(
:i
ii .
euoqd
auBu rno[
secuereJsu
I€
87.
'II
uotrutug '0I
llsuErl
- iZ
apBpIIv
eIqBtr eusld puB
6Z
ssuduro3
0€
turddury a1!|ord PIrB
EC-IZ
oz-
6n
treld-
'6 '8
'L
't
tuldduyrl moluo3 pue sduyq qqdurtodo1
'S
pIrD B tupps pur1
suopdpcsaq
8I-SI
?I-II
.9
I ! ! ! ! I ! ! t
{
sdury qqal[S '€ rnElr{ 'Z
0r-L
slueruernsEe]
9-S v'7,
l
( ( ( (
ptrB
suoBsl^erqgv pIIB Suonrusec
'I
SII\IUINOJ.{O ET{YI
l 7661 ',{.runuu1 .reutur11 'U IIBC ,(q palqtuassu
BuIIoTBJ I$noS 1o ,{4sra,r5u61
ENIddYIAI qNV ENITSAUNS'IY3IE gIOf,YH3UV
Y
ZVS
IIINY
1-1 Definitions and Abbreviations Accidental errors
---[ffi4
methods and work conditions. They are small, partially compensating errors that cannot be eliminated but can be reduced by choice of field methods (Ilerubin). (see systematic errors)
Azimuth an angle measured clock\ilise from a reference direction, usually from north. may measure up to 360 degrees. (see bearing)
It
Backsisht (BS) a level sight reading taken to a leveling rod on a point of known elevation. It establishes the H.I. It is a plus sight taken back to a known point (Joukowsky). (see foresight) Bearine an angle east or west from north or south. (see azimuth)
It never
( ;
C
I
C C
exceeds 90 degrees.
Datum a permanent to semi-permanent (or sometimes temporary) reference point of known elevation and/or lmo*n location. It is used by archaeologists to aid in recording the provenience of features and artifacts. [vertical datum; grid, horizontal, or site datum] Declination the difference between compass or rnagnetic north and true north. It is east or west according to whe*rer the compass points east or west of true north Qlerubin).
@ining
t| € o € I a
;
Bench Mark (BM) a permanent or semi-permanent point of known elevation that can be used to establish other elevations (Herubin).
Differential levelling
€ € € €
the difference in elevation between two points (Herubin).
Doubling an angle (1) turn the angle from BS to FS in the normal way and read the A vernier; (2) plunge the scope; (3) clamp the upper plate and loosen the lower plate; (a) sight the BS and then turn the angle again; (5) read the doubled angle on the A vernier. (see repeating an angle) Foresieht (FS) a level sight reading taken on a leveling rod to establish the elevation of a new point. It is a minus sight taken in a forward direction (Joukowsky). (see baclsight) Departure in a coordinate system, the distance east or west of the origin (along the
X
axis).
Height of Instrument (H.I.) the elevation of the instrument above some reference plane or datum (Fowler).
t
J I ;
t t
C
a t!
s ; I ;
t ; t
rr
t t I t t ; t t
C
!
s1
'(ulqnreg) elecs tuerunrsul eql uo secuds I-N pnhe Jerruel er{l uo secuds N lurll qcns ezrs u go saceds lenhe qll/y\ gelcrulsuoc elBcs P '
eq1 Supnp peu1urelep sr uoRBAeIe esoq^l
t1 'lu1od Surpets eql
EJEfi
(,$1s,to1no1) ssecord 3ur-1prc1
lur.d e1tlpoturelur fgurauet 'drurodurel e
@
'(sselleg) esrelurl ueoo uB sl U 'tou JI '5sra-f,urL@p e 'pua ol pue papeuuoc seull UEre:trs Jo selres E
ol surnler
1I
JI
affifrffi
(sroue Iulueprcce ees) '(urqnrag) elqrssod releueq^\ pelusueduoc eq lsntu os prre 'sasserSord {ro^\ sB eseeJcul sJorre cpeuels{g 'suoplpuoc-Jeqlw,$ ituarudlnbe eql q suouragredru,
io spoqpur ol enp seruperubs
^o
*#ffif
,ffi,nffiJolf"ffiilffilffii
se.,,p Jo reqrunu ew rq epr rp uaqr 'ssa1 ,o iafue aqi urnl urute pue 'uouoru raddn eseeler prre uollour ren\ol dqulc (g) :Sg ol edoes'urn1ar ueqt 'uoRotu re/r\ol eseeler prre uolloru reddn durelc (g) ie13ue uB Plq lI)_
( ( € ( €
@
'por eW peer ot repro u1 tqfts Jo eu$ s1{t uto{ paau {uur pareelc ragto ro uor}zle8e^ pue 'lqfts Jo suII eq} popc osIB sI salcu1sqo eq ol eql 'Jletl-s_sorc IBcrtJaA eql slcesJelul edocselq llsrn4 aq1 q8norql Sup4ool ueq/h ueos rlerl-ssorc luluozFoq reluec eql ereqAr ^reIA 'l1suu4 eql uo edocselel eW Jo JelusJ erLl
rqETf,Iryi
'(sFre
I
eql tuop) urtuo aql Jo qlnos ro rprou ecuslsrp aq1 'ue1s,(s eleulprtxn B I4-
5PffiFI
€ € € €
'lueun-qsrr eql /$oFq
flelzrpaurul ecepns punorE aqt puB tq8p-3o-eug lueutu]sq eI$ usa/$leq
@
z-I
@
eI!_ ( €
i
1-3 ABBREVIATIONS ASL bd bgs BS bs ca
cm cos FS gs
H.I. h.i. m pz quad sm tan topo TP USGS
above sea level below datum below ground surface backsight below surface circa (approximately) centimeters cosine foresight eround surface ileight of Instrument (an elevation) height of instrument (a distance) meters plow zone quadratic sme
tangent topographic
turning point United States Geological Survey
IJ
4 J /
J J
C â‚Ź
C *
C
e
C
t
C C C
e
C ;
C
C C C
C C C
e
C C C 4
e e
C .--
il'il
Z
E:jaq=-ESeq
-
I EorB etBue.ul
V vsoc cqz - zc (e13ue elpoddo
*
,9
:
tq8leq x osEq - BorE el8uulcer
"B
:
se.iE?u$ffi6j
uls J uls g auls v-T--T: -q-- :
sll pue epls euo Jo tn8uel eU aofl NnuI no,$ set8uulr1 anblqo roJ SqSr 16@ luec?[pB
vsoc-
v
:
EFis-fu55EtPB
esnuelod,(r{
:
uls
UE|
SpimiT$ffido
:
esnuelodftl
asnuelodr(tl
:
SOC
ellsoddo
=\
UIS
truecE[pE
lluecB[pe
esnuelod{q \
'q\
Y\\ esnuelodfq
v-
"08I:C+g+V "06=s+y "l\
(at8ueplg-f-E)
\l
I eusoddo
1.--: ?
"c:"\*"E
I ( ( ( (
(
@
"t3
99'S 00's Lv't
sqfurl
( ( ( (
l,
\
CI
rqtlrroJ
so18uu.r.r1
LL'OI W'Ol 0z'0I s0'0I 0I
iln'il I8'ZI rZ'Zr 99'II 8I'II
ELZ, g3:ll 33:31 3i:3', ;3:3 il 3 33:3 3 I8:il 06'6 Z7;6 09'8 90'8 Zg'L \Z'L
rL'g ZE 9 6r'8 I8'r lZ'L g8'E 6€'S LO'L 0r'9 NZ'T I9'E
88'-T,
soItuBIrI fq8fU uo
LA'L L 80'9 9 0I'S s zl't t 9I'E E tZ'C I?'T I
7,
€
I I
esnuelod,tll
slue[Eamssal^[ pEB q]BIAI
t
1-Z
a c4 2-2 Distance kvel distance
: Slope disance :
100
(ylfet - lower stadia hair reading)
100 (upper - lower stadia hair reading)cos vert. angle
Horizontal distance of angle shot
=
100 (upper-1ower)cos2 vert. angle
Horizontal distanee
Correction fioilzontaforOer of accuracy
:
error of closure total measured distance
steel tape unsupported #lb tension
:
ffi
x 20 lb.
Conversions an4 Equivalents
feetx0.3048:
meters
metersx3.281 : feet acres divided by 2.47L = hectares 1 section = 1 square mile = 640 acres 1 acre = 208.7t ft on a side 1 acre :
4046.9 sq meters 1 meter 1.0936 yards = 39.37 inches 1 centimeter .3937 inches 1 km = 1093.61 yards .62L37 miles 1 yard = .9144 meters t ioot .3M8 meters = 30.48 cm 2.54 cm 1 inch 1 mile 1609.35 m 5280 feet
:
:
= 3.28 ft
â‚Ź
e lF a o
:
:
;
!
:
4rods:100 links= 66ft = 4poles = 80chains:lmile 1 decimeter (dm) 1 centimeter (cm;
: 0.1 meter (m) : 0.01 m
1 millimeter (mm)
= 0.001 m
( ( ( (
F
12 inches (in) 1 foot (fQ 3 ft = 1 yard (yd) 1 rod (rO 5.5 yards or 16.5 ft 40 rods 1 furlong (fur) 8 furlongs = 1 mile (mi) 1 link (1i) 7.92 inches 25 links 1 rod (rd)
:
c c(
â‚Ź
:
:
C4
e (
:
: : :
c cc c c cc cGi
4perches
=l
Gunter'schain
e t
s ;
C ;
e t! t! ;
f
rt
patulod-relur
ro ,reelcun ,esngrp souepunoq
unlEp
\,
,ern1ua3r
(
Yoo \,\--.'
olrugop [IrIeJ seuepunoq,e.rn1eay
JelB/r\ JO uORCeJrp
ro
\
| rl
'r
e)
co tu \o
ploul6od ,ltog
l1d BerB
€ € € ( € € (
uorsserdep
re^lol eql ol lulod samrlclur1 .go dorp
uaru odolsu/hop ro Je/hol eql ol
{lprcadsa
ecueJ eJI/n B
sernqqzq
1u1od
-n--lrsur'
.edo1s
\L/
,ecua3
's10qru(s rno{ ulBldxe ol dBr.u rnof uo 15{ e epnlcq sr(e,rp plnoqs no^
t@
q.
a'@
i,\
"A .UI,
as 'raded Jo poqs auo {Iuo dn se44 qqe{s ew
l,ql
os aFcs
rno{ rsnrpv
S:[rlf:rl^'.sa.1rysuq oau ]es retu no,{ .,ro't?1i,fr;qIH"'&n""^"r'i"tff1ffi::r'rfr;t1,Xffi B ABtu n9A 'rQles edols lou 'socuglslp Is:luozlrot eq ilI,n rotd iio[ secrislrip py gy*__socu?sp ;irop[.q-dA rnof ub ecui:rs1p eq1 ernsd5g ue4'pui ,,irirrirf ",[I bqr .lo3.r"?3:L{ eql lold ro "rrO reqibtiu tutod or 3up#q 6q1 eurugepp prrg ::91,1Y.ltll .'tco[99 'luloo eql re^oilry_q ssuctuoc.et8 ploq '1u1od Sunras e qs11qe1sg 'peleq pedulaq ro ui:c sjcirslirO 'rolcerlord puu 're1nr'sseduioi e isnl q11,n oeu'i'rieitp,t"e,(rea';;#* ugc notr
( € € ( ( ( € ( ( ( ( ( € ( € ( € € (
dw\t trsutraYEL ssvdr IoS SdYI/I HSIfl>TS
(
T-g
( (
F I 3-2 Sketch Map Exercise (taken from
L. Ferguson, 1981, ANTI{ 541)
PROBLEN{
PttP*t
a sketch qap 9f an archaeological site to be used in erecting interpretive signs and park benches for the public.
DESCRIPTION OF TTIE PROJECT AREA South of Barnwell College and north of Green Street on the University of South Carolina campus tlere is--a park are4-qnss-crossed with brick sidewalks. Witiin the green areas between the walks are small burial mounds. The University plans to erect iiterpretive signs and install park benchel neq the signs. The area wa-s iriginally landscaped without consultation with archaeologislq, !o- the area also includEs shrubbery, t?ees, storm drains, light poles, and other-added features.
REQIIIRED INFORMATION
in ptangng thi
exhibits we want to locate as many of them as possible in well sunlighted areas. .Thps, we need information on the height aird foliage ar& of the trees. We cinnot gla.cg the interpretive signs.on the mounds t[emselves ndr can we place them over facilities such as storm drains or sprinkler heads.
We need accurate ;ket9h maps that show the relationship of trees, shrubbery, mounds, and- grounds facilities (waste cans, storm drains, etc.). iMe want io know where the highest point of each mound lies, and how far out frbm that point each mound extends along the cardinal directions.
All measurements
should be in the metric system.
You-must include-a key an{ a scale on your map. AIso include your name, class -Indicate number, and the date. north lanO wtrafkind of north). identify wirich green area you have mapped.
EQImMET{T You will need pencils, paper, clip board, protractor and a centimeter scale. A11 distances should be measuredby pac-ing, so you will need to use a metric tape to first determine the length of y.our pLCe if you doh't already know it. Bearings sirould be determined with either a Silva or Brunlon compass. Cbmpasses and tapel may be checked out through Gail.
O
a a a a a
I ( F (
e ;
I I I G I a i Ij
a
I I
a a
iI )
4
o
1gg1
(uorn[.rry
(
6
rr's ruxy
we$ t(qt"J+tr,ll] ) ru
90'l
:
rrr 9.I + ru 9f.g : .I.H + otrsoddo : = (tgg')(ur 9I) :
ru 9?'S
'ru g'I sI
'I'H
'ru
sI
(uaXtuecufpe)
:
lq8req
etrsoddo
sornsBeu eeJl aql 0l ocuslsrp etLL 'o0z sornsBaru a13uu aq;,
F t! F F F F F F F F F F F F F F tt
r r t
;qql ern8g lqS1ru no,( ,roq go eldruuxa reqlorru sl ereH
'orqq u .uo.{r
.., 0r
.sc
F F
sl?llff*.?"?J ?3J";]:JffiT,;lJ"#
a
,IIs] ru gg'? q ee4 eql Joruartr"l eqr
perns*o,u Quacufpe) oerr eqr
r
It tt tt r
ur,}qo rl?ffir]lTrPJi
: "rpoaao
r F r It F
ernrcrd
:
ffi
aolaq u/r\oqs w srql uE| :1BrI1 roqruaue5 'Z uonces u1 frlauouo8pl eq1 tB {cuq {ooat aerB seerl aql IIBI rr'oq 11el no,( uuc a,og
E-t
tl tl tl l! ;
l' I
( (
I
{ ( € ( € ( ( ( ( €
G rgBes 6e'e Er't cAR olt NA Q nr rv E R 5 rrJ oF SouTH
Nst" to *ALE
KEY: 5IDE
I1 Ia
t1
{{ A LK9
DRAurr.t BY L, FER6USON 6. WA6ilCR t-?.}77- Z. 4 - El
AODIFIED
@
B
r F rd
u
ts u, \9 lrJ
J
c)
fv o
V \,
pd
Drvr 5
Cocr-ec g
(,
IU
J
Perre C oLLE GREE
N 10
srREeT
Ru
6E
tr
vl
z
ul
p-
adols urJoJrun
iI 'sfin lnoqe oB uuc no,( s[e,r Jo requnu B eru eJoqI
lulod leqloue speou
adols urroJrun
:edo1s urroJrun B IOE
'ruroJlun s1 slurod edois eqi lEql eunsse nod 'sprrralul Jnoluoc eql s,rrurp retndribc e'ro ilo( "^rt?ffif,-f.fi uerlt\ esntlofl
cdols ur e8uuqc dreae tE loqs B e{sl plnoqs nof sanbguqaa; pleld -" tqddul4l
rnoluo3
:
ot ll
lt
rl lt
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
d ( ( ( ( ( ( ( € ( (
oz OE
oh
I
I
I
t
I I
I I
(
( 1'g a;n6 13 .do.rp 'uon?^ela eql qll^\ poilew] pug pougrBp eq plnoqs eql wJg ro qunoJ fre,rg lEcpra^ B. elE4snilI feqtr ueqrn qcnol deulfaq1 qB1_oBIe 'ssorc ier'au sirifr rnoluo3 -'deu Ino[ go'sarrepunoq aql eplslno eq fuu ernsolc q8noqtp_'doo1 pesolc B rruoJ tsnru seull rnotuoc 11y -.edois bpuaa E elEclpul Uude reqUnJ stno-luoc iedols deets B eleclpq repetol eiblc ere smoluo3 lzr.It ',{ounccz pJeg_ paecxo plno^r {Ie{[ deiu inod-'1eq1 puokag 'tuc s[ EerE Jg 1aae1:noi( lBU B 0Z Jl deu cqderEodol pcpoloeeqcrg rrg uo esn pfio^\ egg .teeJ ol u_e11eus I lg/uetruy 002 s urorJ e8uer ueuo tsow slBuetur rnotuoo 'sdeur oAor SCSn-paqsgilnd ug .fiFgnr m irifi sr frunori oqt reqeqn\ uo turpuedap 'raqlouu otr deur euo uroij e8ueq5 keu p'@-riopoo;qi' .ie^el eql aoIIoJ lurn seuq ,ftBur8sur aru @31 8e6 a^oqz uorlu^e1a luslsuoc E tB eceFns puno:8
EqdduTAI
rnoluo3 puu sdulq agdarBodog,
T-'
i
l
t
c4 4-2
"t Contour l\dapping
1.
The way
-
J1
Field Techniques, cont.
I prefer is to visually select high spots, low spots, and critical changes in slopes.
The shots should also include physical or cultural points such as prolperry boundaries, road edge, building corners, stream bank edge, water edge, and so on. If this is a large area, you may do this with only a transit and rod -- no tape. Record all three horizontal hair readings, as well as azimuth, vertical angle, and a description of the point that was shot (and, of course, a sketch). It is best to do a traverse and close the loop. If this is a small area, use a tape for more accurate distance measurements. In all cases, level shots are preferable to angle shots.
2.
You may overlay a square or equilateral triangle grid over the area, and take shots at the intersection of lines. I do not particularly recommend this unless the area is fairly flat.
3.
You may set the transit at a point and shoot at different distances along lines radiating out from the traniit. In this case, it is best to choose radiating angles that are easily reproducible with a prohactor (for example, 30, 45, 60,90 ... not 16, 21,33). This is a method that can be used by inexperienced mapmakers who are not yet able to pick out points as in Method #L.
I{ow to Draw Contour Intervals Materials needed: mechanical pencil with 0.5 mm hard lead, ruler with at least two scales, at least one large triangle (preferably two triangles). 1. Lightly draw a straight line between the two points of known elevation. For purposes of this outline, I'll call them A (lower elevation) and B (higher elevation).
2. From the point of lower elevation (A), hold a ruler off at an angle from your first line. Mark light hatchures (r) at the wanted contour intervals and at the elevation of the.secoqd point (B). fri'tfris outline, i'li catl this last hatchure X. You may draw this sequence of hatchures at any angle or scale. After some experience, you will find sbme angles and scales easier than others. 3. Use two triangles or a triangle and ruler to transfer your scale (from Step 2) to the light line you drew in Step 1 between the two points of known elevation. Never use the hypotenuse side
a. Holdone slde of the triangle (this is the moving triangle) so
it connects
Point X to
PointB.Pressdownfirmlytokeepttremovingtriang1efrommoving. b. Hold the other triangle (the steady triangle) or ruler to the base of the moving triangle. Now hold down the steady triangle so it will hold completely steady, and release pressure g! thq povrlg qiangle.- 9!ryt to make sure that the moving triangle still connects X and B. Continue to hold down the steady triangle. c. Now slide the moving triangle to a hatchure mark. Lightly mark where the edge of the moving triangle passes through your Step 1 line. Coniinue until all hatchure marks from Step 2 hav6 been transferrid to your Step 1 line. d. Release the triangles and set them aside.
a. Lightly erase your hatchures from Step 2 and the line (except for the new hatchures) from Step 1. Lightly labe1 your hatchures. Now you are ready for another set of points. Wtrerf att the poinis have been plotted iimilarly, you are ready to draw your contour intervais.
firmly connect.dots of the same elevation. It is best t9 ey9ba11 what-will happen 5. Lightly -A1!o,but start either at a high area or a low area and work outward or inward. If you are not first. good at free-handing curyes, use an artist's curve. !:
t2
d d
;1
cl
G1
c1
cc c ce4 G4
;l"1 d d
d
e4
(Il
I
IF j,
d
J, /,
d d d d d d
e4
A
14
J)
2
JJ
I
LL
1 d 1 d 1
d
14
d d ?1 d e d d d
/
d
F
a-z*
e C4
d d d F
g
?
h'Eb
z'u
e
d d d
arn6 rJ
t-,
,
(
e
F € F
Fi gure
( 61.9
C
63.8
F ( (
68.7
l
73.
.
1
67.7
s
66.
B
68.
2
14
69.5
F F F d Grf Il
-
YL
ix
uoBces
uoucos
(-
ells sr orerlY[
6I ails sI ererl\,\ ag sr ereqa
i,(I q aroQ\.\
?/I
,/I gs 'ril /r\N'z/I N'3 its'r/I f,s 'tll /ds 'rll gN'g rew Jo,, pEJ
,/I IAN'Z/I
W I'q
lA.'V
aslcJexu
uolpas puu'etuug'dlqmaroa /$. '3uo-l
,,
!I u/r\ol urorJ (ur{) acue}slp
a8ueg
drqsurrro;
uorlces Vfi
T uon}Jrr( ?lt
ftuno3
elEls
:uoFBcs-I
uoqlBcorp,r?Iorr,r,er,rutrruqnsnod*f HIi"^l'J""Tli:&'#Idoj3:,3HJf;"#'?"ffi rrerpuary lud1cu6r4
e Jo trse&\ ro tsEC, sdlqsumol Jo s^\or Jo requnu eql q 53iffi eq1 ieurl essg B Jo qlnos ro quou sdrqsumol Jo s/(oJ Jo requrnu eql q Jeqrunu drqsuaaol aq; '1y1ef, gg;. 'eldunxa roJ -- lI sogpuepr ter.ll Joqunu a8uer e pue Jeqrunu dr.qsu,nol B sBrI dlqsumol qcug
otuo serenbs tg ot fg no[ uer,p\ suedduq ]ErI \ ol anp 'seprs lsa^\ prr' ?r1xe al?q 11lrt\ drqsumol puorsser8uoc qunoJ drarra 'd1pn1cy 'dlqsurrrol puolssar8uoc B rrur,ll 'sercu 0?9 ro a.r€nbs ogru I $ r{cil{/rl :e8rul ro rellerus eq ,(etu drqsumol lecpllod ro II Ic (Sliid$ffi Jo r.Icue 9€ suptuoc prre arenbs seltu 9 sr ditis'iI*--moa puolsser8uo3 u ',(Ipapl
*"r(t'iif"3$\:$*ir:
V
'eurT osBA prru rrurpuep 1ecol eql uo pes?q eq lsntu EeJ? r,lcua q sfa,r,rns gy '.raqteSot sesrrex birt 'rqtoqeN';dperoloJ Jo ssluts erll roJ euo osle sI areql "euu1uol41ib atels eqt roJ euI'I esBg prre rrurprrelt B sr ereql 'elduuxa rod 'lulod IEpIq eql q taaur r(eql ereq.tvreur.T esBg lsear-lsBe rru puu (olqo;o ,ftepunoq ualse^r eql suJoJ UBIpIJaI I pdlcug4 1s4C eql :errreu ? s?q qc1lh) uBrpIreIAI qlnos-quou E sBq ,ftlunoc eW Jo BerB qc?fl
eqJ, IF uI
d €
I / ( / ea e
I /
'uelsds sgl ui tou ere olq6 Jo sued os 'olqg Jo elels or{l ul tno pa{roAr se,n uals.(s 'suxef pue 'aesseuua;. ',(4cn1uay ldacxe sulu1unolAl wrqcepddy eW Jo lser\ selqs yo ualsfs s1q; 'spuq uT.Burop clqnd poltsc eru eseqJ 'peples are^\ aB o} Sulprocce pe,{aarns erea\ sprrul 'S8rI 'OZ KelN8uruurSag
posn
$ uopl^lp
,(aq1 arogeg urats,{s 8ur,uo11og
uolpes puu ra8ueg'dlqsurtog
sNorrdru3sgu (INva
T-9 L
C
5-2
Figure 5.1 36
31
3?
JJ
1
6
tr
4
l2
7
C)
9
t7
16
18
IJ
)A
?E
,)
36
31.
I
1
6
i0
11
12
7
15
14
13
1B
?4
19
?a
Z7
?2
23
24
19
25
JU
29
28
27
?6
?5
30
36
31
32
33
34
?tr
q
4
6
1
?
36
31
1
6
o o o ; o I ; ;
A Township and the Sections bordering it.
s ;
I ; ; ;
J ;
I F ;
J , ;
J
,!
a a
Figure 5.2 N
20 chain
B0 rods
hl*Nhl*
E+Nl,I*
80 acres
B0 acr
1320
ft
1320
J J J J J
40 chains/160 ro NE+
ft
Nt,l* SI^l* NE* Sl,l* 40 acres 40 acres
160 acres
2640
ft
Various d'ivisions
INI^l*SE+
t,l} 20 acre Nr*
S+Nt^J*SE+ SE*
20 cha'in 20a
sl^,*sbl*
SE*Sl,J*
440 yds 2.5 acres 16
atns
of a Secti on.
,-
m!11?,41
._; \,i:.\
I
t--. I
la-'l)r:-. tl\
-
l6rr
B
3r 68 *s trR
xrrl o 5
c)
ti
o ('l H
r)
o = cl'
r\ur
)\L^.
tL'
7\\ -\g \l\ I $r\
( ( ( ( ( ( ( € ( ( ( ( ( ( E
+D) SK;
e a
e-9
f
5-4
UTM (T]NWERSAL TRANSYER.SE MER.CATOR) The Universal transverse Mercator (UTM) is based on the principles of transverse Mercator projec$gq, whereby a section of a globe can be represented on a flat map. The world has been divided into 60 zones 6' wide, beginning with Zone 1 in the Pacific and running eastward. Continent4 contiguous U.S. Lies in-7ane 10 (from 126" W longitude) througf, Tane 19 (66" W longitude). eU ihe measurimenfs in this system are in meters. The origin of latitude (in meters) is at the equator. This system creat6s a grid overlay of squares l-km on a side.
To locate a site on a topo map by UTM: 1 - Draw q line from the top of the topo map to the bottom, so that you connect the UTM tick marks located most cloielv tothe west of the site. These ticks will have the highest easting value less than the value of the point. 2 - Draw a line from the right to the left side of the map, so that you connect the UTM tick marks located just south of the site. These tick marks will have the highest northing value less than the value of the point. . The two lines you drew will intersect somewhere southwest of the site. 3 - Write down the zone number, as well as the northing and easting values of the ticks from which you drew your lines. 4 - Using a scale that matches the scale of your (for example, the scale on a 7.5 -scale map minute map will be different from the on a 15 minute map), measure the additional distances to bracket the site. - This is done easiest with a UTM Coordinate Grid, such as the clear overlay that can be bought from Forestry Supply 5 - The data are recorded in the following order: zone number, easting, northing. References should be given to the nearest 10 m. A period is plac6d between the Easting and the Northing values. For ex: 18. 50127.4592L2 The zone number can be found in the legend of each topo map. The full UTM coordinate values are wrilten next to the ticlcs in the northwest and southeast corners of the topo map.
C C C C C C C
C C C C
I
C C C (
C
e
C C C
e
C C
e C e
C C
e
C C C
â‚Ź
C
1B
e â‚Ź e e C e e C e
6T
plnoqs Z# 'qcul I lnoqE $l Panunql ueeq seq Usu aql reUV_ 'lq3rs-go-eull eq] JJo saloru IrEu aql JI z# slol puB edocs eql qEnorr{l seqclB^r 1g ,punorS eql olq Ir,Bu ew sa^Irp 7,# sy .tres ^\ou{ eq o1 iqod oql Jo BerE arp ur punor8 ar;1 u^top cltuols Plnoqs Z#W$ eq18up1as eroJoq'(pa,nolo Uos sr punorSoqtJl .ryEur roleur lcerroc oql lE puu 1q31s-3o-euq orp uI q F-su alll Jo esuq eq1-ptun esdq go qloq'3u:rrroiu ,puu'e pue oOul
eql ploq pue u/hop Iseu{ pEolsw puu por eql eplsu ,(e1 plnoqs gg uer{t 'turod sHi'te puirori eqt I# JI 'las eq ol $pd lsrg aql tE {rBuI reteu eqt ol elqiisod iu reeu se q s{Ie^\ Z# eos uec
trqarsuna eq1 qanorql docs eqtr Ie^o 19 HHriH "d";3Tfr",lrXHfr,"iffHlffJt'ffi:ll,iq?Lf uoltrsarlp qclqa ees gl I# uo a{e ue dae4 roTpue uats11 tsnru uosra6. :uo iq8p-o] Surqleuos plortr otr e^Bq fff,it'Z*',uoiliie8sl I{ aap o1 'au9P s[.sFll l.Bcpro^ ssol ro arou por eW Z# lB q4q ureqa 8u.nryfuaae 8ur,ftric pug edq eq1 1no'Burleei ,iqais-go-eufl'oqt tudie mo'slre/d
ilfriosq
(pcerp elw eq ilt,I\ no[ g1 rerBoq op-'(peuegerd) punort uo tou ol lq8rs ?$ re \oI puqraddn eql qloq pue_luopcartp iqr r.eq Suriril sr iliirer eqr icorioc :tuloil e-ql ieio -euq eql Suop 3e1 podpl ,(ue les iffi ineq-ot sdleq
tI
d C
*;:;:rf3:[i,]
.1q8gi-go
&qr'tclqc ..ffi
edgl ;o 0 ppq or Uui sesn
e e C
ro/ptre ser'o18 ,(lqrssod 'laruutuq 'edq 'aedreqs 'edu1 turt8eg 'se1p1s ro/pus spau fpor .tno-etq^\ ,selou ,ipu Buol ,qoq qurnld .podpt ,lIsrrEI
r;tH3:S
:j
uosred
FFm@W
peau uro,
no^ .oiru
,eldood *r1,lltii,',f ;rljHll"H,"iH3iffi33itt;r? ,(peerp eleq nol ueqa)
{rT..a ouop eq ,(uu {rQ (1q8ts-go-eu11 rno,( punoJ
ffi
tes o1 e13ue ,06 s
IIru ol to 'eu11 s-N slw tuop s1u1od reqtro 1u lqars
o1 dpuer
"*'iHI
d e
e
f;ft T
qlnurze N eql uo 1q3rs no4 uaqn 0gg/0 spBer IIIIS relule^ v ern lBr{t {coqc alqnoc 'elPlo.lulgq Jeoon eql uesoo'I '/[eJcs lua8u4 JeI\oI rllm\ eunl-aug puu elqd remol eql {co-I
q';,[fii"tY*t$t'r,"1,ffittrj'#f,,*l
irl rerro B ro {11mrp qq rurod rr'u ,ril.x1fr0?}lr'J# ?qr edocs eql etslou 'e1e1d raddn-bq1 lrot poe ol lerrubn "Oggl0
V eqiref-.uinrrip're,ro dn rdS .Z
*'
'un1up raao tes q rIsIIB, ,(ue uaqrn puer ,(eru ssed..,oc rruH?X S#rt H#fr,1:'*I'lrTi? ":rr le^el ? qur,(11qarec fre.rr perniueu 'ed3t .tulod se'(ecuelstp-frerlrqre euros 1ou) ryBul releu e p 1ur.od drfopuirces'igr i,ir ol tseq sI qlntulzB (51 [1pnsn) euo ls?al 1B tes ,ferrru ecusts1p iuros ,piru uqup'lutuozuoq u q-sSqqsg' .1
C
a
tI
'u1 pe1e1n!uel4 eg,(utu septs reqlo er,lJ 'rerrroc ro saprs o^u esoql urorg Surdduur ueld IIB op ol ueql puB ,(q garnsueu reuroc euo lsEel lB Jo llun qcBa Jo seprs brrg e^Bq ol $aq q tI .€ '11suer1
'secuBlsrp
pu8 arnsueu -ol s8urpeer JIBT1 Jeteu ed4 peuorsuel firedord '1ana1 B asn sf,e,r1y .g -?lpuls 'a{s eql roJ auII 16-g ropu euo prre eurJ S-N rofeu euo tsrcI ru ias ot t_lsrre$ e ein :selorculrd l?Jeue9
-
'i
CIUC Y CNIJ,IflS T-9
(, € ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
d
a1
6-2 double check that the distance is still corect. The nail should not be pounded all the way flush without ---Th; first attaching a Senerous flagging tape label. d"ritio" rt"oria"UJt k n afiEr ine ioint is set, and perhapq after all points along this line of sight have been set, so that undue time will not be spent leveling. the tf,anslt scope. II #l .ouU-noi-..e th" grounO ina had the scope leve1 all alongl then elevations can be taken at any time. Once one point has been set, the line of sight.
it is easier for {2 to sight back along it to #1 and keep aligned with
you may not want to set nails every metg_r u.sing this method, but instead er/ery:o TTI T:F.j, a nalL by anO tfreri use just the tape to set ihe nails in between the points.set.by^transit. Set angles. right at off t unsit *trei"rer you ht6r want to set up the transit, perhaps to shoot Transit: To turn a right angle i is If vou are facins erid north and the A vernier reads 0/360, make sure the lower plate tran{t turn fingers, several tocked';e ;rj"di iiia ipp"ipiit..- No*, using only the tips. of |he untit yo, nearly read gddegrbes. I-ock the upper piate and then use thq upper.tangent, scr.-e]v-,t: nnotirni to exictly 90 degiees. Do not waste a Lot of time trying to do tlis blt hand,with. the (me lmes uDDer olate unloclied. Remember how to tell if the vernier is on a particular degree is on). line that the sldJ will be sfuhtly and evenly gffse! in toward o'n'"itfrE --- -16;fii a rinJexiliti itre oppositd direction: flip the scope. on many transits, the scope bubble level can be read upside down. Tape: To turn a right angle:
been set, measure alequat.lgngth il.either direction away ffialready . tip" to each of these offsef points, and,thel q1}l 1.1_?n::t from ifiJioi"t. froid or th.e linE that has already "tt".t ii-ii,iJi"fi"i itJ-r.*" rrioiri ilA;rh tape some.distance. aivay.flom hgh! is at f,-.g; r;t. The intiireption polni *itt lie along a line that Tgles from your original two tapei to about 45 of the angle the fur'a*ay as possibleiyet keep iine. try to set degrees from the original line.
i[il-;
Triangulating in: Beginning with two points already set on onq line: want to find the other two corners of the unit. r"n ttre tratn and Measurementi section, see the table of hypotenuse lengths. Need three people and a fli:xible tape, or two-ieople and two tapes. In this p*pf" and two Example, we will set at 2 x2 m unit. dneperson siis ai on" rit pollt (A) and holds a tap9. Tfrey can eilhgr hold tt-re- "dumb end" (0) or they can troi6 Z m. e Aiferinl person sits at the othei set poi1t.(B) and holds ? ta.pe. Lither hold 0 or 2.83 m. 'fhe third person, with stake or nail in hand, pulls the two tap"l taut and marks the spot where 2 m and 2.83 m meet. Do not hold the tapes Fu!-tg|joo ioi,g: :ost long enough to iluickty-mark-the spot. Set the natl st-lgJrtty in the gr9u1$,,!nj llen c-teEr."G Oistincis f,n" at a^ timdfrom the ottier two points. If all-looks good, pound in further and then check the distances one last time. --- if iUne of units will be placed out along this direction, instead of triangulating .in each one inOiviOuAiy, iet itrJ one furthest away (uerl accurately), ind then just use a tape back to the main line to set thg rest. To se.t a Trionaula*rnq in
t^p*;;iid
-
ti* "*
right a'rgle by +np*
thr"sidcg
a4
c a4
a1
a d
al
cc al a1
d del
a1
I /
J I J J I
4 I C e
C C C C C
C C C
I
C C
\
F
-of
al
---4
o
?0
v
4 4
4 a
BuAfDaJ dour o1
t
IZ
.rturo? nns eq+ luo Jt 5+)gl+rv 11u 5u;dduYY =---
- --..X1 ----
\
I I I I
I I I
O
v N .elqpr^ slop rnof eABeI :1oco1ord dury
( ( ( ( ( € ( ( €
(lueurernsueu qldap reqlo eulos ro) pq ruc x ew uoJJ uc x trsaA\
i,srueuernsBeue.rqrspeeup.ddlllTfJi,Tr:1i#iril
er' sluewelns,o,r IIB os 'Ieuroc,'?liiffiJlHTJ.H,i3ff"9H':.11,S:guT;Jr:h::"ffi $lrBtu leqtr e{s}s-ro IIBU aql uro{Jt [11ua1srsuoq e-msraur ol tseq s! t1 'uoseer siqi rog 'erenbs f1arer ere serenbs lsoru 'punort eq] otul redaep oB ,(eq1 se ipi:ris ,(1pnsn l,iereribs., ecuTs NVad
ro) tpn,eel lo
qcua Jo (uto11oq
'epeu eq plnoqs uonducsep Uos B puu 'paprocar eq plnoqs (ernlueg retruec pIIB sreluoc erp JBeu sqldop Je^\oI puu raddn eqt ',{1purr-ug,r1 '1eaa1 ro) do1 eql lE uA\Erp sr deu B ualJo puu '1arra1 qcee uo ub{u1 aq plnoqs satoN
:{cFIt uc 0I tou sl-1r qtnoq ue^e pepua eq plnoqs Ie^eI erfl 'etueqc Uos B seqceer rolEA€cxe eql I?^eI ulc-0l ,irenlqre uB oryl urc L JI 'snqJ, 'Io^eI lemlln? io-;crqderSpe4s '1urn1uu e puodaq puelxe Jo lnc-ssorc ,(lturmorq Je-Aeu plrioys fe,ra1- /fuBrlqJg '[e^ol 1de1 aq feur 1r ro 'ece;:ns punor3 aql Jo adols aql cuultu ,(eur Jo tuc g 'elduuxa JoJ -- Wdep peurureiep-eid euros Jo Ie^eI v
uv
U
'uc 0I
Eerxffitqiv
pepl eQ ol speau prrB ool sI Ie^oI eq} lpqns {crql ulw ool sI Ie^oI aql -
(q
( € ( € € €
€ ( (
I r
'luoluoc pue 'ernixel peugop ss 'uoursodep Jo repro 1arnllnc aql ro IBrnlBu ?ril tg1E-llglllq.sf
€
louu?c 6foloeeqcrB aql _ - lI qsrnturlsrp q lnq .parragerd q go edfi srql
:esnueeq /troiloJ o1 elqrssod s,{ump 1ou
'ro1oc 11os
Ia^eI
(
I
r lI ll ; t
ENIddYIAI f,lhTOUd ONY NYT{
T.L
I
I
7
,l 7-2 PROFILE Matedqls negdgd-l .4ay bottle,. string attached to 2 longish nails, 2 tape rneasures or measuring s.tick(l)99Y_.! (one muit tbck or itay ofen;, line tevel o"-a.ir*-rt i;g;[{d;A[;rph paper, pencil, ruler. clear the t9p of t4e prgfile so that loose dirt and vegetation will not fall in. l. First, "Og-". sectioriof the profile. Al*ais .1*n scrape q of h sm-all work from iop io bortom. Ti itd ?o. need to soak it with spray, several minutes, ana'ttren scrape. you ryait }[.il!lll {:},}]-y may do the entire upper profile *a, *g,rk fi;, il, ---' or lrst and thbn the lower sections, r -' "-*J -- iou from one side of the prohle to the other.
?. yith the pojlt- of the trgweJ, lightly mark the lines you will want to draw. If the dirr is dwilrg out quickly, you_ should scrape just a small s6tion and d;;; it.-*o then scraoe anomer sma[ sectlon and draw it. Chgpk any qrligr profile drawings thal abut this profrie, to make sure the lines will match. If they rion,t, frg'ire out why arid iili; mapping line for mapping the profile: stretch a srring with LIg^::^1""j:1ry,t1ry Lqlt"r$ rne level Irom me vertical datum and measure down to a convenient graph point-about Plgyqy- down the profile. For example, if datum is ig.zg m ASt ana thi Eire oi the oiom" rs z /.4o may wl{rt to set.your mapping line 49 cm bd, or at 27,g0 m esr. .* *sL, youmay set this mapping line a! wlltever point you please. However, you _^_,tllu$]{,.You may ]aler trnd transcribu]8 more convenient if it falls on a regu[ar giaph paper line, inil it certainly will make drawing the profile in the field easiei.
stllg+.tql.fitry|v into the pro{le. (near or beyond the edge) ar this poinr. Plrq Attach a line P-]Ilt strihg, and when it is level oriv6 ttri oir,ri-,ial ;i ;-b"rt;;a the opposite edge oflty.tl the profile yoY.
4. Set up your paper. Be sure to minimallya include: -
-
your name, date, site number g{d-labg} gf ong or both sides of the profile L!"1 grid direction of both ends of ttre profile unit and profile wall label datum line and its label liglt line showing the mapping line scale
A,l|o lay 1 tapg or measuring stick ?tong the top.edge of the profile, so that 0 begins ----- at --- the side you have been mapping from (in riy exarnple,ihesouth'or tiie'wisi sioey. e
5. Profile {rawing goes fastest.with two: one who measures, and one who draws. The two ahead of time on the order of the measurements, and-ttren the measurer 9-f IgY l.Sf .t" .?glee should stick to that order. The measurer.must keep their eye directly i"ioisii";;;h p;fii; which means they witl be contorting to look at th^e lowerfirost poin"t :- --You can do top _9d bottom measurements first, to give baselines, or do al1 measurements at on_ce.,-Igu may do all lines first and thdn artiFacts, or you may Oo al ai once. Here is an example: says: A! 3, surface isplus.41. At 7, base is minus 33" This gives the top ^.., ,_Y$urer and bottom corners of the profile on this side. plus.15, plus 7, minus 3, niinus 13, minus 23, minus 34. *,^_^t1-19: 4y. 42, plus-34, 'I'hese are all measurements above or below the temporary heasuring iine. The "it 10" refers to how far along lhg t"pe laid' out along the suiface "th" **.#";Lnt.-*" taken. The -tranges measurements should be taken at all corners of the pro!]e, wherever they occur; at in..tJory at ground surface and the bottom of the rin"-jui,.iions or areas or irofrlej ui artttacts; and also at regular intervals, such as ever,.20 cm. "ri aa LL
I I
,1
,1
I I I
a 4 a a
a
C C C
a
C
e
C
t
C C
I
C
t e t t t t t t I
e
!
e
t
C
t t t
-Igy til9h'az
a.f LC
I , Lo c)o
P'q",II 1sY
trt
--'----_ .so
oe'tzgl .ttt\or-'aa..---\
-
atoz
-
't
a
; '
\
o^oll
-
r
--
gg
-
t-
_
_
Vt r't
A
n
r"nroJ
za
4.--J-\
adu,r
lsH
o8
ut lb1'gz
ot
o.let
;"ifi ;fiHi,;ffi;1tr*e?I;i;t
"iga
ol uoqA\
€ € (
o
ol
oh
v wnru(
seqlrnodes*re*,"?ji,iiu'1"F#ffilxi::,fitH$^"#r:ii.;9".,S:HJ:?'"l,ll* no{',^op noi3rut :o.,nerp ioi
,{lqugor{ grm
Jioraq
1no tu1,ftp sI 1I JI flrelircnred 'eigord eql Jo rolo,ld
:reprsudc
( ( ( (
oi^auiqiiriioi 'eJnsEeu
ur uluto(I ol slulod lBt{/lr ra>lgl elou eql_q{A\ lgq/h uo Je>Is} eql qI,tl }Insuoc ,{uu rernssa,u rernseou eqf '8uop seofl euo sB slop llnsuoc r{uu eql Sunmuuoc ur8eq o1 6eq s1 i! 'slop eql rcauuoc ueqr p* rlrr,jE rr, .t=i u'w rergsu eqr e,eq,,o €s prr,.g:fff"1 sduirrp r.rr,c prrB ,*JHtlTr%3Xr'33,*rttH ?yl ?qor.e4e1 uaql sr re{s}s}ou eql re{sl etou oril rno tutgd or-peredard e{ pinoqs rii .parnira* usrq e^Bq stulod-ecurs) areq^r fnqtU gr iuloi 1o^/ro4 eqtr esa reqlie plnoqs JornsEeru $Bru {ue ssarSord 1ou filnoqs riibrnseau eq; 1ensnun eq'L 'eipusq uBc re{4-elou
eqtr IIBqI relseJ
e-L
,l c J c c
B_1
TRANSIT
C C C C C C C
VERNIER. --ffigE
consists. of two scales, one of which moves to make different alignments. They a1low a reading that is smaller ttran their smallest division.
The horizontal vernier on a transit will usually be cornplete sets of divisions (scales) and can be read in
a double vernier, which has two
eitherffin-'
r-- -.'1.-'.
-t \':
.(-
.-
'J. -
A l-minute vernier will be marked minute and estimated to 15" intervals.
in
I r t r.l,
to 30'. It can be read to
one
C C C
30
to . . .L+utr+rl.l.l
degrees up
r.. !j .,
On a 20-second vernier, each degree be read to 20' and estimated to 10'.
c C c
tJ
will be divided into thirds, or 20 seconds. It
can
C
a
C C C C
J J C J J C J 4 J J J I J J J J J
To read the vernier:
ffi
the one scale. r"ook where it points on the opposite scale. Read the lqighest degr-ee it has passed. If, for example, it ibints somewh6r'e between 70 and 71 degrees, write down 70 degrees. Z. l-d6t to see the highest miiutJmarker it has passed, and keep that number in mind. For example, on i2O-second vemier, let's sai ttre A/0 fies bttween the second minute marker and 71 degrees. Keep in mind 40 miirutes. 3. Bygball lrq* far past the minirte marker it has gone. Irss than hatf? More than half? This will help you locate the next number. 4. {ow forget aboyt wherq A/0 points, and look for which line on each scale lines updirectly across from each other. Only one pair of lines may do this. Step 3 has given you some initial idea of where to lqok on the scale. Near 0? Near 20? Near 10? It turns out to be 15 minutes, 40 seconds. Add the 15 minutes to the 40 minutes from Step 2. The vernier reads 70' 55' 40'. We read one scale to find the degrees and part of the minutes; we read the other scale to finish the minutes and read the s&onds.
HINT: When the lines are close, to tell which offset slightly in toward the line that is on.
one lines up: the line on either side
will be
24
; â‚Ź -1
--) +-
,(errr
urBAB
aa
I' c
tI
li
er:
I
(
I F ( F F ( €
I
'uo o^our :peqsrur{
palpuS$ IRun i(peets ploq
slql por erpuo aql o^ol
,{zm
[
^\ou
:lurod uO
'tq8ls Jo aufl eql u1 lou er? rnotr
sqt poJ eruua et$ e^ory tg8rs Jo aug eql q lou eru notr
,(em
(---
,(um sFn por or{t
--)
siq
poJ eql
#, + s-
'IBcFJo^ lou sr poJ erLL
€ ( €
? ? ( (
{
tU,L 'Ieciue^ tou sr por eqtr
liIJ,
&.
A
s[Eudis pou puB ]isf-';iJ
Z.B
I, t
8-3 X.eveling Exe;'cise 8.2 (adapted in part from Herubin 1974:58)
+*
line of sight
B.S.
0.8 m
2.0 m (to a known elevation)
(to an unknown elevation) : 1..2 m
BM1 Known elevation 500 m ASL
a 7 ADD
B.S.
w
SI]BTRACT F.S.
fnstructions: Complete the following addition and subtraction problem, then perform similar computations to answer questions 1: 3. Elevation of
BM
Show your math for Questions
1
plus B.S.
+
1-3here
0.8
= H.I. minus F.S.
= Elevation of Pt. Q
fline of sisht)
-
2.0 rn ASL
1. What is the elevation of Point R?
2. What is the elevation of Point T if the F.S. reads 1.0 m? 3. What is the elevation of Point W if the F.S. reads 2.6 m2
26
LZ
'(Og-SS:tf6I urqruaH uory paldupu) 'dn les lrsuqn r,Icee repun punor8 eqr lo uonu,,reid eqt qll/h peuracuoc tou erE e/I\ esrcrexe sFn uI lBql etoN 'selou pleg aql Jo lser eq1 apldruoc :suo.rlruFql
tsv
ur 9n'8nz
I
1.,18
ZdT
lsv
rx
9dl
'In
EZ'992
Z
l,l8
t
llet't \rnt'
0I'9
\/ Zj'zt
Z -- aqcraxg Buge,rarl
C
a a
,-8
C a
I
C C
8-5
K+E
TRAN5IT Facu.3
vEfffiqqt
/rSe$e$DE
c&a"BP
,. EYE /+
PlE(g
FOetlg STADIA HAr45
HNE
OF
J J C J ;
C C C
c
3t6Hr,
\tE-E cD?E rs,vEL .-YERIcAL TAN6ET{T
VEKNCAL
YERNIER
scrEw
corn9arS LD4K
UPPER ctAMP
'-'*=t EIiF* '---VEBNIER -LDwcF, clafi? [EvELtrt& S(RE\^J
oR Focr
I.J^}'ER IiANOBNT 9CREW
PLU/hB EDE HDDK
(
co CU
lurlretrbn frorm Fcrguton , tq8l ANTI{ ir
C C
c
C C C C C
C
C C
t
J ; a
6Z
'peu4P q lI rerllegt\ {caqc ot lulod p4q1 B tai( ol 4ceq 3up1oo1 pIIB uoncasralq Jo,1Y.f-l:Y:":9 epppllg 5$'Surires'r\ou ,(Q acaric elqnop plnoqs no1 'pel2n1's Alou erg noA ereq/( luloo ids ,ndu ari-1oi areq/t\ o1 {cuq aql sI lseru sauq oAU eql ereILV\ }^tJ^'i::? "uI 'les d\ou ere not .iu1od
u^\ou{ iuareggrp ? ot {ceq gPPplIB eqt q8norqt {ool /tloN pue 'iufot urnbtq e o1 4ciq ep?pl[s eq1 q8norql {oor ', ereql\ pru/(ol ,rceq l,irir.li!i', :i
^rrp'pue
,*"q{T-:3ffi&i:iiiil&XiU'HiI$
'aloreq or roqs eruq no-,( rurod e eq rou 'dn pi ot ttrB/r\ lxeu no,( ereq^\ eculd eql tuorJ eIqIsF- eq ilI/t'r lBr$ SlurOd JO Jequnu e peddvur aluq no'( eJns e{BIu 'uopuls
floffi
'rurod snor,rard Jeqlo aulos uo osp tqfts ,nou alqgl aW Surrroul lnoqlliA '{caqc elqnop oJ 'ngf'l-".q?^:1 '- 'uorUsod -uori'od 1uE B uo uI elqut alqu, eql dnuf3 'V lB^pleq por ,uql q 'tp"PII-t lq;ts ryc 'E .rrroi",il',f p,it"Vp* s ueeAueq eu11 iq1 suble ?ttl^o,"-3f,tq^ty*i113':tS ;auiro!1poA rnb,( 4ceqc-er _plrB alqzt aql eql uo lulod eql uonlsod reno (g) deu aql eqll relo g:5rto dn las rrroN
Ie^aT 'qoq qurnld aqt tutsn 'uopuls 'duru eql uo
il
rYreu
e
ryBIu puB (g) uo$sls alau aql elucol 'uoRE
'eq ppoqs lupd rnriq eqt ecustsrp eqt q r1 Buop erns?au uaql 'etpe lq8geas eq1 Suop eu11'ffi1i 'slr.Et{ por Blpsls eql turpuar ,(q ro aOa ,(q reJnle lulod vau s[W o-1 ??Y?t-1?'Io^aI adocs ?pBpII! eq1 daoy 'por e$ lqals lIBc no^ illun rno,( isripiae ipeHrelqi go afpa lqBIBrs eq1 daoy '7
?E:-'fP-Y:?]
'
apBprIB arg e1ulor pus
(v) r,ip rirr:
'I'H ur-4qo ol 'I'q eql ernsEal l eql ryBr{ .re^o les are nod uopsls eqt eAoqe dlappeururl (y) deul eql uo lutod .uoTlsls sFlt 1B arB no,( ellqn\_uolllsod o1u1 p?{cotelqq eIR eAErI 'Ie^eI sI pp8 q a8po dot eql os 1I ul.ll py-gI:q:l 1r lBul xcaqcog 'aiqe1 aq1 druelc riirn 'quou 'PeooBIu ;qr ie^rf ' .rJaea qilzrt eqt ul-ualsed 'tq8pq lsT_ErA lnoqE ot eIgB eql l-es- jnlas '.! poqx eq or BerB eql Jo a\al^ rseq eql sapporflleqr'ubplsoil e u1 efqa eueld pIrB an--TosiEiTFI gAgVI gNVTd
€ € €
(f
t
e € e
(I (I I|
CI
GNV gCY(trAY
II
C C
T-6
t
I
10- 1 BRUNTON COMPASS The Brunton compass has a mirrored, hinged lid; a front sight; a back sigh! a bubble for leveling; and a clin6meter for measuring vertical angles. The movement of the compass arrow is stopped when the lid is closed. Bruntons?ie either damped or undamped. A damped compass has a copper saucer beneath the needle, to slow the oscillation of the needle. The calibrated circle may be graduated from 0 - 3fl", or it m_ay in four quadrants of 0 - 90" each. A reading froh this latter would be read as "south forty-six point-z91o.degree.s west", for example, ani recorded as S46.0W. You should read to t[e nearest half degree if you aie hand-holding the compass, and to the nearest quafier degree if you use a mount. The calibrated cirile mav bi roiated via the declination screw to compensate for magnetic declination. In general, you should not mess yith ttrls (you will throw off the calibration of the compass), ai'd insteal correct for declination during-data reduction.
'
How can you tell which end of the needle Poi4tsggth?
tip. fhe
south end has wire wrapped-ar-ound the shank to act as a countenreighf. The counteiweight slides in or out as needed at different latitudes.
Vertical anele
-ffi6{neter
on the back of the compass is used to read vertical angles. The vertical vernier is graduated in both degrees and percent, so be sure to read the correct scale.
How to take an azimuth reading
d your eye mlst be directly above the point. As you look down and watch that the iubble stays ceniered, you rotate the compass until you can see the target and the frontsight tined up oir the mirror iine. Holding steady, read the angle. Figure 10.1 (taken from Daunt-Mergens 1981:82)
PORTH E,ND OF
NEEDLE
NltDtt
^lrERoR E
F -
-
Locl(
DBCLlxAttlo{ ScRtY{ 4pgpuLAE
yilt{D0rA, rN
L.EYTL
liBIOR
i!ili,f,0&,
(cLlNoi\ETEt, t{Ot tHD\rN
Lt$E ?N ,hISLot
)
30
q a q q J J
I
J
e a
I
a
CI
I! ;
e q
e ; ; ;
-FROilr tl6HT
+-
e e a q a
T' L9
Suuaeur8ue
pnrc
StS
VI
Surdduru cpapoe8 ldutsuas etoruer SfZ gb turddutu puu sduur !,(qdurSogec I0I YD qsrSoloeeqcre ro; tur,(euns LL-1L JC qll^r uret-sfs Jsar3uo3 gti frurqrl eq1 ui srare
:secuereJeJ SurddBru pue 3urferuns
'uopurl'q4uren| elntpsul pcfoloeuqilV tIoC
'IB le
"d
6967
'uogoru4corq;,
ffins
0L6r 'O 'd ueqoU 're1dg
uuqoulg'lIoH
'pe puz
'r\.N 'IIH-A\BJDoIAI
'
imfisiiiftii(e,uns- 9s6I
dUUa'uressrl1
'fN'IpH-acuuerd
'
_Q86I
BLI1PIA[' r(4s,tro4no1
'vO 'ollv
oIBd
"oc
'Iqnd plegduyrl 'pa w9 ' 'V uqof pue urBt[BJg
'yn'uolsaa "Iqnd uolsau
-
'rez1e11
9L6l
'd Ueqo1 ''A setuoq;. 'refseg
'@
tL6l
'V salr?tlC 'u1qrua11
qcrueseg pcl8oloauqcry
'eo{n?/l\IIIAI-ulsuocs
EqI
6L6I
"I uhIeIA[ 'ralttog
'uaABH ll\e
'qcrrasaA le1uelrg Jo sloot{cs IIBcIreuV
'I.X 'ane3 r4lourruel,t1'd[J 'pe pr€
'
'y;
'pa "O
'3ur.,ul '?clrauv;o qnocg
'aa$nuuoC uouuA?cxg,firsrenlull llreqrnq
fos
_186I
BTTBIO
'suatreJi{-lunu61
tr
ffigo
,!flSJg
foa
'pue18ug'ueqrn6
'
r
f86\
'd'segag
t!
SflJtrltrttU.{trU T
r t
r
-II