` ` bô`` `°` ` T Ú`` ` ` ` H ÚHh ,º¡HôZh É`` e äÉ`` ` ` jô`` ` ` ¶` ` ` `f QÉª©à°S’G ó©H á`` ` `Ø` ` ` °` ` ` ù` ` ` ∏` ` ` Ø` ` ` dGh ,á`` ` ` ` «` ` ` ` `fƒ`` ` ` ` μ` ` ` ` `dG ⁄Gƒ`` ` `Y è`` °` `ù` `æ` `J äÉª∏μH iôNCG í``ª` £` J iô`` ` ` ` ` NGC ï`` ` ` `jQÉ`` ` ` `J ƒ`` ` ` `ë` ` ` ` f ÜQÉ¡dG ô°VÉ◊G ô`` ` ` ` ` ` ` °` ` ` ` ` ` ` VÉ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ◊Gh .»`` ` ` °` ` ` TÓ`` ` ` à` ` ` ŸG iôJ ∂``dP π``LC’ ƒ``g ó`` ` ` ≤` `æ` `dG ¿CG …òdG ¢ü°ü`îàdG ƒg É`` e É``æ`ª`∏u `©`j »` q `°` ü` ` `Yh Oô`` ` Ø` e ≥`` ` ≤`t `ë` à` ` `dG ≈`` ∏` `Y Éæ∏°Uƒjh ,¬``æ`e á``≤` «` ≤` ◊G ¤EG hCG ∞``«` jõ``J ¿hO π``«`ã`“ hCG ô``¡` b

É ° ôÉ Can the Subaltern Speak?) hp - ¤@@GH f C 2x@@¸ }£+&°* f C - µ ¥x-b£= E Íg1b+ v < ¤G b jE @ f D* (* b D*'¡~6 < ¯ 2b~z/&°* Áb D ¢ g E b F(* ¥&* Translinguistic) "fJ¡ DÄ<" @ hFbC " }£+&°*" f A v£0H ¢ § fg+b. f F h~z£DH ¥wD* ¥4b g~6°* 4¡~|gD* @< ¯ @ y@£U @ f£~6b£~6 f~64b» }£cD* b/xD* Í+ @ @@-*H2&* @ U -H ¥x-b£= v@ @g@ - hFbC i*Hx ~zD* $b~z D* *Hw J &* £ < JwD* "x g~z´*") gm´* v£Db - 1*2 f )b D* fBÉ DbA x ~zD* b/xD* E < f E4&°* Ä - & U * "¤-b~zD*" z : ¯ ¤~}g - ¤~6Hv D* 4bpgF°* ¢ < b E*vB(b+H b ~z + f£p~}gDb+ b /HyD b )bAH $b@@ @.&* 1829 f ~6 ,2b@@ @ D* x 0 ® @@-b@@A4 @@E b@@B*Æ@@0* ¥x-b£= ibcJxB Iv0(* 4bpgF* bCH Áb JÄD* e*vgF°* x D*H f £ D* ibJ¡g~zE ¯ x D b -vS ~7 fE2b~8 ,¡@@<2 ¯ ²* }£+&°* /xD* q ´ ,v g~zE - µ ¤ A f£ cgD*H ¤gD* ,4bc D* &* E =xD* ¢ < i*H*x ~zD* $b~z D* 3b F(* E i*H*x ~zD* $b~z D* *Hw F&* }£cD* b/xD*" f )bB b g=b~8 v g - bE £c - @ Dw+ ¤<H ¢ < ¤GH @ v£ - "x ~zD* b/xD* hB'¡E 2x~6 @ ¡ - b jE @ f ±* ¯ f£~6b£~zD* f~94b ´* &° dCS xE v£ - i*3 f £ ²* b £+

G jQO É Â ° f£Db g0°*H 2v gD* ¢ < | D* rbg F* @@; ¯H | D* o4b1 E bG*'H4 « &* °(* Ä - ¤gD* ib+b s D 0É- &*H vc´* d-b D* f@@J'H4 Æs- &* H&* 1*2 ¶(* D f~94b gEH ,2v gE Ix1&* i*4¡ § ¥2b0&°* 4¡ E H&* i¡~8 < Ä J f+bgC A C GH "kJv²* D pJ E U +bSgD* gÂ G " gJ &* D* £ g~zJ GH "i*¡~8&* < "vcg~z´* f /*¡E ¯ bK -¡~8 m§ G* *'§ 6 ,x U ´* b £c~6 ¥x-b£= Ix@@1&* f £~|+ g0x: *'¡~6 ¡G ¤~}-x- °H fA¡~z £ Db+ h - &* }Ax- ¤gD* f£Db cD* fJv D* |~|sg D Á¡~z ~z F&°* 4¡~|gDb+ f£+2&* ,vBbF £~8¡- I¡~6 b Bx~7 ¢~|B&* E b«4°* 0É- ¤GH 1983 f ~6 ,xE H&° U ,x@ E f£ JxE& °* ,vpg´* ibJ°¡Db+ ex D* ¢~|B&* ¶(* v Db+ "fJ¡@p @D* ¯" ebg@C h /x- &* v cA f Eb@±b+ f~64U vEH f£ £ gD 8b³* b JH&bg+ g /ÆD hEvBH *v@@J42 b@± fDb~64 Ãv g+ f£@ P R E - µ ¤gD* ¤GH b ~z F iv/H *vJ42 N b gJ¡G ¢ < È - &* ,4Hx~9 ¯ kpc- fJ4b g~6* v + bE "" gJ &* +P b@@gS D* £ g~zJ G" hcg A vJv/ E fJv D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¢ Éc d Q

àNÉH

,2S x+ ¡ J F(* -bc -H ¤<b g/°* ub ´* ibA*xpF* ~z+&* 2v gD* ~}sJ fJ*HxD* 1*2 x~8b < £ m+H g£S O + A ."¤+2&* v££~{- ¶(* Áb~z D*

S D'¡@´* iÉ<b gD* H&* 8b gD* ¯ h£ / 4*Ì@@/ bGv~}FH ¤ ~z J¡g~6HvD g~6*42 ¯ Íg1b+ £)bs£E bGv£S ~7H f£~| D* Íg1b+ b <&° bGÌ~z - ¯ b £g~zJxC b£D¡/ b -4Hb0H

z ¡G* hI*§/ Õ+

C¹f+ m*§ 8&¸*

bEv@D¡= b£~6¡D H&* {@-bC¡@D o4¡/ 4b~}p@g~6* H2 ¡ F vB i¡~|D* b /¡J 2¡/¡ DH @ DN b@ D fJ'H4 *v+(°* H&* f+bg D* (* U i¡~8 Db+ ¤G fJ2xA f+bgC C G D b =¡~|J ¥wD* "lvpgJ v0*H ¤/¡D¡JvJ(°* b B¡E E @ bEvD¡=H {-bC¡D E C ¢ F v D @ b G4¡ E AH @ b F(* fJ2xA µb D fJ'HxD* ¡ - &* @ ·¡ ~{D* ¢ < $b +H f<¡ ¸ H&* f_@A H&* f c@: < Ä - f£<b @g/* f B*H ¤<*v+(°* < ¯ fJ'HxD* - b~8 (*H vc´* H&* d-b DbA D3 I'H4H 4b A&*H ib gD bK @£@ U @CO H bK £D¡ ~7 *Ìc - °(* @jU ° b F&* °(* b E ¢Gb gJ H&* vc´* d-b D* b £D(* ¤ g J ¤gD* f<b ±* ib£ © < *K v£ +H ·v±* ¥2b@@´* 4¡ ´* < *K v£ + D I'H4 b@@G4Hv@@+ µb D f@@J'Hx@@D* &* Hv@@c@J @@6b@@ @ @F°* ¡ E B¡´b+H f£+2&°* f£ ³b+H i*wD* fF¡ £ + fE¡ ¹ ,2 Uv gE f gº i*¡@@~@8&* | D* ¯ i¡~|D* b jE ¤/¡D¡JvJ&°*

~z F vmJ @@F(* ¡G g D ¤G x<b~{D* f D (*" Íg1b+ ¡ J g~zJ F(* bGbJ(* ~6b J Jx~7 H2 EH gES x+ b 1*2 F(* ¥&* ,x~7bc´* b £Fb E ¯ Ìc - CH f C CH ~7 C v~|B < ¤)b gD*H |Db³* Ìc gD* b F&bCH b g~zJ $b .&* x<b~{D* b E Áb J ¤gD* "f£ D* °%°*" - b EH bEb f )ÉE f £U : ,*2&* Nv@@c@ ´* D* f D (b@ A *v@@ @+(°* @ Íg1b+ AH @ F(bA ¤)*HxD* H&* x.b D* bE&* " ¥x ~{D* <Hx~{´ i*¡~8&°* ,2v gE Db <&* f D E Jx1%°* bJ*¡F ~8&bg~zJ °" " µ*¡ D*H i*4¡ ´* pJ °H ¥x ~{D* eb ³* &b+ x J ° Íg1b+ &* E =xD* ¢ <H b@ @~7&°* &* vC'¡J F&* Ì= ¤<b g/* eb 1 b²* f £c + H&* b@@ E*H2 x@j@C&* f£<b g@/* i*4Hx@£~6 z - fJx@ ~{D* bE&* f£<b g/°* ,b£²* E f Jx< ibGb©* z -" b F&* E f~6b~z0 v@@/ f Jx + <b gJ @@F(b@A ¤@@)*Hx@@D* eb@@ @³*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

z IK mf 6*42

jM'K|G*K m§ G*K ¡G*

±ƒ°ûμŸGh ¢ùÑà∏ŸG É I ° ¢üf É° °üf NG ¢ °ü d É ô ¢ü dG" " É à ôNG ¢ °üf ø à IjY É Éà É à° jôc É d

É à° jôc É d

ø Éc f ø ° HÉàμdG cQÉ°û d I YO I É ÉHÉàc à G IGô G ° ¢ É d IQÉ G ° G H øμd à ° QG É G O YG ôdG d IGô G °üH àμ É fG G I j Y É à° G É Y ôNG Q °üàd à HG Q P ô É GG G dG HÉàμdG ° É G d HÉ j ø °üdG à ø "¢üædG" dÉH àj dG ø É° ¢üædG °ûæ QGô dG à ø j ôdG à ø f É É àY É G ô I c ° G Éæ ÉH Gô É àG dG øY °ûæf HÉàμdG I Gô dG ° ô QGô° G ° H ¢ QÉ ¢üædG c Éæ° Éμ° G ´ à f μd É fÉ É f É ° É IO à É G ° G ¢üf c ø à° j G øμd ÉæcGQOG É G à æ àdG à °ûμ G É æ ¢ à G É æ YQÉ°üà É j ¢ H Éæ ° ôNG É G ° G æd

£ pgDb+ fJ¡@£@ cD* Rg N ~6H f gº f£Ax E o4*vEH ¡ 0 E N £ « ¶(* fJ¡£ cD* v + bE g FH e2&°* < ¯ Ì gD*H ¥¡ D* f£Ab jD* b~zF&°* g =&*H ¥yExD* *vcg~6°* ,¡BH eb ³* ¡« *w GH µb D* ¯ | D* i°*v@+(b+ f.*v²* v + bEH fJ2b@0&°*H É@ @F°*H f£@ @³b+ bK E¡~6¡@E bC ¥wD* |@ D* vBH 2vmgD*H f£Db g0°*H fJ2v gD*H rbg@ @F°* ib@ @~6 ¶(* h ~9H ¤gD* ib @@p´* 5x@+&* E "f@J4*¡@p@D*" ¡@ E ¡ @J "f£F¡@ @£D¡cD*" ibFb E(* bE&* fJ2b0&°*H f @@ @ ´* | D* f£@@ + i¡@E <&* Í0 i4b@+ °H4 b ~z@Cb@~7 ¤gD* i*¡~8&°* 2v@ - H&*

2z kG*K jM2f0&¸* b @g~64&* ¤@@g@D* |@ @D* fJx + " |@ D*" ¡@ E @@c@-4* bK @0° b g@pgAH "fJ¡@£@ cD* v + bE" b -4¡S @:H "fJ¡@£@ @cD*" ¢ < "f.*vp@D* v + bE"H "f£Ab@ @jD* ib~6*4v@D*" Ok@0bc@EN E 4¡@c@ D* Dw+ |@ D* ¡ E Æ@B*H fJ5*¡E Ix1&* b~zF&* b gF* ¡GH | D* fF¡@ £C ¶(* ¤+x D* v@ D* ¯ ¤+2&°* x.&°* Hx EH Hx EH 2b F £A 4b~7 ¤ ~z AH ¥v FH ¯x E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

Gk OhóM Gƒ©°Vh º¡fCG óH Óa ,iô≤dG ‘ ¿hô≤à°ùj πMôdG CGóH ÉeóæY ⁄ÉYh ` ¿Éμ°ùdG äÉÄe º°†j äƒ«ÑdG øe ™ªŒ ` º¡ŸÉY ÚH á∏°UÉa ácÉàØdG ¢TƒMƒdG ¬æμ°ùJ …òdG º∏¶ŸGh »ØÿG …QGÈdG

E F&* @ $b D* E ÌjC ¥&*4 ¯ @ v g ´* E f ±* ² E ¤ J bE ¢ < ¡~|²* ¶(* f/b²* i2&* EyD* 4HxE ¯ i°b g0°* 4¡~}² *¡ © H&* *¡ < JwD* _DH&° $*w D* } + 1H fJÄD* e¡cp D f j ´* f<*4yD* ¶(* c- ¤ £+¡= °&* Hv g J $b D* (bA Db+H f /v´* b Ab ~8&* ¶H&* E fAb~zE v + ¢ < @ b£Cx- e¡ / ¯ &b~{F vB bK £<*45 *K yCxE &* ¯ *K v@@Jv@@«H c- ¥ £+¡= B¡E E bK £~{E b B Â :b~{F oH&* ¯ vc ´* b £A bC ¤gD* ,Æ D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¡ mgJ 6v E b C vc ´* *H'¡~{F&* *K ÆE¡ £C 160 bGx B Í£Ax²*H f D o*x³*H bJb D* ¡c mJ *¡FbC b§4H £A ¤<b g/°* £ gD* E bK <¡F &* ~7 °H vc ´* ¢ < Í )b D* Eb g D bK ~}J&* b¿(*H d~zpA vc ´* $b cD z£D bK J4Hx~9 bC bg D* £s- ´* EH b c g~zJ bC ¤gD* 2¡~{²* E }£EH h« Æscg- ¤GH d~| D* ¢ < ibF*¡£²*H £c gD*H È< v@@BH @@)°HH iÉ 0 b G hFbC v£C&bgDb+H <b~{´* hEvsg~6* b F&* v g ´* E fJxm0 f@@£@<H&* ¢ < ¡j0bcD*

E x~{cD* ¡« b £0 &b~{F f~6v ´* f£ JvD* x)b ~{D* $*2&° ¡pF ¤ ~zD* ¶(* ¤ £c D* µb D* E $ymC ~z F&* ¶(* x D* Hx g~zJ 0xD* &*v+ bEv <H µb D* *wG ¢ < -2b£~6 ~z+ @ ´b< Í+ f ~8bA *K 2Hv@@0 *¡ ~9H F&* v+ ÉA Ix D* ¯ ¤ ³* ¥4*ÄD* µb<H @ b ~zD* ib_E ~}J i¡£cD* E © ¡£ £+¡ D* 4¡~8 v D fCbg D* 7¡0¡D* ~z- ¥wD* ´*H µb< ¯ v/¡-H b~zF(°b+ f £c~7 fB4b1 ib )bC ~7 ¯ f D%°* ibF*¡£²* &* *wG ¢ < £DvD*H ¥2b´* µb D* < ¤ -xJ x1%* µb D 6*x0 f+bj§ hFbC @ b -bE¡~64 f Jb E h ¤gD* @ JwD* Í g ´* J2b£~|D* &* $b D* 9Æ JH ¤0HxD* ~|F c- ¤ £+¡ + f £¹ f£A*x / ,x@@)*2 ~9 *¡~7b<

t~6*4 2b g<* b G bC b C $*w D* 24*¡@@E d gD gD* E b -*w+ f )bB f c + b g0°* ¢ < H4v@@ @J ° F&b+ f£Ab~9(* '¡E ÌA¡- ~6¡+ z£D F&* D3 Í£Ax²*H f D* v J c- ¤ £+¡= @ $*Äs D ¡ D*H @ b G D Eb :(° ¯ ¥4b.%°* v ~{´* bK 0 D3 *¡ A F&* ¢ < q~9*¡D* £DvD* ¤ £+¡= d ~{+ Jx g D f£0bggA* @ 8b E ° @ v J ¸ b ~7 c- ¤ £+¡= f - ¢ <&* +b D* Gvc E B¡E ¶(* fc~zF

s~9 vc E $b + (* $*Ä³* ¡ J b£Cx- e¡ / bA4¡ Fb~7 vB ´* JvD* &* ¢ < vJ 0xD* E f<¡ ¸ cB E fJ4b~}²* xGb ´* E bGÌ=H f<*4yD* 4¡ - cB &b~{F ¡ J mgD* ¶(* b~zF(°* ¡£E &* ¶(* vc ´* *wG Ì~{JH Ix1&°*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

ย &* HvcJ ย Bยกยด* ยฏ bย ยฃย < ร < ยคgD* fJร D* ย *ร jD*H ย *yย D* ยคgD* v)*xย D* ย E ,xย g~zE i*2*vE(* ยขย < ย ยก~{ยฃย J *ยกFbC ย bย ย D* *wG ร +v- ย &* vC'ยกยด* ย EH ,vยฃย + ย :bย E ยฏ bG2bยฃย ~8* ย gJ ย bย ย D* fcB*xยด ร Ax~{EH ร ย ย ย E 2ยก/H ยค<vg~zJ ย bC ย ย mยด* bK Ebย F ย bย G ย &* ยถ(* ร ~{- fย E*2 fD2&* ยขย < vย + ร ย J ยต ย ย D f~|~|ยบ fยฃย ย ~6 fย ย ย ยด 2ยก@@/H ยฐ 3(* @ bK ยฃ<bย g/* bK ยฃc-*x i*4b~7(* ยฐH fcsย D* ย bgยง f_ยฃย E f0x~9&* ยฐH $bยฃย =&ร D bK Jx~|0 $ยฐ'ยกG ย bC vย D ย Gร = ย E ย ~}A&* bK Ebย : ย ยกDHbย gJ 6bF&ยฐ $*ร ยณ* ยฅ&*4 d~zp+ @ ย bย ย D* ย < bK jp+ 94&ยฐ* ย ยกAยกย J 6bย D* ibF*ยกยฃยฒ* ย Hvยฃ~|JH ib-bcย D* 4bย . ย ยกย ย gย J *ยกFbC kยฃ0 @ ย < ร j0bcD* $ยฐ'ยกG ย < $bย ย ย D* bย FยกC ยคgD* ,4ยก~|D* ย (* fJร D* ,ร ย ~8 ib<bย / 2x@@ยธ ย ย F&b+ vยฃย - bK @ย @)*2 hFbC ย bย ย D* ย ย F&* vย gย ยด* ย E ย bCH 2*xA&ยฐ* ย E i*x~{< ย ~}+ ย ~}- fย ย ย gE ยขย < ย Hร ยธ ย ย F&ยฐ fย )*2 ,ร cC ย bcE vยฃยฃ~{- ย ยกย ยฃย g~zJ ยฐ

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCย CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* ย ย CCCย CCCCCCCCย ย CC=&*

nEv - H&* b £~9Æ~z- b D H&* ,Ì1&°* wG cB E f~6Hx¹ &* @ ~} + ¥&*4 ¯ @ xGb D*H f~6v E *5¡@@E4 ~{gD b E 8200 b D* ¡ p+ h B¡- vB c- ¤ £+¡= ¯ i%b~{ ´* v££~{ °(* f E fJx.&* fD2&* B¡´* ¯ ¡j0bcD* ~{gC* v D ~zD* H&* b £g~6ÉD x~7'¡E ¥&* £A *¡ ~{g J µ @@ @F&* b D* ib_E d - ¡ J vB B¡´* $b + &* =x+H ¥x~{cD* 4v~|E ¥&* gÂ J µ B¡´* (bA b gEbB(*H d~| D* hp D f~z 1 ·*¡@@ 0 v cJ b@@C Hv@@ / ex@@ B&* (* k£0 @ b£ D JH'¡- bK -¡£+ ¡/bgpJ *¡FbC b D* $°'¡G (* . i*ÆE¡ £C H&* vB*¡E H&* *4v± 4b.%* ¥&* < ~{ - µ d£ gD* b <&* D xE&°* &* v+ °H f£ ~zD* Ábc´* bJb + E bGÌ= °H @ 5b E bK ~}J&* f<*4y D x.&* f . z£D F&* °(* D b : ÌA¡- d 8bs~7&* bC *3(*H Ì= ° bK Jx)b ~7 *K yCxE B¡´* bC *w GH b < °%* ¶(* x Db+H ¡J i*3 B¡´* *wG ¯ *¡~7b< vB

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

D* 4*x@@= ¢ < ¥y@@ E4H ¡ ~|E x@@@1%°*H b@@E ¡@@F ~{1 " yº" b £ J b A f g D Ix1&°* $*y/&°* bE&* ¤ Fy£cD* jÂ b £A b D £jE ° fÂv D* f£F*¡~|D* i*H2&°* E ÌcC 6H'¡AH ÍCb ~6 + kJv²* ¥xm²* x~| D* E bK <2¡g~zE } cD Íj0bc D ,$*xB ¯ *¡~|D* xm0 E f<¡ ~|E b ~6H ¤G T x@@0 ~7 ¢ < f ~|´* d~| D* &* d~| D* 43&°* - bG5y - ,x A w@@GH ¥x~{cD* ~{ D v£~z© b JvJ&b+ d~| D* } + " bgC&*" E vg ¤gD* f-¡p ´* 4bm0&°* wG +b -H 45%b´b+ f:bp´* b gEy0&* ¡pF f:¡~zc´* jÂ vB bE "bE f~|B4 H&* ©" ¯ b F&* ¡D b C @ f ²* yCxE ¤gD* ,Æscg´* fc.*¡D* ibF*¡£²* |sJ b £A bE&* bK £ J2 bK ~z : fCbgA ibB¡ º b E ¤GH fE¡~6x´* b ~7&°* ¯ x 2¡@@~@6&°*H f£F*Hv D* f@@JÄ@@D* x@@J5b@@ @³*H f@@<3É@@D* e4b DbC d~| D* bGv~z© ¤gD* fE¡~6x´* b ~7&°* ¡ - vBH f~6x~{D*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

$¡~{ D ¤ D* dc~zD* f+bj§ *w@@G b@@C b@@§4H @ f£Db g0°* b ´* f gD* ¢ < c- ¤ £+¡= vc E B¡E ¯ b -*3 ,4b~}²* ¤~z D* xm²* E ,4¡~z E B b~{gC* ® +b~|F&* b £ < bJb ~7 E f )bG ib£ C f Jb E ix/ b C f<¡ gE CbE&* ¯ xm0 < d£ gD*H x ²* b <&* h ~{C v D *¡~|D* xm0 f EbC f 0 ¢ < ¡j0bcD* È< b C fAx1yD*H hp D* gE f£Fb. f 0 £.¡- gA ¡~{ D* hDbg-H fc~|g ´* d~| D* E h ~{CH v@@Jy@@´* @@. f +*xA fjDb. Ix@@ 1&*H 4b@@m@ 0&°* @@E bK cJx - v < w E hJx/&* ¤gD* f£~94&°* f£~z£:b ´* 8¡p D* h« bK ~} + b ~} + E fE¡ E f 0 20 < J ° bE 2¡/H k£0 @ *K v/ f s~}D* ib p D f ~{´* d~| D* hFbCH 94&°* Jy-H bK : 16 b F5HH 4bgE&* 5H 4 b -4°* E b D*¡:&* c vBH ibF*¡£²* E f<¡ m´ 5HÄD* f £_~9 7¡ F b 0¡ ~6 q ~6 H3 b ~} cA f gº d£Db~6&b+ 7¡ D* wG E C hpF

¾(* | -

¬ÑJ »∏μ«HƒZ IQÉ°†M

£§ k ¼* C £K2fª G* c dG É Q fÉ° É °

YGQ dG ô dG Éμ°

G ° Q YÉ ° G μ G Y É° Q O E b ~{D* ¶(* *K ÆE¡ £C x~{< f@@ @+4&* v + ¢ < @@F&* xCwJ ÉgD* @@E e*Æ@@ B°* v < @@ 94&°* o¡ g- k£0H bA4¡ Fb~7 ~}g« ¤gD*H b£Cx- e¡ / Ä< ,vg ´* bcm D f£p ~zD* f - bG¡ - f J¡: f£ c/ f ~z ~6 - i*x D*H f /2 ¥x F +b E ¤ £+¡= ¥&* " 7x D* -" ¡£ p´* b ~zD* b £ < J fJx)*2 4b.%* fc~zF @ $v+ ¥3 a2b+ @ ¡j0bcD* q/4 f£ p´* f Db+ c fc ²* b@@ +(* fJx ~z< ib . bJb + ¶(* ¤ £+¡= @@B¡@@E x D* ib£ £g~6 ¯ x@@E&°* fJ*v+ ¯ D3 b@@CH f£ Fy£cD* kp+ ,2b<(* f £ B i*¡ ~6 w E v ~7 B¡´* &* v£+ Jx~{ D* d~| D 2&* £.¡- ¶(* *Hv < k£0 4b@@.%°* $b < cB E ib 0 ¡0 ,vmg~zE i*$*xB Ãv -H B¡´b+ f )b D* ,vJv D* I&*4 ¡« 3(* b +b~|F&* ¢ < f~7¡ ´* ibE¡~6xD*H f£ +&°* eb~|F&*H ib 0 Í+ +b~{gD* v£C&b- ¶(* @ ¡£D* @ $*Ä@@³* &* *v< *Æ ½(* ¯ ¥x.&°* n F¡g~6 B¡E v+*H&*H ¤ £+¡= ¢p~9&* b C Ìj + c~6&* E5 ¯ v£~7 vB bC c- ¤ £+¡= c- ¤ £+¡= eb~|F&* &* bK £Db0 4b.%°* < g¸ IvD v)b~zD* µb< ¯ D £jE ° s~9 vc ´ fJ4b E f£ + b <¡ ¸ ¯ j f£ JvD* yC*x´* E h ~7 $*Ä³* d~zp+ v)bcD* x~|< n0 ib /H x~9b²* H&* ¤~9b´* ¯ $*¡~6 µb D* ¯ ,Ìc D* dDb D* ¯ n£m²* b £D(* npJ f£0H4 µb E b F(* *HvD* ¢ < ¡G c- ¤ £+¡= DH vc gD*H ~{sg D bK c : £ < nA C E E D fJ*vcD* f FH É@@:(°* ¢ < @@Cb@@E&°* w@@G H&* 6¡ :H v£Db - « cB E *K 2¡ E J µ ib~64b ´* 6¡ D c0H @ 6v ´* v cDb+ b~zF(°* 6b~z0(* bG4v~|E

ôà Éæ æ É ° j àdÉH æ° 11600 É É cô ô° HQÉ° æj É Q fÉ° æj NÉà G É Q G IO Éμ É fG NQ G ¢ H à j dG ° dG Y GôHG ædG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

*K x@@Jv@@E ¤@@ @ Jv@@~@ |@ D* Í@@< 1965 f@@ @~@6 ¯ g£D $b@@~@}@£@c@D* 4*v@@Db@@+ ¥v@@ @c@D* rx~z D b@@ @ @~@6Z *¡@@ @ < h@@« f@@£@0x@@~@z@E @@9x@@< ¤gD* -b£0x~zE D3 v + +bggD Yfc D* o3b@@¿ @@ EH ¤@@+x@@ @ ´* l*Æ@@ @D* @@E @@ @ @ b 0xD* vc< *¡@@ J2Z ib£0x~z´* w@@G £ D*Z YÁ*v D* bEyD* Jv+Z YeHvm´* Y c~zD* ibEb~{D*Z Y JH*x~zD*H ¡ J &* ¯ ex D* 0 2v~|+ 0*xD* ¡ J b G" ,v@@0¡@@E fDwc+H ¤+x< rx~zE D rx~z´bA b@@G'Hb@@ @ D(* d ~|J ib£~8¡~|1 ,2bJ5 f£ +b+ f£~8¡~|1 b D v J ¤B*x D* ¤ g J ¥x@@~@ |@ ´* rx@@~@ z@ ´*H f@@£@+x@@ @D* ¢@@ @< ex ´* ¯ pFH f£F¡<x D* g£~8¡~|s+ ."f£ J5bE&°* b -b£~8¡~|1 bFv < (5) bC + ¤0x~z´* qCxD* 2Hv@@0 ¯ @@0*x@@D* $b < J µ ¤)b £~zD* Jx~7 É@@1 @@E +b~zD* Db+ b gG* @@D 0*xD* b D&* f£0x~zE H&* ~8&°* ¯ bC ¥wD* "hAyD*" $b£DH&°* ,xGb; nDb - f£<b g/* f£0x~zE ¤GH 1966 b< oxs D "fDb~6xD* " £ D* b +&* v0&* bC b C f0x~9&°*H E 2v< ¯ 4*H2&°* E *2v< |s~7 b C 2b D* ¢ ~|E £ ~{gD* gE* b C f£+H4H&°* ÉA&°* v A $b~}£cD* 4*vDb+ 2016 xJ*ÄA 5 f ±* ¡J $b~zEH 79 yGb J ~6 < ¤ Jv~|D* d£ D* b D* v)*4 ex ´* f_£ E ,b£0 v +H 7*x D* EyD&* b~}< 9xE v + f ~6 E J¡ - *w@@CH b £~zD*H £ ~{gD*H rx~z´*H ~{Db+ ¤+x D* rx~z´* v£ A rHx@@D bK Ebg1H f£0x~z´* b@@£@/&°* b gAb jD $*y@@ @D* @@CH $*y@@ @D*H *¡~9xD*H f 0xD* qDb~8 f£0x~z´*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

(4) ¤+x D*H ¤+x ´* rx~z DH ~z D z~6&* 0*xD* &* dJ4 ° f £~8" ¤ £ ´* ~z0 4¡gCvD* ¤0x~z´* vBb D* ,2b ~{+H f£+x D* f£0x~z´* £Gb ´* E f £ B c~7 « f£0x~zE $b~} D* v@@D @@E b D* eÉg~6* 8¡~|³* ¢ < b EH ."f£Db J(°* f Jx D* ¢ < rx~z´* ¥&* ´* ¤0x~z´* ¢ < ¤ Jv~|D* IvD ¤0x~z´* dJxmgD* *wG ibEÉ< EH ¤+x D*H ¤+x ´* l*ÆDb+ Eb gG* ¤ D*H ·b ±* v£ ~|D* "f ²*" 4b jg~6* ¤-&bJ *w G f£<b / bK £B ~}gJ @@F&° IvD rx~z´* (* ¡ D* Â b£~zD* z F ¯ bK Jxp~6 $b~}A ¤G ¤gD* *¡D&°*H ¡ ³*H f D*H d D* ¤<*xJ /xD* *wG b J(°* E ¢-&bgJ ¥wD* |BxD* . 4¡ JvD* rH4

$§ G* ,|)*2 ·

àG G Y

»≤jó°üdG Ö«£dG »Hô¨ŸG ìô°ùŸG ó«ªY π«MQ

(2)

(1)

,xJ¡~|Db+ 1937 f ~6 ¤ Jv~|D* d£ D* ¤0x~z´* b D* vDH 1956 f ~6 ¯ $b~}£cD* 4*v@@Db@@+ bJ4¡DbCbcD* ¢ < ~|0H $b D bC" v£ D* ¡ J rx~z´b+ )b D £~8b - 8¡~|s+H fJ4b ´* f~6v D* f~6*42 ¯ d=4&* h C fA2b~|´* g 0 bK £ E bK £/¡- bF¡ /H vB b E¡J ¡£~zFx D* ,w-b~6&°* bCH b@@CH b@@~@|@-°* b@@¸ ¯ i*2*v@@ @g@~@6* · &* *¡ 0 ° 3(* g~{J rx~z´bA rx~z´b+ h£ gD* *w GH vJÄDb+ ¢ ~zJ b E¡J ."f~6v D* ¢ < bK ~}J&* rx~z´*Z fBxA ¤ Jv~|D* z~6'¡J fc~{³b+ ¡ ~zE F&°H *w G ¤0x~z´* Db+ oHxs D $b~}£cD* 4*vDb+ 1957 f ~6 Y·b D* + b©°*H ¤Bx~{D* Ì.&bgD* ¢ < f )b D* f £~}D* 2Hv0 E v A Í02b D*H b D* ¡ G Fb £DH d@@04&* b@@A%* ¡pF £A¡gD Yf £DH ¡J Í+Z . 4b JxD YkJ4¡D*Z f£0x~zE b ~6b+ z ±*Z . 1958 f ~6 ¡=¡ D Y {g ´*Z f£0x~zEH £ ²* rx~z´*Z 4b:(* ¯ f£0x~zE x1%* ¤G H bA ¡g~zJ4&° Y £ D* Y·b D*

£ ±* bK _/b E J µ `/b ´* ¤ Jv~|D* d£ D* eb£= v£+ ,vE w E bK ~}JxE bC /xD* D h=bcE F&b+ ¡ ~8H ~}F* ,ÌcC $b ~6&* eb£= d££ gD*H eb£ D* ~6¡E @@F&* e*ÆD* ,5¡0 o4b1 Ix1&* µ*¡< ¡pF g A4 ¤~} £D b £D(* rx~zEH Ix@@1&* ib@@+b@@/(* ¢ < }c D 4b@@ @D*H $*¡@@ @D*H $b@@´*H xJw©H f£0x~z´* fAb jD* &b~7 $É<(* /&* E gº x1%* b£F¡CH b£+x< p~z- ¤gD* b gFb E d£ D* @@m@p@+ Ì@@c@C v@@c@ E @@£@ 04H @@£@ 0x@@D* @@~@6¡@@E ¡@@G f04b/ ,4b~z1H f £ < f£0x~zE f /bA ¡ - ¤ Jv~|D* - bGx g+* ¤gD* ib£~|s~{D*H b <v+&* ¤gD* Db <&* (* ¢g0 $*4H 1 ¥wD* *x D* &° £.x-H D r¡ - qCxD* $bBv~8&* E obgpJ /xD* *wG fJxp~6 b~|< ¶* f0b~zE ¡DH &É gD ¤C *K v@@/ f £~z+ *K v gE E&°* J &°H b ~6¡ F ¯ £~6 yExD* *wG ¯ f_£~}E fEÉ< f£0x~z´* b -b£0 *K y£ gE bK @ @<*v@@ +(* *K 2x -H d£ D* ¡ J A "¤ Jv~|D*

(3) *¡ + 9x< H&* bCH ¥v cD* rx~z´* fBxA ¡C bGv + f£0x~z´* 9Hx D* E vJv D* Ãv - ® bGv +H Y$b ~z²*Z YH2¡C 4b gF* ¯Z f£0x~zE £cB E 6bcgB°* b £A v g<* ¤gD* h£ £+ J¡Eb~8 ¤´b D

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

jM§ G mfªGf / d cQO ø ôdG Y O

ä’’ódG Ò«¨J ‘ äÉcô◊G ΩGóîà°SG O bK ~}J&* ¡ 0 ¢ < mJH D¡ < Ì¿ ¤ + ¡m J xJx/ ¡ C

ÉHÉHP f É G G Y

æH

bEQ &* b D* ¤G Í~zD* qg + f ~zD* f ~6 f P ~6 62b~zD* bj´* N N O b- ° " ¶b - D¡ C 6b O D* ¤ gA Í~zD* x~z + ¤gD* fL ~6 P w1& 6b FO JÆ J °H b J ° Q /H Qy< Ñ* Q &* ¥&* " L ¡R FN °H O * f ~|1N f ~|1

O +b~zD* bj´* ¤G $b³* ~}+ f ~|³ O N qg + f ~|³* b@@EQ &* ~|N 1O ¢ < N ©H x ~{D* E f £ D* O b J b~|1 ¢ < ©H f J3xD* H& * f £~} D* ¤ A $b³* P £A z£D ¥&* "Ì³* b~|1 E $¤~7 /xD* *wG ¯ z£D" P )b~} D* E $¤~7 f£0b D* ¡G Í D* qg + b N D* b < b < EbjD* bj´* P N b P D* bE&* $b ~zD* N b < O N -¡~8 + b J $b ~zD* ¤0*¡F E ÇE ¢ < ¡GH" kJv²* ¯H 6x D* b± ¡ A Í D* x~z + P f Q <&P * /H " Fb P + wL 1%P *H ~6xA bE&* i¡´* ¡G $b D* qg + $b D* $b AP $b AN ~6bgD* bj´* *K xsg E xJx/ bB 4*vD* f0b~6 ¡ A bGx~z + $b P D*

G É dG Y GPG G HG

à H Éæ H à j

v D* ¡G Í D* qg + v N D* v@@ @<P v@@ @<

N x~7b D* bj´* *¡AH&* *¡ E%* JwD* b J&* bJ" ¶b - bB 2¡ < /H b -°*H b ~}- ¤gD* ,2É P D* ¡ A Í D* x~z + v P D* b@@EQ &* "2¡ Db+ b < ¯ ,& O *x´* b F(bA 2vQ ~{gD*H fBQ vD* E 4 v D* *wG ¢ < f£+x D* hFbC _DH P R h <&*H b@@ @D&°* E ÌjC ¯ h¹b~z- ~z F hB¡D* ¯ Db A ibCx²* *vsg~6* ¯ fJx²* E *K 4vB b + :b D* R ¤gD* I4b ~6 jE ÍgCx0 *vsg~6* b £A 5¡mJ ib C %*x D* ¯ i24H b F&* ¢ < b pgAH Í~zD* ~9 b £A 5¡mJ N&* R&*x J µH A ~}Db+ Ãx D* qg + I4N b N ~6 $*x D* E v0 N b £A 5¡mJ ib C Db GH f D* ¯ y)b/ D3 &* E Í~zD* Oh A " b J xC ¥&* =4 f C jE ibCx0 lÉ. =4N $*xD* qgA b £A 5¡mJ " F&* E =xD* ¢ < D3 =P4 bGx~zCH =4O b ~9H

ibCx²* vsg~z- b F&* f£+x D* b + 5bg ¤gD* 4¡@@E&°* E ,vJv/ i°°2 ib D* q ´ ,x~z D*H f ~}D*H fpg D*

¡F F&° ,54bcD* f£+x D* ib£Q Db / E ¡GH f gº Áb EH f D* &* *w + 2¡~| ´*H ¥¡ D* 2b~|gB°*H&* 5b@@m@J(°* E Q K ¢ < hD¡Q <H A ,v@@0*H + b.É. H&* Íg C vsg~z- µ i°°vD*H Áb ´* ¯ Jx g D ibCx²* DQ &* ¥wD* J¡c£~6 w£ - exO R BO bm´* *wG ¯ dgC E 5x+&*H gs- ¤gD* ib D* £A xC3 d£Q gCO ¡GH "f D* ¯ k jO´*" bG24H&* ¤gD* f jE&°* EH lÉjD* ibCx²* Ég1b+ b £Fb E ¤ - bGx~z +H bg~zcO D* ¤ - £±* qg + ¤ A f@@ Q @/) 4vD* ¤ - b ~}+H Q ±* P K ÉK £ . b_c< :b D*H a4b D* ¢ < 9xA 5bmJ(°* *wG &* ¢ < bK <¡F °H kc D* E bK +x~9 h~z£D f£+x D* ¯ ibCx²bA bK ~}J&* E ÌcC 4vB ¢ < i*¡~8&* ¤G b@@¿(*H ¤-¡~|D* J¡ gD* E f£DbgD* f jE&°* ¯ bG4H2 b D x £~6H ,4¡ ³* N v@ / Q °* bj´* H&* e&°* ¡@@+&* ¡G £±* qg + v@@±* Q P v@ / H& N ¡£D* 6b D*H y D* }£ F ¡ A x~z Db+ Qv±* bE& * &°* ¡+&* P &* e*¡~|D*H *K v/ )b~7 &b 1 ¡GH ¥QQ v/ xE& N * *wG ¡D¡ J ¥QQ v/ xE& P * *wG b J O * fc 1 fc O 1 ÁbjD* bj´* É D* ¤G $b³* ~}+ fc ³ P O O fc ³* bE& P * f ±* fc sC Ä P´* ¢ < |s~{D* D¡ J ¥wD* O o*HyD* /&° b G&* E ,&*xE* /xD* d J & * ¤ A $b³* x~z + f~6N ¡R cN D* ¤G b D* ~}+ f c O D* f cBP f cBO kDbjD* bj´* b £D(* mgJ ¤gD* f ±* ¤ A b D* x~z + f c P D* bE&* f j D* -*¡ ~8 ¯ ¡ ~z´* O * x/ x H&* dFwD* ¡G £±* ~}+ x± P / +*xD* bj´* O *x/&* /H ~z±* ¡ A £±* x~z + x±* bE& P * fJb ±* *x/&°* 2x E < bK ~|s~7 hD&b~6 ¡DH fJHb ~zD* *x/&°* EH £±* x~z + x/ +*¡~8 & b 1 ¡GH x/ D b D P O O * 0 0 zEb³* bj´* ¥wD* b ´* ¡G $b²* ~}+ ² P O N N O N O N É 0 * & lb ~9 * & *¡ D b B " ¶b - D¡ C É0& * /H )b D* *xJ R R M N $b²* x~z + ²* b P EQ &*H " NÍP P´b N +P É@ P @0R &°* JP HP R&bgN +P O pR FN bEN HN N R ¥&* "*w + EO É0R &* OGxO EO &b-N &R * " ¶b - D¡ C D* ¡ A

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

Üƒ∏°SCG ∫ÓN øe §Ñæà°ùf ¿É«H ≈∏Y Égó«cCÉJ áfÉæØdG áMÉàŸG ájÒÑ©àdG ábÉ£dG á«∏«μ°ûJ áeÉîc IQGô◊ÉH äÉ«£©e É¡d ,á«d’Oh RÉ‚E’G ≥«≤ëàd á°UÉN πeÉμdG »YGóHE’G

¡ D 4v~|E ¢ < 4¡j D* /&* E < b@@j@0b@@+ @@ @94&°* w@@ G ¢@@ @< *4b@@ E ¥Hb ~zD* { D* ¯ @@JH&b@J ~zE b -°°v+ f G%°* f£cD¡ D* -bp ~{+H ¡ ~zD* ¶(* y@@ @J f~6v ´* f@@£@0Hx@@D* v0*¡D* ¡0 *4HvD*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

bQ´ 2bExS D D* N2b~|0 ¡QP pJO ¥w@@D* µ&* ¥2*¡D* *wG rx~8 Hvc£A d g J *w@@ @+H @@Jx@@ @ D* ¤ g J @@D @@FHv@@+H d£c²* ¯ A x J d£c²* b²* ¯¡~|DbC £A °(* E&* < kpcJ °H $¤~7 ° ¡ J Í0 ~z F < 5b gJ

b» $¡~zDb+ ,4b@@E&°* z D*H ,2¡~z´* Áb £~{D* z D* ebm0 x² ¡<vJ rHx@@D* f£ - g- ¢g0 d@@²* 4b@@F ¯ z A b +4 f < x gA bGÌ -H fEÉ C }£+&°* ¡ D* 4¡~}0 b £0 ¢ < ¡ J f@@ @ 0x@@D*H x@@ @ @D* @@9b@@£@+ ib=*xA H&* ibpgA Í+H f0¡ D* f£~94&* b ~7&°* e¡@@ @~@6&* É@@1 @@E c g~zF *w@@ @ GH ¥2H*v@@ @D* É@@ ~@ @6(°* b@@j@ £@ E f@@Fb@@ @ @ D* fJÌc gD* fBb D* b£+ ¢ < bGv£C&b f£ £ ~{- f@@Eb@@s@C ,4*x@@²b@@+ f@@0b@@g@´* £ pgD f~8b1 ib£ E b D f£D°2H ¯ g´* Eb D* ¤<*v+(°* 5b@@½(°* fEv1 @@ /&* @@E b@@ @ @-(°*H @@J¡@@ @g@D* Ä< fFb D* Dw+ 9x gA ¡~9¡´* ¢ < f£ c´* bG4b A&* f£ D* b gDb~64 fp~9¡E ¤@@EÉ@@~@6(°* ¯¡@@~@|@D* x D* ,4*x²* É g~6* gJ b £+" b D¡ + ,¡~{F - ¥2*¡@@D* *w + d²* 4bF ¯ ¤gD* ¡~{D* z ~7 ~z- $b ~zD* H&* i*xE x ~8&°b+ f j gE µb D* Ì d²* 4b@@F ¯ eHw@@- Ix@@1*& ¤cGwD*

x ~z- f£Db / ib£ E ¶(* f£~z²* b g <b E v + ,vJv/ fJx~|+ 4¡~8 < f£F*v/¡D* f£0HxD* fFb D* fAb . ¢ < *2b g~6*H bGv½ D* fJH2bE ¯ f£jpcD* b -b£D%*H ¤EÉ~6(°* ¤ ~z D* x D* E Ì g~z i*H2&* ¯¡~|D* x D* 8¡~|³b+H ¥x D*H ¤ D* ¤<*v+(°* Ìc gD* ¥2*H" E iws-* vB Dw+ bG*ÊA @@ @Jx@@0 w@@ @ @g@~@z@JN ¥w@@ @D* " ~{ D* 5b@@½(° bc~|1 bF¡ ~}E $¤@@~@ 7 @@C ¯ f@@+4b@@~@ }@ D* ,Ì@@ @ @1&°* b@@ @@-b@@<*v@@+(* 4b D* f£ - hEvsg~6* k£0 vJxmgD* ibJb FH 2*¡E xp+ b -b0¡D 5b½(* ¯ ix ; f£ £c: bF*¡D* b E f~| sg~zE f=bc~8 Hv@@@+H @@ @A x@@ ²* + ,4b0 f£F¡D ib/4v+ ¡ - bE bcDb=H Á*¡@@/4&°* x 0&°* ¡ D* b £ < d J ° ¢ cJ ¤@@ @ D(°* d~} D* ¢ < *v@@D* H&* i¡@@´b@@+ *Æ@@ <°* I¡@@~@6 @@D 4b@@£@1 2*¡~z+ - fbB f £jC *¡@@D&°* ¡ µb C ¢-¡´* µb< ¢ < Ìc - ¯ vJ ¡/¡ D Ì~{J *¡@@D&°* £A d£ - E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

±b+ É~6(°* bj£E fFb D* y£ g ¥x~|cD* D* ¯ ,2v gE )b~6H Í+ £ cgD* f )bA ,4v@@ BH f£Db< ,4b@@ @ § ,v@@< ¯ f@@C4b@@~@ {@ ´* @@E b@@ @ @ @E b@@» A 9Hx< ¯H f£DH2 f£ £ ~{- 94b E ¤)¡~}D* xJ¡~|gD*H $*2&°* AH y£ mgD* x ~{D* ¯ ib D'¡E b D b D* ebgCH f£ ~zD* ,v£~| D* ¯H f£Fbc~6(°b+ fJx~|cD*H ¯ b -b<*v+(* fFb D* v - bE bcDb= ~{J ~6xE N 5bm C ¤ £Gb E b F &É@E ¤ g´* @@E @@B¡@@g@JH $b@@ @ @~@8°* b~|-°* dJx gD b< ~{+ ib=*x D* ib@@£@ @/x@@E @@ AH ¡@@ Dv@@ EH *2 Í@@+ i*Ì.&bgD* b £A g - ,vJv< f£Ab .

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

jªDf . £*§G&*

øah ΩÉ¡dEG ±ƒ°üàdG ¬2K*zG* Ñ 6(¸* fnªH jIf¡ G* ¢< jM| + ,$*|E °

æ dG G O

¢ ædG Y H dG I É ° μ ÉH Y °ü ô G G àH G æ d æ æ àdG G IPÉà° G ° μ ÉH ¢ dQÉc É° ° É dG ° μ ÉH " G

Hô O G dG ° G É fÉæ dG dG G ø É fÉ ° ÉH Éfô É H OÉcG ø jô°ü dG æ dG à° É G f " ‹É©dG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

ÈC&* ¢ < JH&bgD* f£ +bB fJ4*¡ D* ib£ p ´* ¯ x c´* E I¡g~zE E < ,4b~}0 ,b c+ £ - fEbBH f~9b£A f £B 2v~|+ pF ¤-*wD* m£~z + f c~{g´* f +bm´* rHx+ x gcE *v/HH }+bF g£ + E )*¡- b£C qc~8&bA £J*x~{+ f ~6b gE ¥x~z- ¤gD* f.*v² cC*¡E b D v£g< ¤Bx~7 l*Æ@@+ f p´* ,x~} D* i&ÉgEbA 2¡/HÉD*H 2¡/¡D* f £ 0 /*H fDb~zcD* +H x~| D* d~} J ° *v+(* £+b £+ 0H4 ¢ < ibBb pg~6°*H f ~6H&°* E vJv D* 4*¡F b D* v~|0 94b ´* E Ìj D* b@@B&*H $b D* E J¡ D* sJ4b- 4*vE £m~z- ® + f£´b D*H f£+x D*H f£ p´* ibC4b~{´*H f~8b³* ¢ < bGxC3 }£ J ¤gD* f£´b D* ib<¡~6¡´* E vJv D* ¯ ,x gc´* -*4vBH -b ~6H G*'Hx+ *¡B¡ - E b Jv A 4¡D* bK £Ab . bK sJ4b- *¡ ~|£D + tJ4bgD* *¡ 1v£D z£D fBÉ³* f£Fb~zF(°* ¢ < fA4*H °K É; p Â bE ¡ ~zD*H ¤BxD* E D bK Jx. $b /

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

/¡D* @@=4 ,x)b: @@J3 b F&bC ¢ <&ÉD ,v<b~|D* fJb D* bpgB* ¢ < ,4v@@ @D* H&* fJxp D v£ D* ¢ < @@g@D°2H j ´* b± @@F&b@CH E y@@» b~zF(* bJb ~{C @@/H ¡ m´* f ; C ¯ ,b£p D E&* f -¡cC {Gv´* ¥¡ D* 4¡ D* ¡ ~zD ¤G b F&bCH x~|E < fJyExD f.ÉjD* *¡D&°* fD°2H µb D* i*4b~}0 ~6¡gJ ¥w@@D* £~8&°* c D*H z£ D* 4v~|´* ex~zgJ ¥wD* 4b@@G25°*H qEb±* E&°* fJ*v+ EH µb D* f 1*vgE ibE*xG&* ,4b~}0 ¢ < b ~z+ ¡ D* ¤ < <b ~7 $b -4°*H rbm D i*¡ 1 E 2¡ ~8 x.&*H tJ4bg D b gD°2H ~6&°* EH vJv/ Mv D ,vJv<H ,Ì E x:H e*¡+&° É;H *K v<b~8 *K vJv/ bK F qg £D $b cD* Jx: ~{J Í ~zD }£EH £pJ J¡ gD* ¸H ¢©x´* c g~z´*H *x~7(°* b©* ¯ k£ g~z- fBÉ F° 4b@@ @;&°*H eb@@£@F&°* ¥xGb~7 Jv~8Æ´* gG E x J @@:H ´ i*w D $*vF F&bCH f £²b+ M4*wF(° $b ~zA $b ~6 v ~|£A :H bJ -bg~7

F¡CH gF¡ £CH b~zF(°* 4*¡@@=&* Í+ x cE fBÉ< 0ÉF vB q£~z D* £< qc~zgA 4b~z£D* ~6&* E f0¡ D* 1vE E fJ*v+ JÄD* @@c@FH $b@@ @c@D* 4v~|E ¶(* @@+ ¡@@m@J µb@@ @D bK @ /¡@@DH Í+ =b gD* -bF¡ E Fb -H +*x-H D* 5*¡@@- vm A f£)b + b gC* E ~{Gv- 2b +&* £ « ¡ ~zD*H fCx²* fF¡£D 0ÉF D* f£)bpJ(* E EyD* *42(*H ~zm´* b +ÆB* *3(*H D%bgE ~zF ¯ b -v0 ¯ f :b D* ¡ ³* bK mgE ¤cG3 Jx+ *3 45&* $b£~9 vm A 4b~z£D* ~6&* E 94&°* f g< bK pg E Á*4¡ D* nG¡gD* Hx~7 fJyCxE ¡pF E&b- b g+¡~|1 b < dm0 b» f£+bc~}+ fp~{g´* f£ £ D*

Áb J :H ÍF&b+ f E f£m~7 fAHy E n~z J F&bC f0¡ D* ¢ < 0x- ° 4¡s~|+ ibE*v~8 ·*¡-H 2¡ ~8 v + *K 4*vpF* £D* Ì ~}D* ¢ < f£~|s~{D* g£)b c+ h ~{gA Jx D* ¡: i¡´* ¡c J ° JwD* b +&°* rHx+ f£~{0¡D*H fJ2b´* /H ¯ f1x~8 f+bj§ Db <&* ¡ - 2b gA fJyE4H f£Bx~7 4b1y+ f/yg» g£ B*¡A µb D* h : ¤gD* f£~8¡~|³* ,vJv~7 ~|- f£ < H&* fJ4¡ ~7 ,¡p~8 ¤ J vB x cE v < ¡ D* ¢ ´* *42(* Ìjg~z£D ¥x D*H ¤~z D* $b -4°* E fDb² f~7¡~{E f 0xE f £c D bK £+bc~9 ¢-&bgJ vBH ¡ D* ib£Fb~zF(* ¢ < x~| D* b£/¡D¡ - b£ : ¯ fJyExD* É~zD* £Gb ´ f0bgm´* b£/¡D¡ gD* .*Ä+ f c E hpc~8&bA b -v0H f +b~{g´* :¡ s+ ¤~6b D* µb D* f +b¸H f£Fb~zF(°*H f£Fb~zF(°* ¢ E ¤~7Ég+ ¤0¡gA -b£BÉ1&b+ g - 2b - ¤gD* Ì= fG¡~{E $*y@@/&* H&* ib )b D b D¡p£A b gBH @@94&°* ¢ < b £ < 2 bE b < ¢ F vBH f£ £ 0 x ~|D* Í D Gb~{D* x D* I¡g~z§ b -4°* ¯ fD°vD* ,vJv/ B*x~7(° f Fx~{D* E oHx³* fDb² fcBÆ´* ,vGb~{D* 4b~|gF°* E&* b C £ £A b£³*H f £ ²* Í+ bE $b~} D* Ìs- b / 94&°* Í+ bE ´b< £ JH -¡ ~6H g ~z+ ¡ D* i¡ E ¯ f £ 0 ~{ - v + f£0¡´* f ´* É@@ 0&°* $b ~zD*H ÉK EbC $b£~7&°* bK ~8b1 bK F lvp£D <bF q ~zE ¢ < bK £E*42 bK Fb£C £ J Í+ 4b@@+ D%bg+ Db <&* ¯ f£E*4vD* f c²* ~zggA *K x cE bg g~6° £pgA $b£~7&°* f£ £-bg~6*H fCx²* f£ £Eb J2 f0¡ D* fJv ~{E ¯ f =b gE ibCx²* ,2v gE f£F¡ £~z+ kpcD* ¡ J vB r*ÄD* b <&* bpgB* ¯ f .*¡D* ,4b ´* Á¡ D* @@0*Æ@@D*H Áb~zF(°* *y@@-°* E fDb0 < @@)*v@@D* fBv+ +ÌA -*3 E qDb~|gE n£~zF £ sgD i*2b~}gD* Fb £A ¤)xEÉD*H ¤)x´*H ¥¡~} D*H ¤~6v D* b D* Í+ f+¡~z¹ ib.b g~6bC f£´b< f£Bx~7 bE*4¡Fb+ ng £A £ D*H £~zcD*H £ c g~zE I'Hx@@+ 4b~{cg~6°*H x g D f _~6&* rx@@:H f£Fb~zF(* E&bgD* £A Ìjg~zJ ·b / µb D £« fcBb. Í + fm£ + q£~z D* v D* *v/¡+ f £~8&* ,4b~}0 0É- f+bj§ b£³*H eb~z²* ¡J f£ p E E fK J*v+ Db <&* } + E&bgF bEv <H ,x D* u¡~64H r¡~9HH 2¡~6&°*H }£+&°b+ f£Â2bC&°* ,4b ´*H ¤<*v+(°* D* ¡C $ § b +*x-H 4b +(°* x~8b < J¡ -H ¢ < £<vg~6&* bj C 4¡ D* 2É£E f<¡ ¸ ¶(* ~|F ¢g0 $b£pg~6*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

fEb<H f£-*3 f£F*v/HH fJx AH f£Fb~zF(* 4*¡=&*H b@@E*4v@@D* 4H2 ,4¡@@ @1H f£ G&* f@@J4*¡@@ @D* f+b0xD* h@@ C42&* fJÌc gD* )b~6H v£ mg+ fJx~{cD* z D* ¢ < bGÌ.&b-H C D* f£)b + ¯ f£E*42 f<*Ä+ f g E f / n~z D hpFH xJ¡~|-H x 0H ~64 E f gº ¡ ~8H ib£ g+ bK Eb< Í~z 1 E ex J bE 4*vE ¢ < fcCxE b <&*H ¡Jv£AH D&bgD*H $b D* E f£F*4¡ D* bE*4vD*H fJ4*¡ D* f£/¡ £~zD* f~}E¡C bK Fb£0&*H f_Jx/ ,2b0 ¡ s+ v < $¡~}D* ~zgJ ¯ y²* ,v0 Í+ bE *v@@B(°*H fD¡ cD* rH4 z - f :b1 4b~}g0°* H&* E&ÉD ib~}EH Í+H ²* ~{GvJ ÄD sJ bK Fb£0&*H f +bggE ib A2 ¤-&bJ bK Fb£0&* q+b~6 E&bgE x1%* µb D + bK ¹ +wmJ kc J bE . f p D JH&bg D f +bB ib£)b~}A ¯ bK 1 ¤.xJ $¡~9 F&bCH f£F%* f 0xE ¯ 9¡³* b g~6* v£+ w1&b£D x1%* :bB vBH bK Fb£0&* £ < ¡ pJ H&* ¡~z J vB d<*vJ *v+(°* $b ~6 ¯ bK p+b~6 £A 2vmgE *x~7(* JÄD i*2x E D%b-H bm~zF*H ¥¡£ + 'H*¡g+ $¡~9H 1 ib£Db /

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

gm´*H ,b£²* E ,bFb E 1967 ,bFb E E f£ D* g 04 &*v+ gJx~|§ :bF fJ¡GH /¡- ¯ x.&bA ¥¡ E i¡@@EH 4b£ F* xm0 c0 C 4¡@@F E v C f£<*v+(°* -b£ p E f ~z ~zA ¡: f£Fb~zF(°* v£m+ £ - f£DbggE @@6b@@´&* ibcpC z£ F E fJ*v+ f£ + ,b£0 b c~z £A i*¡cCH ib ~7 ¥¡pJ H'H4 4HwmA 2015 f £ ±* ,2b ~{ D eb~z²* ¡J /xs- Hx~{E bgDvD* 4yD*H $b´* ,b£²* ¤ c E E fc~|³* ,&b~{ D*H b D* b J f£<*v+(°* ibBb D ·H&°* xm ´* ,x0b~zD* b g £c:H ¯b~|gD* . fAb~{ D* Jx + bpgD°* b <2 f £~8&°* f£+ÆD* E J w1&bA f£ JvD* b ~6¡ + b + bK .¡ E n£ cD* ex²* ¯ b~} D* . f£Fb~zF(°*H f£EÉ~6(°* ,4b~}²* c< Í £D* £A xB¡A i¡@@´*H ,b£²* f£ £ 0 f /*¡EH f~6x~{D* ,x AH Ñ* i¡ E ¯ fp+b~zD* rHxD* ¤G ,b£²* &b+ bÂ(°*H 2b~z/&°* $b AH b gJvEx~6H rHxD* É/ 2¡ ³* I¡@@B&*H @@ @<&* F¡C D* rÉ~6 *K x ~{E g£~}B 42&b@ @A ¢ < ¤ gD* e*¡+&* qg + ,4b § qm A $b c D H&* $b D rÉ~6 d04 $b~}A .*x+ ¯ ¡B¡ D vGb~{´* e*wg/*H £<*x~|E y£DbG2 ¯ {g - f £A2 fBb D b~zF(* f£/¡D¡ £~zD xm E

jªDf . £*§G&* QGƒf óªMCG »∏«μ°ûàdG

ÊGQƒf ≥dCÉJ ájQGƒf áHÉMôd dG Y æ I ° dÉ G´ G G f à d °û dG IQÉ ÉH É G IOÉ °ü ©d É f àYGôH °G j ô Gô Q H ôμ QG f G μdG Éæ dG dÉ fÉ c à ø dG Gô © °üN ° G ø Iô æ ´G HG ° à° ° û d PÉ ©H ÉH G É ÉY àG G d YG j ô H ø ô G O G G IO G © G dG ° É G à G ô G ¢ Éæà G Y ¢ dG G °ûμàH É d jOÉ G àf æ c ô É dÉ fÉ àH Y dG G É° dÉH ¢ HÉ æ dG É G YG G dG dÉ° G G ° f ° G à æ H É Q ø dÉH ¢ æj Éæ Éæ É ´G H ÉH ° É ° dG μ dG G É ° fG øY IÉ ædG øY É°ûà É jô NG Q PÉ f ° I ° ÉYO

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

° b F&bCH *K v+&* b B4b J ° f£B4 b g1&* ¯ ¢g0 b FHv+ x g~z- &* £ g~z hAxA4 f £D i*3 ¯H ,x@@1%°* b£FvD* R &* kc - µ $b~}£+ fEb pC b 0H4 p gD J¡ D* £ D* f g< ¯ h g1* f£B4 b g1&b+

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

~|gD f£Fb. ,xE 1vg- 4*v@@B&°* b F(* hB4bA F Í@@g@ 1&°* Í@@+ F* b@@E h£cD*H b@@ @´* h@@ @1&*H ,b@@£@²* f£B4 ¡j C &* b £D(* 6b D* exB&° oHyD*H ¡j C &* b g~7b< i*¡ ~6 h~6 f £:H £ + bK )*2 x ~{- hFbC b j< E

d²b+ bK )*2 fF¡p~{E ¡j C &* hFbC E bK EÉC h ~6 ¢g0 £ D* y²*H v-x- ¡~6 b F&b+ b £0 hC42&* b £+&* D3H f£B4 b g1&* µb< ¶(* ,¡B + b < + b j< E b /*H5 É1 E f£B4 b g1&* oH5 < Ñ* ¤~94

« 9f¼* ¢H | 8f¡< Ëz G* ¢H~G* ¢H $f I

á«bQh Ωƒ`` `ã∏c ΩCG q Éª¡æY ¬∏dG »°VQ

j kÂ p*z0&* j.Ñ.K hM|= ¥+f hM|= Yz0 ¾(* ª 8f kG* ª / · fN +f - f ¤-fª0 mz¤ 7 Õk1&* Õ+ I* fH -K 4*zE&¸* 1zk- fHz¡<

° GQO ø G ° dG Y ° ôdG àæHG Q c G IÉ ° É c Gô G IÉ jô μ°ûH É É ô É YÉ É Hø ° Éà G j Éà N É© É àd Éà° ÉY I G ©H É à É É G j ° G Éà NO I G ô ø dG É dG ° G ø dG Éc dG øjQ ædG P É Y G c G Q É ° Y G ° ædG ÉæH ø

v½ ¶H&°* *x D* f ² ¶(* bFv< x<b~{E <&* x- vB f£B4 £04 S &* ¡j C &* z F ¯ bK E y²*H d²* ¢g0 6b~z0(°* *wG « h ; vBH fmJv1 b E&* ,bAH v + ¯ b £+&* 4*2 ¯ ¡j C &* ix g~6* ¤gD* l*v@@0°* C iv ~7 vBH eÈJ bE¡J b £ < xE vBH v + b £A ix/ *K 4¡~}0 b -*3 ¯ b D bC f Jv´* ¯ f£B4 b g1&* h ~8H Í0 H&°* b~8b1 N b -bAH ¡J ¡G ÁbjD*H f~{c²* E

,xm D* 4*2 ¯ hFbC ¤gD* f£B4 ¢ < y J bCH ¡j C &* cB f£B4 ,bAH ¯ bK ~}J&* b g1&* E i¡ °&* ¡j C &* b j< E h~}E&* b F&* =x+ v0*H ¡J E f£B4 b g1&* oH5H b /H5 b < + £ + z« ¤GH fg~6 bK E*¡<&* b cB $b~zE rbc~8 b c0b~|J f£B4 b £A h g1* A l*v@@0&* f.É. b £A b@@E&*H ¡j C &* < f£B4 ,b£0 bK +b - v ~{- b -b£0 (bA D3 *v< *3(*H dJx= ~{+ £~8b gD* £ / ¯

É HÉ°û ° G Q ° °ûj HÉ°û G G ø É f μd É° ÉH É É ÉàfÉY G ° G G É æH ô j æ° àæ G

f£B4 b g1&* ,bAH v + ¡j C &* hFbC dJx D* +b~{gD* *w + bK @ @)*2 x ° b -b£0 tJ4b- 9x g~z- Í0 ¤GH l*v0&* f.É. °(* f£B4 Í+H b £+ v© A f gº b /H5 @@E f~{c²* ¶(* f£B4 ,xmG ¡j C &* bpgD*H b < + b j< b E&*H b £+&b+ ~9H ¯ ¤GH b -vD*¡D ¡j C &* ,vGb~{E b -b £ ~7 £ / 4¡~}p+ 4b~}g0°* $b jg~6b+ ~6H £ < Ñ* ¢ ~8 b £+&*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

E ibc-b ´* ~z £DH 2bcgJ b ~6 @@+ ¡cs~7 t£~{D* Ñ*vc< t£~{D*H ¤c;¡+&* Cb0 x B Cb0 Áb. %* ~6bB + Cb0 µb~6 + b ~6 t£~{D*H t£~{D*H b cgJ bEH f £³* 6&*4 Cb0 ¤ ~6b D* x ~8 + b ~6 E H&°* ¯ ~6xJO 3(* fB4b~{D* @G1354 *¡~7 5 1936 xJb J + ¡@@c@s@~@7 t@@£@~@{@D* ¶(* bK @ +b@@g@ C + F&* _c J ¤c;¡+&* Cb0 b ~6 f£ £c D* 24*¡@@´* 4b jg~6* ¯ gc=4 2*v g~6* @@< @@ @ @JO H ¤@@c@ ;¡@@+&* ¯ Í£/¡D¡£±* v@@0&* b@@~@ 64(° gCx~7 0 x~|0 +b E D* ¢ < d £O D fJy£ ½(°* D* fCx~7 < d£ gD* ,v´ bG4HbmJ bEH ¤c;¡+&* ¯ f£~64b D* +b E fjDb. f ~6 ,2bJy D f +bB Íg ~6 v gJ ¥wD* t£~{ D ¥x ~7 ¥2bE cE fCx~{D* ¤ ;¡EH i*v E ¢ < f Abp´b+ iym<H ,v´* h~} F* bE *3(bA b £ < 8¡~| ´* ,v´* ¡: D* 4b jg~6* < d~6b ´* }J¡ gD* Ãv - < fCx~{D* b g~6° fc~6b E bG*xJ Ix1&* fCx~7 ¥&* f~9Hb § ²* A HÆcD* E bGv)b< 4b jg~6*H d£ gD* b <&* Db~6 eb ³* ¢ < 2xDb+ b ~6 + ¡cs~7 t£~{D* ¡ J bK pFbE 1936 xJb J 5 @G1354 *¡@@~@7 10 ¯ x@@Cw@@D* ~{ D ¥x~|²* ²*" f£~64b D* fJy£ ½(°* fCx~{D* ¤gD* 2Hv@@²* ¤0*¡F £ /H ¤c;¡+&* b ~94&* ¯ |p D*H "*wG b +bgC t@@J4b@@- @@E A Íg ~6 ,v@@E b@@ @-4b@@E(* h@@« ¯ Ix@@1&* fCx~7 ¥&° i*5b£gE°* wG Ãv - v + v gJH fCx~{D* iym<H bg ~zD* h~} F* bE *3(bA ,2vp´* ,v´* ¯ f@@Jx@@²* @@Eb@@C Â @@F(b@A b E e¡ ´* £ « @@< f.É. fCx~{D* D Av- +b ´b+H vJxJO E E 9Hb gD* ¯ ¡ J *¡E*2 bE fCx~{D* ¤ ;¡E &*H bK Jx ~7 f£+H4 °%* f£ 1*vD* ,4b@@E(°* f~6b£~6 ¯ 1vgD* H2 ¤c;¡+&* 2Hv@@0 )b~zEH fJxpcD* H&* fJ4bmgD* ·bG&°* 4¡E&* ¢ < ¥v gD* H2H Ãv - ¯ v gmJH 4bmJ(ÉD Cb~zE D Í JO F(bA 8¡ D* Íg ~zD* ,vE ¯ D ÍgE5ÉD* ,v<b~z´*H f Abp´*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

4b ~6&*H Db <&*H -b£0 £~8b - < i*xCw´* H&* ib D'¡´* < dg J µ F&* b C f£+x D* 2ÉcD* ¯ -*xEb EH -É04 b jE ex D* H&* ¡+x D* $*¡~6 Í D'¡´* E ¥&* -*xEb E <H dg D* i2v - k£0 JxEb ´* E GÌ= E ¡ D'¡´* A ; DwDH GÌ=H £+ z´*H ¤c £AH zF4¡D < ib D'¡´*H f+¡m¹ Db <&* h£ +H f£+x D* ,xJy±* o4b1 Hx E Ì= ¯ < ebgC f<bc + "e¡G ¡gFbg~6" bB &* ¶(* ex D* < ¥wD* v£0¡D* 4v~|´* Qv JO ¥wD*H xCwD* c~6 b C 1951 b< ~z £DH iÉ04H 4b ~6&* Hb gJ ¥wD* 5*x D* E f£+x D* z+É´* g 04 ¯ ~z £DH ¥v-xJ f £³* @@ 6&*4 ¯ vGb~7 @@F&* x@@Cw@@JH v@@½ b ~6 @@Jv@@-x@@J 5*x: E ¤GH 2b ´* 0b~zD* ¯ ,2¡/¡´* ,v£0¡D* ,4b£~zD* ~z0&* E b F(* f £³* 6&*4 Í-b~z+ < ¡ JH "¥yJ2" 0b~zD* ¢ < £~|D* ¯ b £D(* &bmg JO ¤gD* @@Cb@@E&°* 2x@@+&*H b £D(* ¡<x J Ix1&°* v´* E b :&°*H $b~z D* &*H 2b ´* ¯ b/xD* J Í0 ¯ b £A ,4b²* £~|D* x ~7&* f£~} gD '¡D'¡ D* H2b ~|J 0b~zD*

< d£ gD* ib£Bb -* ¢ < -b £B¡- yg J &* b Jx: < G2É+ ¯ HÆcD* ibE¡ E ¢ < ~z £DH b 1 ¤gD* f £ D* ib J4¡D* ¥¡g« b Fb ~6 *¡@@0&*H ¤+x D* n£ ³* *v + b@@~@9H&* < f E f@@Db@@0x@@D* Jv~8 x@@Cw@@JH @@ @-b@@£@0H g~{£ E f@@ @Jx@@:H iÉ04" ebgC £D&bg+ bB ¥wD* "e¡G ¡gFbg~6" ¥y£ ½(°* Cb²* ¡@@~@z@DH v@@D¡@@F4&* £F¡D¡ D* &* "¤+x D* x@@Eb@@ @´* Áb JÄD* ¤~6b£~zD* £ ´*H *x@@ @D* ¯ b@@ @D* ¥x ~z D* ~z £DH ¶(* d : vB 1920 1918 ¤+x D* n£ ³* ¯ ,v)bA i*3 ¡~zDH x F ¯ hFbC b F&° -*xEb E Hv@@J &* bK Jx0 D -*xCwE +bgC ¯ ~z £DH x~7 vBH b£Fb JÄD ¡ JH ,x D* < ¢ sgA FH2 bE ¢ < ¢-&bA g £1 eb~8&* ¡GH "¤+x D* n£ ³* ¯ fD¡/" ebgC ¯ -b J4H /ÆE < ÆJ ° bK JvgE bK ~zE gAx<" ¡.2b0H bK £~|s~7 ¡Ax< » gAx< ,É~|D* ibc/*H E d/*H °H })*x D* E ~}JxA E ÈC&* pJ bC b C 2*4H&°*H f£<2&°* E Ìj D* pJ ~}J µ F&° ,x ~{D* ~z £DH J µH "Ãx D* %*x D* ¤j .

x D* E Íg~zD*H f~zEb³* + vB bC k£0 1937 fCx~7 i°bC¡D bK ~{g E f£FbjD* f£´b D* ex²* v + Í JO H gJ vJv±* d~| ´* *wG É1 EH n£ ³* ¯ D* v<b~z-H n£ ³* ¯ D AxE H&* ¯ *Æ~7°* E D*¡© ~zgJH b +¡ ~7H ,xJy±* b ² gAx EH -x ~7 ib£ < ¯ Í Eb D* Í£/¡D¡£m D 4b~{g~zEH £DvC f ´* ¯ D* < d£ gD* E b .* $b~}<&* f +4&* E fD¡/ 1925 b< ¯ ~z £DH &*vcJ ¥*x/ ~7*H Æ~z´*H y£D (* ¤/ Æ~z´* Í£/¡D¡£±* f:x~{D* bc~9 v0&* z C(* z£)xD*H yJvFbFxA ibc D* µb<H ¶(* fCx~{D* x1*¡+ Iv0(* *¡ g~6* k£0 v< ¯ y£ ½(°* 4y/ 4*5 k£0 ¤+x D* n£ ³* 4y@@/ ¶(* b EH JxpcD* ,xJy/ ¶(* xpcJ . ¢~6¡E¡+&* ,xJy/ ¶(* g J . ¥x~6 g~z£D x B ,xJy/ c~7 . hJ¡ D* ¶(* b EH ~{B i*4b@@E(°* 2b ´* b < 0b~zD* ¶(* bg~65¡1 ,x1bcD* v ~zE ,xJy/ c~7H f £³* 6&*4 4Hy£A ,vpg´* f£+x D* $b~z0(°*H Ì D*H 4b ;H f :bcD*H ~zE ¶(* g J . iv E vBH fB4b~{D*H ¤c;¡+&* *K Ì1&*H £ D*H ¡ D*H +b E ¢ < bGvJ f£Fb JÄD* fCx~{D* ~}- &* fD¡±* wG f ´* ¯ Áb JÄD* 4b g~6°* b@@C4&* iv@@:HH D* i*4Hb ´* *y- °H v@@E&°* f J¡: ,x)b/ i*vGb § b g +4H b g~6* ¤gD*H fD¡ ¸ n£ ³* u¡£~7 E ~z £DH b + bB ¤gD*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

ggA ex D* E e4b gD*H f D&°* 4¡ ~7 +bg J k£0 v< ¯ f /ÆEH H&°* v~7xEH E bCH É~6(°* b g<° fc=xD* b g<* £~6*xE D v<&* ¥wD* "¤ < ~z0" ·bE¡~|D* Jv~8 bK Eb< 20 x D* E DH 1892 b< ¯ ¤EÉ~6(°* JvD* gDb g~6* Ãv gD ¥bcE¡+ ¶(* Ix1&* ,xE ,2¡ D* ~z £DH 4x JO ¡£Fb JÄD* DH v< ¶(* ,2¡ D* f 04 2*v<(* ¯ x~7bcJO H ¯ b E ¢ < ¡~|²* ¯ s£A b ³* £ < ¡ £~}JO x ~zD* E *K v+O vmJ A ,v£ ~zD* f£+x D* ¶(* f mg´* dCx´* + £D* ¶(* mgJ µ F&* °(* 4b g~zE ~6b+H fJx~6 ,4¡~|+ f£+x D* f D* f~6*42 ¢ < d;*¡JH hJ¡ D* ¯ Db04 0 ÉK gE ,4Hbm´* v@@´* ~{g J b C Ãx D* %*x D* ,$*x@@BH ex Db+ Eb gG* ,2b@@J5 ¶(* ¥2'¡@ J b» Ì+yD* ¶(* °K b ~7 {£ JH HvcD* DbsJO H i*xEb ´b+ g g~zJH $*xp~|D*H v£Db -H £BH i*2b + dm JO H ,vJv< i*¡ ~6 £F*x ; Í+ -bm D f~6*42H b g~6*42 ¢ < JH HvcD* ¯ n@@²* f~}JxA ¥2'¡@£@D fEx ´* f E ¶(* ~z £DH xAb~zJO fc ~8 i*xEb E /*¡J k£0 x < E Jx~{ D*H f +*xD* O f£´b D* ex²* Ä©H ex D* 2É+ ¯ D*¡© É1 ,Ì 1H ib ~zD* g - &* E °v+H *x D* ¶(* ,2¡ D* ¢ < ¶H&°* -bE¡ E ¶(* b /b£g0° @@Ex@@ @-H @@+ d@@0x@@- f£Fb JÄD* fJ¡D&°* v<b~zJH *x-&°* v~9 bK Jx~6 ÉK £ < £ -H -*Ä1H ex²* $b gF* v +H *x@@ @D* £DbB&* ¡@@12 ¯ f£Fb JÄD* E 1924 b< ¯ f£~64b D* fJy£ ½(°* D* fCx~{+ Í JO *x D* ¯ fEv³* x- &* c~6 ¥w@@D* ¡~zDH vD¡F4&* cB £ ± bK ~{g E *2bc< ¯ fCx~{D* d-b § pgD*H 1920 f ~6 d£ gD* @@0*x@@E ¯ ~zJO H ¤+x D* n£ ³* ¯ b -°bCH fCx~{D* g-H /ÆEH k0bcC D* ¡ 0 < ~{ D*H f ~6 v<b g£A ²b~|D JH Ím£ ³* b p D 5bp EO F&b+

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

dCxJ k£0 1887 b< ¡g £~6 f~64vE E ~z £DH oxsgJ ¡Q JH -*xEb EH -b£0 f ~8*x D* 4b~{JO H xpcD* < d£ gD* ¯ D* ¡pF Í £E5 f Ax+ mgJ . µb D* ¡0 F&* °(* ,Ì~z< hFbC rbm D* 8xA &* E =xDb+H dGwD* ° q+x+ ¡<b+ dG3 m ´ 5b£gE* ¢ < ¡~|²* E *¡ f E ¶(* mgJ k£0 4¡J¡£F ¶(* ~|J *K Ì1&*H + 6&b+ bJ4É´* 9xE ¢~{ - &* °(* b D* ¢ < bK Ax~{E JH b + f£ JxE&°* b£F4¡ £DbC fJ°H ¶(* f ´* ,42b E ¢ < ÄmJO ¡ JH C*¡ D* ¤ / ¯ J i*¡ ~6 lÉjD b + x g~zJ k£0 f£0x~zE fBxA £D&bg+ )bBv~8&* } + E ~6¡´* $b gF* v + ·*¡0 x < bCH f<bm~{D*H xp~zD* eb D&* 9x D f gE °K H'¡~zE Í JO k£0 b £DH4bC 4y/ ¯ D g J . bK Eb< 19 J 4y±* b ~6 bc~6(°* 4¡jJ bEv <H ib £c´* f ¹ < DH É£FbE ¯ m~zD* ¶(* JH g £A ~z £DH ¢ < ¡ D* ¶(* xpcJO H ¤ JxE&°* ~| D* ,v<b~z§ ex D* E gJ e¡ / ¶(* . EH v Db+ ¥bcE¡+ ¶(* b EH ¾¡@@C ¾¡G bK £:x~7 Í JO vD*H ¢ ~zE f ~6*¡+ b GH f£+x D* ,xJy±*

¡ | 8f

¢ f¼*

« 9

GQÉ G G QG dÉ Q

ø°ùª«dh OQÉ°ûàjQ º«dh (¬∏dGóÑY êÉ◊G)

fJ4*5 «kG* :f¡¼* ¢< mf 6*42K hkF ,z< hkF É Ij

É°

Y YO

1933

ÉY æ Hô©dG G æ Hô dG É à G jG àj G ôj dÉ° dG ô dG É H H Q G É à G Éc É GPÉ G ° G Gô G QÉ àYÉH ô dG ô°ûdG H QÉ àdG HôdG Q O øjô dG dG É°ûàcG jQÉ jQÉàdG G æ fÉ d d GQ °ü dG øY æàdG dG ôNG μ° G ©H NÉj æ ÉH É à G G H É G É dG É fÉjO IQÉ G Gô °üdG É dÉ Q H O ° G É à G QÉ G cô° Hô©dG G æ dG øY æàdG dÉH É fÉ jôH G ædG ÉY ° ô øjô dG G ©H É° QÉH ° QÉ dG j Y G ¢ GQ QÉ°ûdG HG É OGô G ø Éc 1937 - 1925 I dG ø° d G Y G Willamson Richard William ø° d OQÉ°ûàjQ d

,v´ ¡DH ,b£²* f+¡ ~8 Ägs£D fJxpcD* ,b£²* ¶(* Db~64(* £DH v/H £ <H f~z+b£D* ¢ < bGv + x g~zJH 2¡ £D ,Ì~|B "bJ4vF¡A&*" dCx´* x ; ¢ < ¡g~zJx+ $b £E E bK E ~z F &* v/HH bK ~6 Bb D* 2*xA&* x ~8&* b A +4&°* ¥4*¡~zD* i*3 fJxpcD* ,b£²* dc~z+ z£D fc ~8 f+x©H f ¹ ¡ g~6 g 04 b+4" ,w1¡ D vD*H ib £ - dc~z+ DH fc ~|D* fJv£ gD* ib+¡ D* g 0ÉA g Eb E ¯ bK E4b~8 ¡ J &b+ "f £ ~zD* ¯ dCx´* 0 bEv < f~8x D* D hp ~6H 4*x D A2 bE k£0 '¡´b+ 2Hyg D b£F4¡ £DbC 0b~6 ¢ < "¡=bJ2 b~6" $b £E ~6*H&* ¯ D3 bCH ,ÌcC f<4yE ¯ +4bB&* } c+ pgD* .1880 b<

< d ´*H ¯*x@@ @±* k0bcD*H ¥xpcD* +b~}D* vD¡J ob²* H&* 1958 1872 ~z £DH 24b~{gJ4 £DH 2b ´* ¯ ~8&°* ¥v g ~6&°* b ~z´* H&* Ì+yD* ~9bA Ñ*vc< 4bcC E 3(* ¡ A 1872 b@@< b£Fb JÄ+ ¡g~zJx+ f JvE D* fCx~7 ¡~|0 ¯ ¶¡@@ @D* v@@£@D* @@DH ÍBx~{g~z´* ¤+x D* n£ ³* ¯ D* i*5b£gE* ¢ < f£~64b D* fJy£ ½(°* f ~6 b £ < hEbB ¤gD* ,v <&°* E ¡GH *x D*H *x@@J(*H 3¡ D* h£cj- ¯ f£ G&* J °H ~6H&°* x~{D* ¯ b£Fb Jx+ 4bc D* JxEb ´* < f ´* ¯ ¥y£ ½(°* 4x JO . EH o4*¡cD* x ; ¢ < x ~8 w E ~z £DH ¡Q J £1&* fp£~| + É < x~{< fjDbjD* ~6 =¡ + IvD v@@D*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

QG °G Éæ j jG °û f Éæ G ô f dG ø ô c ° dG Éæ Y QÉ ædG j QG H ø j É©jô° ° É GQG É° Y É O ø O O ° G μd

(4)

É ° dG É É dG É ° dG à μ μ É dG ¢ °ûdG ‹ °û G ô ædG Y ô G °ûdG É O ø ° à É G ô É° dG ô°üj (5)

É ° dG ø° H

NG QÉædG QG G dG H É d OGO j d ÉH c ø øjô æ Q dG c °ü N OOô à Q G ædG c à ° °ûH G dG à° j μd

(8)

ÉG É Y ° æ° dG ´ ° dG ¢ ©H ¢ Q d © É ô Y øY ¢ Q G °ûμ μd æ G É É ÉY dG ø É fG G ø É °ü N É QG G dG É° Y G ° É à G øY G ©H É

(6)

´É

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

jô dG

Yô G fG É æf © ° ø G Q ° G μd dG Gôd G

(1)

QÉ ædG f O É à æ Y H É ¢ü G j dG ô Gô G

- ©dG dG Y Q j dG dG °üd μf ô ø - ° G æc É c - ° É ôjô° dG QG É ° dG ôcGP G (7)

I °

| 7

¿GÒf

ôdG

É°

Y °

É NÉ GO j ô dG ô μd QÉ©à° G Y I ©H O H ø G É æ QÉædG °ü G É° H àdG I °ü dG (2)

¢ GôdG ´Q G O © dG G ô °d QÉædG H fÉ NO ôNG æ Y Hø d ¢ü G àdG Q dG Y ôæ ô G ° ø ° É°ü©dG ¢ ©H dG É QÉ ° G ´Q (3)

ôH à° G ° dG GPG G Éàà G Y æ ¢ © ô© ° d àdG - ÉjôdÉ É Q °ü - ô É°ü G É Q O ô G

ôG

b~zF(°* d:bsJ ¤~9*ÆA°* e2&°* Hys´* xU pJ I¡gp´* *wG bK E ¤@@+x@@ @ D* a4b@@ @ @D* Iv@@@D ¤@@s@ J4b@@g@ D* mJH x+b D* tJ4bgD* ob@gF(* v£ JH f@£Eb~6 *v@@G&b@ + f c-xE f@@J*Hx@@D* ,4b@@ @ .(°* ¢ < ¤ c´* J¡~zg D z£DH 2v< ÄC&* v~|0 v + eb g~6°*H gp ~8 ¯ $*x D* E » f+bgCH ib+bm<(°* £m~z- ¢ < ,HÉ< ¤ g´* v½ $*x@@:(°*H $b jD* i*4bc< wG b g0b-&* ,y@@£@» bK @ :b@@¿&* wsgJ ob@@m@²* H&°* b@@ @ @ G&* f@@Jx@@ @ @ D* @ B¡E ¥¡U - ¤gD* )*x D* bK Evsg~zE ¤-&bJH l*v0&°* fAS vD £/¡gD* ÁbjD* ¤gD* i*4b£s D f+bmg~6* bK cDb= @@D3 b < $*x@@ @ D* $*4%* d@@-b@@ @D* g~zJ '¡c gD* kDbjD* f@@J*Hx@@D* 4b~zE 2vp£D '¡c gD* *wG ¢ < ¢ cJO vBH l*v0&°b+ +*xD* v + b £A a4b D dg £O ~6 bE 3w gD* Ix@@/ ¤@@g@D* :b D £ gD* T gD* zEb³* | D* ¯ b -$*x + fAx D ¡~} D*H | Db+ ~|F b © f +b~zD* a4b D* b¿&* (* d-b D* &* ¤@@GH f£ ~| E f F ¶(* fc:bº f£ £C x J ¥w@@D* @ v£±* ¤gD* ib£ gD*H ¤@@~@9*Æ@@A°* a4b@@ @D* @@£@ D(* ¡@@~@ 8¡@@D* @@£@c@~@6 ¯ b@@ @ @ ;¡@@J 2¡@@ /H f@@J4*x@@ @g@~@6* ¢@@ @< b@@ @ ²*H ~|J ¥w@@D* ¡G @ Jx1%* eb g~6*H a4b D* *wG bC (*H ¢g0 *K v£/ bK )4bB f£+x D* f Db+ f+bg D* E gE Ì= 0 @@< *K v@@£@ @+ b@@C H&* fp£~| D* v@@ @ @FH e2&°* ¯ @@8b@@~@@|@@g@@1°* bK )4bB ng JO ¤CwD* d-b D* 4b~|g1b+H ¢ cJ &* r2b@@ @ D* &b@ @³* @@EH bK @ £Q @ C3 ~6H bK £Db gE ¤/b D* /x+ ¯ d-b D* f@mp+ $b@ B4yD* @g~7b~7 1 H&* B*4H&* S f@Dy ´* ¯ J4bmJ ° a4b D* &*

ÉA&°*H ÉK jE cD* b £D(* g~zJ ¤gD* ¤ ~}J b@@E ¡@@GH "b < lvS @ @« ¤@@g@D* Av- ¤gD* f£ B*¡D* f ~8 fJ*HxD* ¢ < Í+ $*x D* E fc~zF ©H Jv~|g D fJ*HxD* wG G ¡D$b~zgJ x1%*H hBH Db£1 obgF b F&* D vC'¡£A "f£ £ 0 &* ,4¡@@~@|@D* w + ¡g£g~6* b g~6* f£ £ 0 ,%*x´* 4H2 d - fJ*HxD* mJ ¢~|B&* ~7 H2 *w@@GH bK E f£Db£1H ¤@@~@ 9*Æ@@A°* ¤ g´* @@E B¡gF b@@E ib gm´* ¯ lv@@p@J b@@E f £c: &° Í+ o5b gD* *wG obgF ¤G f£~9*ÆA°* bK E b£³*H f £ ²* 2x@@~@ z@ D* ¯ @@ @ 0É@@F b@@ E @@ @G&* @@ @ D b~6Æ~6°* E h 1 f D* &* ¤)*HxD* i°b@@ @ @F°* @@< Ìc gD*H @@~@8¡@@Db@@+ hFbC f D* &*H x@@<b@@~@{@´*H vJxJ a4b D* &° b Fb E ¯ f+¡~z¹ vJxJH f D* @@E 4v@@B @@B&b@+ bK @ .*v@@0&* ,&b@/b@@ @´* x~| < ¢ < v g - ,4b@@@.(* b@@CH @@-b@@ @ B¡@@- h@@ @ Db@@1 (*H ¢@@g@ 0 f@@J*Hx@@D* ¢@@ @< f@@ J*Hx@@ D* w@@ G rb@@g@ @ F* Ìc g D } cD* v < *K ÌjE f +b~zD* ¤gD* vDb1 f£~|s~{D b£g~7°* @@< ,Ì~|B Ì= ,ÆA b E $*x D* 7b< b ~z F J¡~{gD*H ,4b@@.(°* *¡@@ @/*HH n~z J ÍgJ*HxD* ¯ ¡g£g~6* S &* 0ÉFH b£g0°* ~z£)4 4Hb@@¹ ¯ :¡£1 f£~|s~{Db+ ex@@ @D* v < d@@<É@@g@D*H Jx: < b -*Hx. fBx~6H f£+x D* " ¡ s´* ebg D*" H&* "f0¡ D*" yE4 R (* f£+x D* f£~|s~{D* &* v@@£@C&b@-H *vsg~6* ¢ < ,4v D*H ,2*4(°* h gE* b£g0°*H d<ÉgD* ~z F rÉ~zD* bE « &* £ g~z- b@@ @F(b@A b E ,4Hx~}Db+ z£D *w GH £D(* ¡c~| + b -*wD ,2¡~| E "fm :" ¡ - &* *2 bE b Fb E v + ¥&T * S pJ &* Â

ÇQÉ QÉ≤d ≤dGG •É •É``‰C ‰C ¿EG Éæ∏ æ∏©Œ Œ á` ≤` HÉ``°` ù` dG á£≤f ¤E π`°`ü` ü`f »``gh ,á` » á``«`∏`∏`°`ü`Øè Ö`` ` ` JÉ`` ` ` μ` μ` ` ` `dG ¿C …ò`` ` ` `dG ` ó` ` ` `«` ` ` `÷G á``«` Ø` «` c ±ô`ô` ` ©` ` ` j ÇQÉ``≤`dG á``Ñ`WÉ`É`fl ,»`` ` ` ` ` °` ` ` ` ` VGÎ GÎ`` ` ` ` ` a’G »àdG äÉ``«`«`æ`≤` ≤`à`dGh ‘ É`` ` `¡` ` ` Ø` ` ` Xƒ` ` ` j ∫ƒ`` °` Uƒ`` dG π` «`«` Ñ` °`°` S ®É`É``Ø` `◊Gh h ,¬`` ` «` ` dE á``jQGô``ª` à` °` SG ≈`∏`∏` Y ,√Oƒ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` Lh Lh ÜÉ`` ` `£` ` ` ≤` ` ` à` ` ` °`°` ` ` SGh h …òd òdGG ƒg ` øjô jôNB É` ` ` ` FQÉ` ` ` ` b ™`` ` æ`æ` ` `°` ` `ü` ` `j ¿EGh ≈``à`M ,kGó` Gk ó `«`«` L ÇQÉ≤dG Gò òg ¿É ¿Éc c ø` ` μ` ` ª` ` à` ` e Ò`` ` ` ` ` ` Z á` ` `HÉ` ` `à` à` ` `μ` ` `dG dG ø` ` ` ` ` è á``«` Hô`ô` ©` dG dG á` `¨` `∏` `dÉ`` H hCC ,á`` ë` ` «` ` °` ` ü` ` Ø` ` dG dG ø``Y Gk ó` `«` `©` `H ¿É`` ` c ¢UÉ° É°üààN’ N’GG π≤M √ó≤fh ÜO ÜOC’G ‘

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

b ~z F f D* f=b£~8 b@@ J(* b c - b@@E v½ f@@£@@<*v@@+(°* f@@+b@@g@ @D* ib@@£@ @ @-H )b~6¡D* E bK :b¿&* vsg~zJ d-b D* ¡c~z£ D* B¡E b p£gJ ¤gD* ,2v g´* ib<É g~6°* @@Dw@@CH fp ~|D* ¯ ¶H&°* gJ*H4 ¯ ,È + b £D(* &b± ¤gD* *2vpJ Íc ~8 Í.v0 ¯ f~8bs+H f £ B hFbC b £+ fJ*HxD* + Ì~|E f0b-(* v@@< dc~z+ f£FbjD* gJ*H4 ¯ b £A ¡c~z£ D* ¢ < f£~8b³* w@@G ¡g£g~6* ¡ J )b~6¡D* wG ¡0H v + Æ E v + ¢ <" f@@J*H4 ¯ Oiv g<*" ib<É g~6* f£ - ¢ < " A v@@0*H Í.v0 ¯ $*x@@ @D* ,4b~{g~6° ¥&*x@@ D* D OhCx- 3(* f@@J*Hx@@D* ¯ Í£ ~| E S cD* Ì~|E ¯ 4*x D* 3bs-* fJx0 ²* ¤G hJ¡~|gD* fm£gF hFbCH ¡Jv£ D* x@@~@{@F f@@£@~@8b@@1 ¶(* f@@Ab@@~@ 9(* b £ < iv g<* bg£ - b GH 4¡~|D*H Áb=&°*H fJ*HxD* CbE&* ~8H /&* E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

$K *x@@B x~zs£~zA eb@@ @:(°* ¯ d-b D* b£~zFH e¡ ~6&°b+ d<ÉgDbA JÌjC ¢ < ¡ £~6 ib£~|s~{D*H f c²* J¡~{gD* (b@A *w DH f +bg´* eb~z0 fJb F @@E ,&b@/b@@ @´* x~| <H ,4b@@@.(°*H Hx~7 ¤G ,v~{+ b+¡ E ~|A C b D bE + f£C¡c~z£ D* fJ*HxD* b ~9x d-b D* b D ~}sJ &* b@ES (bA b £ < bEH IxJ bC R (* fJ2b< f@@J*H4 dg £ A H&* vC'¡-H "¤+2&°* )b < ¯ x.'¡J *wG S &* v@@0*H Æ E v + ¢ <" f@@ J*H4 ,$*x@@ B ¢ < b ²* ¯ ¡g£g~6* ,4v@@BO " A H2 bK )bB J¡~{gD*H ,4b@@ .(°* I¡g~zE *wg+°*H f£p ~zD* d E ¯ J &* b F&° fD¡ ~z+ a4b D* b p J Jw D* a4bB b@@E&* b ~zD f£ BxD* f+bg D* ¯ E v@@0*H I¡g~zE ¢ < $*x@@B H&* o3b~6 ¥&T * D z£D a4bB bE&* b ~zDH fAb jD* v D* f E E d£~|F Ì= @@J¡@@~@{@g@D* @@E v@@Jy@@E $b@@ @ ~@ 9(°H

¤GH fJx ~{D* f+bg D x ~|D* f p DbC bE&* i*w@@D* b £A ÄgsO N - f ² ¢~zB&* f@ E b G f+bg D* h~z£D b@G4¡ / $y@@±* b@@ @F(* $b@@~@7 ¢gE $x@@´* b@@ @J2'¡@J ~|A C ¢ U ©H b -b£0 E I¡@@B&°* X ¡G a4b D ,4¡~8 ¢ +&b+ i*w D © ¤~z F ~9 h« h BH ¤gD* b ~z F ¤ c J a4b D* b© f £~z/ f£DH'¡~zEH bK £ E bK .v0 c~{J x@@E&°*H b J2'¡- &* ¡ gD x@@<b@@~@{@E x@@p@J µb@@ @ D* ¯ Hx1%°* E x g J f £B *3 bK _£~7 ~z F&* < D Ä U &* FHvJxJH b FHvm£A f D* f£~8bF g ° ¤gD* B H&* Fb~zD ¢ < ¯ f£~|s~{D* qEÉE ¡g£g~6* 4v@@J b c:bsJH ¤<b g/°* ~8*¡gD* B*¡E DH *42(°* *w@@G @@AH @@g@ J*H4 ¯ f£ D* @@E " ´*" b ¹ÉE @@G&* a4b D*" ¡ J *wG ¯H | D* fDb:(*H ~6 ¡@@DH ¡@@ @ E a4b@@ B ¤C¡c~z£ D*

»YÉªàL’G π°UGƒàdG ™bGƒe ≈∏Y ájGhôdG fN /3§Ç §kªk 6* z0*§G*zg< «+| ¼* h-f G "2| k¼*" G

GôHG O

G ôdG HÉàμdG jô f à à° G G dG G ©H Y" G àjG Q Q ° fÉ dG à jG Q °ü 35 H 2012 °ü 26 É d °ü H 2015 ÉY ° f

vBH *K vQ / bK GxE bC *wG &* Æ<&*H D* *wG ¯ x ~7&* &* H2 Oh:4S ¡ $*xS D* E +b JO x1&b- ¥&S * S (* k£p+ ~| D G4b gFb+ ÁÄs- )b~6x+ ygD&* &* °S (* ¤ U E ¡ J b A 2b@@ @D* ÌjJ *w@@GH "ÍE¡J @S @C ~|A x~{ + vc´* dg J &* Â G bK Q E °K 'Hb~z hB¡D* ¯H $b~7 ¢gE ÉK ~|A ¤ BxD* £~}JH $*x@@ @D* ¢ < AbpJ ~z F " Jx1%* ib£ -H f@cG¡´* vc´* gÂ b £0 b GÌs~z- £ g~zJH f£)*HxD* f+bg D* f£ < b .v«O ¤gD* i*Ì g D bK AH U @@F&° @@£@ @ < L v@@c@@E @@F(b@@A ¤@@ @ @ g@ D* ¯ @@ @C *w@@ G Í@@+ @@AU ¡@@J &* b@@ @g@~@6* v~{pJ &*H EyD* E ,Ì~|B ,ÆA ¯ Ì~zgD -b£ -H f£<*v+(°* -bBb: f+bg D* g~9xA ¥w@@D* ~z F v@@ @D* F¡C ¶(* fAb~9(* ¤~9*ÆA°* gm D f£)*HxD* f+bg D x ~|D* f p D* /

$f 4 E

Y Hô G G ôdG àNG æ ° dG Y É Y "G dGô " G " G ô°ûf àdG "Oô°ûàŸG"

IÄ D* ¡@@ @³* fJ*vcD* ¯ S ~{g h~z£D ¡@@ @³* w@@G DH f@@J*Hx@@ @D i*Ì g D f@@~@9x@@<O ¢ c- 3(* f@@£@)b@@ @F a4b D* £/¡- Í E Í Eb D bK AH I¡g~zE ¢@@~@|@B&* ¢ < b@@ @ ²*H b@@ @D ¡ J *w@@G ¯H J¡~{gD*H ,4b@@.(°* E fJ&* ¥v@ S @D - µ @@B*¡@@D* ¯" ¡g£g~6* f 0ÉD* ibc T ~{gD*H f c²* < ,x A ÉK /4 O UvB&* bF&*H H&°* ~| D* OhcgC v D l*v@@0&°* < $b~z-&*H Ix@@1&* x@@1'H&*H v + D bK 0° b /42&* &* Â ¤gD* <b - @@EH k@@Db@@j@D*H Áb@@j@D* ~| D* ¤ -v/H Ì@@c@ @D* ¤@@~@6b@@ @²* $*x@@ @ D* f+bgC v § f+bg D* ¯ bK Eb z F&* ¶(* Ì1&°* ¯ ~8&° ÍE¡J C ~|A ." Jx ~7 b g+bgC hBx g~6* ÉK ~|A 35 hFbC 5b½(°* ¯ f )b D* f<x~zD* wG +bgJ ¥w@@D* 4¡ / dDb ´ f+bmg~6* ÉK )bB d J *w DH ~{+ l*v@@0&°* bE¡J Í ~| D* Í+ ¤ EyD* 4b D*"

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

gJ ¥4b ~7(°* (* + d~zpA v²* *wG v < J ° xE&°*H b£E Jx«H Le client éventuel gp´* ¡+yD* < ¯ £A ¤ cJ ÉK - bK ~6 4¡ D* f~8xA Ípg- ¤gD* -bc=4 o¡g ´* bGxA¡J vB ¤gD* f£+3b±*H xp~zDb+ y£ g- µ*¡@@< b§ + o¡g ´* b g~6* ¡pF *K x~|0 f /¡E fJb D* h~z£ A ° ibmg ´* "ib0¡ :H É0&* E £ « ¢ < 42bB ¡G d - ° fJw0&* ¯ Ì1 ÉA b £A b g~6°* )b p+ ¥x v J ° DH q)*HxD* 2x J x < ¯ Ì1 °H f £ / bK E*vB&* 9b£cDb+ I¡~6 ¤-&bJ ° ¡p~zE ¯ Ì1 °H £~{< H&* oHy+ ¡£< ¯H b /H5 Í< ¯ ¢ jE f@@/H5 ,&*x@@´* mJ &* H2 f /x- gm´*H 4b ~7(°* °¡-bC 4bFÌ+ " C ¤²* $b~zF -b£0 x g~6 o¡g ´* H&* f ~z D )b gBb+ 2*x + v£ ~6 ¿ b E Ì g£~6H £A f /4 ° bK ;¡p E bK J4w/ *K Ì£ µ ¥wD* v~z/ E fgcD* ¤ g~{- DH 2¡/¡D* ¯ gF¡ £C bE&* g /*H ¯ « hF&*H < ¢~9x- cB ¥3 E ib£Db~64(°* } + v½ b£~zD* *wG ¯ $b~zE b0bc~8 ,%*x´* 6b~z0(°* *wG ¢ < fc E 6b~z²* x-¡D* *wG ¢ < y f <vE Ix1&°*H f £ D* Í+ 6b D* ebg J ¥wD* b~9xD* v + " cB" f £~8 "v +"@D*H " cB"@D* § b /bm0 f£D%* D bE | F +¡~{J Eb gE Ì= v~z±* ¡ J b c/¡§ fFHx ´* f£Db~64(°* Ev - ¥w@@D* o¡g ´* b g~6* $b@@ @.&* fA¡ ~{D* JvGb~{E e¡ B ¶(* ¡1v D b B(°* ~6¡gJ eb s+ FH4H g£Ab< v~z±* v£ g~zJ fJ24H É0&* b ~z- ¤gD* "v +" dD ¤ A E f = Í0 ¢ < h~| ¤gD* g£Db /H x~6&b- f£+3b/ ¢ < bK J¡ E *K xJb E bK ~6¡cD v~z±* zc gJ ¤gD* bj´* £c~6 ¢ < ibFÉ<(°* } + ¯ E&bgD*H ¡£ D* H2x~zJ bK ~8bs~7&* djC < b £A Jb F f£c: ibmg ´ oHx HxEwgJH ~|D* E -bFb E < b£ D fJ2b+ ,4*x@@§ o¡g ´* D3 b £A ¡ g~zJ ¤gD* f p D* ¯ D ¡ g~{JH £jC x ~7 Hyc+ ,bFb ´* E ¤ gs- ¤c D* v~z±* x@@B ¡@@G b FxB &* Æ F &* dmJ ¡@@ @D* ,¡ ~8 bK cCxE fBvD* ¯ bK £Gb gE *K v~z/ hp J &* HbpJ 5b£gEb+ ° bK £~74 *K v~z/ 1*vD* E ¢~9¡ D* BÆs- ° E =b g+ *v+(* ¶(* ¡p J xB F(* bK Jv+ ° bK £pF bK c)bjgE °H ÉK Eb1 t£~{J ° v~z/

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¢ < d D *¡±* -b DbA b ~z F fJb D* ¯ d~|- ibEv1 2HÆ D(* f£)b+x C eb B&* f +4&* E ¡ g´* bj´* £c~6 fDb0 < ibE¡ ´* ys£A c BH 4v~8 ¢ < }Jx´* bG4xÂ /&* E d D* ¢~9x§ 8b1 yCxE ¶(* b ~6xJ . d D* ¤p~|D* ~9H f +bgE fc=xD* µb< n F ,4Hx~}Db+ p A v~z±* < lvpgF bEv <H f~6bm D*H kc³* E v~z±* v J µ b J ²*H d0xD* 2vmg- E ¯b~|D*H °yD* ,b£²* c E ¢p~9&* + .(°*H +b + ¡ ~{E v~z±* D3 ¢ < ,HÉ< Hv-H ,b£²* Hx< ¡ ¹ bEyD* ¯ 4x gJ ° Í . $¤~7 ¡G k£0 E ,4v D* bK £ ~6H bK A*v-H bK cs~8 v½ dc~zD* *w D x JH t£~{J &* £ < c E ¤G b§ f£ D* f pgD* wG / ¡pF 6b D bK E¡ ¹ ¡ gD b J¡ -H b £ < b ²* ¶(* }+b D* b c BH ,b£²* h~z£D f£Â¡ gD*H f£ £ mgD* ib0*x±*H f£+3b/H ,4b.(* ÈC&* bK ~}gE ²* *wG b E Ì~|J ¤gD* f ´* £~|D* Iv0(* °(* pgD* f£ +b D < ¯ ¢ pJ ¤gD* f £ D* ¶(* fJH4H f p+ DwC 4b ~7(°* - v D £mcgD* n@@J4&* 4b~8 ¢g0 b + C ¤gD* fDb D*H v~z±* b + JvJx´*H Í +bgD* b D i&bc< fDbG Eb~zE E r¡ J £ gD*H £;¡- ¢ < f ~8*¡gE fJvm+ 4b ~7(°* J *w D $b@@£@AH&°* iÉ~8H 2v~|D* *wG ¯ zEÉFH o¡g ´* £+ fJb + v~z±* i¡~|D* +b: b £ < d J EyD* E r2x@@D vg fJ4b ~7(* q£~9¡- /&* E bK Fb£0&* ¤ £~6¡E b J(* E Hb~zg+ ,4¡~|D*H £G&b- ¢ < fB4b³* ,4v D*H f£ <b D* E D o¡g ´* *wG &* xEw-H $b < Hv+ ,vJv/ f 0 ¯ ~9HH + $b -4°*H v~z/ f~9bJxD* fDH*yE E ¢~|« °H v - ° *K 4¡ ~7 £~6 bE 4b ~7(°* £~8b - ¯ y£/H ¤ E5 x; ¯ Db - vB f£FvcD* 4¡~8 ib<b J(*H Á¡ £~zD* xp~zD* i*3 -b FH f £BvD* fc)b~7 +¡~{- ° ¥wD* v~z±* µb< f~6É~z+ IvcgJ f ~6Æ~z´* £~74 v~z/ ¡@@G @@+ ¡@@ +3H @@GHH ~9 @@C @@E ·b@@³* sg- ° *x@@:&°* ~6b gE *¡ D*H v D* ¡~{» x0b~6 x jg~zJ ´* *wG E ibA*xpF* °H i*$¡gF °H ib<v~| 2x D* =x- f j E f£)*x=(* fBb + wp~{JH v~z±* ¥4b ~7(°* bg+¡~| E bg~} E b £<H o¡g ´* *wG ¢ < bcB(°* ¢ < E ¤<HH

q fBvD* fJb= ¯ f£ - i*H2&° f~6¡ E ,4¡ + °(* f£ £ mgD* f0*x±* v~z±* b c/¡§ ~}s- -4b~}FH +bc~7 £D(* v£ -H gJ¡£0 v~z±* ib/¡´* É1 E ¡GvD* ~7 ib£ D x~|²* ° bj´* £c~6 ¢ < ~}- °H ~z±* hpF ¶(* Hx- ib£ < ¤GH 4y£ D* H&* f£-¡~|D* ¡A *24&°*H x D*H cD* ~{JH v)*yD* 5¡D* £ s- b £ £< d~|F b £D(* b~} JH ib£ D* wG b £A ym - f£~z£)4 :b E 43&°*H fcBxD*H fm~zF&°* vJv© ¢ < f )bA ,4v + g g- ¤gD* f£<w±* bJÉ³* f£ e4b«H ,x~{cD* f±b E ¢ < - EyD* 4Hx§ gD* b +b~8&* ¤gD* f1¡s£~{D* ibEÉ D ¤ ³* ex~zgD*H ~zD* v - 4b.%* ,vJv~7 ,H*x~}+ $x´* ÄmJ iÉGÆD* E ¤ gs- ¡~{» v~z/ ¯ fc=xD* &* b²*H b -b£D%b+ bK c: f<¡ ~{´* f£ £ © f0*x± x:b1 d£: < ¡~}³* ¢ < ¢ < ¡ - k£0 ¤~6b~6&°* bG4¡¹ /¡D* jÂ ¤gD*H ,4¡ g´* f£ gD* b ~6&°* f0*x/ ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ b ~{D* Ìc - H&* Ì ~|- F&°* Ì ~| Í £ D*H f£Fx D* f<*45H f/¡ ´*H ,54bcD* b £G4 0xAH -2b ~6 &* k£p+ f £D* ~6*¡p+H v~zm+ $x´* b£pJ ·bm g~6* 1vgD bm´* q~z J DwD 4¡gcE Ì= ·bjE v~z± CÉgEb+ $b~}<&* E v~z±* v gA* bE }J¡ - ¢ < - ¤gD* f£Â¡ gD* f0*xm D i¡´* v + ÄgE ¡~}< E ,2b g~6°* H&* f£<b ~8* Ix1&* $b~}<&b+ b E ib+ £pg~z´* &* v0 ¶(* h ~8H ¡£D* f£ gD* &* £C ¤ E *¡ 0° ¶(* ivgE* ,x0b~6 vJ h gE* Ì:b~6&°* E ,4¡ ~6&*H fA*x1H f+wC f£ gD* i°¡ E ~} + b J2bJ&* Í+ f £: ,2bE g /H b~zF(°* v~z/ f£ gA ¢ ~zE Ì= @@/&* ¶(* i¡@@´* £/&b- Áb~zF(°* )b D* b g~6* 4b~8 ¥w@@D* 1vgD* *w D ·bjE v£~z© ¤G $b~}<&°* 45 H&* *425°* Äg´* d B f<*4y+ b~zF(* ,b£0 w - &* Â k£0 D bK 0x~zE v~z±* ,2¡~8xE f£ gD* wG ¤<b ~8* d + H&* i¡@@´* v + |s~7 E + i*4bE(°* fDH2 ¯ b Jb< bEH 6b D* i*¡£0 3b F(* ¶(* ¥xG¡/ ~{+ f /x- °(* ¤<b ~8* d B f<*45 f£ < H&* ,Ì1&°* fFH%°* ¯ hAx< ¤gD* 3b F(* f£ < h b c/¡§ v~z±* ¯ ¤ gD* 1vgD* *wG < f~6¡ E f 04 h« c J F&° b~{sJ bE v~zm D v J µ x D* cg E ¯ eb~7 k£p+ 4b F&°* < h g1* b ´* fD&b~z A f £0xD* b£/¡D¡ gD* f E ¢ < b -4v D f£A*x ±* 2Hv²* h D&*H ibAb~z´* 4b~|g1* ¢ < h < ¡Jv£A f£ - (* b -*3 v0 ¯ f£ £Fx+¡C ,4¡. wGH v + < d£c gD* i*2b~74(°* E ,x~7bc´* ,2b g~6°* E }Jx´* ÉK jE zFx F¡ D* Hv+ ¤p~|D* ~9H ¡0 Í£)b~|1&* fpJxB b + 2¡© ¤gD* q)b~| D*H E *¡@@±* -b D* f£ - Ev - b < ÉK ~}A ¤ ~8&°* Fb E ,42b E

√ó°ùéH AôŸG É«ëj á¶≤«dG ¬°SGƒëHh ¬JOÉ©°S ¿CG å«ëH ¿Éæ«gQ ¬Môah ó°ù÷ ¬cÓàeÉH ,QƒàÑe ÒZ ‹Éãe ∫ÉéŸG í°ùØj ∂dòd ‹Éé©à°SG πNóàd á«Áƒ≤àdG áMGôé∏d ≈∏Y πª©J »àdG √ó≤àaG Ée ¢†jƒ©J AÉ°†YCG øe ó°ù÷G iôNCG AÉ°†YCÉH hCG ,á«YÉæ£°UG ƒ°†Y øe IOÉØà°S’G .äƒŸG ó©H ´Èàe

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

~6¡ F ¢ < .b/ ,Hb ~{D* ¡J4b £~6 &* &* ",v£ ~6 ,b£0 v~z±b+ ¡~{ ´*H q~9*¡D* b F°* *wG "fJb F ° bE ¶(* )b D fjJb¹ f£GbE ¤G b§ f~7b£±* fc=xD* Cx« ¥wD* £<*x~|E ¢ < ebcD* qgA 2H ² E ¡G ¥wD* Áb~zF(°* ¡ £D J¡ -H v~z±* *w@@G Ì+v- ¯ f£ gD* 1v- b@@E&* /&* E 1vg- ¤ A µb D* ¯ bK Bx~{E *K 4¡~}0H f£Db / ÈC&* 4¡« vc- y - m~}E } JH B4'¡J d < rÉ~8(* p £A e¡=x´* Ì=H d)*¡~{D* Jy- x1%b+ ¡~}< Ì b £ < J f£ gD* xp~6 *K 3(* ¡G bG -b=*xA v~z-H ibAb~9(* bGb~z< bEH v~z±* 8É1H ,4b~{cD* E ÉK Eb0 vJv/ E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¡: ¢ < b DÉ + h@@14&* ¤gD* f£ Jy£Abg£´* f£)b jD* w@@G d < ¢ < bK ~6&*4 bGbp~9H f£~{< Í+ hc F* ,vJvE f E5&* ¡ J i¡~8 ° b g EH 2¡/¡D* &*vgcE ¡G v~z±* 4b~8 k£0 b £A Äg1* fc 0 v + ¤Gb D*H xE%°* F(* v~z±* i¡~8 ¢ < c~6 < ,2¡~| ´* b g<°* ¡m~6H ,°bcEÉD*H *x D* v~8x-H 4*x~8(* mA v~z±* ¤@@G ¡@@£@D* ,54b@@c@ D* x~| D* f D &* $*x@@E ° -b£0 ¯ @@ @Fb@@G3&*H 6b D* b@@+ ~z- ¤gD* i°b ~{F°* ¯ Í )b~zgE "4b£=&°* ¶(* ¡ ~{ J ¡pF ¥&* ¢ < ¤G f£E¡£D* {£< ¯ D ~{- b F¡ gÂ ¤gD* 2b~z/&°* G ~z F&* ,4*xB

« E4 $f D

° dG ÉHÉ G ¢ ©H ¢ ô© ° G G É f ° àHÉ Éæ G à j GQ °ü Q ô°û d É É© æ fG ¢ É° G Y ô É G É°ü G ¢û àdG ø ´ f G f G OÉ° d ° ô© É dG ° à ° ôY IOÉ G dÉ ° G É ° ædG ôŸG °ü Éà ° ° G ø © à É àŸG ÉHÉ G à G É ° àŸG ÉY G ¢ ° øY É ° fG ô ¢ ædG ° Y jQÉH Y G ° dÉH É æY μàj G G à° j ød à j dG à É°üdG É æ Y Iô É àYG QG j ¢ ôY Y H j dG ¢ ŸG ¢ ædG Éæ G à f H © É f æ ° ° æ ´ G d ø ¢ æ dG G ¢ f ŸG ° G GQ ©dG àμ

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

v < fD¡/xD*H fEb ~{D* µb E $bGv+ xJ5¡ D x+v´* Ä~|D* ÍcJ Í0 b -HÄ/ m0 x JH b jÂ ¤gD* fDHvD* ¤~94b E z£D ~6b _g~6* &* E b £~94b E E | sg- b F&* £C fJ4b±* E v+yD* 2¡~6&* B¡E £ < vJ bE bK £~|< fEHb D ,v@@< x@@Gb@@ @EH b ~7&b+ ¤c ~{D* e2&°* pJH i*4b~}0 ¢ < h<5¡- ¤gD* ÉK jE bp/ f£~|s~{A f £²b+ ¡ J ¥wD* JbpgD* E bK 14b~8 bK <¡F Hvc- ¢g~7 ib£~z /H ¯ 2xD* f=É+H f JvcD* f<x~6H $bCwD*H $bGvD*H x ´* ¢ < d ~8 B¡E H&* ,ÄmgE f£~|s~7 H&* f ~7b= f ~6 f /*¡E i°b¸H ¡£EH ibEb gG* ¡ gD f£~|s~{D* wG ivgE*H dFb±*H ¤+x D* bp/ ¯ Áb~zF(°* dFb±* hEv A ,v< bp/ ¯ ¤~6b£~zD*H ¤CÆD*H ¤~64b D* bp/ ¯ ¤<b g/°* 4v gD* ¶(* yEx- fJ4¡ ~6&* f£~|s~7 fJb D* ¯ HvcgD ¥x~|´* b E*vsg~6* ¡_£~zJH f ~6 ¥&* 6b D* ¢ < ¡ Â » f Jx + g_c -H fEHb ´* ¢ < ÌGb ±* k0 ¶(* ¢ ~z-H ¤ ~zD*H Jx)b±* /H ¯ ¡B¡D* /&* E f_£ +H f <bF Ì£ gD* ¶(* 2b±* ¤~6b£~zD* v D* E *¡@@D&b@+ "¥¡p±* e2&°*" 9bA v@@BH h c-4* fJyE4 fD&b~z C bp/ f£~|s~7 4¡ ; &* b £~6° H&* ÈC&* H&* Íg£E¡B Í+ *x~|D* b £A vg~{J bC f£ E5 d p+ vg~{- k£0 b ~9b F&* ¢ < Ix1&* ¡ -H H2 b £A 4b - ¤gD* f£Fb~zF(°* ib@@BÉ@@ @D*H f£<b g/°* D* ¯ ib~}Bb gD* D ,4Hx~9 b G qc~|-H D*H x D*H hc D* 2*2yJH x D* *wG ¢ < d gD*H b 0H ib~}Bb gD* wG f /*¡E ¢ < ¶(* b Ab ~9(° 2b~z D*H ~zgD* fEHb EH bK gB'¡E ¡DH )b F(*H f£~6b~6&* Db~zE f.É. bp/ f£~|s~7 iw@@1&*H v@@0 ¢@@F2&* E xGb Db+ l*Æ@@C°* v@@< ¡G H&°* ,4w@@²* f /*¡ D E b+HwD* E 2x D* ¤ - f£A¡~8 f<y + b~|g<°*H 4¡E&°* bAvF°* ¡G ÁbjD*H ~zg D bgD* É~zg~6°* H&* J4¡ ´* H&* B*¡D* ¢ < 2x gD* ib<yF E f<yF ~8¡+ ¡m´* ¡pF E fJxs~zD* ¡ A kDbjD* bE&* £ < $É g~6°b+ E ex D* w@@GH Jvcg~z´*H JÄ g´* 8bs~7&°*H d£ ´* @@B*¡@@D* k£p+ ¤ g J ° 2v© ¯ EyD* E b /bgF(* 2b J Db~z´* 4v gD*H fGb D* E *¡@@D&° bK E "¥¡p±* yExD*" ¢ cJ ,x~8b ´*H fjJv²* fJxs~zD*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¢ < ¥24Hb´* pJ . $Ég+*H f ¹ ´* &° f£ ´* b FH2 c =&* &* IxJH b ²b+ b ~zDb+ £« ¤gD* f£~7b²* b§ °(* F¡ c g~zJ °H $*¡G&* A*¡J b§ °(* Cb²* ¡ J ° )bEvD b £~|«H Ab E ¢ < fAbº $*4%* +b J Ì.&°* +bgC ¯H ,x~7bcE Ì= f £~8 w1&* q)b~| D* } +H E *K xE&* ¥v£0¡gD* b£0 ¡+&* b D v J "f~zF*'¡´*H bgE(°*" 94b D* Ñ*vc< ¡@@+&* xJ5¡D* E d J ÍpA £c D* *wG E ,v0*H $bC3H $bGv+ 4bgsJ fcJx= fJb 0 < .vpJ &* *K vJv~7 bK Jv« *Hx@@ @;&* ¥w@@D* J4b£ D*H 4b ~{D* ibJb 0 ¥y E i*3 fDb~64 b DÉ1 @@E ~8¡£D Í£~6bc D* f ~zD bK c£m< bK Jv+ bK cJx= bC £A b C bE C" ¡ J 3(* xJ5¡ D 2HvD* ¡+&* Gx ~7&*H 2*¡ D* J4b£ D* E b D ~|0 bK £ ~7 h ~7H q+*¡ D* ¡+&*H f~94&°* ¡+&*H v+yD* 2¡~6&*H eb+wD* ¡+&*H b £D(* ~|J µ ¢g0 Jx²* ¶*¡@@-H d D* ~|-*H ,4b@@ @D* E $bGv+ b £A rv J ¤gD* fEv ´* wG v +H "f /2 E $b´* Jv« <H -¡B b £A x J bC (*H J2x g´* $°'¡G {£ J bC ¥wD* v+yD* 2¡~6&° fp E xC3 ¶(* £Â fAÉs D b´b: *K Ì E bK 0b ~6 bCH -4¡< Æ~zJ b» °(* v~z±* ¥4b< bG*Æ~7* fJ4b/ g<&* F(bA *wG EH d ~6H d FH vD* ~6 h ~|0 b´" ¤ A ¡ m+ b ~{ J bC F&* =x+ 4b J2 D&b+ bE b D b A £ < h gEbA g/b0 b E Hb@@0 v@@ @< "Íc« b A b A h@@F&* b C GxC&* hDbB "¤ E ÍGx D dG&*H g<&* D3 E Ì1 H&* b D bB ¤ £c- &* hDbB xJ5¡D* /H vBH "bGb <&*H b g<&bA F hDbB 4b J2 D&* ¯ 4b~8" D b A /xD* *wG Ì~|E < b£0 ¤+&* ¶(* °K *'¡~6 b + A b~{D* ¶(* 4b~6 . b 0H ¥¡~6¡´* v 0&* ¤+&* dFb/ f £~8 ¯ JbpgD* 64bE b´b: ¥wD* ¥v£0¡gD* ~6xJ b GH

:&* ª f

jM|

Y QÉ Y O

É æ © ° dG I æ IQG cG ô°ü É æ à° dG I HO G ´G H G Éc GPÉŸ j GP ° Y ŸG G" É É É ô Éæ G Éà j O G G ø cG Éc I N G N jô G ¢û É G YG H G fÉ G Y æ É É jOÉ G É°ûj É G d j G GQGô G G fÉc É æ © ° dG É YG H G É Y G É G G OÉ àdG É æ à° dG àdG àc Éj É G øμ jd " f jôj É Y ©à d É É ° G Q ø É ¤ < d-Æ- ¤gD* f £ D* v)*¡ Db+ Gx~|cJH 2*vcg~6°*H v Db+ 0 b F ¢ < b £D&b- ® ¤gD* "f£Fb ~zD* e*2%°*" &* =x+H Ãv - ¶(* @@6b@@~@6&°* ¯ h@@E4 ¤@@EÉ@@~@6(°* t@@J4b@@g@D* ¯ @@~@6*H x < fDb:(* ¢ < -v<b~zEH Í:É~zD*H ¡ D fp£~| D* f ~zD* ¢ < Í~zAb ´* x BH f£<xD* ¢ < ,x £~zDb+ 0 ¢g0 b E dFb/ ¯ i¡ F* b F(bA ¤/4b³* Hv D* fÂyGH J µ k£0 ,4w²* f /*¡´* E ¡F ¢ < *K Ì~zJ bC ¡DH -Ì~zE ¯ D* :*¡E b ~z D ÍcJ &* ¢ < *K 42bB q~8b D* " v D*" < x E kJvp+ *wG vcg~zJ b A f£~6b£~zD* µ b ²* d =&* &* EH x Db+ b~|-°*H ¡ ´* f.b=(*H f£ G&* E + £ J b§ q)b~| D* E ¡ D* *wG E *¡ Eb gJ b§ z£DH *x D* )bc:"@+ Í<¡AvE v±* ¢ < ¡ pJ µH ¤m+vE E *K ÌjC (bA Hv 1 +* ¡ J b C " £D%bgD* « 4H2 E £ < bE H2'¡J F&* Hx ~{J bC f£Fb ~zD* e*2%°* Í+ fBÉ D* f £c: £~}g - eb~z0H 4wp+ Cb²* f /*¡§ $*¡ g~6*H b p D q~8b D* f£ c- ¢ < ¡ - ¤gD* ÍAx D* q~| D* D v J E ¢ < Ì1&°* ¯ $b@@/ bE jE ,x~7bcE f £~8 w@@1&* q)b~| D* w@@G } +H ¡ ´*" &* E J ¥wD* ¥24Hb D " ¡ ´* fp£~|F" ebgC *¡D¡sJ &b+ 0&*H q)b~| D* £D(* Iv - &b+ 6b D* ¶H&* G2b~zA ¯H f£<xD* rÉ~8 0É~8 ¯ bC 3(* <*¡´b+ f Cb~{E < *¡ AÆJ &b+ ²* G&* q~| £D "fJÄD* 2b~zA *¡~zDbmJ &*H ,2b D*H $¡~{ D* $¡~6H fDb ±*H ,Hbc D* G&* °(* b J ° ´* &* *¡ gJH JvD* e*2%b+ *Hw1&bJH $b D* ,x:bs´*H ,vJv~{D* fc ~|D* f~9bJxD*H f J¡ D* fEv³b+ h-&* b§4 ¤gD* ,v£ cD* b@@E%°*H ,Ìj D* b ~7&°*H f £ D*

&b+ ,v)b~zD* i°¡ ´* } + }0vJ bE 4v + ¡ D* *wG (* ¡ A f£~6b£~zD* fJx²* E 4vB ¶(* obgpJ ¤@@+2&°* *v@@+(°* ¥wD* x D f £²b+ fEHb ´* E bK <¡F ~8¡+ e2&°* v J j´* z£ gD °K b¸ H&* ÌGb ±* ¢ < f ~zD* wG ~64b ~{+ D¡ J &* £ g~zJ °H f ~zD* b© Ì ~9 ¯ J b < fD$b~z´* E bK A¡1 x~7bcE ib£~|s~{D* } + q@@EÉ@@E Ì£ -H y@@Ex@@D* ¶(* $¡m DbA ¢ < b£³* } + $b ~9(*H b )b ~6&* Ì= $b ~6&* bG'Hb <(*H x~9b²* ¢ < b :b ~6(*H f£.*x- )bBH ¶(* ,2¡ D* H&* l*v0&°* B*¡D* ¡@@A y J w E + f<b ~8 H&* ¤~|~|B e¡@@. ¯ j´* mJ ~}A&* g¸ ¶(* 6b D* v£+ w1&bJH ¥2Æ´* E vp D f ~zD* b ~z- ¤gD* ÍF*¡ D* f /*¡E ¯ bK FbE&* ÈC&* ¥wD* e2&°* ¢ < f£~8b³* wG x~|g - °H Ìc gD* fJx0 <*¡F&* ¢g~{+ ¤c ~{D* e2&°* ¶(* vg + fcs D* mg gmgF&* ¥w@@D* ¤~6b£~zD* Jbpg D fgA° 4¡~|+ pJ k£0 $b+%°* < b½&°* .4*¡gJH 4¡~| D* 4*vE ¢ < x~{cD* q)*xB 2*v/&°* < b@@¿&* ¢ < f@@Âv@@B f£+x< ib@@~@64b@@»H 8¡~|F ¥¡@@ @ @-H b A b@@ @ ²* f /*¡E ¯ b £~6°H JbpgD* @@E f£ / zJ4bc+ f£ :¡D* fcg ´b+ D'¡´* fD¡ ¸ f£+x< f:¡ º *¡ < « ¥2É£´* x~{< kDbjD* x D* ¶(* b -2¡< q/xJ p~|F ¯ b c-bC v g J µ " £²* )bB2 ¯ ²* )bB4" b¿(* ¤ £Ab £E c-* ¥w@@D* x~7bc´* e¡ ~6&°* ¢ < b p D ¡ A b ²* £ gD f £~6¡C f~| D*H fJb ²* e42 ~6 $b£cF&°*H f )É´* £0 ¶(* -bJb 0 ~zBH ²*H ,4*2(°* $b D*H ,b~} D*H $*45¡D*H Í:É~zD*H ¡ ´*H ,¡c D* $b£<2&*H D* fc E E b ²* b DÉ1 E 4wp£D 2bGyD*H 2bc D*H

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

,Ô E j E ¢ Y I fQ

ÜÉë°ùdG º°SôH IÒ°TCÉJ "$¡m D* d : v<H -2¡< ~}J ¥wD*bEH ~6¡E ¯ ¤Eb~7 i¡- ~|= ¥4v~8 ¯ 6Hx E ¥v£~6bJ ¥xAb;&* ~{ggA ¤ +b~8&* sg-H $b~}£+ 4bG5&* qg g- £+xD* Â&°* ¤ £ +H Í- ,xm~7 b<w/ ¥bEvB £~|D* <*Ä+ $bE x JH bK £c 0 bK gJ5 x~| £A x~zJ&°* bE&* I2x+ $bE t~}J )b ~7 ix@@G5&* b £+ ¥x ~7 ¯ d/b ~zD* h~{~{< 24¡@@D* Í0H f:¡ D* 5¡@@DH 5¡m+ fF¡m E ¤ £-b~zA ¢ < b D* h¿ (* ¢E*y³* ¤~6b F&* 4b D* fp)*4 ~7&* ¤JvJ S x@@A&* ,¡ = hm<5&* h £g~6* (*H £+b JH *¡~6 ¥*vJ h+b~zF* O ~6&* ÍD¡mg´* f<bcD* ib F « f£-¡~|D* ·bc0 z ~{D* e¡c0 ¡C e¡c0bJ exB P "¥2b J fJx £ D* ¯ )b+ i¡~8 e¡c²* *¡D&* vcg+ b F¡D vcgJ ¥b £< "e¡cp´* xCw-H b -¡~{0 ¤-2b~6H ¤E&° °K b~7 b E y=&*H ¥xJx~6 ¡m D* ~z+&bA ÌAb~| D* fp /&* mpcA ¤@@EÉ@@0&* b@@E&* f £ + ,xGyC iÄCH ivDH b £A b~{D* f +* bF&* Áv ~z- $b£~7&°* + f ¹ bF&*H · £ A $b ~z D ¡AxE ¤~6&*4 z ~{D* 2bc< $bg~{D* 2Ä+ x A&* &* ~6*¡´* wG K i*xm gE ÌcsC bGbJ(* b~|p gE f £.¡D* d J ,4b ~zD* ;¡E x ~zD* 5*¡/ &* <&* ¤~z F ,4*x@@B ¯ g B bE C ÉK GbmgE qgA $ c+ d£~|J °H 7¡ J ¥wD* 4b£ DbC °(* z£D *wG Í D* ebB4 Fb~{´* hB2 b CH bg1& °* v0&* A4 kcs+H o*42&°* v0&* R f + ¥5*¡@@/ < 2 oÄ@@D* f0b~6H f/x´* f0b~z+ 4*¡jD* f/xA b Eb~7" f/x´* f/HyG&* bK £ E ¤-¡~8 rv~|A 9¡AxE b g£+ $*v ~7 f Ab D ~9O x@@1%* *K v£ ~7 g A5H "f JyE ¤GH h~z£D ib C ib C °(* ¤ E $¤~7° ¤gDHb D iv< ¤Eb~{D* G ¤g + bJ ¤ Jx~{+ ~{E2 E Áx+bs- ¤@@E&* ¤ -bG 4 ",Ì~7&bgD* ¢ < h ~|0 P ,vJv/ f£)bJy£A fJx F h ~{gC* @@G&* ¡G bE ¢ < h ~|0 Í E ~9 £c g+ 7b FÉD f +bB 94&°* f0b~zE S &* ¤<vN 5Hbmg- ° *K 2Hv@@0 ~6ÆD £~}-H | g- x D* *wG h«H ¥xJx~6 b§4H ¤gAx= 2*vgE* ¤-2b~6H h ~6 f E° f_A*2 i*x B ¥b £< hp~74 ib<b~zD 0&* bF&*H b _£ + h¿ f £ ~6bJ hB4H&bA

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

Oh C w A Á&b~7H ¤ CÆJ ° *'¡~6 f£c~| + D*'¡~6 h£ °K *'¡~6 xmJ ¤+*¡/ ¤ 0ÉJ ¤g£~z / ¡0 *'¡~zD*H ,Ì ~8 9x< ¤+ ex~}- ¢g0 f _~6&°* &*v - ° n jD* ,x CH x@@1%* 2xD* h0ÆBbA f Jy0 fc£_C ¤-vD*¡D iv< ¡J i*3 )b²* O ,x + ;¡´* ¤ E4 "f ~6*¡D* Ñ* @@94&* E bF&*" ·bgD* ¹ÉE iÌ= b g~6* ¯ xCb ~6 f C ¤c£m+ -&bc1H ¤@@E&* e*¡m+ *K v@@/ h0xA ¤+x D* b g£+ eb+ E f ~6*¡D* Ñ* 94&* ivgE* f EbjD* x < b G EH ¤~z£)xD* 4b~{D* x E ¢g0 f£+*ÆD* b -4bp+ fJHxC 94&°* &* v + <&* C&* µ f£)*vg+°* ¤g~64v´ °K ¡~8H f/bp+ ¤ F&* <&* h~zDH Í£FbF¡£D* f ~6É D* ¡B v0 ¢ < c~{- fp /&b+ fJvJv0 fcCxEH x ~6 5*¡/ F¡ ~zJ Ì ~8 ÆAvD f ~6*¡D* 94&°* $b/4&* Í+ ¤ gD ,x)b: b F¡<vJ ÌAb~| D* ¤gD* ¤E&* e*¡/ iÌ= ¥x A $bCw+H ,x~{< f£FbjD* x < ¯ h ~z-bA b cD ¯ b ~6&*4 ~zE ¶(* bK J¡ ~6 ¤ cp~|- hFbC xC3&* e¡ ±* ¢~|B&* ¢g0 ~|´* E b cD ~}gD Ñ* 94&* U ¶(* Oh ~9&bA $bE h+x~7 v + C E bF& * Gv0&* hc/&* ¤ F&* N B µ x@ P @<&* ° 4¡~8 f JvE e¡ / Í D* @@6&*4 cF I2x+ "fJxs~z+ K v + *x.&* -24&* '¡ +H b g£+ ¢ < ex²* h-&* i*¡ ~6 z 1 cB FbÂ(* bC ¡D Gv0&* ¤ p~|F ¤)b +H Áy0 ,v~7 E Í< ~6 ¥wD* ¥v/ h£+ ¶( * ¥x + Oiv< f ~6b gE h£ cD ¥¡B P P K v0*H i¡´*H ebc~6&°* i2v - bEb< Íg~6H f£Fb . cB fj/ x1%* bK :H D &* ¤~z - ° b F&* E b c0H b Fb 0 h£~zF bEH fJ4¡~6 ¤E&* h£~zF bE bF&* f Jv+ &* K -4b F g+bc~z+ 2b@@ <&* £g ~7 b@:b@@E xEwg+ @@;¡@@´* x F ~|F Ix~z£D* £< bK ~} E ¡ ´* F&* ¡A hDv- ¤gD* ¤ F&* hAx< f0b´ Á&* b@@§H g+ ~6&*4 *K 5b@@G f~9b =(* Ix1&* f+b/(b+ vE2&* i&*v+ f+¡ ´* f+b/(°* < ÉK £ B v g+&* 5*y_ ~7b+ ¤ :b A "b+H4H&* ,4bJ5 E ~9x= bE ¤-¡1&* fJ'HxDH f0b£~z D

á≤«≤M Éæ°ü≤æj É`è ¿CG ∑QGó`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` J ƒ`` ` ` ` ` g á``«` bÓ``NC’G ÇOÉ``Ñ` ŸG IOƒ`` ` Lƒ`` ` e á`` ≤` `«` `≤` `M ∂`` ` dP ‘ É`` `¡` ` ∏` ` ã` ` e Oƒ``Lh á``≤`«`≤`M π``ã` e ,iô`` ` ` ` ` ` NC’G iƒ`` ` ` ≤` ` ` `dG ‘ á``KQGƒ``àè É``¡` fCGh á``«`©`ª`à`é`ŸG É``æ`JÉ``«`M á`` ` ` `«` ` ` ` æ` ` ` ` Ñ` ` ` ` dG ‘h ácôëŸG á``«` FGô``LE’G ¿EÉ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` a .Oô`` ` ` ` ` ` Ø` ` ` ` ` ` ∏` ` ` ` ` ` d ∫ƒ``°` Uƒ``dG É``æ`©`£`à`°`SG ï`` `°` ` SGQ ¿É`` ` ` ` ` ÁEG ¤EG á`` `≤` ` «` ` ≤` ` ◊G ∂`` ` `∏` ` ` à` ` ` H É``fô`àh ó``b ¿ƒ``μ`æ`°`S …Qhô`` `°` ` †` ` dG •ô`` `°` ` û` ` dG RGô`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ME’ ó`` ` ` `«` ` ` ` Mƒ`` ` ` `dG Iƒ`` Lô`` ŸG á``«` ∏` YÉ``Ø` dG ‘ á`` ` ` ` «` ` ` ` àÉ`` ` ` ` μ` ` ` ` `dGh »``ª`«`∏`©`à`dG É``æ` eÉ``¶` f

b F&* °(* eb~z²*H f+bg D*H ,$*x D* µ ¡@@DH ¢g0 ¤ D* I¡g~z´* ¢ < ¢g0 $¤~7 C ¯ eb-xF – D3 ¢ F p A b@@ @@-*3 É@@ @1&°* b@@ @~@9 ¯ f£BÉ1&°* v<*¡ D*H ÍF*¡ Db+ E'¡F ° b@@@Â(* D –Í £D* f@@ /42 ¶(* ~}F 3(* @@B*¡@@D* @@ 94&* ¢ < @@D x@@.&* ,vJv~7 fDbG ¯ *K v£ + É@@1&°* gJ &* E ÄC&* b F&* IxFH zJv gD* b -b~64b» ¯ b £c -H b :b ~6(* a2b@@c@ ´* @@ @- &* @@B*¡@@D*H f@@£@E¡@@£@D* ¢ < b :b ~6(* ¶(* f/bp+ f£BÉ1&°* f£~z F i*2x § b =¡~8 Ä< B*¡D* pF @@£@c@ @g@ @D f@@ @ +b@@B f@@£@ <b@@ @ g@ /*H f£BÉ1&°* a2bc´* &* gF &° f/bp+ &*H f£Eb~zgE f£ ~z - *K 4¡@@E&* h~z£D bK Bb F @@g@« ° " É1&°*" ,2x@@ @ E H2 ,b£²* E bK ~8b1 bK cFb/ H&* bK £ E ¡G /bgpF b@@E (* 4b~|g1b+ Ì@@= Hx~7H Hx; ¶(* É@@1&°* f /x A*H2 ¶(*H f£ gm´* b -b£0 ¯ I¡BH 2x D i*2b<H 2x@@¸ ¡@@ @ J @@ D3 v@@ @ + ¢@@ @c@g@J b@@ EH bE (* Db+ fE¡~6xE ,4¡~|D £ © a2bc´* &* 4*v- ¡G f £ 0 b ~| J ¯ b jE ,2¡@@/¡@@E f £ 0 f£BÉ1&°* Ix1&°* I¡ D* 2¡/H f £ 0 jE D3 ¯H f£ gm´* b -b£0 ¯ f.4*¡gE b F&*H (bA 2x D fCxp´* f£)*x/(°* f£ cD* t~6*4 b@@Â(* ¶(* ¡~8¡D* b g~6* b@@Fx@@AH v@@B ¡@@ @ @~@6 f@@ @£@ @²* @@ @g@+ 5*x@@0(° v@@£@0¡@@D* ¥4Hx@@~@ }@ D* x@@~@{@D* b Eb F ¯ f£Ab D*H ,¡/x´* f£ <b D* E J ¥w@@ D* @@ @ @ ´*H ¤ £ gD* C &* vm£~6 b@@@Â(°* *w@@G E + £ gD* )*x:H f£~6*4vD* 2*¡@@´* *K x1*5 f£~64v´* ,b£²* ¯ l2b0 CH f£BÉ1&°* ibFb E(°b+

b~zF(°* @@1*2 ¢ c- &* Â ¤gD*H jE b jE C¡ ~6 ¢ < ,x@@.'¡@ E Ì@@= f£F¡<x D* 4b@@.%°b@@+ gAx EH 4b@@ @ A&* ¥4Hx~9H 6b~6&* ~|A ¡G fÂv D* f A f@@£@BÉ@@1&°* f£+ÆD* f~{Bb ´ ¤G –*K vD*H &* b@@C bK E –¢+x´* » 4v@@ B Ä@@ C&* @@ @/ ¢@@ @< @@ @ @D* b@@ @:&°* b c~zg J ¤gD* 4b@@ @ A&°* @@E fJ¡£0 f Jx + fc~zg E eb@@c@~@{@D*H f@@ @ A*2 I¡@@ @BH f@@£@ 0 4b@@ @ @A&° b@@ @ D¡@@« -H d ´* *w@@GH ¡ ~zD* £/¡gD ¤@@BÉ@@1&°* v@@~@|@ @´* @@ @ @- f@@~@8x@@ @D* £ gD* ¤0b E C ¯ *K v)b~6 ©H g´* ¡@@~@ 9¡@@´* f £c: h@@Fb@@C bK @ @J&* x~{D* *w@@G eb£= @@; ¯ @@F&* @@D3 fJb D* &* < 4x g´* É D* ¤~z £~6 ¤G f£+ÆD* ¤0b E C E f£)b D* i*$b@@ <2* 2x@@¸ f£~|s~{D* J¡ v+° bK £ / F b CH @@F&° f@@ @)*5 ¥4¡ D*H ¤~6b~6&°* b gG°* ¡ J &* dFb±* ¯ w£EÉgD*H ´* E D ¢ < bK @c@~@|@ @E h@@B¡@@D* @@E @@ @ @<&°* z£DH f@@£@ @Gw@@D*H f@@Jx@@ @ @D* @@)b@@~@z@´* / 24*¡@@ @D* Ì@@= @@ @A f@@£@ BÉ@@1&°* ¢ < ,x~7bc´* f£BÉ1&°* i*4bcg<°* D ¥¡+ÆD* D* ib@@J¡@@DH&* f )bB x: / *v g~6* *K v/ y)b±* E f£ D* i*4v@@ @ D* eb@@~@z@g@C*H gD* g- f@@£@ ~@ 6*4v@@D* 2*¡@@ @ ´* eb@@ @ £@ g@ ~@ 6*H *K 4¡ - ÈC&* ¡ ~zD* E © f Jx + £ < bC ¡D b» ,x+bjEH fEb g~6*H ¤BÉ1&°* v~| ´* *wG eb£= ; ¯ b@@Â(* ¡G f£+ÆD* ¯ /bgpF bE (* f@@£@ BÉ@@1°& * a2b@@ c@ @´* 2¡@@/¡@@+ @@£@ ~@ 8&* @@p@FH b@@ @@ @@D* @@£@c@ @g@ @D f@@ @ +b@@ @ D* b :&°* &b~7 D3 ¯ b F&b~7 –v g F E b ~8*¡-H E b +ÆB* *3(* b F&* £ - bF4Hv § ¡ £~zA ¤ J b§

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¤gD* H&* É@@ @1&°* @@< lv@@p@g@- ¤@@g@D* H&* f@@G*y@@ @D* @@< ibE¡ E ¯ kpc - @@E mJ x@@~@{@D* H&* f@@Fb@@E&°* ib£C¡ ~6 ¶(* ¤~} - bGv0H 4b A&°* 4b A&* ¥&bC 4b A&* ¤ A f_£~6 H&* ,v£/ E b + ¤BÉ1&°* v cD* 2¡/H v g J a2bc´*H ibE¡ ´* f £c: ¢ < Ev< bK :x~7 z£D 4b~|g1b+ b £ < f p´* < lvpgF ¤@@g@D* 4b@@ @ A&°* ¡@@ @- &* 4b A&* b -*3 ¯ ¤G f£BÉ1&°* a2bc´* f£BÉ1&* f£BÉ1&°* 4b A&°* ÍcJ ~| D* *wGH f£~|s~7 @@E *K $y@@ @/ q@@c@~@|@- ¤@@g@ D* Í@@+H -b£C¡ ~zD bK @@ @@A*2H b@@~@ z@ F(°* ¤BÉ1&°* Db+ g- ¤gD* 4b A&°*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

f g´* 4b A&°* - ¤G f£BÉ1&*ÉD* ¯*x@@ @ @/ ¤@@ ~@ @9b@@ J4 b@@ @¸ ¥&b@ @ @+ &* b@@ @F&b@~@7 @@E ¤@@g@ D*H ¤@@/¡@@D¡@@£@~@z@A bJ(* f <b/ d ~zDb+ ¡ ~zD* ¢ < x.'¡ E b FH2 E £ < bC ¡D b» &*¡~6&* -x- ° ¤gD* 4b A&°* (bA fjDb. f£0bF 4b@@ @ A&°* @@ @- ¤@@G ¤@@BÉ@@1&* v@@ @+ ¶(* x.&bgJ ° ¤@@g@D* ,v@@Jb@@p@´* ib@@E¡@@ @ @´*H °H d ~zDb+ ° b )*x/ @@E ¡ ~zD* &b+ ¡ D* Â D3 $*5(* ebmJ(°b+ –f£BÉ1&°* a2bc´b+ f g´* 4b A&°* vB –Ix1&* 4b@@ @ A&* f@@J&* &b@~@7 b F&b~7 ebmJ(°b+ ¤BÉ1&°* v c D ,5y E ¡ £ < Ì.&b- i*3 Ì= H&* d ~zDb+ H&* 4b@@ @ A&°* f £c: ¯ $¤@@~@7 v@@/¡@@J É@@A

fJb D* ¯ H'¡@ @- b + ¡~} J @@EH b +b: ¯ –f~64v´bA gm D gm´* b D¡sJ f~z~6'¡E ¤G £~8&°* ¯ j gJ 2v@@ ¹ + É@@ @~@9É@@D v@@ @g@~@z@- ,2v@@ @¹ f@@ @ £@ ;H @@6x@@ I¡g~z§ v gD*H ,b£²* ¢ < b ²* ¤ £ gD* b@@ @ @D*H gm´* f@@Gb@@A4 « f £ ²* wG &* ¤ J ° ¥w@@D* f £ ²* ¯ ¡@@G f@@£@BÉ@@1&* f£DH'¡~z§ vJv~7 4¡~|B JÆ JH E b F /&* E z~6&* b§ } J ° F&* D3 (bA . EH + b£ D* E B¡gJ bEH b g£E¡ < ¯ – f~64v D f£ D* f£ cD* dmJ – ,2v@@ p@ @´* b@@ @ @-*$*x@@ /(* ¯H E bK BÉ F* x1%° hBH E b -b<*xE f £;¡D*H ¤<b g/°* B¡´* f£ /xE b + 9¡ D* f~64v´b+ ¡ ´* *'¡@~@z@D* v < @@E&b@g@´* J b G @@E bE @@Gw@@ @ D 42b@@c@ g@ J ¥w@@ D* ¤@@ @Jv@@c@D* "f~64v´* E ¤BÉ1&°* v~| ´* y£ ½(°* f ~6É D* v@@0&* I2b@@F v D 4b A&°* Í+ y££ g D bcgF°* ,4Hx~}+ a2bc´b+ f g´* 4b A&°*H f£BÉ1&°* ¤G f£BÉ1&°* 4b A&°bA f@@£@BÉ@@1&°* ~z«H ¡ ~zD* ¢ < x.'¡- 4b A&* fJ&* £ < b@@ C ¡@@D b@@» @@~@ }@ A&* @@ @ @ ©H 4b@@ @ A&°* (b@@A @@+b@@ @´* ¯ b@@ @ FH2 @@E

jM| D fª:&*

jªEÑ1&¸* jª+ÎG*

fDbG ¯ b@@ @ @~@}@FH É@@ @1&°* @@64v@@F Hb@@p@ F ° @@ . f@@£@ ~@ 6v@@ @ D* ,v@@Jv@@~@ 7 vm A @@B*¡@@D* @@94&* ¢ < b :b ~6(* ° f~6b£~zD* (* ¡D¡ J f~6b£~zD* G&* ¡/HxJ b´* G&* v½H b D É1&* b/4 } + ¢g0H xAbC b´* 6&*4 &* -b£C¡ ~6 v@@½ b@@ <¡@@ D*H @@Jv@@D* D ¡<vJ b < *K ÌjC v gc ¶(* @@6b@@~@6&°* ¯ 2¡ J b@@¿(* @@D3 @@C ,2b@@ @C É@@ @1&°* gF b@@ @ F&* f £ 0 f@@/42 ¢ < ¡~|²* dmJ f@@£@~@6*42 $*4H b CÆF . – bC (* b + f -xE z - D3 bJb . ¯ HbpF °H bF4¡ ; B*¡D* @@94&* ¢ < É@@1&°* - x@@.&* f£ < i*$*x/(* ¯ b g=b£~8 £cB E ¤ D* £c gD*H ,b£p D f +bB f£ B*H 4¡~|- Â ° @@F&* @@D3 ¶(* @@~@9&* a2b@@ c@ @´* @@@E Í@@@-x@@@E5 b@@ @ @G &* @@1*2 ,b£p D b@@ @G*v@@0(* f@@£@BÉ@@1&°* b /4b1 ,b£p D Ix@@ 1&°*H f~64v´* *K 3(* v+ÉA v@@0*H ¡ ~zD* &* b´b A ,v0*H ¡ ~zD* *wG a2bcE ¡ - &* ib£BÉ1&* f~{Bb E ¡pF Hy@@ @D* b@@E&* f~64v´* - hFbC ¡@@D b C f~64v´* < fDy EH b -*w+ f )bB f~z~6'¡E *4H&ÉD ÌcC 1 f+bj§ ¡ A bGÌ= f~64v D f£BÉ1&°* f£DH'¡~z´* (* 3(*

@@D3 @@ E q@@ ~@ @9H&* b@@j@ E f@@ @ . @@z@ £@ D v@@±* £ « b£~6 ¯ v@@½ ¥w@@D* ¤@@BÉ@@1&°* D* ¡@@0 x@@)*v@@D* b@@ @D* Ì= E ÌjC I2b@@F A f~64v D f~64v D f~8b³* f £c Db+ Í ´* hB¡D* ¯H f£+Æ D f£BÉ1&* ibJb + É1&ÉD x~7bc´* £ gDb+ *¡cDb: -*3 £ « bGÄ< Â ,2v¹ f Jx C =4 @@D3 ¤@@-&b@ JH 2¡@@~@{@ @´* AvG + g gJ b@@E ¢~|B&* ¡Ax J @@E &* vB 2Hv0H 3¡ F E f £~6¡C £ gD* &* f£~9xA <H f£jc< *K ÌjC *¡p~9H&* fFb ~9 ~{- e*¡~|D*H ²* fAx E q£p~|D* Db+ b£ D zJ4v- &* HÌ@@j@ C Ix@@J @@+b@@ @´* ¯ b / ¶(* ¢~} J ,x~7bcE É@@1&°* b A&°* } c+ f c-xE £Gb E 2x¸ " )b~}A" b g£ ~z- ¢ < q ~8* ¤gD* B*¡D* 94&* ¢ < £c gD* v < ¤gD*H i*2b<H ib£C¡ ~6 < f ~| E ¤~z E f@@<¡@@ @¸ 2x@@¸ ¢@@ @c@-H 2x@@ @ D* ¢ < b D x.&* ° ¤gD* ,vJv~{D* ib£Dbj´* b~zF(ÉD ¤<b g/°* ¡ ~zD* ¥w@@D* ¤@@ ²* @@ B*¡@@ D* &* @@ 0É@@ ´*H @@64*v@@´* ¯ @@ @ A @@z@£@D – ~{£ F @@ @g@m@´* ¯ ¢@@g@ 0 @@ + ib@@ @ @Eb@@ ±*H p A ~z´* *w@@G v@@C'¡@J – x~6&b+

¢fj ° O ´ ° G j É c à j N G H dG à°ûŸG H ° dG ô H dÉ H à ŸG G H à ŸG ° É ° dG ÉY ô°ûŸG É d j j G μ ô © É G fÉ° f G N G ô Y ¢ É° G j Éæ ø É æ G Y HÉ G Éà f c G ° É ô àf à æY H dG ¢ jQ j Iô ° É N G G G É d °ü°ü GQô øj j dG dG μ Hô Y c

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¡ D ·Hv@@D* z m´bC f£DHvD* f£ D* zDbm´* C b £A f ~z D ·HvD* z m´*H f£<b g/°* ¡ D ·HvD* z m´*H f£Fb~zF(°* ¡ D*H K nE*x+ E bBÉ F* ¤´b D* D f£DHvD* f ~zD* i&b~{F vBH z m´* E C b ~9H f£´b D* fE*vg~6°* ¯ kpcDb+ h gG* ¡ D ·Hv@@D* z m´*H ISCU f£ £c D* ¡ D ·Hv@@D* <2 ¯ ,2v gE b ~7&b+ f Gb~z D ISSC f£<b g/°* ." 94&°* c g~zE" nEbFx+ ¡ D* nE2 ¶(* ¤´b D* D f£DHvD* f ~zD* ,42bcE hAvGH b D*H ¤ D* <vD* ÌA¡-H f£<b g/°* ¡ D*H f£ £c D* f g ´* f£<x D* b -b EH ,vpg´* ¼&°* f E ibJ¡DH&° 2b g<°*H D* £ «H f£´b D* iÉ ~{´*H bJb~} Db+ b F&b~{+ 2bcg´* b -v~84 ¤gD* ibJ¡DH&°* ¤´b D* D f£DHvD* f ~zD* <v-H E vJv/ I¡g~z§ 9¡ Db+ D3H ,vpg´* ¼&°* f E Hv/ ibc gE E A*¡g-H ¤ D* kpcD* b¸ ¯ Hb gD* .2015 v + b´ f£ gD* b <&* f£<*v+(* 4b A&* r*ÆB* ¶(* ¤´b D* D f£DHvD* f ~zD* ¢ ~z-H f ~|+ {Jb gDb+ e¡ ~{ D q ~z- ¤gD* f Jx D* ¡0 f£ <H ib£m£-*Æ~6* xJ¡ - ¢ < y£CÆD* É1 E fE*vg~6* ÈC&* ~{- ¤´b< 6b F* i*3 fA2bG f£ ¹ ib<Hx~{E |s mJ kpcDbA É@@ <(°*H £ gD*H kpcD* x~8b < f.É. A v + f£ £c D* ¡ D*H f£<b g/°* ¡ D* ¯ $b D* q ~6 ¢ < f£ p´* f£E¡£D* f ~{F&°* b CÆ- ¤gD* i*Ì.&bgD* ¯ kpcD* n)bgF ;¡£~6 F(bA £ gD* bE&* f£~94&°* ,x D* ¤´b< v£ ~8 ¢ < zJ4vgD* f ~{F&*H f£ £ gD* nE*ÄD* xJ¡ f£EÉ<(* ib£ E ¤´b D* D f£DHvD* f ~zD* xA¡g~6H eb D&°*H i*4¡~{ ´* 2bc- É1 E bj´* £c~6 ¢ < D3H f£F¡Jy gD* nE*ÄD*H f£FHÆ D(°* f£ p´* ib~64b ´*H ib£C¡ ~z D µb D* *42(* b D q~}gJ *w GH ° b@@E g¸ ¯ ,4b~}D* ib£C¡ ~zDbA f£´b D* b -*Ì.&b-H µb D vg + d~zpA ¤ p´* gm´* ¢ < b -b£c ~6 z ¤´b< A f£ gD @@G4Hv@@+ $b D* @@©* @@Dw@@DH x@@~@6&b@+ ibAb . A E&* ¢ < b -*Ì.&b-H ib£C¡ ~zD* w D Æ~{E µb D* iÉ ~{E oÉ + q ~zJ b £+ e4b - £ «H e¡ ~{D* ¥wD* x@@E&°* Fb ~zD f E&*H f £ FH fE*vg~zE ,b£0 f_£ -H D*H i*42bc´* g+ ¤<¡D* ¤+x D* b ´b< ¯ b E d gJ ¯ f£E¡£D* b -b£C¡ ~6H b -b~64b» xJ¡ -H b gAb . f£ - ¢ < ¯ Í <bA ÍC4b~{E b mJ ¥wD* 4v Db+ f£ p´* b -b g¸ b D¡0 E µb D* iÉ ~{E 0

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

°(* g - D 2¡ ±* wG &* °(* iÉ ~{´* - ² ib Jx~{-H ¢ ~z- k£p+ 2*xA&°* IvD ¤´b D* D ,vJv/ fAb . f£ g+ -b g¸ ¯ b ~zD* ib£C¡ ~6H ib~64b» Í+ 4¡~z±* $b cD b» b -*Ì.&b-H b -b~6b F* ¯ ¤´b D* Ì gD*H f£ p´* bGxJ¡ -H f£E¡£D* ib£C¡ ~zD*H ib~64b ´* Jv - ¯ v<b~zJ D¡0 E ¤´b D* gm´b+ c-xE @@F&* 2xA C 4v@@J ¢g0 wG z -H µb D* 2*xA&* C b© f£DH'¡~z´b+ 4¡ ~7 JvDH bEH µb D* b© -b£C¡ ~6H -*v g EH -bGb©* ¯ f£DH'¡~z´* iÉ ~{E E £Fb J $y/ C ¯ 6b Db+ g - f£F¡C f£ < ¡¿ ,4Hx~9 ¤ J bE ¡GH ¤ ~zD*H Gb© f£BÉ1&°* f£DH'¡~z´b+ 4¡ ~{D*H µb D* E µb D* ¯ ibAb jD* ¡ - xJv -H -b£0 Hx; Í~zpgD fJx~{cD* fEv³ Ev - bE b JvD fAb . C &b@ + b@@ Â(°*H ¥&* ¤´b D* Ì£ gD* l*v@@0(* ¯ 2xA C 4Hv+ b@@Â(°* bK ~}J&*H ,2bJ5 ¯ Gb~zJH ¤´b D* gm D qDb~8 ¡G b £A Ì gD* ibAb jD*H e¡ ~{D* £ / Í+ +*ÆDb+ ¤<¡D* ¤´b< A E b + c-xJ bEH f£F¡ D* f£ D* f£ G&° *K v£C&b-H ¤´b D* Ì gD*H ¤ p´* D* Í+ 4¡~z±* $b + ¢ < )bB 2b D* b D f£DH2 ,42bcE ·Hv@@D* ¯*x ±* 2b@@«°* <&* 4b~7H "¤´b D* D f£DHvD* f ~zD* 2016" *¡ + 2016

¤G f<¡ gE ibAb . E b + y£ g- bEH f£ p´* b -b g¸ (* b C b E b ~{Jb - f£ £CH f £c D bFÌ£ - f£ £C 2v« ¤gD* E f£E¡£D* b -b£C¡ ~6 .v« b´ b C*42(* f£ £C ¯ x.'¡- b F&* E µb D* Ì F &* b Â ÉA f£~94&°* ,x D* ¢ < ib~6b F* b -b~64b» CÆ- ¥wD* ¤´b D* Ì.&bgD* f£GbE F &* H2 94&°* q ~6 ¢ < f£E¡£D* b -b£C¡ ~6H b A*y g~6*H b E Eb gD* $¡~6H b -b_£+ 24*¡´ b DÉ g~6bA µb D Ì.&b- vg £~6 + A b £ < *K x~8bB Ì.&b- ¡ J D µb D* iÉ ~{E E *K ÌjC &* v0&* ¢ < ¢ sJ °H b D¡0 E f£1b ´* i*Ì gD* H&* bG24*¡EH f_£cDb+ b E f ~|g´* $*¡~6 f£~6b£~zD* iÉ ~{´* H&* f gs´* <*¡F&b+ ¤_£cD* l¡ gD* H&* ib~64b»H ib£C¡ ~zD obgF °(* ¤G bE f£Ab jD*H fJ2b~|gB°*H ~{gD bK E -*Ì.&b- mg- f£ ¹ ib g¸ ¯ 2*x@@A&* f£´b< f ~{E b -b£C¡ ~6 |s- fAb . ,vJv/ fAb jD b g/b0 2*2y- DwDH ¢ < ,42bB ¡ gD f£ p´* b -b g¸H b -b_£+ ¯ b -b~64b»H E v²* ·bgDb+H b +bc~6&* oÉ<H f£ p´* b -É ~{E f /*¡E f£´b D* b -b~6b F*H b -*Ì.&b- Bb É1 E ib ´*H Hv D f£ ~64 2¡ / b G ¡ - v A ÍF*¡B ~6 H&* f£ £ B(*H f£DH2 i*vGb E £B¡- ¯ Hb gD*

dÉ° É ° ¢ jQOG O GQ G dG É©dG G j YÉ à G G © fÉc G ° c © ° É ° G jOÉ°üà G G É G øY d ° jô°û dG °ûf G I c Q H GQ àdG G àdG É c ° dG É° QÉ d àf dP É ŸG É© à ŸG Éμ° d ŸG ô Y æà É É ø j d É OQG d É G à° G Y °ûf G É d ° ŸG ôH ô à° ŸG É© à ŸG jô°û dG Y ŸG μ ° û d É GPÉ É c ° dG É° QÉ ŸG É° Éμ©f ÉH Y Y OGô G É c dG É c ° É à dG ŸG É © à É H QOÉ fÉ ° Q G IôμdG Y É ° Éæ μ°ûH © dG Y æ ŸG É° QÉ ŸG É c ° dG ŸÉ©dG à° ŸG Y É É° Éμ©fG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¤ £c: lvp+ x@@E&°* gJ G "2¡/¡D* tJ4b- E fB4b³* 1vg- G "f~6v E f~z + &* ÉK c g~zE ~{g J &* D* ¢ < 2¡/¡D* x g~zJ ¤C fE5ÉD* ib AvD* ¤ - ¢g0 f£ D(°* fJb D* v/¡J ¥wD* $¤~}´* Ì ~{D* 4*v±* fJyE4 ¤G - $b cD* ¯ 2xm§ ¥wD*H "$b~} D* f~zJ2H&*" Jx+¡C ¤ Fbg~6* £A ¯ Ix1&* f /H ¡pF l*v0&°* 4¡ g- }Eb= ~{+ *w G 4¡ ; 1 f0¡D ¯ b~zF(°* ¡pF ,2Hv ´* Db³* vJ fJyE4 DwC ¡ ½%* Jb´ 2%* K b £ / p A $x´* 2b g<* bC b EH b²* bC b £CH &° c g~z´* ¯ £ ±* lv²* *wG 4*x - ¯ E&bF &* b £ < ¯ ¡ D* &* Íc- +bG @@JH2(* x ;&* b C f£ D* b -b+b~z0 < ,v gcE 2x E 4b~z- ¯ v gc- i*xm´* &*H x g~zE b~z-* E J¡gpJ bE + ¡ D* &* ¢ § q£~z D* $b~} D* ¯ b ~} + ¯ i*xm´* ix g~6* bE *3(* @@F&*H ,2HÄ@@D* ¡pF mgJ ,2b@@E E ÍJÉ´* ¯ ¤ g g~6 f » ,b£0 C (bA *w G b <4b~z ¤G ¤gD* f p D* wG jE ¯ v mgD* ¡pF fE2b D* Í ~zD* H&* ¤ < v - ¥&* b E J D ¤gD*H b C ibJb D* fJb F E I¡ ~6 H2 v D* /*¡J &* b~zF(ÉD Â G ¤/¡D¡ "f £ ±* f£~6v D* f~z D* wG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

- hFbC &* v + vD*¡gD* Jx: < x.b g- ,v E ib )bC ib )b D* ¡pF ,y D* wG ¥¡ ³* b~z F°* Jx: < D3 bE *K Ì~z - b D vmJ &* v + D* g~zJ µ ,v ´*H fcCx´* 4¡ ; 5b D&* v0&* F(* "`/b ´* 4¡ gD* *wG jE ¶(* I2&* ¥wD* 94&°* ¡A ,b£²* K b~}J&* Db~| F* (* @@-*3 b~zF(°* 4¡ ; ¶(* %°* g DH Les x~{cD* bc~7&* <H Les Bipèdes fEb D* ¤c~|g E < hommo zFb£+b~6¡EH&* Bb< )b C 4¡ ;H Hominides E Ìj D* b g J *5bE b -*wD f£<*HH ,x E i*3 sapiens ,x jD* wG &É &* g~z- µ JH4*2 fJx F ¢gpA 9¡ D* 4¡j D* gJ µ ¤gD*H ,Ì ~{D* ,2¡ ´* f ²* 9*ÆAb+ I¡~6 %°* v² b £ < bE f£m0&* - Jv£ cD* AÉ~6&* E zFb£+b~6¡E&°* ox1 £C hFbC *3(* b < ¡ ~{J Íj0bcD* f£c =&* b D 0 < kpcF b D5 b D bgEvB vB 4¡ gD* fJx FH <&°* 4bm F°* bgJx D* b-bG ¯H bK E b F&* &* b~zF(°*H ¡ D* ~8&* ¡0 f E f+b/(* Db+ b~zF(°*H ¡ D* 4¡ - f£ £C < bK ~8H b D bEv - *¡0&°* ~z0&* ¤ A ~8&°* fD&b~zE bE&* bEyD* ¯ f £ E f£~9*ÆA* f F E *'¡~zD* rx + g J ° D* (* . b GÌ - b F o4b1 v + b £A x=v£G 2b g~6*H yg c£D =b~8 &* c~6 ¥wD* ¤~6b~6&°* " v< Ix0&°b+ z£DH 2¡/H b G ÉK ~8&* *3b´ ¡GH ib p D* wG É1 lvpJ ¥wD* bE $b~zgF &* *K 3(* b 0 E

3(* Anti Matière ,2b´* }£ + f g´* f D* b G . bC 4bm F°* fJ*v+ ¯ ¡ D* &* ¡£D* bK £)bJy£A h+bjD* E b G ,2bE E b G bE 4v + ¥&* b ~}£ FH ,2b´* Í+ °K 2b gE k£p+ f~6¡ E ,2bE ¤G wG ,2b´* }£ FH b D }£ F bK ~}J&* f p~{D* ¯ D 2b~}EH f g D* ¯ D `Ab E £~z/ D £~z/ C E ¢ cg- ° 4bm F* lvpJ b ~}£ F E ,2b´* h gD* *3(* *w G x g ´* E bC x1%* ¢ § < ,42b~|D* bEb= fBb: I¡~6 fgcDb+ 2¡/H b G ¡ J °&*H bK ~} + ~} + ¡ D* ¤ J &* v~8xFH ¡£D* £A {£ F ¥wD* ¡ D* &b~{F ¢g0 lv0 *3b A x ; F(* b ~7(°* *wG ¢ < fc£¸ fJx D* $bJy£ D* ¡ +b E ¯b~9(* v0*H $¥y/ Ì~z g D +bB Ì=H `/b E ~{+ $¥y±* *wG $b/ J&* E b ~}£ FH ,2b´* E oH5 4b£ E C < b c£© ° bK ~}J&* *'¡~zD* *wG " ¡ D* $¡~{F ¶(* I2&* ¥wD* <&°* 4bm F°* fJx F b £A b§ f£ < fJx F fJ&* wG DH Ix1&* ,xE 4x gg~6 f~}Eb D* f p D* wG z F E ¶H&°* ,b£²* 4¡ ; v cA @ @944&°* ¢ < ,x@ ¢ x@´* h.v0 ¤gD* f£)b£ £ D* iÉ<b gD* b gD* É1 ¤gD* f£)bEx²* zAb ´* E ex Db+ ex Db+ f£~6b~6&°* x~8b D* k - hFbC FbC Í@@/H4v@@£@ @ D* @@j@ E ,b@@£@ p@ @ D bGÌ=H b£F¡E&°*H ¡+x D*H ,v@@£@0H ib@@ @)b@@ @D* ix@@ @ ; ¡@@A ix@@ @ < ¤@@g@ D* f@@£@ @³* Í@@ @~@z@D* °%° @@ @ 94&°* x@@ @ J b@@ E É@@ @1 @@ @ @DH lvp£~6 ¥Ä D* x~| Db+ <&* 4bm F* ¤)bmA Ì ¤/¡D¡£cD* I¡g~z´* ¢ < DH ¤C ib )b D* w@@G h gF* v D D bJÉ³* ,2v gE ib )bC qc~|c~c~|Anti Matière IOÉ°

øFÉμc ¿É°ùfE’G Qƒ¡X IôμØe äGP πbÉY ∫GRÉe É¡JGòd á«YGhh øe ÒãμdG É¡Øæàμj ≈àëa .¢Vƒª¨dG ⁄ øjhQGO ájô¶f CÓ“ ¿CG ™£à°ùJ iƒ°S Iô¨ãdG √òg á≤∏◊G ¢VGÎaÉH IÒ¡°ûdG IOƒ≤ØŸG Qƒã©dG ºàj ⁄ »àdGh ¿B’G ó◊ É¡«∏Y

ŸG IOÉŸG

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

©dG QÉ f G H æ

μdG ° àdG øY

D* £½(* gpJ &* E ¡³* B¡´* *wG < f©bF hFbC q£~z´* £½(* ¡ F &* Â JvD*H D* Í+ *x~|D* *w A D3 E DH kc~{gJ *5bE } cD* bC (*H ¢g0 bK Jv£ - bK <*x~8 ib+ F(* -bJb=H :b~{F ¯ °H F¡ ~}E ¯ ° D* &* ¢ < *K x~|E + ¤G ¤gD* f£gF*¡ D* b £Fb £´* &* b²*H JvD* E bK g0 94b gJ bÂ(°* ¡~9¡E rx: ¡£D* b £ < 9x - f£ £ : $bJy£A < ,4bc< H&* 2¡/¡E F(* HÆ D(°* < ¡ F &* Â ° p A ,xJb E f + D* e4b© &* b C 2¡/¡E f D ¥v£ gD* ¢ ´b+ 2¡/¡E Ì= La b~| F*ÉD*H Téléportation fJ'HxD* < dm²*H ¥4¡ D* f~}Eb D* e4bmgD*H ibBÉ D* E bGÌ=H non séparabilité ,4Hx~9 ¶(* b Av- b C D* $bJy£A iy£E ¤gD* fcJx D*H f£ £~6É D* 2¡/¡D* bJb~} + vJv/ ¤<H xJ¡ D* *5b@@E ¤gD* Cb~{´* E Ìj D* b G b0 ¥&* ¢ <H fJx F bj´* £c~6 ¢ < xCw D b D 0 2bmJ(* ¢ < 42bB Ì= x: E ¡c ´* ¥4b£ ´* b ~7 ¯ ¢gpA <&°* 4bm F°* $¡~{ D *K Ì~z - v - &* fJx D* wG £ g~z- ° $b D* d =&* B¡g- f£~9bJxD* b -b+b~z0 (* + x ~8 f p D* E ¡ D* Ì~z - E b Â ° DbA FÉ+ zCbE 4*vm+ ¢ ~zJ b £A 4*v±* *wG $*4H v/¡J bE

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

IQ °

E dp~z - f£0HxD* ,b£²* &* ¡£D* 2bmJ &* Â v0&* ° f£~z²* fAb jD* ¯ 6b F°* dc~z+ $*¡~6 f£<b g/°* b -b£0 )b D* ¤ D* v gD* dc~z+ H&* f£CÉ g~6°* b©* D* E ,x D* wG jE bK +b~6 tJ4bgD* x< v D f~} D* x~|< ¡ < h A*4 ¤gD* ibA¡sgD* m A f £c D* Téléportation

:&*

OƒLƒdG õ¨d

fª D |

¢MzG*K G* Õ+ É dG É° j ° IOÉŸG ô IÉ G É μdG © GQOG É dG ©dG d æμàdG GQ àdG G μ àdG ¢ d I j G ©dG ø É æ G ° æ dG d æμ fÉædG àfG μdG Éj H © É ¢ © dG ° É H d O dG É° f d É ædG G H G NG É° G É° jG øμd IÉ G IOÉŸG dG G É H © É G dÉ° G É àYG QO G j G æ c O OQÉ°ûàjôH IGô G H H É É G G d É QÉ° G ©dG Q àdG ø ôŸG É° f G

©dG QÉ f G Hô

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

fJ¡ Db+ bc-4°*H ¤ :¡D* z²* $b¿(* ¯ fjJv²* b£/¡D¡ gD* 4b jg~6* Ä< c g~z´* ¢ < Ä<H 2021 fJ'H4 ¯ i2v« f £ < I'H4 AH ¤/¡D¡ gD* v gD*H x~| D* fcC*¡E < ÉK ~}A .2030 A&* ¯ fE*vg~zE fJ'H4 K É1 E ¤ BxD* E b Eb - ¯ *v£ + dGw- &* b Â f£-*4bE(°* f~64v´* &* B*¡D*H Â vB JwD* Í g D f~8x D* f0b-(* Ä< v + < gD* f£ gD ~}A&°* 4b jg~6°* v + < <vD* 6H42 Ä<H ´* y EH f~64v´* Í+ +xD* É1 E 4¡~}²* E FbE ¤ £ gD* G*¡g~z§ $b -4°*H ÈC&* ,2b g~6°* v~|B K b£ < b g~7°*H ¤ D* kpcD* ¢ < g´* vJ¡ - Ä< f £~6¡D* wG É g~6* gJ &* Â b C $b +H 4b g+°*H *v+(°* ¢ < Í g´* i*4b ´ f£ - ,2v g´* ~8*¡gD* i*¡ B Ä< bK £<*v+(*H ¢ < b + £ J I¡g~zE ¶(* f£-*4bE(°* f Eb±*H f~64v´* xJ¡ - . EH f£~6b~6&°* -b gD ¡ J &* b AvG ¡ £~6" ¡g E %* v~7*4 + v ¹ ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 ¡ J ¤´b D* I¡g~z´* .",$*x D*H ib£~9bJxD*H ¡ D* 4bcg1* ¯ µb D* ¯ fDH2 20 ~}A&* ~9 ¡£-*4bE(°* b gc : b )b~}AH f£-*4bE(°* f~64v´* +4 /&* E c g~z´* ¯ f £~6¡D* wG wsg- &* Â b C µb D* Ä< Í g´* Í+ ¤+bmJ(* 4*¡0 ³ fEv g´* f£´b D* 64*v´* gº E ¤ BxD* ,v)*xD* f£´b D* vGb ´* E ~8*¡gD* ¢ < ¤-*4bE(°* g´* y 0H b Ax - ¤gD* f£c ~zD* xGb ´* E f<¡ ¸ < Jv+ ¤G f£ BxD* (* DwC ¡ D* ÂH fcB*x´*H Ã¡ gD* ¯ ibFbpgE°* ¯ b £;¡- Ä< ibFbpgE°* ¯ { DbC f£+x D* f~64v´* Ã¡ g D ,vJv/ ib£ - 9xA . EH 8x D* '¡Ab -H f£Ab ~{D* /&* EH { D* ¥2b gD ¤~64v´* fcC*¡´ f£ BxD* v g - &*H ~z F n D* n - &* b £ < f£+x D* Hv@@D* £ / &* B*¡D*H mJ vB b» f£.*ÆD* f pgD* eb+ E bJ&°* E ¡J ¯ qc~|J vB ebg D* &° x~| D* v+ ° . EH dCxD* < Í sg´* 2*v< ¯ ¤ BxD* E Eb gD* ~zpJ ° ¥wD* g´* ~}J¡ g+ J¡ gD*H g D f £~6H tablette h£ +bgD*H e¡~6b²* 2b g<* ¢ < D* E ¯ fjJv²* ib£/¡D¡ gD* E ,2b g~6°*H ib gD* gº ¯ £;¡-H f£~64v´* dg D b AÉg1* ¢ < 6H4vD* £~{ i*x~{< bFx1'¡J vB ,¡ 1 C b < 2b g+°*H G*xD* bFx~|< ¯ < Jv+ ° xE&* f£ BxD* (* £c~zD* f~64v´* Äg -H f£ g0 ,4Hx~9 b -xJb~zE &* HvcJ . EH c g~z´* ¯ i*¡ ³* ¢ < Í g´* dJ4v-H gD* Ì~z£- ¯ E ,2b g~6°*H ¤ BxD* E Eb gD* gD ~}A&°* f£ gD*H f£ D* b E f~8b1H d ~{D* £ / ¯ 4b g+°*H *v+(°*H kpcD* f£cG3 f~8xAH HvD* Í+ 4*¡ D* fD*5(° 6b~6&°* f £~6¡D* ¤G f£ BxD* (* ¡ D* Â *Ì1&*H Ax- &* b Â fjJv²* ib£ gD* wG &° f£Eb D* HvD*H fEv g´* HvD* Í+ ,¡m D* ¡p´ bGxJv~|-H f£ BxD* ¯ 4b jg~6°* Ä< fjJv²* ib£/¡D¡ gD* b¸ ¯ ib@@/42 fDHvD* ¢ < *K v/ ,ÌcC ,4vB b DH f Jx< ,4b~}0H ÉK )bG bK .*x- g f£+x D* Hv@@D* &* b £~6°H v gD* *w D 6b~6&°* f+*¡cD* (*H b sJ4b- D3 b D v 1 b C i*4b~}²* gº E obEvF°* £ gD* ¤G

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

á``Hô``é` à` dG ‘ π``«` ª` ÷G É`` ` `¡` ` ` fCG á`` ` ` ` ` «` ` ` ` ` `JGQÉ`` ` ` ` ` eE’G IGRGƒ`` ` ` ŸG ≈``∏` Y â``∏` ª` Y »``cò``dG º``«` ∏` ©` à` dG Ú`` H Ú`` ` ` ` Hh »`` ` ` ` ` `ª` ` ` ` ` ` bô`` ` ` ` ` `dGh çGÎ`` ` `dÉ`` ` `H ΩÉ`` ` `ª` ` ` à` ` ` g’G §`` ` Hô`` ` d ,á`` ` ` `aÉ`` ` ` `≤` ` ` ` ã` ` ` ` dGh »`` °` `VÉ`` ŸÉ`` H ô`` ` °` ` `VÉ`` ` ◊G ≈`` `∏` ` Y á`` ` ` ` ` æ` ` ` ` ` ` gGô`` ` ` ` ` ŸGh È`` `Y ,π`` ` `Ñ` ` ` ≤` ` ` à` ` ` °` ` ` ù` ` ` ŸG É«LƒdƒæμàdG QÉªãà°SG AÉ`` ` ` ` ‰EG ‘ á`` ` ã` ` `jó`` ` ◊G »`` ` ` æ` ` ` `Wƒ`` ` ` dG ¢`` ` ` ` ` ù` ` ` ` ` `◊G ,á``jƒ``¡` dÉ``H •É`` ` Ñ` ` `JQ’Gh k ` ` °` ` †` ` a á`` Ñ` `cGƒ`` e ø`` ` `Y Ó Ωó`` ` ` ≤` ` ` à` ` ` dGh ô`` ` `°` ` ` ü` ` ` ©` ` ` dG »`` ` ` ` Lƒ`` ` ` ` dƒ`` ` ` ` æ` ` ` ` `μ` ` ` ` `à` ` ` ` `dG

ádGRE’ ¢SÉ°SC’G á∏«°SƒdG »g á«ªbôdG á«ÑgP á°Uôah ∫hódG ÚH ¥QGƒØdG áeó≤àŸG ∫hódG ÚH IƒéØdG ƒëŸ á«eÉædG ∫hódGh

bGvmJ ´* bC ¤gD* fJ¡+ÆD* ib+¡ ~|D* E ib£ gD*H h£ +bgD*H e¡~6b²* f£ G&* ¤ / ~{+ 0É-H Í g´* Iv@@D ¡@@p@g@D* @@E ¡@@F £ « ¯ f@@£@/¡@@=*v@@£@c@D* fjJv²* ib£/¡D¡ gDb+ x c´* - É1 E -*4vBH v~7*4 + v ¹ t£~{D* ¡ ~zD* d0b~8 b < Ä< fJ'HxD* wGH f£ gD* i*4b ´* ¡ gÂ bK +É: vJxF" D¡B ¯ ¡g E %* ~} + k£0 "bK ~}J&* ,b@@£@²* i*4b@@ @E ¡Ax JH fjJv²* µ*¡ D* gº ¢ < ÈC&* ¡ g´* qg J f£ gD* £/¡- ¯ bK ~6b~6&* j gJH ¤/¡D¡ £~6 @@+*x@@D* Eb D*H ~z0 ¶(* ¤/¡D¡ £~zD* I¡g~z´* ¢ < Í g´* Ì1 £A b´ f£ BxD*H e¡~6b²* 4b jg~6* jg~6* ib+¡ ~8 sJ bC bE ¡GH Í g DD Eb gD* É1 E ,x~6&ÉDH ¤+x D ¡1vD* Ä< e¡~6b²* E ¤c ~zD* ,4¡ 1 ~{- vB ¤gD* B*¡´* ¶(* ¤BÉ1&°*H ¤~z D* J¡ gD* ¢ < b :&ÉD f@@£@ -*4b@@E(°* f@@+x@@m@g@D* ¯ @@£@ @±*H £ gD* Í+ ,*5*¡@@´* ¢ < h < b F&* l*ÆDb+ b gG°* Í+H ¤ BxD*H ¤CwD* wD* f G*x´*H ¤~9b´b+ x~9b²* +xD fAb jD*H fAb jD*H

d ~{D* c g~zE ¯ 4bgsJH dpJ ¥wD* b@@©°* mgJ /H f ² C x~{g - ¤gD* ibE¡ ´* f<x~6 É1 E - ¤gD* £ gD*H ¤~6*4vD* I¡gp´* f BxD fjDbjD* f£ G&°* -H ib0¡D H&* h£ +bgD* g ~9&* ¥wD* ¤p~|D* dFb±* ¯ ¤CwD* £ g~zJ ° x ~8 ¯ DbA ¥¡+ÆD* ²* ¢ < q ~|gD* bK £c ~6 x.'¡-H F5H ¡ - vB ¤gD* f£~64v´* dg D* . « qc~8&* f£ BxD* A b E fJv~z±*H f£ D* gp~8 ¢ < ~|F Iv gJ ° vB b m0 h£ +b- pJ ¤-*4bE(°* w£ gD* hFbC ¤gD*H ibE*x= ¡ £C ,x~{< ¡pF < bK ~9¡< *x=¡ £C ,Ì 1 ibG¡~{- ¶(* b£0&°* } + ¯ ¥2'¡@ fp~|D* ¢ < f £1H 4b.% *H fcBxD*H x D fp~ p~| g D fJv~z±* ¢ = ¯ ¤-*4bE(°* ´* qc~8&* v D b@@£@ -(°b@@+ Í@@ @ @ @g@´* f@@c@Db@@ @E @@< E 8b1 ÆA2 H&* 8b1 4x § ib0¡DH d£~6*¡²* fJyGb/ É1 9¡ - &* b Â ¤@@g@D* q ~|gD* g D xA¡-H f£~64v´* dg D* C f£ £gC*vJvD* )b~6¡D*H nE*ÄD* fAbC f ¢ < ,Ì@ ¢ < @c@ C ,v@@)b@@A @@Dw@@ @ A f@@ E5É@@ D* 2v< E /Hx1 ¯ bK ~}J&* ´* ¢ <H g´* 2v< E

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

¤/¡=*v£+ v@@ @+ i*3 ¤@@ @Bx@@D* £;¡gD f@@£@Fb@@j@D* f@@£@ @ G&°* *K v/ ¤~6b£B h@@BH ¯ ~8¡gDb+ °K H&* c-xJ ¤@ £gC*2bJ2H gD* ¢ < g´* 2¡ -H f£/¡=*v£cD* i*vmg~z´* gs§ v + x~| D* i*vmg~zE ¢ < ~z + É@@:°* ¢ <H ¤-*wD* E bK £Fb.H h£FÆF°* f c~{+ 64*v´* +x+ nEbFÄD* bB &* f£~z²* i*4b ´* f£ -H ibE¡ ´b+ ~8¡gD* Ì~z£- É1 ¢ < vJ¡ - É1 E g D f£F*v/¡D*H f£Ax ´*H f£Cx²* kpcD* ¢ < vJ¡ -H ,$*x@@BH f+bgC e¡~6b²* E Eb gD*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

,¡ ³* wG ¯H fjJv²* ib£/¡D¡ gD* ¢ < x cE hBH Í+ ,¡ D* ix~zC b F&* b £~6°H £ ±* ¢ < ,ÌcC ,v)bA gD* ¯ f£:*x ÂvD* E bK <¡F h0b-&*H Í g´* gº *v£E ¯ f£/¡D¡ gD* ibEv³* E £ ±* ,2b g~6* Ä< < gD* ¯ ~}A&* ~{+ x jg~z- &* Â ¤gD*H gD* 4*v@@E qg J &* F&b~7 E ¤CwD* gD* (*" k£0 v + ¢ < f£DÉ g~6°* JvD ¤ JH f.*v²* ¢ < ÈC&* Í g´* ."¤ D* J¡ gD* I¡g~zE

jM| D fª:&*

jó G « ©àdG É« d æμ Q àd ôªà° ŸG ójG àdG æ ô «ª ôdG Y c μ°ûH É à æ ° G æŸG ø G ó« à° ŸG æ É¡dÉ G GP ó j ° G jó G É«æ àdG G æ ø dP °SÉ G G àfG °SQóŸG » Q dG ÉàμdG © ó ó àŸG ódG IQ É æ° d É G » Éªc » Gó« dG É¡ jô «ª ôdG óªàYG « ©àdG É G dG °S G É Q óH àfG ó «Hô©dG ódG ¢ ©H É ‹É G É¡ Hô àdG QÉ àYG øμ °SGQódG Gô »°SQóŸG ÉàμdG à° Y Éª«°S É«° dG G à j É P « GQÉ G 4¡ g- b /H f@@£@-*4b@@E(°* f~64v´* ¯ £ + ¤+bmJ(* x@@.&* D f£~8bF ¯ ¤-&b- b /H + ¤´b D* zJ4vgD* ~6 ¯ ¤ -x-H bK £Db0 - ¤GH £ gD* ,2¡/ I¡g~zE ¢ < f£+x D* HvD* £ / ¢ < ¤CwD* g D v~7*4 + v ¹ nEbFx+ £ - ¢ < ¶(* ¢ ~z-H + 64*v´* fc : £ / ¢ <H f£~6*4vD* ibJ¡g~z´* fEv g´* HvD* b~|E ¶(* bK ~}J&* ¤ Eb±* £ gDb+ ¤BxD* ¤ D* kpcD*H J¡ gD* I¡g~zE ¢ < w E rbg FÉD g D b@@m@´* ¤@@ @Bx@@D* eb@@g@ @D* &b@£@G v D

ô G «ª ôdG G Q ôŸG G ° QÉ àYÉH jó G ô°ü©dG ©àŸG jó« ÉH àμ IQ ° É¡ É« fÉc GPG G jôª©dG Gô Ió GôdG ódG © fÉc ÉfôH É«cô «H æ G ÉjQ c É¡à «°S »ª ôdG © «°SGQódG

h < Jx~{ D*H v0*¡D* x D* E ÁbjD* v D* fJ*v+ w E Hx~{E E bK BÉ F* f£ BxD* ¶(* £ gD* F ¢ < i*4b@@E(°* h F* ¥w@@D* "¤CwD* g D v~7*4 + v ¹ nEbFx+" vJHy-H hFÆF(°b+ f~64v´* +4 É1 E 2012 f ~6 g+x© g´*H f~64v´* @@+4 Ì~z£gD f£0¡ D* ,y /&°b+ Í g´* ¤ BxD* µb Db+ I¡gp´* ¶(* FH ¤@@~@ 6*4v@@D* n@@Eb@@FÄ@@D* f B4 h@@ b C bC b» bK E¡ < g´*H 64v´* ¢ < g~9xAH ÁHÆ D(°*

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

HbpA ,xC*wD* *v A ¯ dc~6 b GÉCH x-¡gD*H eb_gC°* ¡G <b gDbA $bBv~8&°*H f )b D* E ÈC&* bK gBH ¤~} - &* h£ + )bBv~8&*H -bBÉ< i2*25* b CH b -b£0 E $y/ &* ¢~z - °&* £ <H $¤~7 C ,x~}pg~zEH f ~{F -xC*3 bc-b+ D3H ,xC*wD* fJ¡ - ¢ < v<b~zJ fp~|Db+ b gG°* i*Hx~}³*H C*¡ D* v g J 5*¡gE ¤p~8 ¤)*w= b F 9b 0&°* ¢ < ¥¡g« ¤gD* f :&°* Hb - ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ b D ¤gD*H i*4b cDb+ f£ D* f :&°* E 4bjC(°*H +*¡gD*H D* ¯ ,2¡/¡´* bJÉ³* f£ - ¢ < ,4v D* K °(* b@+¡@@g@ @E $¤@@~@7 @@C © °H ~z + @@-x@@C*3 4¡QP @ @: Hv/ ¯ b FHv- &* ~} £A fJ4Hx~}D* 4¡@@E&°*H v£<*¡´* °K v+ ÉK jE Eb E f )bB ¤Bb+ xCwggD ~z F Iv« Db <&* . c-x- bEv < cg E 9*x=&* 0* b C b g+bgC E Hb0H cg E E bK ~9x= w1&bJ &* )bBv~8&* v0&* E d :* ¥&* H&* f :b g´* ib D* p+ 4b F &*v+* ¡G bE xCwg- &* bGÌ C bEvD* bJÉsA ¤ GwD* 2¡ m´* } + d g- fc D ¡ ³b+H I¡ -H q~|- J4b gD*H f~9bJxDb+ bJÉ³* E | g c~7&* ¤ A bJ&°* xE ¢ < -bp ~8 dg - ebgC $x´* ,xC*3 b £A dg JH -b£E¡J b@@~@z@F(°* b £A m~zJ ¤@@g@D* ,x ´b+ eb~|- b CH f/b²* v < c g~z´* ¯ b £D(* /ÌD l*v0&°* . ibp ~|D* + dg - ¥wD* Ä²* h cJH C%bgDb+ ib£E¡£D* wG jE b c£~|- f£Fb~zF(°* ,xC*wD* DwC b ~} + £~} ¢pÂH ibp ~8 b E h cJH ibp ~8 b E £~}gA ib@@A%°* $x´* m~6 ¥wD* ¤~9b´* ibp ~8 ¯ D3 C x1%°* } cD* ,b£²* É1

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

b £~| - ¯ &*vcJ . hB'¡E yº ¯ ibE¡ ´* p+ t´* ¯H f J¡ D* ,xC*wD* ¯ b <*vJ(° ¡ D* $b .&* bGy£ ©H Ix1&* ibE¡ E E +xO-H ibE¡ ´* ~z - f J¡ D* ,xC*wD* Q Dw+ £ g~zJH -bE¡ E h@@B'¡@´* ys´* x JH f +b~6 ibE¡ E < ,4bc< ¡p~|D* $b .&* ,vJv/ ibE¡ E Jys £~z - f£ < ¤-&b- . ,ÌcC f<x~z+ £ < ¶*¡g- i*Ì.&b-H b + ¡ J ¤gD* f J¡ D* ,xC*wD* ¯ ib<bc F°*H ibE¡ ´* ." £ D* ¡ D* $b .&* Â bE ~z0&* ¡ - ¡ D* $b .&* t´* ÉK 0 ¢g0 H&* ¡ D* $b .&* f ~{´ 0 4b ;(* t´* £ g~zJ b C DH £gE ¡GH b c0b~8 b+ ¢ < x s- µ f£~9bJ4 fD&b~z´ $b .&* |s~{D* -H c~6 bE ¢ < x1%°* ¡G bK £ cE ²* ¡ J i*Æ D ¡ D* v< (* $¤~7 ° E ng JO $¤~7 ° ¥&* f £D* E J ¡ D* v<H gBb: Eb + J ° bEvD* mJ f£AbC x.'¡JH Cb~{´* ² £ ~zD* Ì gD*H *v+(°* f£ - ¢ < ,4v D* ¡ D* &* ¶(* fAb~9(°b+ Ì gD* i*4b E ¢ < ,x~7bcE f ~|+ ¶(* lbp+&°* i4b~7&* xCwgD*H gD* ib£ D f£ G&°* Db+ xE&* ¡ D* 0*xE <&* É1 °(* lvpJ ° ibE¡ ´* 0 &* ~9 bcc~zJ ¡ D ¯b D* ~z D* w1&* v<H x ~zD* DwD Jx~zD* b£~z D*H ,xC*wD* f£~9bJxD* J4b gD* E ¤~z£)4 ~{+ v£ g~zJ bEvD* &* b C k£0 £ ~6 < 2¡/¡D fc~6b E f_£+ £ ~zD* ~z±* &° b©b+ Ím~zC&°* Av- E vJy- f£~9bJxD* J4b gD* (* ¥2'¡- vB ¤gD* ib+*x ~9°* x 1 E J @@D3H bEvD* 9*xE&* bK ~}J&*H ¥x ~zD* 9xE b EH ,xC*wD* *v A ¶(* ibBÉ D* ¢g0H xÂbGyD*H fJ¡EvD* f£<H&°* 2*v~zF*H d D* E | sgD* ¢ < v<b~zJ gm´* E Ég1°*H f£~|s~{D*

jM| D fª:&*

»Y Q ŸG ª É

≈cPCG ∂∏≤Yh iƒbCG ∂JôcGP øμàd f£ GwD* f£0b D* E y£ g D sJ4b- 2*vgE* ¢ < b~zF(°* ¢ ~6 £D(* 2¡ g~6 bEH D* ,¡B x.&* 42&* F&° f£ D* ,42bB ,xC*3H I¡B&* < ¢ < ¡~|p D ¤ ~zD* B¡gJ µH fÂvB f£ E5 i*Æ@@A w EH b£~z D* v@@<H ²* ¢ < i°v E vJy-H ,xC*wD* ¥¡ - b F&b+ 2*¡@@EH eb~{<&* h ~8H ¡j0bcD*H $b D* ~9H v D* *wG £ pgD bK c-H $bCwD* ¢ ~zJ bE b E b£~z D* v<H ,xC*wD* fJ¡ gD ,ÌjC ÍF*¡B d D* $*¡~6 f£c D* ÍF*¡ D* b EH f£0HxD* ÍF*¡ D* eb~{<&°* Hb - jE JvcD* d D* H&* £ < 4b g´* ¥x~{cD* b DbC f£~6b~6&°* b gc£Cx- ¯ ¡j ´* ¢ < ¥¡g« ¤gD* ¤gD* ÍF*¡ D* bE b EH f£F°v£~|D* ibcCx´* E bGÌ=H ³*H ¡ D* ¯ x+vgD*H E&bgDb+ D* Í~z« ¢ < v D*H Í~|DbC b£~6%* x~7 H2 ¯ ,ÌjC ,2b@@< ¡@@ @-H bEvD* f0*4(*H f £c D* ¯ J¡ D* E&bgD* £Db - vsg~z-H b £A f£_£cD* i*¡m D* £ - ¢ < v g - ,4¡ gE d£Db~6&b+ f £c D* ¯ £ D E&bg+ fm<y´* xG*¡ D*H K £ < ~z-H *y£ b~zF(°* ¤ - ,xC*wD* ,¡B &* ~7 ° vB ¤gD* f£~z D* ¡ ~}D* < *K v£ +H bK 0b-xE ©H -b£0 ,xC*wD* ~9 dc~z+ lv« 4¡E&* b£~zF ¶(* ¤E¡J ~{+H 9xQ gF b £ / b F&* ~7 °H d£-x- ,2b<(* b E d Q gJ b» * D b Fb£~zF H&* f Q E Q Q Í E xE& Ì+*vgD* E } cD* ix ; *wD b -bA bE *4vg~6° b -bJ¡DH&* 2Hv¹ ~{+ ¡DH ,xC*wD* ¥¡ -H ~z« ¤gD* ¢g0 B¡- H2H fJ¡£p+ J t´* (* ¡£D* b D ¡ J D*H 4¡gCvD* ¡ J b CH :b~{F < B¡gJ ° ¡G ¡ D* $b .&* ¡ J 4b D* É1" b£Fb´&b+ £+¡D f Eb/ E 4¡@@+ bJ

2zCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CG* 2 0 1 6 i%* CCC CCCCCCCC CC=&*

08 12

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗــﺼــﺪر ﻋــﻦ ﻣــﺮﻛــﺰ ﺳــﻠــﻄــﺎن ﺑــﻦ زاﻳـــﺪ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ وا!ﻋـــﻼم‬

ô``jôëàdG ¢ù«FQ

¬4§ ¡¼* «¤ < zª 6 4§ ¡H ô``jôë`àdG GQÉ°ûà°ùe

f=%* £f I 9fM4 2 Mf/ 2§ Á « ¡0

ô``jôë`àdG ô``jó`e

CC=5 uCC-fCCD zC CCtCH 2 êô`` ` ` `îŸG

CCCC;fI 5*§CCCCD °SGôŸG

Üô`` ` ¨` ` `ŸG ô``FG ` G ô`` `°` ` ü` ` e ¢`` ù` `jQÉ`` H -

»`` ` `à` `ŸG Gó`` ` ` ` ` ` Y ` ` `°`ü`e I ` ` jÉ`` ` ‹ó`` ` ` ` `Y É`` ` ` ` ` `°` ` ` ` ` ` TQ ø`` ` ` j ` ` ` `dG ó`` ` ` ` ` ` `

K~CC< zCCM'§CH :…QGOE’G ô`` «`Jô`μ`°ùdG ô``jô`ë`àdG äÓ°SGôe dr.fatehz@gmail.com 00971 2 2223000 -fCJ 00971 50 6251829 Mf+§H

j àdG

°e

6fg< z 0&* marketing@cmc.ae 00971 56 3150303 -fCJ

Emirates_CMC

www.mags.ae/culture/

äÉ`` ` `jƒ`` ` à` ` ë`ŸG

118

¶" µ h<|G* jM*K4 68 "ªk kH z M z0&*

v*|/ 102

| gG* jgM2&¶* 72

6§¡©D ,|<f G*

ª ¤D f©G*2

zMz/ ¨ ¡º* «4§1

| + L§ 6

pÏ.K j¡MzH 76

ªH*|F§+ z© 6

©D 104

1f+ ¢M2fI

m*zJf H

lI&* £%¶*" m¶'Kf kG*

£fF £fF £f/|¤H 108

69 CG*

¢H m*4fkÀ 114 ¢H »f G* mfDf .

* *| *| G* 2§ ¿ )*K

¨nI&* mfMf 0

}8fI É|H

©J*|+(* $f© G

,zMz/ L'K4

,24§G* oMz0 80 «Kf<42 ,Ò¡H

«2§·* £f 0

§ 6 Ä§ 7 j 7*|D 84 ½fqº* fI¶

,f©0 fÅ&*

z ¿ ¢+ ¢ 0

L§E&* -|F*3 ¢ kG 6

j©Df . £*§G&*

ªF{G* © kG* 8

j 7K*42 ¢È&*

¢:K 4*§I z 0&* 38

zg< z ¿ «2f¤G* zg< «2f¤G*

«KÏ 6 Ó¡gG* &*

jM§ G mf©Gf /

mfF|¸* *zwk 6* 46

m¶¶zG* Ò© - µ

ª G~F42 ¢ 0|G* zg<

$§ G* ,|)*2 µ

z© < ©04 48

ª kº* ¥ G* zg<

¼(* | -

¢MzG*K G*

ªºf G* ¤ G* 16 mfDf . |M§ kG

j© tº* mf kqº*

uGf 8 £f 6 M42(*

6|+ ,Ò 7&f- 21

,Ò E j E h¸*

9§< ,zI4

ª E4 $f D

ª +§/ ,4f 0 50

z¡< MftkG* i2&* 22

¢ 0 ª < 4f < 2

£*§ 94 ©<f 6(*

z ·* £|E x© M

jE4f1 mf¡)fF ¥g-

ÓHzE&¶* i| G*

¶ z / §tI 24

µ £Ï D ¢+* 60 f G* 4f H

Ó © 6 ©DK

~/f< 2§ 6&* Ê0 64

"Ç*|- mfM|F3"

| 7 z + fM 67

uGf G* fIf¡M(*

ª ¤ 6 z© 6

z ¿ Jf G*

«zM§ G* |<f G* 98 ¥-Ò 6 µ |HKÌ I*|-

N f/3§Å

«2KK*zG* Ï 6(¶*

fn©H j© © kG*

z IK mf 6*42

Ó+ 2§/§G* ~ G 12

*2§G* GfDK

ª-f ©¡F 4f M(*

ª<K4~º* j :fD

¢< jM} + ,$*|E 42

p§tgG* j 6'§H 94

jM| D f©:&*

Éz G* ¢H~G* ¢H $f I

f¡J ¢H fM*|H

«|)*~/ $f 6&*

2§ tº* ,zMf<

ª 9fº* ¢H }8f¡<

*K4*5 jGf04 32

ª © < ª <

2z G* jª0fkkD*

ô`` `jô``ë` àdG ¢ù`«`FQ

øjô°û©dG ¿ô≤dG â©æn °U :¿ƒ°ùjOCGh Ó«°ùJ ÚH l n äÉ°†eh b~zF(°* /H ,b£²* v/H&* Ñ*H N HO2 Uv@@¸H N O N Hx NP gcEO M bE5 DH b OEÉ<&* fM ES &* D x~{< ~6bgD* x D* ¯ *K Ì -H ÉK < ¡ gD b £A f£cc~zD* N ¡FbB S /H S N y< 9xAH bG4*x~6&°H b D bK ~{g E ,x~8b ´* f£E¡£D* b -b£0 ¶(* b GÌO .&b- vgÂ %°* ¶(* fJx~{cD* ,b£0 ¯ fL _£~}E fL ~|+ b D hFbC b´b< b JxE& * ¯ 5x+ P ."f)b´b+ Í ~z-H f ~z- fc~z + x<H f)b´b+ v0*H fc~z + L b D(* fJx c D* S (*" ¡~zJ2&* ¡ J fF4b ´* *y£E ¢ < É£~z-H ¡~zJ2&* ."bK Fb~zF(* b~zF(°* qc~|J ° É~| F* *3(*H ~}D*H ,¡ D* jE É~| J ° b +¡£<H b )b~}A" É£~z- ¡ JH R ~8 ¯ O -vD*H &*vcgD Gw D *2x~7 fDb0 ¯ bC F&° Lv~6bA F&b+ g~64vE ¯ ¡~zJ2&* ~8P HO ÍP ´b D* ,Ì~zE ¯ &°* 4¡~}0 O hDbB f £ < fJv<4 f ~8b< f £D ¯ vDP HO bEv A É£~z- bES &* "¤ g ~8 ¤gD* ¤G ¤-vD*H" ¡~zJ2&* ¡ J £ -H ~zJ4vg+ ¡ - hFb A 4¡ D* E ¡ £~6 + f )bB O-vD*H b £ < T2ÆD É D* E ¡ £~6 D* (*H '¡~7 xO JwF F(* fO +b D* fN c D* Tv N JO 5L b½(* DH ¤)b+x D* rbc~|´* x N gN +R * S .O ¤~6Ì/¡£F ¯ *x=¡F¡ D* Æ1* bEv < 1877 b< h F* ¡~zJ2&* ,x R ~7 O fO J*v+ b~{D* D* vGb~{J ¡GH – $b~zgA ¤CHxD* bc/ ¢ < ex D* b©* ¯ *K xAb~zE bC bEv < D3H $b+x D* £~8¡- 4b g+* ¯ ¶H&°* &* ,x D* hFb A " /b ´* 1*2 i%°%°* £ ~{gD $b+x D* f ~6*¡+ ,¡ + f Avg´* 4b F&°* b£E fBb: F Â ° £C – /b ´* b D L * x ,2¡/¡´* ibF*v ~{D*H 5b D* vB*¡E ¥U2'¡- ¡~6H bEyD* D3 ¯ ,2¡/¡E hFbC ¤gD* 5b D* d£+bF&* ¡ 1 f c~7 ¯ fDHy E É~6& K K v A É£~z- bE&* ¥2b~|gB°* dFb±* E ¢g0 bp/bF ÉJv+ f£)b+x D* f ~{D* ¤ U cN -N xE&* mJ wGH z+b ´* 4N H2 Fb~|´* ¯ bK ~6 x ~7b+ 24b~{gJ4 E £~8¡O P - fDb~64 ÉK Eb0 gCx~7 ¯ £D ¡~zJ2&* ¢ gD* bEv < fO J*vcD* hFbCH 2U2Æ´* 4N b£gD* 4b g+b+ O-x ~7 h<*3 ."eb~{D* *wG ¡G xO 1%°*H E Lv0*H NhF&* $b D* b/xD* E ÍP .* x<&*" b £A dgC T K K N ¢ < ¡~zJ2&* A*HH $b+x D bGvJ4¡- ¯ bJQ 2b~|gB* Iv/&*H f£Db A ÈN C&* i*vDU ¡´* m+ Nv<N HN H AC 2U2Æ´* 4b£gD* ,x + É~z£- &*v+ (* fJN yP ¸ ,& O bAb § É£~z- ¡~zJ2&* v<HH AD ¥2b0&°* 4b£gD* ¯ f jU g´* ¡~zJ2&* fN Jx: zAb - ¤GH b F¡ ~}E k£0 E ,x D* F(* É~z£gD bBH ,&bAb ´* gD bE E ¤ J bE 2¡/H v D v<H E ¡~zJ2&* ~|S N -N É£~z- f Jx: rb½ v + D rbm D* D S f£ JxE&°* +b<TvD* zp+ g g- ° ¤gD* -b<*Æ1* i*$*x+ } + £+ Jx: < b´* m+ &*vcA xN 1%* *4K b~zE &*vc£D ¡~zJ2&* fCx~7 E É~z£- b g~6* ,x gc´* ¡ D* ex0 P d~zC ¯ 6Hb g~zJH o4¡/H É£~z- q½ ¡~zJ2&* E É1 ¢ < bCH HP b EH ÆºH 6v E ¡GH 6Hb g~zJH o4¡/ bG*Æ~7* f c~{D* $b + ® a2bc´* z F ¢ <H 4¡J¡£F f JvE fEv³ *xm£F i°É~7 ¢ < 2U2Æ´* 4b£gD* E f c~7 ¢ < vDU ¡E $b + ® bEv < fCx ´* F&b+ x~zA k£0 TELEFORCE ¢ S ~zN O´* i¡´* O b ~7 É~z£- bGb<S2* ¤gD* i*4b g+°* E ¡£D* vsg~z- ¤gD* $b+x D* v£D¡gD f£ p´* S h mU ~6H E hB xP ~6 ¤gD* ib<*Æ1°* EH Hv D* i*x)b: E 10000 ~zO- &* ¢ < ,42bB $*¡ D* Ä< x ib £~z±* E L, NyCS xE fL S ~7&P * O O K ib+b~z² b AHH Wardenclyffe Tower P F24*H ox+ $b + bC b FN bE5 h c~6 ¤gD* ib<*Æ1°* EH ¡J2*xD* O *Æ1* Ì= ~6b+ ÉK £E Í~z 1 ¢ < vJyJ v + ¢ < vFÉJ%* F¡D ,xJy/ E b£V ~6° f£)b+x D* fBb Db+ 4¡J¡£F f JvE 2HyJ ¡~6 oÄD* *wG (bA É£~z-P rbc~|´* D3 h ~7& * ¤gD* f£)b+x D* fBb D* - 4vg~zFN bEv < D ¡~zJ2&* xCS wgF ¤)b+x D* rbc~|´* vO BP ¡FO bEv < ¡£D* b DH N 2U2Æ´* 4b£gD* ¯ É£~zg+ bFxCQ w-

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺆون اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ Emirates_CMC

2016 ‫ ـ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ـ آب ـ‬47 ‫اﻟﻌـﺪد‬

QÉé`` ` ` `°TC’G ΩÉ`` ` ` ` ` æJ Ék °†jCG

k ` ` «`d Ó

jCMzC¡C C¡ G* p§CtgG* jCC C 6'§H

v| ¼* zª < ª04 t «<f k/¸* 8*§kG* E*§H ¨ < jM*K|G* t ]fN C/3§CCÇ jª-*4fH(¸* j+|qkG*^ «F{G* ª kG* £f I(¸f+ j¤ªg 7 jE4f1 mf¡)fF ]¥g- « ª+§=^ ,4f 0 t ¢MzG*K G* Õ+ 2§/§G* ~ G t ]« Mz G* hª G*^ «+| ¼* §F§gª 6 ÕªIf+fªG* z¡< m§¼* jDf . t "«k kH z M z0&* ¸" · h<|G* jCCM*K4 t f G* 4f H · £Ñ D ¢+* t O 69^ ¥-4K2 · "£fF" £f/|¤H t $f I pÑ.K j¡MzH t fª 6K4 ,|<f 7 fD§-§ 0&* fI%* t O h0 ] t £f I(¸* ¢< j c 6&*K | DK