Mann-Simons Site (38RD1083) Findings, Vol. I (2012)

ARCHAEOLOGYATTHEMANNS I MONSS I TE( 38RD1083) : REPORTOFFI NDI NGS VOLUME1

J a k o bD.Cr o c k e t t ,PhD

Di r e c t o ro fAr c ha e o l o g y Hi s t o r i cCo l umb i aFo unda t i o n

Co py r i g ht© 2013b yHi s t o r i cCo l umb i aFo unda t i o n S o meRi g ht sRe s e r v e d.Thi swo r ki sl i c e ns e dunde rt heCr e a t i v eCo mmo nsAt t r i but i o nNo nCo mme r c i a l No De r i v s 3. 0Unpo r t e dLi c e ns e .Tov i e wac o pyo ft hi sl i c e ns e ,v i s i tht t p: / / c r e a t i v e c o mmo ns . o r g / l i c e ns e s / by nc nd/ 3. 0/ .

Fo ri nf o r ma t i o nc o nt a c t : Hi s t o r i cCo l umb i aFo unda t i o n 1601Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t Co l umbi a ,S o ut hCa r o l i na29201U. S . A.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THEcompl e t i o no fa nyl o ng t e r m pr o j e c ti sde pe nde ntupo nc o nt r i but i o nsf r o m amul t i t udeo fi ndi v i dua l s .Ia mi nde b t e dt oRo bi nWa i t e s ,Ex e c ut i v eDi r e c t o ro fHi s t o r i cCo l umbi aFo unda t i o n,a ndJ o hnS he r r e r ,Di r e c t o ro fCul t ur a lRe s o ur c e s .S i mpl yput :t hi spr o j e c two ul dno tha v eha ppe ne dwi t ho utt he i rs uppo r t . Wo r dsf a l l s ho r to ft hec o nt r i but i o nsa ndi mpa c tme mb e r so fmydi s s e r t a t i o nc o mmi t t e eha do nmy t hi nk i ng :Ke nKe l l y , AnnKi ng s o l v e r ,J o a nnaCa s e y , EdCa r ra ndKi mS i mmo ns . Thec o mpl e t i o no ff i e l dwo r ki n2005i sadi r e c tr e s ul to fJ o s e phCr o c k e t t ' st i mea nde f f o r t s .The e x t e nto ff i e l dwo r kc o mpl e t e di n2006a nd2007wo ul dno tha v eha ppe ne dwi t ho utt hehe l po fHe l é naFe r g us o n.J o s e phJ o hns o nwa sa ni nt e g r a lpa r to ft he2 012e x c a v a t i o ns .Iha dt hepr i v i l e g eo fdi r e c t i ngt hr e e f i e l ds c ho o l sa tt hes i t edur i ngMa y2006 ,Fa l l200 6a ndMa y2007 .Amul t i t udeo fi ndi v i dua l sv o l unt e e r e d i nt hef i e l da ndl a b.The i rha r dwo r k ,i nt e r e s ta nde x c i t e me ntma def o rab e t t e rpr o j e c t . Lo ng t e r m pr o j e c t sdono tha ppe nwi t ho utf undi ng .It ha nkt hef o l l o wi ngo r g a ni z a t i o nsf o rt he i rf i na nc i a ls uppo r t :Hi s t o r i cCo l umbi aFo unda t i o ns uppo r t e dt hi spr o j e c twi t hmo ne ya ndr e s o ur c e ss i nc et he be g i nni ng ;t heUni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i naDe pa r t me nto fAnt hr o po l o g ys uppo r t e dt hepr o j e c twi t ht hr e e s umme rr e s e a r c hg r a nt s ;TheHuma ni t i e sCo unc i l S C,aNa t i o na lEndo wme ntf o rt heHuma ni t i e spr o g r a m, nr yFr a nc i sduPo ntWi nt e r t hurMus e um & pr o v i de df undi ngf o rt hef i r s ts e a s o no fe x c a v a t i o n;a ndt heHe Es t a t eg r a nt e dmeaMc Ne i l Di s s e r t a t i o nFe l l o ws hi pf o rr e s i de nts t udydur i ngf a l l s e me s t e r2007 . Io weade e pa ppr e c i a t i o nt oMa r kCr o c k e t t ,whono to nl yv o l unt e e r e dhi st i me ,k no wl e dg ea nd s k i l l st obui l dt heg ho s ts t r uc t ur e s ,butt a ug htmet obec ur i o usa bo utt hewo r l da ndne v e rs t o pl e a r ni ng .

iii

CONTENTS

VOLUMEI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i FI GURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i x 1 I NTRODUCTI ON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ENVI RONMENTALBACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 HI S TORI CALBACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 COMPARATI VEARCHAEOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PREVI OUSARCHAEOLOGI CALRES EARCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 PREVI OUSDOCUMENTARYRES EARCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 THES TRUCTUREOFTHEREPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2 METHODOLOGI ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 FI ELD METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 LABORATORYMETHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 COLLECTI ON DATI NG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ARTI FACTCLAS S I FI CATI ON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 FAUNALANALYSI SMETHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 3 FI ELDWORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 EXCAVATI ON S TAGES , GOALSAND OBJ ECTI VES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 S I TES TRATI GRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4 FEATUREASSOCI ATI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 THELUNCH COUNTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 PRE1403RI CHLAND S TREETHOUS E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1904MARI ON S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1407RI CHLAND S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 THEPRI VY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

iv

OTHERBACKYARD S TRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 I NFRAS TRUCTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 PLANTI NG S PACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 FENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 BURI ALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 5 ARTI FACTDES CRI PTI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FEATURE12 T( TRASH PI T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FEATURE39J COMPLEX( PRI VY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 FEATURE31 CCOMPLEX( TRASH PI T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 FEATURE34 CCOMPLEX( TRASH PI T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 49J COMPLEX( TRASH PI T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R1 APPENDI XA. PROVENI ENCES UMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1 APPENDI XB. ARTI FACTCATALOG F I ELDS& VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1 APPENDI XC. CONTRI BUTORSTO F I ELD AND L ABORATORYWORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1 APPENDI XD. PROVENI ENCEDES CRI PTI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1 EASTYARD ( UNI TS5 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D1 NEARBACKYARD ( UNI TS1 420) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D24 BLOCK1( UNI TS2 338, 5660) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D63 BLOCK2( UNI TS2 1, 22, 3955) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D107 BLOCK3( UNI TS1 113, 6181) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D159

VOLUMEI I 6 ARTI FACTCATALOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

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FI GURES 11 1403RI CHLAND S TREETI N2 005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12S OUTH CAROLI NAP HYS I OGRAPHI CUNI TS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 1998EXCAVATI ON UNI TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 21S TANDARD RETAI LBEEFCUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 22S TANDARD RETAI LP ORKCUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 23S TANDARD RETAI LMUTTON CUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 31 LOCATI ONSOFS HOVELTES TP I TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 32 LOCATI ONSOFE XCAVATI ON UNI TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 33 PHOTOGRAPH OFBLOCK1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 34S TAGEI V,BLOCK3EXCAVATI ONSL OOKI NG NORTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 41 LUNCH COUNTERON THE1904S ANBORN F I REI NS URANCEMAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 42 UNI T1 1ATTHETOPOFLEVEL5( 11J ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 43 EXCAVATI ON UNI TSAS S OCI ATED WI TH THEL UNCH COUNTER, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 44 BLOCK3EXCAVATI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 45 19021909LUNCH COUNTERBRI CKDRAI N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 46 BI RD' SE YEVI EW MAPOFCOLUMBI A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 47S OUTH VI EW OFTHENORTHEAS TCORNEROFRI CHLAND AND MARI ON S TREETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 48 PHOTOGRAPH OF1904MARI ON S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 49 EVOLUTI ON OFTHEHOUS EAT1 904MARI ON S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 410 PHOTOGRAPH OF1407RI CHLAND S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 411 PLANVI EW DRAWI NG OF1 407RI CHLAND S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 412 VI EW OFTHEP RI VYUPON E XCAVATI ON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 413 THEPRI VYATTHES URFACEOFL EVEL3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 414 WESTPROFI LEDRAWI NG OFTHEP RI VY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 415 PLANVI EW DRAWI NG OFTHEP RI VY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 416 DETAI LFROM THE1 919S ANBORN F I REI NS URANCEMAPOFCOLUMBI A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 417 PHOTOGRAPH OFTHEBACKYARD AREA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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418 PLANVI EW I LLUS TRATI ON OFTHEBACKYARD OUTBUI LDI NGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 419 CASTI RON S EWERAGEP I PESAT1 904MARI ON S TREET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 12 420 TERMI NATI ON P OI NTOF5 I NCH CAS TI RON P I PE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 421 FRONTYARD ROW OFBRI CKSI N UNI T5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 422 FRONTYARD ROW OFBRI CKSI N BLOCK3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 423 PLANVI EW I LLUS TRATI ON OFBACKYARD P LANTI NG AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 424 FLOORS URFACEOFTHEP LANTI NG AREASI N BLOCK2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 425 FEATURESI N BLOCK2AS S OCI ATED WI TH F ENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 426 FEATURESASSOCI ATED WI TH P ETBURI ALSWI THI N THEBACKYARD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 427 S KELETON OFAS MALLDOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 428 PETCHI CKEN BURI AL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 51 PLANVI EW OFUNI T1 2ATTHES URFACEOFL EVEL6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52S OUTHEAS TVI EW OFUNI T1 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 53 EASTPROFI LEOFUNI T1 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 54 ADVERTI S EMENTFORTHE“ WI ZARD”BRAS SCUFFHOLDERCLI P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 55 BRASSBUTTONSWI TH AN ORI ENTALS CENE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 56 MODI FI ED . 22CALI BERCARTRI DGECAS ES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 57 ABOTTLEOF" WHI TEL I FE"BRAND S KI NL I GHTENER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 58 CASTI RON COI N BANK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 59 DECORATI VEARTI FACTSFROM THEL UNCH COUNTERDEPOS I T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 510 I LLUS TRATI ON OFE LECTRI CALWI RE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 511 POSSI BLEDOORS TOPAS S OCI ATED WI TH THEP RI VY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 512 PLANVI EW DRAWI NG OFTHEF EATURE3 1CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 513 I LLUS TRATI ON OFTHEWES TP ROFI LEOFF EATURE3 1CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 514 PHOTOGRAPH OFTHEWESTPROFI LEOFF EATURE3 1 CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 515 MYSTERYCOPPERJ EWELERYORHOUS EHOLD ACCES S ORYF RAGMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 516 PLANVI EW I LLUS TRATI ON OFF EATURE3 4CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 517 WESTPROFI LEOFF EATURE3 4CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 518 PLANVI EW I LLUS TRATI ON OFF EATURE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 519 PLANVI EW P HOTOGRAPH OFTHE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 520 S OUTH P ROFI LEI LLUS TRATI ON OFF EATURE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 521 COCKED AND LOADED . 22CALI BERP I S TOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 522 " AMERI CAN F EDERATI ON OFL ABOR"CELLULOI D PI NBACK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 523 FI GURI NERECOVERED FROM F EATURE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

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524 BASEOFATHOMASHOUSTON I NCANDES CENTL I GHTBULB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 525 CASTLEAD CAROUSELHORSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 526 COMPOSI TEMOLDED, HOLLOW RUBBER" BOUNCY"BALL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

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TABLES 21S KELETALCORRELATESTO CATTLEBUTCHERI NG UNI TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12 22S KELETALCORRELATESTO P I G BUTCHERI NG UNI TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 23S KELETALCORRELATESTO S HEEP/ GOATBUTCHERI NG UNI TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 24 MAMMALI AN S I ZECLAS S ES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 51S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE1 2T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 52S UMMARYOFCERAMI CKI TCHEN GROUPARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE1 2 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 53 CYLI NDRI CALCAN DATAFROM F EATURE1 2 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 54 TAXAREPRESENTATI ON, FEATURE12T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 55 BEEFCUTS, FEATURE12 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 56 PORKCUTS, FEATURE12 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 57S HEEP/ GOATCUTS, FEATURE12 T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 58S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE3 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 59S UMMARYOFCERAMI CKI TCHEN GROUPARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE3 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . 520 510 TAXAREPRESENTATI ON, 39J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 511 BEEFCUTS, 39J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 512 S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE3 1 CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 6 513 S UMMARYOFCERAMI CKI TCHEN GROUPARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE3 1CCOMPLEX. . . . 529 514 CYLI NDRI CALCAN DATAFROM F EATURE3 1CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 515 TAXAREPRESENTATI ON, FEATURE31CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 516 BEEFCUTS, FEATURE31CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 517 PORKCUTS, FEATURE31CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 518 S HEEP/ GOATCUTS, FEATURE31 CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 519 S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE3 4 CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6 520 S UMMARYOFCERAMI CKI TCHEN GROUPARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE3 4CCOMPLEX. . . 537 521 CYLI NDRI CALCAN DATAFROM F EATURE3 4CCOMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 522 S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 523 S UMMARYOFCERAMI CKI TCHEN GROUPARTI FACTSFROM F EATURE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . 545

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524 CYLI NDRI CALCAN DATAFROM F EATURE4 9J COMPLEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6 525 S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM S TRATUM 1 1D, LEVEL4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 49 526 S UMMARYOFCERAMI CKI TCHEN GROUPARTI FACTSFROM S TRATUM 1 1D,LEVEL4 . . . . 551 527 S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM S TRATUM 1 1J , LEVEL5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 528 S UMMARYOFARTI FACTSFROM S TRATUM 1 1J , LEVEL5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

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CHAPTER1

I NTRODUCTI ON

THISr e po r tde s c r i be st hea r c ha e o l o g i c a lf i ndi ng sf r o mt heMa nnS i mo nsAr c ha e o l o g yPr o j e c t ,a j o i ntv e nt ur ebe t we e nt hea ut ho ra ndHi s t o r i cCo l umbi aFo unda t i o n( HCF) ,ano t f o r pr o f i tpr e s e r v a t i o no r g a ni z a t i o n.Thef o c uso ft her e po r ti sat e c hni c a ldi s c us s i o no ft hea r c ha e o l o g i c a li nv e s t i g at i o nso f ,a ndda t ar e c o v e r e df r o m,t heMa nnS i mo ns i t e ,38RD1083( Fi g ur e11) .Lo c a t e do nt he no r t he a s tc o r ne ro fRi c hl a nda ndMa r i o ns t r e e t si ndo wnt o wnCo l umbi a ,S o ut hCa r o l i na ,hi s t o r i c a l l yt heMa nnS i mo nss i t ewa sac o l l e c t i o no fdo me s t i ca ndc o mme r c i a ls t r uc t ur e so wne da ndo pe r a t e dbyt hes a meAf r i c a nAme r i c a nf a mi l yf r o ma tl e a s t1843t o1970.To da y ,t he5, 565s q ua r ef o o t s i t ea nds i ng l er e ma i ni ngbui l di ngf unc t i o na samus e um i nt e r pr e t i ngAf r i c a nAme r i c a nl i f ei nCol umbi at hr o ug ht hel i v e sa nde x pe r i e nc e so ft heMa nnS i mo nsf a mi l y .Ther e ma i ni ngbui l di nga nd s o ut he r nha l fo ft hepr o pe r t ya r eo wne dbyt heCi t yo fCo l umbi a ,whi l et heno r t he r nha l fo ft he pr o pe r t yi so wne dbyt heCo l umbi aHo us i ngAut ho r i t y .HCFi ss t e wa r do ft hes i t e . TheMa nnS i mo nsAr c ha e o l o g yPr o j e c twa si ni t i a t e dJ une2005a st hea ut ho r ' sdi s s e r t a t i o n pr o j e c ta ndc o nc l ude dS e pt e mbe r2012wi t ht hea ut ho ra sa ne mpl o y e eo fHCF. I nt wov o l ume s ,t hi s r e po r tpr o v i de sde t a i l e dde s c r i pt i o nso ft hepr o j e c t ,i nc l udi ngr e s e a r c hde s i g n,f i e l da ndl a bo r a t o r y me t ho do l o g i e s ,f e a t ur e / pr o v e ni e nc ede s c r i pt i o nsa ndf ul la r t i f a c tc a t a l o gda t a .Thei nf o r ma t i o nc o nt a i ne dhe r e i npr o v i de st heba s i sf o rs i t ei nt e r pr e t a t i o nspr e s e nt e de l s e whe r e( pr i nc i pa l l yCr o c k e t t 2011, 2012)a ndwi l l ho pe f ul l ye nc o ur a g eo t he rr e s e a r c he r st ous et hi sda t aa nde x t e ndt hei nt e r pr e t a t i o na nda na l y s i st oo t he rs i t e s .

ENVI RONMENTALBACKGROUND Thei nt e r i o ro fS o ut hCa r o l i nai sf o r me dbyt heAppa l a c hi a nMo unt a i nst ot hewe s twi t ha n a v e r a g ee l e v a t i o no f3 , 000f e e t ,f o l l o we dt ot hee a s tbyt heAppa l a c hi a nPi e dmo ntt ha tt y pi c a l l y r a ng e si ne l e v a t i o nf r o m 300t o1000f e e t( Fi g ur e12) .Co nt i nui nge a s t wa r df r o mt he s ehi g hl a ndsi s a“ Fa l lLi ne ”whi c hs e r v e st ot r a ns i t i o ni nt ot heAt l a nt i cCo a s t a lPl a i n.TheAt l a nt i cCo a s t a lPl a i n g e nt l ys l o pe st o wa r dst heAt l a nt i cOc e a nwi t hf e we l e v a t i o nshi g he rt ha n300f e e t .Ce nt e ri nt he

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Fi g u r e11.1403Ri c h l a ndS t r e e ti n2005,l o o k i ngs o u t ha tt h eb a c ko ft h eh o u s e .

s t a t e ,Co l umbi as i t sa l o ngt hi s“ Fa l lLi ne , ”a tt hec o nf l ue nc eo ft heS a l udaa ndBr o a dr i v e r s ,f o r mi ng t he47mi l el o ngCo ng a r e eRi v e ri nRi c hl a ndCo unt y .

GEOLOGYAND S OI LS The“ Fa l lLi ne ”i sa nunc o nf o r mi t yt ha tma r k st heb o unda r ybe t we e nt heupl a ndPi e dmo nt r e g i o n( be dr o c k )a ndt heCo a s t a l Pl a i nr e g i o n( s e di me nt ) . ThePi e dmo nti st her e ma i nso fa na nc i e nt mo unt a i nc ha i nt ha tha sb e e ne r o de dwi t he x i s t i nge l e v a t i o nsr a ng i ngf r o m 300f e e tt o1, 400f e e t . ThePi e dmo nti sc ha r a c t e r i z e dbyg e nt l yr o l l i ngt o po g r a phy ,de e pl ywe a t he r e db e dr o c k ,a ndr e l a t i v e l y f e wr o c ko ut c r o ps .Thev e r t i c a ls t r a t i g r a phi cs e q ue nc ec o ns i s t so f5t o70f e e to fwe a t he r e dr e s i dua l s o i l sa tt hes ur f a c eunde r l a i nbyme t a mo r phi ca ndi g ne o usba s e me ntr o c k s( g r a ni t e ,s c hi s t ,a nd g ne i s s ) .Theg e o l o g yo ft hePi e dmo nti sc o mpl e xwi t hnume r o usr o c kt y pe st ha twe r ef o r me ddu r i ng t hePa l e o z o i ce r a( 250t o570MYA) .Thet y pi c a lr e s i dua ls o i lpr o f i l ec o ns i s t so fc l a y e ys o i l sne a rt he s ur f a c e ,whe r es o i lwe a t he r i ngi smo r ea dv a nc e d,unde r l a i nbys a ndys i l t sa nds i l t ys a nds .Thel a ndt o t hes o ut he a s to ft he“ Fa l lLi ne ”i sc ha r a c t e r i z e db yag e nt l ydo wnwa r ds l o pi nge l e v a t i o n( 2t o3f e e t pe rmi l e )a si ta ppr o a c he st heAt l a nt i cc o a s t l i ne( S CDOT2008) .

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CLI MATE Co l umbi ar e s i de si nt he c e nt e ro fS TRATUM Cl i ma t e Zo ne“ S o ut h, ”no t e df o rhumi d,s ubt r o pi c a lc o ndi t i o ns . Thec i t yr e c e i v e sa na v e r a g eo f 42 . 22i nc he so fr a i nf a l lay e a r c o mpa r e dt o51. 53i nc he sa t Cha r l e s t o na nd43. 51i nc he s a tCha r l o t t e ,NC.Apr i li st he dr i e s tmo nt hwi t h3 . 18i nc he s o fr a i nf a l l ; Aug us ti st he we t t e s t mo nt h wi t h 5. 48 i nc he so fr a i nf a l l( NOAA 2013) . The Pi e dmo nt Pl a t e a u e x pe r i e nc e s s o me o f t he ho t t e s tt e mpe r a t ur e si nt he Fi g u r e12.S o u t hCa r o l i naPh y s i o g r a p h i cUni t s( r e d r a wnf r o mS CDOT s t a t ea nd t heda i l ya nd r e 2008: 112) . g i o na lt e mpe r a t ur ev a r i a t i o ns i nCo l umbi aa r eus ua l l yc o ns i s t e ntt hr o ug ho utt hey e a r .Thedi f f e r e nc eb e t we e nda i l ymi ni mum a ndma x i mum t e mpe r a t ur e sa ve r a g e s20–25de g r e e sdur i nga l lmo nt hso ft hey e a r .Thec o l de s tmo nt hi sJ a nua r ywi t hame a nt e mpe r a t ur er a ng eo f32–55de g r e e sF.J ul yi st hewa r me s tmo nt hwi t hame a nt e mpe r a t ur er a ng eo f70– 92de g r e e sF. Theme a na nnua lt e mpe r a t ur ei s65de g r e e sF( NOAA2013) .

HI S TORI CALBACKGROUND “ Co l umbi a be g a na sa po l i t i c a lt he o r y , ”e x pl a i nshi s t o r i a n Ma r g a r e tB.Me r i we t he r ( 1936: 192) .Thepr o duc to fpo l i t i c a la nde c o no mi cc o nf l i c tb e t we e nt heLo wCo unt r ya ndUpCo unt r y ,t hes t a t el e g i s l a t ur ev o t e di n1786t omo v et hec a pi t a lo fS o ut hCa r o l i naf r o m Cha r l e s t o n t oCo l umbi a ,na r r o wl ybe a t i ngS t a t e bur gbyas i ng l ev o t e( S e l by1905 : 134) .I n1805Co l umbi awa s i nc o r po r a t e da sat o wn;i n1854,ac i t y ;a ndi n1859 ,aCo nf e de r a t ec i t y .“ Bo r no fg o v e r nme nt ,i t [ Co l umbi a ]ha se x i s t e da ndg r o wnbya ndf o rg o v e r nme nt ”( Buc ha na n1936: 57) . Al t ho ug hCo l umbi awa st hec a pi t a lo fS o ut hCa r o l i na ,i twa sne v e ral a r g ec i t y .I n1793 , S a mue lGr e e n,ame r c ha nta ndho t e lpur v e y o r ,r e po r t e dt ha tt henumbe ro fs t o r e si nCo l umbi awe r e i nc r e a s i ng“ s of a s ti nt hi spl a c et ha tt hepr o po r t i o no fbus i ne s se a c hc a ndomus tb ev e r yi nc o ns i de r a bl e ”( Mo o r e1993: 55) .I n1802 ,r o ug hl y200ho us e sa nd12s t o r e se x i s t e dwi t hi nCo l umbi a ’ so r i g i na lt wos q ua r emi l ebo unda r y( Fo r be s1936: 242) .Dr .F.A.Mi c ha ux( i nMo o r e1936: 261) ,pa s s i ng t hr o ug hCo l umbi adu r i ngt hee a r l yni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y ,o bs e r v e dt ha tt heho us e so fCo l umbi a“ a r e a l mo s ta l lc o ns t r uc t e do fpl a nk s ,a ndpa i nt e dg r e yo ry e l l o w;a nda l t ho ug hv e r yf e wo ft he mr a i s e d 13

mo r et ha nt wos t o r i e s ,o nt hewho l et he yha v eav e r ya g r e e a bl ea ppe a r a nc e . ”By1820t hec i t ybo a s t e d r o ug hl y250ho us e s( Fi c k l i ng1936)a ndanumb e ro fg r o c e r ys t o r e s ,t a v e r ns ,t a i l o rs ho ps ,a nddr ug s t o r e s ,ma nyo fwhi c h, bymi dc e nt ur y ,we r el a r g ee mpo r i ums( Mo o r e1993) . Fr o mi t si nc e pt i o n,Co l umbi as e r v e dadua lpur po s e —a sas e a to fg o v e r nme nta nda sac o mme r c i a lc r o s s r o a dsb e t we e nt heUpCo unt r ya ndLo wCo unt r y .Whi l eCo l umbi a ’ se c o no mywa s ba s e do nt r a de , a g r i c ul t ur ea nds l a v el a bo r ,i twa sno tunt i l a f t e r1800, whe nc o t t o npr o duc t i o nb e g a n t of l o ur i s hi nt heUpCo unt r yt ha tCo l umbi ab e c a meama r k e to fi mpo r t a nc e( De r r i c k1936) .S t a r t i ngi nt he1820 s ,ho we v e r ,c o t t o npr o duc t i o ni nt heUpCo unt r ys t e a di l yde c l i ne d( Co c l a ni s1985) . I n1801 ,S o ut hCa r o l i napr o duc e d20mi l l i o npo undso fc o t t o n,ha l fo ft hena t i o na lc r o p.By1820, wi t ht hede v e l o pme nto fc o t t o npr o duc t i o ni no t he rr e g i o ns , pa r t i c ul a r l yi ne a s t e r nTe x a s , S o ut hCa r o l i napr o duc e do nl y28 %o ft hena t i o na lc r o p,de s pi t eunc ha ng e dc o t t o npr o duc t i o n( Mo o r e1993) . Re g a r dl e s so fma r k e ts a t ur a t i o n, by1850, ne a r l ya l l o fCo l umbi a ’ se c o no mywa sba s e do nc o t t o n. Wi t ht hea do pt i o no fao ne c r o ps l a v ee c o no myba s e do nc o t t o nc a mes ub s t a nt i a ls o c i a l c ha ng e .I n1790,Af r i c a nsa ndAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsc o mpr i s e d33% o ft hes t a t e ' spo pul a t i o n,butby 1830,Af r i c a nsa ndAf r i c a nAme r i c a nso ut numbe r e dwhi t ei ndi v i dua l sby2: 1( Mo o r e1993) .I nCol umbi a ,t hedi f f e r e nc e sbe t we e nwhi t ea ndAf r i c a nAme r i c a npo pul a t i o nswe r ene v e rt ha tg r e a t .The o nl yt i medur i ngt hea nt e be l l um pe r i o dwhe nAf r i c a nAme r i c a nso ut numbe r e dwhi t ei ndi v i dua l si n Co l umbi awa si n1840,wi t h2 , 136whi t e sa nd2, 204Af r i c a nAme r i c a ns( o fwho m 149we r ef r e e ) . Thr o ug ho utt heAnt e b e l l um pe r i o d,Co l umbi as uppo r t e dar e l a t i v e l yl a r g ef r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a n c o mmuni t y .I n1850 ,Co l umbi a ’ sf r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a npo pul a t i o ng r e wt o196i ndi v i dua l sl i v i ngi n 68ho us e ho l ds .By1860 ,314f r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsr e s i de di n92f r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nho us e ho l ds ( Mo o r e1993) . Pe r ha psa sar e a c t i o nt oe c o no mi ct r o ubl e sr e l a t e dt oade c l i ni ngc o t t o nma r k e ta ndt heb e g i nni ngo ft hea bo l i t i o nmo v e me nti nt heNo r t h,anumbe ro fs t a t es t a t ut e sa ndc i t yo r di na nc e swe r e c r e a t e dt ha ts e ntac l e a rme s s a g et of r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nso ft he i rs e c o ndc l a s ss t a t us .I n1825 ,t he f i r s tpo l i c ef o r c ei nCo l umbi awa sc r e a t e d,wi t ho r de r st odi s pe r s eunl a wf ula s s e mbl i e so fAf r i c a n Ame r i c a nsa nda ppr e he nds l a v e swi t ho ut“ t i c k e t s . ”Af r i c a nAme r i c a nswe r eno ta l l o we dt oa s s e mbl e i ng r o upso ff i v eo rmo r e( e x c e pta tf une r a l s )wi t ho utawhi t ei ndi v i dua lpr e s e nt .I n1834,i tbe c a mea c r i mei nS o ut hCa r o l i nat ot e a c has l a v et or e a do rwr i t e ,a ndi nt he1850 s ,ape r s o nc o ul db ef i ne d a ndi mpr i s o ne di fc a ug htc i r c ul a t i ngpubl i s he do rwr i t t e nma t e r i a lt oas l a v e .Thepuni s hme ntf o r a ny o ne ,e x c e ptwhi t ef e ma l e s ,c a ug htt r a f f i c k i ngg o o dswi t hs l a v e swa s39l a s he s .Topr o t e c tt hei nt e r e s t so fwhi t ei ndi v i dua l sa ndr e s e r v es k i l l e dc r a f t sf o rwhi t eCo l umbi a ns ,i n1851,s l a v e swe r eo r de r e d no tt ob e c o meme c ha ni c s ,t r a de s pe o pl e ,c l e r k s ,o rs a l e spe r s o ns ,t og r o wpr o duc ef o rr e s a l e ,o rk e e pa bo a r di ngho us e .Ev e ns mo k i ngac i g a ro nt hes t r e e twa spuni s ha bl ebyno tmo r et ha n20l a s he s ( Mo o r e1993) . Ac c o r di ngt ot he1850c e ns us ,f r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsi nCo l umbi awo r k e dpr i ma r i l ya ss t a bl ek e e pe r s ,s ho e ma k e r s ,mus i c i a ns ,c a r pe nt e r s ,t a i l o r s ,a ndc a bi ne t ma k e r s ,a mo ngo t he ro c c upa t i o ns . Fr e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nwo me ni nCo l umbi awo r k e da sd r e s s ma k e r s ,s e a ms t r e s s e s ,wa s he r wo me n,a nd he a l t hc a r ewo r k e r s( Ra ndl e2004) .Aswi t hmo s to ft heS o ut hdur i ngt hi st i me ,t hema j o r i t yo fba r be r si nCo l umbi awe r ebl a c k .Ba r be r swe r eo f t e na f f o r de dg r e a t e rs o c i a lpr i v i l e g e st ha no t he rf r e e

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Af r i c a nAme r i c a ns .Oft he196f r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsi n1850l i v i ngi nCo l umbi a ,s e v e no wne dr e a l e s t a t ev a l ue da tmo r et ha n$1, 000( Mo o r e1993) . Thr o ug ho utt heAnt e b e l l um pe r i o d,s o c i a la t t i t ude so fEur o a me r i c a n’ sr e ma i ne de s s e nt i a l l y unc ha ng e d.Mr s .Br e v a r d,o neo fCo l umbi a ’ smo s twe a l t hyc i t i z e ns( wi t ho v e r200s l a v e s ) ,wr o t e , “ Ne g r o e sa r es t r a ng ec r e a t ur e s .Ic a nno tt e l li ft he yha v ea nyg o o df e e l i ngf o rt he i ro wne r so rno t … wha ta r ewet oe x pe c tf r o ms l a v e s–whe nmi neha t emea st he ydo–i ti sno t hi ngmo r et ha nIa m wh i t ea ndo wns l a v e s ”( i nMo o r e1993: 1267,e mpha s i si no r i g i na l ) .Ma t i l daLi e be r ,aCo l umbi ar e s i de nt ,wr o t et ha tAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns“ a r es og o o dna t ur e d–s og r a t e f ulf o ra nyk i ndne s ss ho wnt he m” ( Mo o r e1993: 127) . Whi l ea t t i t ude sma yno tha v ec ha ng e dmuc hbyt hee ndo ft heAnt e b e l l um pe r i o d,t hedyna mi c so fs o c i a lr e l a t i o ns hi pswe r ebe g i nni ngt oc ha ng es i g ni f i c a nt l y .Byt hes t a r to ft heCi v i lWa r , s o meCo l umbi a nswe r ec a l l i ngf o rt hee v i c t i o no fa l lf r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsf r o mt hes t a t e( Mo o r e 1993) .On11Apr i l ,1864 ,t hee di t o ro ft heGu a r d i a nne ws pa pe rc o mpl a i ne do fAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns ’ l a c ko fs upe r v i s i o na ndno tpr o duc i ngf o rt hewa re f f o r te no ug h;hes t a t e dt ha t ,“ i nc i t i e sa ndt o wns he[ t heAf r i c a nAme r i c a n]i sc o mpa r a t i v e l yunde rnoc o nt r o l ”( Mo o r e1993 : 186) .Wi t ht hef a l lo f Co l umbi at oGe ne r a l S he r ma ni nFe br ua r yo f1865, Re c o ns t r uc t i o nc o mme nc e da ndt hec i t yb e g a na r a di c a ls o c i a l r e s t r uc t ur i ng . Twoc o nc e r nswe r ef o r e f r o nti nt hemi ndso fmo s to fCo l umbi a ’ sr e s i de nt sdu r i ngRe c o ns t r uc t i o n:t hee c o no my ,a ndwha tt odowi t ht hei nt r o duc t i o no ft ho us a ndso fne wc i t i z e nsi nt ot he s o c i a lo r de r( Mo o r e1993) .Whi l er i g i dc o nt r o lo ft hel i v e so fAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsbywhi t eS o ut he r ne r sc a met oaha l twi t he ma nc i pa t i o ni n1865,t hes ubj ug a t i o no fAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsbywhi t er ul e c o nt i nue di nmo r es ub t l ef o r ms .Mo s twhi t eCo l umbi a nsa s s ume dt ha tt he y ,t hemi no r i t y ,wo ul d c o nt i nuet os e tpo l i c ya ndc o nt r o lt hema j o r i t y .“ Wec a nc o nt r o la nddi r e c tt heNe g r o e s , ”wr o t e S o ut hCa r o l i napl a nt e rWa deHa mpt o ni n1867o ft heAf r i c a nAme r i c a nv o t e ,“ i fwea c tdi s c r e e t l y , a ndi nmyj udg me ntt hehi g he s tdut yo fe v e r yS o ut he r nma ni st os e c ur et heg o o dwi l la ndc o nf i de nc eo ft heNe g r o .Ourf ut ur ede pe ndso nt hi s ”( i nMo o r e1993 : 219) . Ha mpt o n’ se f f o r t st oc o nt r o lt heAf r i c a nAme r i c a nv o t ef a i l e d,de s pi t eS o ut hCa r o l i na ’ sa t t e mptt ode nyAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns uf f r a g ei ni t sf i r s tpo s t wa rc o ns t i t ut i o n.One hundr e da ndt we nt yf o urde l e g a t e s( 67Af r i c a nAme r i c a n)wr o t eane ws t a t ec o ns t i t ut i o ni nJ a nua r y ,1867 ,g r a nt i ngs uf f r a g er i g ht st oAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns .Re s i s t a nc eo nt hepa r to fwhi t eS o ut hCa r o l i ni a nspr o mpt e dt he Uni t e dS t a t e sCo ng r e s st oa bo l i s hS o ut hCa r o l i na ’ ss t a t eg o v e r nme nti nMa r c h1867,s e t t i ngt he s t a g ef o rAf r i c a nAme r i c a nst of ul l ye x e r c i s et he i rpo l i t i c a lr i g ht sf o rt hef i r s tt i me .Butr e s i s t a nc et o Af r i c a nAme r i c a npo l i t i c a lpa r t i c i pa t i o nc o nt i nue d,t husf o r c i ngU. S .mi l i t a r ya ut ho r i t i e st or e mo v e t hema y o ra ndf i v ea l de r me n.The s ea ut ho r i t i e si ns t a l l e ds i xpe o pl eo ft he i rc ho o s i ng ,o fwhi c ht hr e e we r eAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns( Mo o r e1993) . ByApr i l1870,Af r i c a nAme r i c a nss uc c e e de di nho l di ngt hema j o r i t yo fa l lRi c hl a ndCo unt y a ndCo l umbi ac i t yo f f i c e s ,butma y o r ,s he r i f f ,a nda nypo s i t i o nr e l a t e dt of i na nc e sr e ma i ne di nwhi t e ha ndst hr o ug ho utRe c o ns t r uc t i o n( Mo o r e1993) .No ne t he l e s s ,po l i t i c a li nv o l v e me ntwa sno tt he o nl ywa yt og a i ns o c i a le mpo we r me nt .I n1881,apub l i cs c ho o lbo a r dwa so r g a ni z e d,but ,“ t he [ whi t e ]pe o pl eha dl i t t l ei nt e r e s ti ne duc a t i o n… t hepo o r[ Whi t e ]pe o pl ewe r et o opr o udt oa c c e pt

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wha tt he yr e g a r de da st hec ha r i t yo ft hes t a t e ”( Cr o w1936: 119) .Thet o t a la t t e nda nc ef o rt het wo y e a r spr e c e di ngt hec r e a t i o no ft hes c ho o lbo a r dwa sr o ug hl y500s t ude nt s ,o fwho mt hema j o r i t y we r eAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns( Cr o w1936) . Hi s t o r i a nJ a me sMo o r e( 1993)s ug g e s t st ha tt heCo l umbi ac o mmuni t yha dar e l a t i v e l ye a s i e r t i mea dj us t i ngt ot he s ene ws o c i a lc o ndi t i o nst ha nt her e s to fS o ut hCa r o l i naf o rt wor e a s o ns .Fi r s t , c o mpa r e dt oma nyc o mmuni t i e si nS o ut hCa r o l i na ,Co l umbi aha sa l wa y sha dar e l a t i v e l yl a r g ef r e e Af r i c a nAme r i c a npo pul a t i o n;a nds e c o nd,Co l umbi a nspute c o no mi c sbe f o r epo l i t i c s .Re g a r dl e s so f ho wS o ut hCa r o l i na ’ swhi t epo pul a t i o nma yha v ef e l ta bo utt heAf r i c a nAme r i c a nv o t ea ndpo l i t i c a l po we r ,a ni ndi v i dua l ' sda y t o da ye c o no mi cc o ndi t i o ns–ho wo nei st oma k eal i v i ng–r e c e i v e dc o ns i de r a bl ea t t e nt i o n.TheFr e e dme n’ sBur e a ur e po r t e di nOc t o be ro f1886t ha t10 , 304i ndi v i dua l si n Ri c hl a ndc o unt ywe r ede s t i t ut e ,ne a r l yha l fo ft hec o unt y ’ spo pul a t i o n( Mo o r e1993) .Dur i ngRe c o ns t r uc t i o n,r ur a le c o no mi e sc o nt i nue dt ode c l i ne .Al t ho ug ht henumb e ro fs ma l lf a r msi nc r e a s e d, l a r g e l ya st her e s ul to fs pl i t t i ngl a r g epl a nt a t i o ns ,t hema j o r i t yo ff a r mswe r eba s e do nt hes ha r e c r o ppi ngs y s t e m,pe r pe t ua t i nga na l r e a dyde s t i t ut epo pul a t i o n.Out o f s t a t emi g r a t i o ns o a r e d,a ndby 1870,t hepo pul a t i o no fCo l umbi awa sj us t9 , 298,a ni nc r e a s eo fo nl y1 , 200pe o pl eo v e rat e ny e a r pe r i o d( Mo o r e1993) . An Af r i c a n Ame r i c a n po l i t i c a lma j o r i t yi n Co l umbi ae nde da br upt l yi n 1877 whe n De mo c r a t ss uc c e e de di no us t i ngRe publ i c a nsf r o mc i t ya ndc o unt yg o v e r nme nt s .Wi t hAf r i c a n Ame r i c a npo l i t i c a ldi s e mpo we r me nta ndane wha nds o f fa t t i t udebyU.S .Co ng r e s st o wa r dt her e s t r uc t ur i ngo ft heS o ut h,Re c o ns t r uc t i o nc a met oa ne nd.Af r i c a nAme r i c a nswe r ef o r c e dt ous ea l t e r na t i v eme a nst oo bt a i ns o c i a le mpo we r me nti nt hi spo s t Re c o ns t r uc t i o ne nv i r o nme ntt ha ta c t i v e l y s o ug htt ode nyAf r i c a nAme r i c a nst hef ul lpr i v i l e g e so fc i t i z e ns hi p.Ma nyAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsa nd me mbe r so fo t he rma r g i na l i z e dg r o upst o o ka dv a nt a g eo fa ne me r g i ngma s sma r k e ta ndc o ns ume r c ul t ur et oa c hi e v es o c i a l o bj e c t i v e s . Po s t Re c o ns t r uc t i o n,ape r i o dl a s t i ngf r o m 1877t ot heCi v i lRi g ht se r a ,wa sat i meo f Af r i c a nAme r i c a ndi s e nf r a nc hi s e me ntt hr o ug ho f f i c i a la nduno f f i c i a ldi s c r i mi na t i o n.J i m Cr o wl e g i s l a t i o n,l a bo rs e g r e g a t i o n,publ i cs ur v e i l l a nc e ,a ndpo l i t i c a le x c l us i o na l ls e r v e dt ope r pe t ua t ea ne x i s t i ngr a c i s ti de o l o g ya nds o c i a ls t r uc t ur e .Pr e v a l e ntr a c i s ts o c i a lt ho ug hti nt heS o ut h,a nda na s s ume d s upe r i o r i t y ,a r ee v i de nc e di nt hewa ys o mewhi t ehi s t o r i a nso ft hepo s t Re c o ns t r uc t i o ne r awr o t e a bo utt hee ndo fRe c o ns t r uc t i o n.“ Af t e rt hede s o l a t i o no ft hewa r ,i nt e r e s ti na r tna t ur a l l ys uf f e r e df o r s o mey e a r s , ”wr o t ehi s t o r i a nHa r r i e tM.S a l l e yo fCo l umbi ai n1936, “ butwi t ht h er e s t o r a t i o no fwh i t e c o nt r o l ,t hei ndo mi t a bl es pi r i to fCo l umbi a nss o o na s s e r t e di t s e l fa ndg r a dua l l yt he r ewa sar e v i v a lo f i nt e r e s ti n”t hea r t sa ndmus i c( S a l l e y1936: 186 ,e mpha s i sa dde d) .W.B.Na s h,apr o mi ne ntAf r i c a n Ame r i c a nme mbe ro ft heS o ut hCa r o l i naRe publ i c a npa r t y ,o bs e r v e dt ha tr e c o ns t r uc t i o na ndmi l i t a r y r ul ei nS o ut hCa r o l i naha dl i t t l ee f f e c to ndo mi na ntwhi t ei de o l o g y ;whi t eS o ut he r ne r swe r e“ no t c o nq ue r e d—no tc ha ng e d”( i nMo o r e1993 : 253) . ThePo s t Re c o ns t r uc t i o ne r awi t ne s s e dt heg r o wt ho faf ul lma r k e te c o no mya ndt hede v e l o pme nto fb r a ndna me s ,di s t i nc t i v epa c k a g i ng ,l a bo runi o ns ,e l e c t r i ct r o l l e y s ,t e l e pho ne s ,ho mee l e c t r i c i t y ,a ndna t i o na la dv e r t i s i nga ndma r k e t i ng( S pe nc e r Wo o d1987 ;S t r a s s e r1989) .Ast hev a r i e t y a nda v a i l a bi l i t yo fc o ns ume rg o o dsi nc r e a s e dt hr o ug ho utt hel a t e19t ha nde a r l y20t hc e nt ur i e s ,s o t o odi dt heo ppo r t uni t i e sf o rc o ns ume r st or e a ppr o pr i a t et heme a ni ng so fma s s pr o duc e dg o o ds . 16

Ma t e r i a lg o o dsbe c a met hedo mi na ntmo deo fc ul t ur a le x pr e s s i o n,whe r eo bj e c t swo r k e dt oc r e a t e pe r s o na lc o nne c t i o nst ol a r g e rs phe r e so fc ul t ur a lme a ni ng( Gr i e r1988) .Thi sne wl ye me r g i ngc o ns ume rs pa c ebe c a meak e ya r e naf o rt hewhi t eS o ut he r nc r e a t i o no f ,a ndAf r i c a nAme r i c a nr e s i s t a nc e t o ,ac ul t ur eo fs e g r e g a t i o n( Ha l e1998) .S e g r e g a t i o ni nc r e a s i ng l ybe c a mea ni de o l o g i c a lwa rf o ug ht wi t hi nt hes pa c e so fc o ns umpt i o n( We e ms1998) . S e g r e g a t i o na ndJ i m Cr o wl e g i s l a t i o n–wha thi s t o r i a nRo be r tWe e ms( 1998)ha sc a l l e d ‘ Ame r i c a na pa r t he i d’–c a mei nt wof unda me nt a lf o r ms :a sal e g a ls t r uc t ur ea nda ss o c i a lc us t o m( t he “ e t i q ue t t e ”o fJ i m Cr o w)( Pa c k a r d2002) .Funda me nt a lt oJ i m Cr o w wa st hepr i nc i pl et ha ta ny Whi t epe r s o nwa ss upe r i o rt oe v e r yBl a c kpe r s o n,r e g a r dl e s so fwe a l t h,e duc a t i o n,o rs t a t us .Unde r t hei l l us i o no f“ s a me ne s s , ”a nd“ s e pa r a t ebute q ua l , ”t heg o a lo fJ i m Cr o wwa st os e pa r a t eAf r i c a n Ame r i c a nsf r o m whi t es o c i e t y ;“ Thee t i q ue t t eo fr a c er e pr e s e nt e da no bl i g a t o r yr i t ua lt ok e e pwhi t e s i nmi ndo ft he i rf i r s t c l a s sr a nka ndbl a c k so ft he i rs e c o ndc l a s ss t a ndi ng ”( Pa c k a r d2002: 165) .Ha l e ( 1998)s ug g e s t st ha ts e g r e g a t i o nb e c a met hef o unda t i o no fS o ut he r ns o c i e t ya nd “ t hec e nt r a l me t a pho ro fS o ut he r nl i f e ”b e c a us ei tba l a nc e dwhi t ede ma ndf o rs o c i a ls upe r i o r i t ya ndt hes pr e a do f ana t i o na lma r k e t pl a c e .Co ns ume rc ul t ur e ,Ha l ea r g ue s ,c r e a t e ds pa c e st ha tbo t he x pl i c i t l ya ndi mpl i c i t l yc ha l l e ng e ds e g r e g a t i o n. Al t ho ug hma r k e t e r sa t t e mpt e dt or e a c habr o a dc r o s ss e c t i o no fAme r i c a ns o c i e t yt hr o ug h a dv e r t i s i ng ,mo s tAme r i c a nsa tt het ur no f t he 20 t hc e nt ur ys t i l lbo ug htunl a be l e dg o o dss uc ha s s ug a r ,f l o ur ,s a l t ,s o a pa ndv i ne g a rf r o m bul kc o nt a i ne r sa tl o c a lo rg e ne r a ls t o r e s( S t r a s s e r1989) . Af r i c a nAme r i c a nswe r er o ut i ne l ys ubj e c t e dt os e c o ndc l a s st r e a t me nti nr e t a i le s t a bl i s hme nt s .The r i s eo fama s sma r k e t ,a ndt hes ho ppi ngo pt i o nsi ta f f o r de d,c ha ng e dt hena t ur eo ft her e l a t i o ns hi p be t we e nc o ns ume ra ndr e t a i l e r .Wi t hana t i o na lma r k e tc a meag r e a t e rs e pa r a t i o nb e t we e nc o ns ume r a ndr e t a i l e rt ha tf a c i l i t a t e da ni ndi v i dua l i t ya ndi de nt i t yo f t e nno ta v a i l a bl ef r o ml o c a ls t o r e s .Whi l e c o ns ume rs pa c ewa sne v e rf r e ef r o mr a c i a lbi a s ,Af r i c a nAme r i c a nsa ndo t he rma r g i na l i z e dg r o ups we r ea bl et oe mpl o yv a r i o usc o ns umpt i o ns t r a t e g i e st ha tunde r mi ne dwhi t e ’ ss i ng ul a rc l a i mt ot hef ul l pr i v i l e g e so fc i t i z e ns hi p( Mul l i ns1999b) . Thena t i o na lma s s ma r k e tb r o ug htwi t hi tbr a nde dg o o ds ,ao ne pr i c epr i nc i pl e ,ma i l o r de r r e t a i l e r s ,a ndc ha i ns t o r e s( S t r a s s e r1989) .Br a ndna meg o o dswe r eo f t e nus e dbyAf r i c a nAme r i c a ns a sas o c i a lne g o t i a t i o ns t r a t e g y .Byl i nk i ngac o mmo di t yt oas y mbo l i c‘ na t i o na l ’ma r k e ta ndi de nt i t y , br a ndna meg o o dspr o v i de dAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsa ne f f e c t i v es t r a t e g yf o re v a di ngt her a c i s mo fl o c a l ma r k e t e r s .Co nduc t i ngr e s e a r c ho nAf r i c a nAme r i c a nc o ns ume rbe ha v i o r si n1932,Pa ulEdwa r ds no t e d:

I npur c ha s i ngf o o dsi nbul ks he[ t heAf r i c a nAme r i c a nf e ma l ec o ns ume r ]o f t e nno t o nl ys us pe c t ss ho r twe i g ht ,butha snowa yt oa s s ur ehe r s e l fa st oq ua l i t y .No r t ha nd S o ut ht heNe g r oa l lt o oo f t e nha sbe e nv i c t i mi z e dbyuns c r upul o usme r c ha nt s . Br a ndsha v ec o met ober e l i e do nt opr o v i depr o t e c t i o ni nbuy i ng( i nWe e ms 1998: 26) .

17

Br a ndna me ss t o o df o rt hec o ns ume r ’ se x pe c t a t i o no fpr o duc tq ua l i t y .Co mpa ni e spr o duc e ds t a nda r di z e dpr o duc t st owi nc o ns ume rt r us ta nds e l lmo r epr o duc t s .Br a ndna meg o o dso f f e r e dc o ns ume r sane wk i ndo fc o nt r o l o v e rl o c a ls ur v e i l l a nc ea nddi s c r i mi na t i o n. Li k e wi s e ,byt hel a t e19t hc e nt ur y ,ma i l o r de ro ut l e t ss e r v e dt oi nt e g r a t ei ndi v i dua lc o ns ume r si nt ot hema s sma r k e ta ndpr o v i de dAf r i c a nAme r i c a nswi t ha ne f f e c t i v es t r a t e g yf o re v a di ng t her a c i s mo fl o c a lma r k e t e r s .S e a r s ,Ro e buc k ,a ndCo mpa nya ndMo nt g o me r yWa r dpr o v i de da l a r g ea r r a yo fpr o duc t sa ndg a v ea c c e s st ot hena t i o na lma r k e ta ndana t i o na li de nt i t ywi t ho utr a c i a l de f e r e nc eo ras t o r e k e e pe r ’ spr e r o g a t i v ei nde t e r mi ni ngt heq ua l i t yo fg o o dsac o ns ume rwo ul dr e c e i v e ( Ha l e1998 ;S t r a s s e r1989) .At t e mpt i ngt opr e s e r v ec ul t ur a li de nt i t i e sa ndf o s t e rs o c i a le mpo we r me nt whi l ea tt hes a met i mec ha l l e ng i ngahe g e mo ni cwhi t es o c i a ls t r uc t ur e ,i nt he1920 sa nd1930s ,t he Na t i o na lNe g r oBus i ne s sLe a g ueur g e dAf r i c a nAme r i c a nc o ns ume r st oa v o i dWhi t ee s t a bl i s hme nt s a l t o g e t he ra nd“ BuyS o me t hi ngFr o m aNe g r oMe r c ha nt ! ”( We e ms1998 : 17) .

COMPARATI VEARCHAEOLOGY De s pi t et hi sr i c hhi s t o r i c a lc o nt e x t ,i nt e r pr e t a t i o no ff i ndi ng sf r o mt heMa nnS i mo nss i t e s uf f e r sf r o m apo v e r t yo fc o mpa r a t i v ea r c ha e o l o g yo ft heg r e a t e rCo l umbi aa r e a ,pa r t i c ul a r l yt ha to f t hel a t e19t ha nde a r l y20t hc e nt ur i e s .Thema j o r i t yo fur ba na r c ha e o l o g yi nS o ut hCa r o l i naha sbe e n c o nduc t e di nt heg r e a t e rCha r l e s t o na r e aa ndmo s tl a t e19t ha nde a r l y20t hc e nt ur ys i t e st ha tha v e be e ne x c a v a t e di nt hes t a t ea r el o c a t e dwi t hi nr ur a la r e a s .Wi t hi ndo wnt o wnCo l umbi a ,a r c ha e o l o g y ha st a k e npl a c ea to nl yt hr e eo t he rs i t e s :t heWo o dr o wWi l s o nFa mi l yHo me( WWFH) ,t heS e i b e l s Ho us e ,a ndt heHa mpt o nPr e s t o nMa ns i o n.Ea c ho ft he s es i t e si sma na g e dbyHi s t o r i cCo l umbi a Fo unda t i o n. I n1983,Ke nne t hE.Le wi so ft heS o ut hCa r o l i naI ns t i t ut eo fAr c ha e o l o g ya ndAnt hr o po l o g y( S CI AA)di r e c t e de x c a v a t i o nsa tt heWWFH ( Le wi s1989) .Lo c a t e df i v ebl o c k ss o ut ha ndt hr e e bl o c k se a s to ft heMa nnS i mo nss i t e ,t heWWFH s i t ef unc t i o ne da sado me s t i cpr o pe r t yf r o m 1870 t ot hee a r l y1920 s .Dr .Le wi s ' sg o a lwa st ol o c a t ee v i de nc eo fbo t hk no wna ndunk no wnr a z e do ut bui l di ng so nt heo r i g i na ll o t ,i nc l udi ngade t a c he dk i t c he n,t wos t a bl e so rc a r r i a g eho us e s ,as e c o nd ho us ea nda no ut bui l di ngo funk no wnf unc t i o n.I n20 06,J o hnMi l ne rAs s o c i a t e s ,I nc( J MA)wa s hi r e dbyHCFt or e l o c a t ef o unda t i o npi e r sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hede t a c he dk i t c he npr e v i o us l ydi s c o ve r e dbyDr .Le wi s( J MA2007) .The s ee x c a v a t i o nsr e pr e s e ntt heo nl yt e mpo r a l l y c o mpa r a bl ea r c ha e ol o g i c a lda t aa v a i l a bl ef r o mt heCo l umbi aa r e a . Ar c ha e o l o g i c a li nv e s t i g a t i o nsa tt heS e i b e l sHo us ewe r ec o nduc t e db e t we e n2003a nd2005 unde rt hedi r e c t i o no fDr .Te r r e nc eWe i k ,Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na —Co l umbi a ,De pa r t me nto f Ant hr o po l o g y( We i k2008) .Lo c a t e dt wobl o c k se a s to ft heMa nnS i mo nss i t e ,t hepr o pe r t ywa s ho met owe a l t hyf a mi l i e sa ndt he i re ns l a v e da ndf r e es e r v a nt ss i nc e1796,whe nt heho us ewa sbui l t . Ofpa r t i c ul a ri nt e r e s tt oHCFwa sa ne a r l y19 t hc e nt ur yde t a c he dk i t c he nbe hi ndt heho us e .Us i ng a r c ha e o l o g i c a lda t a ,Dr .We i k ' spr i ma r yo bj e c t i v ewa st or e t hi nkho wt obr i ngt ol i g hta nde x pl a i n t hel i v e so fe ns l a v e dAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsi na19t hc e nt ur y ,ur ba nho us e ho l d.Twoo fDr .We i k ' ss t ude nt spr o duc e dMAt he s e sba s e do nt he s ee x c a v a t i o ns( Que r t e r mo us2004;S a mo l i s2005) .Thev a s t ma j o r i t yo fa r t i f a c t swe r ef r o mt hef i r s tha l fo ft he19t hc e nt ur y . 18

He l é naL.Fe r g us o ne x c a v a t e ds e c t i o nso ft heHa mpt o nPr e s t o nMa ns i o ni n2008a spa r to f he rMAt he s i sa tt heUni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na —Co l umbi a( Fe r g us o n2011) .Us i ngg r o undpe ne t r a t i ngr a da ra nddi g g i ngas e r i e so f2x2f o o tuni t s , he rg o a l wa st odo c ume ntt hee v o l ut i o no fphy s i c a ll a nds c a pe swi t hi nt heno r t hwe s tq ua dr a nto ft hepr o pe r t ydur i ngt hepa s t200y e a r sa nda t t e mpt t oc o nne c tt he s ephy s i c a lc ha ng e swi t hc ha ng e si nho us e ho l da nds o c i a ls t r uc t ur e .Ho we v e r ,t hes i t e wa she a v i l ydi s t ur b e dbymi d20 t hc e nt ur ya c t i v i t i e s ,t husl i mi t i ngt henumb e ro fi ns i t ul a t e19 t h a nde a r l y20t hc e nt ur yde po s i t s . Thi sde f i c i e nc yi na r c ha e o l o g i c a lr e s e a r c hwi t hi nt heCo l umbi aa r e ai ss e tt oc ha ng e .I nOc t o be r ,2012,Co l umbi aMa y o rS t e phe nBe nj a mi ni ni t i a t e dt heAf r i c a nAme r i c a nHe r i t a g ePr o j e c t . Di r e c t e dbyt hea ut ho r ,t hi si samul t i y e a rpr o j e c tde s i g ne dt oa r c ha e o l o g i c a l l ye x pl o r edo me s t i ca nd c o mme r c i a ll o t swi t hi nf i v ehi s t o r i c a l l yAf r i c a nAme r i c a nne i g hbo r ho o dshe a v i l yi mpa c t e dbyur ba n r e ne wa ldur i ngt he1960sa nd1970 s :Whe e l e rHi l l ,Wa r dOne ,“ Bl a c kDo wnt o wn” ,1900bl o c ko f He nde r s o nS t r e e t ,a ndt he“ Bl a c kBo t t o ms . ”Ti mepe r mi t t i ng ,Ar t hur t o wnwi l la l s obee x pl o r e d.The g o a l so ft hepr o j e c ta r ef o ur f o l d:( 1)e x pl o r et hes t o r i e so fAf r i c a nAme r i c a nswi t hi nCo l umbi awho s e na me sha v eno ta l wa y sma dei ti nt ot hehi s t o r ybo o k s ,i nc l udi ngwo r k i nga ndmi ddl ec l a s si ndi v i dua l s ;( 2)pr o mo t eapa r t i c i pa t o r yr e s e a r c hs t r a t e g yt ha ti nc l ude si nputf r o m me mb e r so ft heCo l umbi a c o mmuni t yt hr o ug ho uta l lpha s e so ft her e s e a r c hpr o c e s s ;( 3)c r e a t eac o mpr e he ns i v ec o mpa r a t i v e da t a ba s eo ft hema t e r i a lc ul t ur eo fAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsi nCo l umbi ao v e rt i me ,pa r t i c ul a r l yt ha to ft he l a t e19tha nde a r l y20thc e nt ur y ;a nd( 4)pr o duc eabo dyo fl i t e r a t ur ea ndo ut r e a c hpr o g r a msa ppr o pr i a t ef o rs c ho l a r s ,s t ude nt s ,a ndi nt e r e s t e d c i t i z e ns t ha te x pl o r e st he di v e r s i t yo f Af r i c a nAme r i c a ne x pe r i e nc e swi t hi nCol umbi a ,f o c us i ngo nl i v e sa nde x pe r i e nc e s no tt r a di t i o na l l yt o l di n publ i cs c ho o l s a ndo t he rma i ns t r e a m hi s t o r yv e nue s .

PREVI OUSARCHAEOLOGI CAL RESEARCH TheMa nnS i mo nsAr c ha e o l o g yPr o j e c t wa sno tt hef i r s ta r c ha e o l o g i c a li nv e s t i g a t i o no ft heMa nnS i mo nss i t e .I n1998 , Chr i sCl e me nto ft heS o ut hCa r o l i naI ns t i t ut eo fAr c ha e o l o g ya ndAnt hr o po l o g y ( S CI AA) ,o nbe ha l fo fHi s t o r i cCo l umbi a Fo unda t i o n,c o nduc t e dl i mi t e de x c a v a t i o no ft heba c ky a r da r e af r o m 16Apr i l t o 7 Ma y .Fo ure x c a v a t i o n uni t swe r e o pe ne d:t wo10x10f o o ts q ua r e sa ndt wo 5x5 f o o ts q ua r e s ,f o rat o t a lo f250 s q u a r e f e e t ( F i g u r e 1 3 ) . D u e t o t h e ma ni Fi g u r e13.De t a i lf r o mt h e1904S a nb o r nFi r eI ns u r a nc eMa p c ur e dna t ur eo ft hey a r d,t o po g r a phya nd no t i ngl o c a t i o nso ft h e1998e x c a v a t i o nu n i t s . 19

hi s t o r i cma pspr i ma r i l ydi r e c t e dCl e me nt ’ spl a c e me nto ft heuni t s .The10x10f o o tuni t swe r ei nt e nde dt oe x pl o r et hey a r da r e ab e hi ndt heho us e ,whi l et he5x5f o o tuni t swe r ei nt e nde dt oe x pl o r e a r e a sc l o s e rt ot heho us e( Cl e me nt ,e ta l .1999) .At o t a lo f8, 410a r t i f a c t sa nd7, 076g r a mso fbo ne we r er e c o v e r e df r o ma l lc o nt e x t s .Cl e me nt ' swo r kwa st hef i r s ti nS o ut hCa r o l i nat of o c uso nt hea r c ha e o l o g yo faf r e eAf r i c a nAme r i c a nho us e ho l da ndr e ma i ns ,wi t ht hea ddi t i o no ft hi ss t udy ,t he o nl ye x c a v a t i o no fa nAf r i c a nAme r i c a no wne ds i t ei nt heg r e a t e rCo l umbi aa r e a . Al t ho ug ht he1998a r c ha e o l o g yde mo ns t r a t e dt hepr e s e nc eo fs i g ni f i c a nt ,i nt a c tde po s i t sa nd o f f e r e ds o met a nt a l i z i ngc l ue sa bo utl i f ei nCo l umbi a ,bo t h10x10f o o te x c a v a t i o nuni t s( N536 E505a ndN530E555)we r ea c t ua l l yl o c a t e dwi t hi nt he1906Ma r i o nS t r e e tpr o pe r t ybo unda r i e sa nd r e l a t eo nl yi ndi r e c t l yt ot heMa nnS i mo nsf a mi l y .The5x5f o o te x c a v a t i o nuni t s( N490E560a nd N490E545)we r el o c a t e dwi t hi nt he1904Ma r i o nS t r e e tl o t .Unf o r t una t e l y ,duet ol i mi t e dt i me ,t he ma j o r i t yo ft hef e a t ur e se nc o unt e r e dwi t hi nt he5x5f o o tuni t swe r eno te x c a v a t e d. I n2003 ,us i ngCl e me nt ' sda t af o raMAt he s i s( Cr o c k e t t2005) ,t hea ut ho re x a mi ne dho w di f f e r e ntma t e r i a lc o ns umpt i o ns t r a t e g i e sma yha v ebe e nus e dbyt hef a mi l yt oc ha l l e ng et he i rs o c i a l s t a t usa sma r g i na l i z e dc o ns ume r sa ndc i t i z e ns .Ho we v e r ,puts i mpl y ,dur i nga na l y s i st hel i mi t e dna t ur eo ft hee x c a v a t i o nsc r e a t e dpr o bl e msa t t r i but i ngpa t t e r nst ope o pl e . No ne t he l e s s , t he1998a r c ha e o l o g ys ug g e s t e dt ha twi t hf ur t he r ,s y s t e ma t i cda t ac o l l e c t i o n,t heMa nnS i mo nss i t eha dt hepo t e nt i a l t oo f f e rs ub s t a nt i a li ns i g ht si nt ot hel i v e so ft hef a mi l ya nd,a c c o r di ng l y ,t hedi v e r s es o c i a lmi l i e uo f t het i me .

PREVI OUSDOCUMENTARYRES EARCH S i nc et heMa nnS i mo nsho us ewa spl a c e do nt heNa t i o na lRe g i s t e ro fHi s t o r i cPl a c e si n 1974,anumb e ro fi ndi v i dua l sha v epr o duc e da ni mpr e s s i v es e to fi nt e r pr e t a t i o nsa nda ne q ua l l yi mpr e s s i v er a ng eo fa ppr o a c he st ounde r s t a ndi ngt hef a mi l ya ndpr o pe r t y .J ul i aT.Bur rpr o duc e dt he f i r s ts c ho l a r l ya c c o unti n1977wi t hhe rMAt he s i s ,AnI nq u i r yi nt ot h eMa nnS i mo nsHo u s e .Ta k i nga s t r uc t ur a l i s ta ppr o a c ht ha tunde r s t a ndsdo me s t i ca r c hi t e c t ur ea sami r r o ro ft het ho ug ht s ,b e l i e f sa nd l i f e s t y l e so fi t sbui l de r s / d e s i g ne r s / o c c upa nt s ,Bur rwa st hef i r s tt os t a r tpi e c i ngt o g e t he rt hedo c ume nt so fMa nnS i mo ns .He rwo r kbe c a met heba s i so fa l lf ut ur ewo r k ,a l t ho ug hhe ri ni t i a lc o nc l us i o nswe r et o oo f t e na c c e pt e dunc r i t i c a l l yi ns ubs e q ue nti nv e s t i g a t i o ns . Co nc ur r e ntwi t hBur r ' sl o o ka tf a mi l ya ndho us ec a mear e po r tbyAs s o c i a t e dAr c hi t e c t s ( 1977)ba s e do nt he i rphy s i c a li ns pe c t i o na nddi s s e c t i o no ft hema i nho us e .As s o c i a t e dAr c hi t e c t s we r ec ha r g e dwi t hunde r s t a ndi ngt hephy s i c a le v o l ut i o no ft heho us ea ndde v e l o pi ngac hr o no l o g yo f bui l di ngs e q ue nc e s . I n2001 ,J o hnM.S he r r e ra ndKa t he r i neC.Gr i e rc r e a t e dapa r t i a lf a mi l yt r e ea ndc o mpi l e d muc ho ft hei nf o r ma t i o na v a i l a bl ef o ramus e um di s pl a yi nt heba s e me nto ft heho us e .Al s oi n2001 , Ma r yC. Vo g ht , t a k i ngapubl i chi s t o r ya ppr o a c h,c r e a t e dado c e ntma nua l a ndi nt e r pr e t i v eg ui de sf o r HCFa i me da tf ur t he r i ngpubl i ce duc a t i o n,a l t ho ug hi nho us ei nt e r pr e t i v eg ui de sha v ee x i s t e ds i nc e a tl e a s tt hemi d1980s .

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Ca i t l i nGr a ha m,whowo r k e dwi t ht hea ut ho ra sav o l unt e e rr e s e a r c ha s s i s t a ntdu r i ngt he s umme ro f2009 ,b e c a mei nt e r e s t e di nBe nDe La ne ' sl i f ebe f o r ea nda f t e rr e s i di nga tt hes i t ea nds ubs t a nt i a l l yc o nt r i but e dt oo urunde r s t a ndi ngo ft hes i t e ' se a r l i e s thi s t o r y . Do c ume nt a r yr e s e a r c hdo nef o rt hea ut ho r ' sMAt he s i s( Cr o c k e t t2005)f o r msac o r epa r to f t heda t aus e di nt hi spr o j e c t ,pa r t i c ul a r l yi nf o r ma t i o nf r o mc i t ydi r e c t o r i e s ,pr o pe r t yt i t l e sa ndc e ns us r e c o r ds .Thea ut ho r ' sdo c t o r a ldi s s e r t a t i o n( Cr o c k e t t2011)i sas y nt he s i so fc ur r e nt l ya v a i l a bl edo c ume nt a r yda t aa ndpr e s e nt si nde pt hi nt e r pr e t a t i o nso ft hea r c ha e o l o g y ,f o c us i ngo ni s s ue so fpr o duc t i o n,c o ns umpt i o na ndt hec o mmo di f i c a t i o no fhe r i t a g e .

THES TRUCTUREOFTHEREPORT Thi sr e po r ti sdi v i de di nt ot wov o l ume s .Ther e ma i nde ro fVo l umeIo ut l i ne st hepr o j e c ta nd f i ndi ng s .Cha pt e r2i sapr e s e nt a t i o no ff i e l da ndl a bo r a t o r yme t ho do l o g i e s .Ther e s e a r c ho bj e c t i v e s , f i e l ds t r a t e g i e s ,a ndhi s t o r yo ft hef i e l dpr o j e c t–f r o mi ni t i a ls i t es ur v e yt oda t ar e c o v e r y–a r edi s c us s e di nCha pt e r3.Fe a t ur ea s s o c i a t i o ns ,l a r g e l yo r g a ni z e da r o unds t r uc t ur e sa ndpl a nt i ngs pa c e s ,a r e pr e s e nt e di nCha pt e r4 .Cha pt e r5i sadi s c us s i o no ft hea r t i f a c t ua lf i ndi ng sf r o mf i v et r a s hde po s i t s a ndt wol e v e l sf r o mo neuni t .To g e t he r ,t he s es i xpr o v e ni e nc e sc o mpr i s e74% o fa l lc a t a l o g e da r t i f a c t s .Appe ndi xAi sas umma r yo fa l lpr o v e ni e nc e s ,i nc l udi ngs ho r tt i t l e ,t y peo fpr o v e ni e nc e( e . g . t r a s hpi to rpo s tho l e ) ,TPQ,numb e ro fa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e da nda s s o c i a t e dMNI .Appe ndi xBl i s t st he a r t i f a c tc a t a l o gf i e l dsa ndv a l ue sus e ddur i ngc a t a l o g i nga nda na l y s i s .Appe ndi xCi sal i s to fi ndi v i dua l swhoc o nt r i but e dt of i e l do rl a bwo r k .Appe ndi xD c o nt a i nsade t a i l e dde s c r i pt i o no fe a c hpr o v e ni e nc ee nc o unt e r e da tt hes i t e .Pr o v e ni e nc e sa r epr e s e nt e di nnume r i c a lo r de ro r g a ni z e dbys a mpl i ng s t r a t a( Ea s tYa r d,Ne a rBa c k y a r d,Bl o c k1 ,Bl o c k2 ,Bl o c k3) .De s c r i pt i v eda t af o re a c he x c a v a t i o n uni t , a swe l l a sl e v e l swi t hi nuni t s ,a r ea l s os umma r i z e d. Vo l umeI Ii st hef ul la r t i f a c tc a t a l o g ,r e pr e s e nt i ngne a r l y30, 000a r t i f a c t s–o v e r5 , 700i ndi v i dua l a r t i f a c t s–f r o mt hes i t e . Thi sr e po r ta l s oi nc l ude saCD c o nt a i ni nga ddi t i o na ldr a wi ng sa ndt hef ul la r t i f a c tc a t a l o ga s a n. x ml do c ume nt ,a swe l l a sa3x 3f o o tf o l do utma po ft hes i t e .

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CHAPTER2

METHODOLOGI ES

SINCEconcl us i o nsa r eo nl ya sg o o da st hewo r kt ha tpr o duc e dt heda t at ha tg e ne r a t e dt ho s ec o nc l us i o ns , t hi sc ha pt e ro ut l i ne st hef i e l da ndl a bo r a t o r yme t ho do l o g i e st ha tg ui de di nv e s t i g a t i o nsa tt heMa nnS i mo ns S i t e .

FI ELD METHODS Ana r bi t r a r yda t um a ndg r i ds y s t e m wa se s t a bl i s he df o rt he1998e x c a v a t i o ns ,whi c hwa sus e df o ra l l s ubs e q ue ntwo r kt oe ns ur ec o mpa r a bi l i t yo fda t ab e t we e npr o j e c t sa ndf i e l ds e a s o ns( Fi g ur e21) .Theg r i d s y s t e ma tt hes i t ei so r i e nt e dt ot heCo l umbi as t r e e ts y s t e m,whi c hi s14° 24’we s to fma g ne t i cno r t h.The pe r ma ne ntda t um c o ns i s t so fat hr e e f o o tl e ng t ho f½i nc hr e ba rdr i v e nf l us hwi t ht heg r o undne a rt he Ma r i o nS t r e e ts i de wa l ka ndwa sa s s i g ne da na r bi t r a r yc o o r di na t eo fN500E500a nda ne l e v a t i o no f100f e e t . Ex c a v a t i o n uni t swe r e5x5f e e ta nde x c a v a t e dbyna t ur a ls t r a t i g r a phi cl a y e r s .Ea c h uni q ue pr o v e ni e nc e( s t r a t um,i nt e r f a c e ,f e a t ur e ,e t c . )wa sa s s i g ne dauni q uepr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o na ndr e c e i v e di t s o wnpr o v e ni e nc ef o r m.Pr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o nsc o ns i s to ft wopa r t s :t heuni tnumb e ra ndal e t t e rs pe c i f i c t ot ha tpr o v e ni e nc e .Pr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o nswe r ea s s i g ne di nt heo r de ri nwhi c ht he ywe r ee nc o unt e r e d. Fo ri ns t a nc e ,i ft heuni tnumb e ri s6 ,t he nt hef i r s tl a y e ri s6A,t hene x t6B,i faf e a t ur ei sne x te nc o unt e r e d, i two ul db e6C,a nds oo n.I fpr o v e ni e nc ea s s i g nme nt sus e dt hee nt i r ea l pha be t , do ubl el e t t e r swe r ea s s i g ne d, s uc ha sAA,BB,CC,e t c .Be c a us eo ft he i rc o nf us i o nwi t ho t he rl e t t e r so rnumb e r swhe nwr i t t e no ns ma l l a r t i f a c t s ,t hel e t t e r sI ,O,a ndQ we r eno tus e df o rpr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o ns( wi t ho nee x c e pt i o n:f e a t ur e 22I ) .Ea c hpr o v e ni e nc ewa sa l s og i v e nas ho r tt i t l e ,g e ne r a l l yba s e do naf unc t i o na lde s c r i pt i o no ft hef e a t ur e ( e . g .' po s tho l e ' )o rs t r i c t l yde s c r i pt i v e( e . g .‘ Le v e l1’ ,‘ Ci r c ul a rI nt r us i o n’ ,‘ Cha r c o a lLe ns ’ ,e t c . ) .Ha v i ngt wo de s i g na t i o nspe rpr o v e ni e nc ehe l psmi ni mi z et hec ha nc eo fr e c o r di nge r r o r .S c r e e ni ngwa spe r f o r me d t hr o ug h¼i nc hwi r eme s hf o ra l ls o i ldugf r o m uni t sa nds ho v e lt e s tpi t s( S TPs ) .I faf e a t ur ea ppe a r e dt obe r i c hi no r g a ni c s ,s o i ls a mpl e swe r et a k e nf o rl a t e rf l o t a t i o npr o c e s s i ng .S TPswe r eduga ss q ua r e1 x 1f o o t ho l e si nna t ur a ll e v e l s .

21

Fi g u r e21.Lo c a t i o no ft h ed a t u mr e l a t i v et ot h e14 03Ri c h l a ndS t r e e th o u s e( c e nt e r )a ndc e nt e r l i ne so fRi c h l a nd ( b o t t o m)a ndMa r i o n( l e f t )s t r e e t s .( Re d r a wna f t e rCl e me nt ,e ta l .1999: 17)

Al lf i e l dme a s ur e me nt sus e da ne ng i ne e r ’ ss c a l eo ff e e t ,t e nt hs ,a ndhundr e dt hst ok e e pt he da t ac o ns i s t e ntwi t ht he1998e x c a v a t i o ns .Whi l ea l lme a s ur e me nt sa r epr e s e nt e dhe r ei ne ng i ne e r ’ s s c a l eo ff e e t ,i ns o mec a s e st he ya r ea l s opr e s e nt e di nt hec o mmo nEng l i s hs c a l eo ff e e ta ndi nc he s . Eng l i s hme a s ur e me nt sa r epr e s e nt e df o rt he i rc ul t ur a lr e l e v a nc y —i ti st hes c a l et heo c c upa nt so ft he Ma nnS i mo nss i t ewo ul dha v eus e dwhe nbuy i ngl umbe r ,bui l di ngs t r uc t ur e s ,l a y i ngo utt he i ry a r d, e t c . Pho t o g r a phi cdo c ume nt a t i o no fa l ls t a g e so fa r c ha e o l o g i c a li nv e s t i g a t i o ni nc l ude dg e ne r a l v i e wso ft hes i t e ,wo r ki npr o g r e s s ,a ndde t a i l e dr e c o r ds ho t s .S t r a t um pho t o g r a phswe r et a k e nf r o m t hes o ut hwhe ne v e rl i g ht i ngo rphy s i c a lc o ndi t i o nspe r mi t t e d.Pho t o g r a phso fe a c hpr o f i l ewe r et a k e n a f t e rauni twa sc o mpl e t e l ye x c a v a t e d.Adi g i t a l c a me r awa sus e df o ra l l pho t o g r a phs . Re s ul t i ngi ma g e s we r es a v e di n. t i f ff o r ma tt o mi ni mi z e da t al o s sa nd ma i nt a i ni ma g ei nt e g r i t y .Pa no r a mi c pho t o g r a phy me t ho dswe r ee mpl o y e da tt hes i t et oc r e a t epl a nv i e w pho t o g r a phso fbl o c k e x c a v a t i o ns .As e v e nf o o thi g hbi po dwa sc o ns t r uc t e df r o mt wol e ng t hso f2x4i nc hl umbe rwi t ha hi ng ec o nne c t i ngt het woa ndac a me r amo untf r o m at r a di t i o na lt r i po ds e c ur e da tt hea pe x .As e r i e s o fpho t o g r a phswhi c ho v e r l a ppe dbya tl e a s t50% we r et a k e no ft hee x c a v a t i o na r e a s .Ther e s ul t i ng i ma g e swe r es t i t c he di nt oas i ng l epho t o g r a phus i ngt hef r e e wa r es o f t wa r epr o g r a m Hug i n™,whi c h 22

a ut o ma t i c a l l yc o r r e c t sf o rs l i g htde v i a t i o nsi nc a me r ar o l l ,pi t c h,a ndy a w.Ther e s ul ti sahi g h r e s o l ut i o npho t o g r a pho ft hee x c a v a t i o na r e at ha to v e r c o me st het o o c o mmo npr o bl e ma s s o c i a t e d wi t ht r a di t i o na lo v e r v i e wpho t o g r a phs :as i ng l epho t o g r a pho fal a r g ea r e auna bl et ode pi c tmi nut e de t a i l s .Addi t i o na l l y ,Aus t i n Pa t e r e k ,av i s ua la nt hr o po l o g i s t ,e mpl o y e d hi s t o r i cpho t o g r a phi c s upe r i mpo s i t i o nt odo c ume ntl o c a t i o nso fno ne x i s t e nts t r uc t ur e sno tv i s i bl ea r c ha e o l o g i c a l l y .I n do i ngs o ,Pa t e r e k( 2009)de v e l o pe dane w me t ho do fpho t o g r a phi cs upe r i mpo s i t i o nus i ngr e a di l y a v a i l a bl edi g i t a l e q ui pme ntt ha te x pa ndst her a ng eo fi nt e r pr e t i v epo t e nt i a l o fhi s t o r i cpho t o g r a phs . Twot y pe so fdr a wi ng swe r epr o duc e d:pl a nv i e wa nd pr o f i l edr a wi ng s .Thes t a nda r d dr a wi ngma t e r i a lwa sapr e pa r e dt r a c i ngpa pe r ,e i t he r15x16o r11x17i nc he s ,wi t habl ue l i neg r i d o f10s q ua r e s t o t he i nc h.Al lpl a nv i e wa ndpr o f i l edr a wi ng sus e das c a l eo f1i nc h=1/ 2f o o t ,whi l e f ul ls i t ema pswe r edr a wna tas c a l eo fe i t he r1i nc h=10f e e to r1i nc h=20f e e t .I ng e ne r a l ,t he pr o f i l eo ft heno r t hwa l lwa sdr a wn,buti ft hes t r a t aa ppe a r e ddi f f e r e nt l yi no t he rwa l l st he nt ho s e wa l l swe r edr a wna swe l l .Pr o f i l edr a wi ng swe r ea l s oc o mpl e t e df o re a c hf e a t ur ea l o ngi t sbi s e c t i o n l i ne . Pl a nv i e wdr a wi ng sf o l l o we dt hes a mec o nv e nt i o nsa st hepr o f i l edr a wi ng s .

LABORATORYMETHODS Onc eapr o v e ni e nc ewa sc o mpl e t e l ye x c a v a t e da nds c r e e ne di nt hef i e l d,t hea r t i f a c t swe r e br o ug htt ot hel a bo r a t o r ya te i t he rt heDe pa r t me nto fAnt hr o po l o g ya tt heUni v e r s i t yo fS o ut h Ca r o l i na —Co l umbi ao rt heMa nnS i mo nss i t ef o rc l e a ni ng ,c a t a l o g i nga ndc ur a t i o n.Be f o r ea ny c l e a ni ngt o o kpl a c e ,a r t i f a c t swe r ei ns pe c t e df o ro bj e c t swhi c hmi g htr e q ui r es pe c i a lt r e a t me nt .The f o l l o wi ngi sag e ne r a lo v e r v i e wo ft hepr o c e s s i ngs t e psf o ra l la r t i f a c t sf o l l o wi ngi ni t i a li ns pe c t i o n. Ar t i f a c tpr o c e s s i ngf o l l o we dt heS o c i e t yf o rHi s t o r i c a lAr c h a e o l o g yS t a n d a r d sa ndGu i d e l i ne sf o rt h e Cu r a t i o no fAr c h a e o l o g i c a lCo l l e c t i o ns( 1993)a ndt heS o c i e t yf o rHi s t o r i c a lAr c h a e o l o g yCu r a t i o nFAQ ( 2006) . Fo l l o wi ngi ni t i a ls o r t i ng ,a r t i f a c t sr e q ui r i ngc l e a ni ngf o ri de nt i f i c a t i o n,c ur a t i o n,o rdi s pl a y we r es e pa r a t e dbya ppr o pr i a t ec l e a ni ngt e c hni q ue .Ro bus t ,s t a bl e ,l o wpo r o s i t yma t e r i a l s ,e x c l udi ng me t a l ,we r ewa s he di npl a i n,no ndi s t i l l e dwa t e rwi t has o f t br i s t l e dny l o nbr us h.I ni t i a l l y ,bo newa s a l s owa s he dwi t hwa t e r ,butt hi spr a c t i c ewa sha l t e de a r l yo nt opr e v e ntpo s s i bl eda ma g eb e f o r ebe i ng e x a mi ne dbyaf a una la na l y s t .Obj e c t swi t hde l i c a t es ur f a c ede c o r a t i o nwe r eg e ne r a l l yno twa s he d, pr e f e r r i ngadi r t ya r t i f a c to v e ra nundi a g no s t i ca r t i f a c t .Af t e rc l e a ni ng ,a r t i f a c t swe r epl a c e do n g a l v a ni z e ds t e e ls c r e e nsa nda l l o we dt oa i rdr y .Gi v e nt hehi g ha c i dc o nt e nto fpa pe rma t e r i a l s , a r t i f a c t swe r ene v e rpl a c e do nne ws pa pe ro rpa pe rt o we l st odr y .Or g a ni cma t e r i a l ss uc ha sl e a t he r , c l o t h,a ndwo o dwe r el i g ht l ydr y b r us he do rno tc l e a ne da ta l l .Fo rl e a t he r ,ami c r o e nv i r o nme ntwa s us ua l l yc r e a t e dt opr e v e ntunduedr y i nga nds hr i nk i ng .The s emi c r o e nv i r o nme nt swe r ec o mpo s e do f t wopo l y e t hy l e neba g s .Thea r t i f a c twa spl a c e di nt hef i r s tba g ,i nwhi c hs ma l lho l e sha dbe e n punc he dwi t hapi n.Thi sba gwa st he npl a c e di nas e c o nd,l a r g e rba gi nwhi c hs e v e r a ldr o pso fwa t e r ha dbe e npl a c e d.Ther e s ul twa sa ne a s y t o c o ns t r uc tmi c r o e nv i r o nme ntt ha tpr e v e nt sdi r e c tc o nt a c t be t we e nt hel e a t he ra ndwa t e r . Me t a lo bj e c t swe r edr y br us he dwi t hny l o nb r us he so fv a r y i ngs t i f f ne s s .Gi v e nt hef r a g i l e na t ur eo fme t a lo bj e c t s ,mo s twe r eo nl yc l e a ne de no ug ht oa l l o wf o ri de nt i f i c a t i o n.Twoe x c e pt i o nst o 23

t hi sr ul ewe r e1)a r t i f a c t sl i k e l yt obedi s pl a y e da spa r to fHCF’ smus e um a c t i v i t i e sa nd2)f e r r o us a l l o ya r t i f a c t sl i k e l yt oc o nt i nuec o r r o di ngi ns t o r a g ebutr e pr e s e nt i nguni q uef i ndi ng st husr e q ui r i ng s t a bi l i z a t i o n.S o meme t a l s ,l i k ea l umi num,de v e l o pat hi nl a y e ro fc o r r o s i o nt ha tf o r msas t a bl e , pr o t e c t i v eba r r i e ra g a i ns tf ur t he rc o r r o s i o n( Pe t e r s o n 1968;S HA 2006) .Unl e s ss uc h aba r r i e r o bs c ur e di mpo r t a nts ur f a c ede t a i l s ,t he s eme t a l swe r edr y b r us he do nl y ,r e g a r dl e s so fpo t e nt i a lf o r di s pl a y .Ot he rme t a l s ,l i k ei r o n,r e q ui r es t a bi l i z a t i o nf o rpr e s e r v a t i o n.Gi v e nt ha ts ur f a c ede t a i l sa r e o f t e npr e s e r v e di nc o r r o s i o nl a y e r s ,t hede c i s i o nf o rc o r r o s i o nr e mo v a lwa sdo neo nac a s e by c a s e ba s i s .The pur po s eo fs t a bi l i z a t i o ni st o pr e v e ntf u r t he rde t e r i o r a t i o na nd r e v e a li mpo r t a nt i nf o r ma t i o n.I ft hede c i s i o nwa sma det or e mo v ec o r r o s i o n,t wome t ho ds ,a l o neo rc o mbi ne d,we r e us e d:me c ha ni c a l ( e . g . ha ndb r us he s ,s o f ta ndha r dpi c k s )a nde l e c t r o l y t i c . Me c ha ni c a lme t ho dsa l o newe r eus e do nmo s tno ni r o na r t i f a c t s ,a l t ho ug hs o meb r a s sa nd c o ppe ro bj e c t sr e c e i v e dl i mi t e de l e c t r o l y t i ct r e a t me nt .Duet ot hei nc o r po r a t i o no fwa t e rs o l ubl es a l t s i nt oi r o no v e rt i me ,i r o no bj e c t sr e q ui r i ngs t a bi l i z a t i o n mo s to f t e nr e c e i v e d di r e c te l e c t r o l y t i c t r e a t me ntwi t hl i mi t e dme c ha ni c a lr e mo v a l o fc o r r o s i o n. El e c t r o l y t i cr e duc t i o nt r e a t me nt sc o mei nt wof l a v o r s .Thef i r s t ,i ndi r e c te l e c t r o l y s i s ,i sa n e l e c t r o c he mi c a lpr o c e s swhe r e bya na r t i f a c t( f o r mi ngt hec a t ho de )i spl a c e di na ni r o nc o nt a i ne r , c o v e r e dwi t h pa r t i c l e so fmo s s yz i nc( f o r mi ngt hea no de ) ,a nd a1020% s o l ut i o no fs o di um hy dr o x i de( t hee l e c t r o l y t e )po ur e do v e rt he m( Pe t e r s o n1968) .Thea r t i f a c ti sl e f ti ns o l ut i o nunt i l c l e a ne dt oi t sde s i r e ds t a t e .Thea dv a nt a g eo fi ndi r e c te l e c t r o l y s i si sag r e a tde g r e eo fc o nt r o lo v e rt he r a t eo fr us tr e mo v a l .Thedi s a dv a nt a g ei st hehi g hc o s to fmo s s yz i nc .Duet oc o s tc o ns t r a i nt s ,a r t i f a c t s f r o mt heMa nnS i mo nss i t ewe r et r e a t e dus i ngt hes e c o ndme t ho d,di r e c te l e c t r o l y s i s ,whi c hus e s e l e c t r i cc ur r e ntt ot ur ni r o no x i de sa ndi r o nc hl o r i de sba c ki nt ome t a l l i ci r o n.Thea dv a nt a g eo f di r e c te l e c t r o l y s i si st hee x t r e me l yl o wc o s to fo pe r a t i o n.Thedi s a dv a nt a g ei ss l i g ht l yl e s spr e c i s e c o nt r o lo v e rt hepr o c e s s .Fo l l o wi ngs t a nda r dpr o c e dur e s ,t hea no dec o ns i s t e do fs t a i nl e s ss t e e l ,a1520% s o l ut i o no fs o di um c hl o r i dewa sus e da sa ne l e c t r o l y t e ,a ndat a r g e t2Ampe r ec ur r e ntf l o wwa s s o ug ht( We s t e r n 1972 ;Ca na di a n Co ns e r v a t i o nI ns t i t ut e1995) .Po we rc a mef r o m ade s k t o p c o mput e rpo we rs uppl yuni t( PS U) .A c o mput e rPS U ha ss e v e r a la dv a nt a g e so v e rt hemo r e c o mmo nl yus e da ut o mo bi l eba t t e r yc ha r g e r ,i nc l udi ngade s i g nme a ntt ober un24ho ur sada y / s e v e n da y sawe e k ,t hea bi l i t yt opus h3 . 3,5a nd12v o l t ss i mul t a ne o us l y ,t hec o s ti sf r e eo rne a r l yf r e e ,a nd t he ya r emuc hs ma l l e r .Af t e re l e c t r o l y t i ct r e a t me nt ,a r t i f a c t swe r er i ns e dt hr o ug hl yi ndi s t i l l e d,de i o ni z e dwa t e r ,dr i e di na no v e n,c o a t e di nme l t e dmi c r o c r y s t a l l i newa x ,a ndpl a c e di nt opo l y e t hy l e ne ba g sc o nt a i ni ngdr ys i l i c ag e l i nde s i c c a t o r s . Af t e rc l e a ni ng ,a r t i f a c t swe r el a i do uti npr e pa r a t i o nf o rc a t a l o g i ng .Auni q uec a t a l o gnumbe r wa sa s s i g ne dt oe a c ha r t i f a c to rg r o upo fa r t i f a c t swi t hi de nt i c a lde s c r i pt i v ev a l ue swi t hi nag i v e n pr o v e ni e nc e .Thec a t a l o g numbe ri sc o mpo s e do ft wo e l e me nt ss e pa r a t e d byahy phe n:t he pr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o na ndt hea r t i f a c tnumbe r .Thea r t i f a c tnumb e ra tt hee ndi suni q uewi t hi n e a c hpr o v e ni e nc ea ndi sa s s i g ne ds e q ue nt i a l l y .Fo re x a mpl e ,c a t a l o g i ngt hepr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t e da s ‘ 6A’ ,t hef i r s ta r t i f a c tt obec a t a l o g e dwi t hi nt ha tpr o v e ni e nc ei snumb e r e d‘ 6A1’ ,t hes e c o nda r t i f a c t a s‘ 6 A2’ ,t het hi r da s‘ 6A3’ ,a nds oo n.Thi spr o c e dur ei sr e pe a t e df o re a c hdi s c r e t epr o v e ni e nc e . No t et ha tc a t a l o gnumbe r swi t hi ne v e r ypr o v e ni e nc eb e g i nwi t h‘ 1’ a ndc o nt i nuei nnume r i c a l o r de r .

24

Ca t a l o gnumb e r swe r ea ppl i e ddi r e c t l yt oa r t i f a c t st oa i di ni de nt i f i c a t i o na nda sas e c ur i t y de v i c e .Ea c hi ndi v i dua l l yl a be l e da r t i f a c t( o rt ho s eb e l o ng i ngt ot hes a mec a t a l o gnumb e r )wa spl a c e d i ni t so wnpo l y e t hy l e neba gwi t ht hec a t a l o gnumbe rwr i t t e no nt hel o we r ,r i g ht ha nds i deo ft he whi t ewr i t i ngbl o c ko nt heo ut s i deo ft heba g .Ana c i df r e epa pe rs l i pl a be l e dwi t ht hepr o v e ni e nc e a ndc a t a l o gi nf o r ma t i o nwa sa l s opl a c e di nt heba gwi t ht hea r t i f a c t .Thel a be l i ngt e c hni q uei nv o l v e s a ppl y i ngAc r y l o i dB72a sabo t t o mc o a t ,wr i t i ngt henumb e rus i ngaRa pi do g r a phpe nf i l l e dwi t h bl a c kpi g me nt ba s e di nk ,a ndt he na ppl y i ngB72a sat o pc o a t .Ac r y l o i dB72i sas t a bl ea c r y l i cr e s i n t ha tc a nbea ppl i e da ndr e mo v e dwi t ha c e t o ne( S HA2 006) .Fo rda r k l yc o l o r e do bj e c t s ,t i t a ni um di o x i depi g me nt swe r ea dde dt ot hebo t t o mc o a to fB72 .Thi sme t ho dwa sus e do na r t i f a c t sl i k e c e r a mi c s ,g l a s s ,me t a l ,a ndde c o r a t i v ebo ne( s uc ha sbut t o ns ) .I twa sno tus e do npl a s t i co rr ubbe r a r t i f a c t sa sa c e t o newo ul dc a us eda ma g e ,no rwa st hi sme t ho dus e df o ro r g a ni cma t e r i a l sl i k el e a t he r , c l o t h,o rno nde c o r a t i v ebo ne .As t r i ng t a gl a be lwa sa t t a c he dt oa r t i f a c t st o ol a r g et of i ti nag a l l o ns i z e dba g ,a swe l la swo o de ni t e msl i k epo s t s .Bul ka r t i f a c t sl i k ena i l s ,undi a g no s t i cbo t t l ef r a g me nt s , a ndme t a l c a nf r a g me nt swe r eno tl a be l e di ndi v i dua l l y . Af t e rc a t a l o g i nga ndc o ns e r v a t i o n,a r t i f a c t swe r er e ba g g e di nt ol a r g e rpo l y e t hy l e neba g sa nd pl a c e di na c i df r e es t o r a g ebo x e s .Thee x t e r i o re ndo fe a c hbo xwa sl a be l e di npe r ma ne nti nkwi t h pr o v e ni e nc eda t aa ndi nc l us i v ec a t a l o gnumb e r sa ndaBo xCo nt e nt sLi s tpl a c e dwi t hi ne a c hbo x .

COLLECTI ON DATI NG Whi l et hepr o c e s so fda t i nga nys i t e ,f e a t ur e ,o ra r t i f a c tc a nbec o mpl e x ,i nl a t eni ne t e e nt h a nde a r l yt we nt i e t hc e nt ur yc o nt e x t st hec o mpl e x i t i e sa r ec o mpo unde dbyt hema t e r i a l st he ms e l v e s . Whe nc o mpa r e dt ot he l i t e r a t ur eo ns e v e nt e e nt ha nd e i g ht e e nt hc e nt ur y ma t e r i a lc ul t ur e , de s c r i pt i o nso fma s s pr o duc e dg o o dsma nuf a c t ur e di nt hel a t eni ne t e e nt ha ndt we nt i e t hc e nt ur i e sa r e r e ma r k a bl ys c a r c ei nt hea r c ha e o l o g i c a ll i t e r a t ur e .Addi t i o na l l y ,t he s ema t e r i a l sa r ei nma nyc a s e ss t i l l be i ngpr o duc e dt o da y .Thus ,hi s t o r i c a la r c ha e o l o g i s t so ft her e c e ntpa s tf a c eauni q ues e to f c ha l l e ng e s ,c ha r a c t e r i z e dbyabr o a dt e mpo r a lr a ng ef o rma nyo ft hemo s tc o mmo nl yf o unda r t i f a c t s a ndas ho r t a g eo fpubl i s he df i ne g r a i ne da r t i f a c tc hr o no l o g i e sa ndt y po l o g i e s .As e me s t e rs pe nta t Wi nt e r t hurMus e um a ndEs t a t e ,De l a wa r e ,a l l o we df o rt hede v e l o pme nto fmul t i pl ef i ne g r a i ne d a r t i f a c tc hr o no l o g i e sus i ngpe r i o dt r a del i t e r a t ur e ,i nc l udi ng ,a mo ngo t he r s ,a s be s t o s ,c a r bo nr o ds , a nde l e c t r i c a l wi r i ng . Twome t ho dsf o rda t i nga r c ha e o l o g i c a lde po s i t sa r ec o mmo nl ye mpl o y e d byhi s t o r i c a l a r c ha e o l o g i s t s .Thef i r s tme t ho d,de v e l o pe dbyS t a nl e yS o ut h( 1978) ,i nv o l v e sde r i v i ngame a n c e r a mi cda t e( MCD)f o ras i t eo ra s s e mbl a g e ,o r ,a sMa r kGr o o v e r( 2001)ha spr o po s e d,ame a n a r t i f a c tda t e( MAD) .Wi t ht hi sme t ho d,t heme di a nda t ef o rt hema nuf a c t ur eo fe a c hc e r a mi c( o r a r t i f a c t )t y pei smul t i pl i e dbyi t sf r e q ue nc y( f o rc e r a mi c s ,e i t he rnumb e ro fs he r dso rmi ni mum numbe ro fv e s s e l s ) ,whi c hi st he ndi v i de dbyt het o t a lnumbe ro fc e r a mi ct y pe si nt hes a mpl e .The pr o duc ti st heme a nda t eo ft hema nuf a c t ur eo fr e c o v e r e dc e r a mi c s .Al t ho ug hme a nc e r a mi cda t i ngi s apr o v e nme t ho df o rda t i nga r c ha e o l o g i c a la s s e mbl a g e s ,pa r t i c ul a r l yf o re a r l yni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur ya nd e a r l i e rs i t e s ,i ti sno tt hebe s to pt i o nf o rt heMa nnS i mo nss i t ef o rt wor e a s o ns .Fi r s t ,a sMi l l e r ,e ta l . ( 2000)no t e ,ade po s i tt ha ta c c umul a t e do v e rape r i o do ft e ny e a r sa ndo net ha ta c c umul a t e do v e r 25

100y e a r sc a npr o duc et hes a meMCD.Gi v e nt hel o ng ,c o nt i nuo us ,a ndr e c e nto c c upa t i o no ft he Ma nnS i mo nspr o pe r t i e s ,t hi si sav a l i dc o nc e r n.S e c o nd,l i k ema nya r t i f a c t s ,t hema j o r i t yo ft he c e r a mi c spr o duc e ddur i ngt hel a t eni ne t e e nt ha ndt we nt i e t hc e nt ur i e sa r es t i l li npr o duc t i o nt o da y . Ma nyo ft hec e r a mi c swo ul dha v e ,f o re x a mpl e ,a ni nt r o duc t i o nda t eo f1820( t hei nt r o duc t i o nda t e o fwhi t e wa r e )a nda ne ndda t eo ft o da y ,pr o duc i ngame a nma nuf a c t ur i ngda t eo f1917—ada t et ha t i sc o mpl e t e l yunr e l a t e dt ot hea c t ua lde po s i t so rp e r i o dso fo c c upa t i o n. The r e f o r e ,da t e sf o rde po s i t swe r ec a l c ul a t e dus i ngt hes e c o ndc o mmo nda t i ngme t ho d:by t e r mi nu sp o s tq u e m( TPQ) ,La t i nf o r' da t ea f t e rwhi c h. 'Thi sme t ho di nv o l v e sda t i ngade po s i tbyt he l a t e s tma dea r t i f a c ti nt hea s s e mbl a g e .Thei nt r o duc t i o nda t eo ft hel a t e s tma dea r t i f a c ti st hee a r l i e s t da t et ha tt hede po s i tc o ul dha v ebe e nc r e a t e d( Mi l l e r ,e ta l .2000) .Fo re x a mpl e ,i faf e a t ur ec o nt a i ne d t hr e ea r t i f a c t s–ac r o wnc a pbo t t l ec l o s ur e( i nt r o duc e di n1892) ,a nunde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r epl a t e ( i nt r o duc e dt oNo r t hAme r i c ac i r c a1820) ,a ndag a l v a ni z e dr o o f i ngna i l( i nt r o duc e di n1901)–t he TPQ da t ef o rt hef e a t ur ewo ul dbe1901 ;t hee a r l i e s tda t et hef e a t ur ec o ul dha v eb e e nc r e a t e d.Whe n da t e a bl ec ha r a c t e r i s t i c so v e r l a ppe d, t y pi c a l l yt het i g ht e rda t er a ng ewa sus e d.

ARTI FACTCLAS S I FI CATI ON Thec l a s s i f i c a t i o na ndc a t a l o g i ngs y s t e m us e df o rt heMa nnS i mo nspr o j e c twa samo di f i e d v e r s i o no ft hes y s t e ms e tf o r t hi nt heNa t i o na lPa r kS e r v i c e ’ s( NPS )Mu s e u m Ha nd b o o k ,Pa r tI I ( 2000) ,whi c hi t s e l fi sba s e do nt hec l a s s i f i c a t i o ns y s t e m pr o po s e dbyRo de r i c kS pr a g ue( 1981) . Ni ne t e e nuni q uef i e l dswe r ea v a i l a bl ef o rde s c r i bi nge a c ha r t i f a c t ,s i xmo r et ha npr o v i de df o runde r t heNPSs y s t e m.De v i a t i o nsf r o mt heNPSc a t a l o g i ngs y s t e ma r eno t e dwhe ndi s c us s e d.Ac o mpl e t e l i s to fo bj e c tna me sa ndde s c r i pt o r sus e di nt hi ss t udyf o re a c hf i e l di spr o v i de da tt hee ndo ft hi s c ha pt e r .Di a neWa l l ma n( US CCo l umbi a )di dt hef a una la na l y s i sf o rt hepr o j e c t .He rme t ho dsa nd c l a s s i f i c a t i o ns y s t e mi sl i s t e di nas ubs e q ue nts e c t i o n. The r eha sb e e ns o mec r i t i c i s mo ft heus eo fS pr a g ue ' st y po l o g y( S pude2006) ,r e v o l v i ng a r o und t hei de at ha tat y po l o g yba s e do nc o mmo nf unc t i o na lde s c r i pt i o nspr e c o ndi t i o nst he a r c ha e o l o g i s tt ov i e wi nga r t i f a c t si nt e r mso ft he s epr e de f i ne df unc t i o nsa nd no tt hepo s s i bl e f unc t i o n( s )t hea r t i f a c t smi g htha v eha df o rt hea c t ua lus e r s .Al t ho ug hIa g r e et ha tpr e c o ndi t i o ne d t ho ug hti sac o nc e r n,wha tt hi sa r g ume nti g no r e si st ha tt y po l o g i e sa r eno to nl ys t r uc t ur e dwa y so f o r g a ni z i ngv a r i a t i o n,a ndt husf o runde r s t a ndi ngs o me t hi nga bo utt hepe o pl ei nt e r a c t i ngwi t ht he s e o bj e c t s ,butame t ho do fc o mmuni c a t i ngs uc hv a r i a t i o na swe l l .Thee x a mpl eo faha r dwa r e s upe r s t o r ei l l us t r a t e st hi spo i nt .Thema j o r i t yo fpr o duc t si nha r dwa r es t o r e sha v es oma nypo t e nt i a l us e si ti si mpr a c t i c a lt og r o upt he mt o g e t he ri nwa y st ha tr e l a t et ot hei mme di a t er e q ui r e me nt so f i ndi v i dua lc o ns ume r s .Thet ho us a ndso fi t e msf o rs a l ea r et he r e f o r eo r g a ni z e da c c o r di ngt oa r e c o g ni z a bl et y po l o g ywhi c hdi s t i ng ui s he sbe t we e npl umbi ngf i t t i ng s ,pa i nt s ,wo o ds t a i ns ,e l e c t r i c a l wi r i ng ,a nds of o r t h.TheS pr a g uet y po l o g yi sawa yo fdi s t i ng ui s hi ngb e t we e nna i l sa nda mmuni t i o n i nawa yt ha tpe o pl ewi l lr e c o g ni z e ,r e g a r dl e s st ha tna i l sa nda mmuni t i o nc a nbo t hf unc t i o na s i ns t r ume nt so fi nj ur y . Unde rt hi st a x o no my ,e a c ha r t i f a c twa sf i r s ta s s i g ne dt oaCl a s s .Ni nec l a s s i f i c a t i o nswe r e a v a i l a bl e :Ce r a mi c( i nc l ude sb r i c k ) ,Gl a s s ,Me t a l ,Mi ne r a l ,S y nt h e t i c ,Or g a n i c ,Co mp o s i t e( mo r et ha n 26

o nema t e r i a l ) ,S o i l( us e do nl yf o rs o i ls a mpl e s ) ,a ndUn i d e nt i f i e d .Onc ebr o a dl yc l a s s i f i e d,a r t i f a c t s we r ea s s i g ne da nObj e c tNa me .Mo s to bj e c tna me sa r es e l fe v i de nt ,s uc ha sTo y ,Ma r b l e .Ot he r t e r msa r es pe c i a l l yde f i ne d.Co nt a i ne rr e f e r st opa c k a g e st ha tc o nt a i ne dapr o duc t( e . g .Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e ,Me d i c i na l ) .Ta b l e wa r er e f e r st o ut e ns i l sde s i g ne df o rt a bl eus e( e . g .Ta b l e wa r e ,Kni f e ) . Ut i l i t a r i a nr e f e r st out i l i t ywa r eo bj e c t s( e . g .Ut i l i t a r i a n ,J a r / Cr o c k ) .Ve s s e lwa sus e dwhe nt hes pe c i f i c f o r mo fat a bl e wa r eo rut i l i t a r i a nwa r ewa sno tr e c o g ni z a bl e .Ve s s e lwa sno tus e di nc o nj unc t i o nwi t h c o nt a i ne r .Ho l l o wwa r ewa sus e dwi t ht a bl e wa r eo rut i l i t a r i a nwa r ea ndr e f e r st of r a g me nt swi t h e no ug hc ur v a t ur et oi ndi c a t ev o l umea ndde pt hbutunr e c o g ni z a bl ea st os pe c i f i cf o r m.Fl a t wa r ewa s a l s ous e dwi t ht a bl e wa r ea ndut i l i t a r i a nwa r e swhe r ef r a g me nt swe r emo r eo rl e s sf l a tbutt hes pe c i f i c f o r mi sunk no wn.La s t l y ,Uni d e nt i f i e dwa sus e dwhe nt hef unc t i o no rf o r mo fa na r t i f a c tc o ul dno tbe i de nt i f i e d( e . g .Uni d e nt i f i e d ,Ve s s e lo rUni d e nt i f i e d ,Gl a s s ) .Whe nt hes pe c i f i cf o r mo fa no bj e c tc o ul d bei de nt i f i e d,a na ddi t i o na ll e v e lo fde s c r i pt i o nwa sus e dt oa ddf ur t he rs pe c i f i c i t yt ot heObj e c t Na meg r o up.Fo re x a mpl e ,a ne g gc upi sat y peo fbo wl ,a ndt he r e f o r ewo ul dbea s s i g ne dt heObj e c t Na meTa b l e wa r e ,Bo wl ,Eg gCu p .Ast hi se x a mpl ei l l us t r a t e s ,t hehi e r a r c hi c a lna t ur eo fo bj e c tna me s i so neo ft hemo s tus e f ulc ha r a c t e r i s t i c so ft hi sc l a s s i f i c a t i o ns y s t e m,a l l o wi ngf o ri nc r e a s i ngs pe c i f i c i t y a sne wi nf o r ma t i o na bo uta no bj e c ti sg a t he r e d. Unde rt he NPS s y s t e m,c l a s s i f i c a t i o ni sf u r t he r di v i de di nt os e v e nb r o a dg r o ups : Ma nuf a c t ur i ngTe c hni que( e . g .Pr e s s e dGl a s so rTh r e e Pi e c eMo l d ) ,De c or a t i veTe c hni que ( e . g .Emb o s s e do rTr a ns f e rPr i nt e d ,Und e r g l a z e ,Mo no c h r o me ) ,De c or a t i veDe s i gn( e . g .Fl o r a lo r Ge o me t r i c ) ,De c or a t i veEl e me nt( e . g .Fl e u r d e l i so rDi a mo nd ) ,Col or( e . g .Mu l b e r r yo rCo b a l t Bl u e ) ,Pa r t( e . g .Ha nd l eo rLi p ) ,a ndMa t e r i a l( e . g .S t o ne wa r eo rAl u mi nu m) .The‘ De c o r a t i v e El e me nt ’f i e l dwa sa l s ous e dwhe nt hes pe c i f i cde c o r a t i v epa t t e r nc o ul dbei de nt i f i e d( e . g .Wi l l o wo r Ho b na i l ) .Whe nc a t a l o g i ngc e r a mi co bj e c t s ,t he‘ Co l o r ’f i e l dwa sus e dt or e c o r di nf o r ma t i o na bo ut t hec o l o ro fde c o r a t i o no rg l a z ea ndwa sus e do nl ywhe nc o l o rwa sno tpa r to ft hei nf o r ma t i o n c o nt a i ne di no neo ft heDe c o r a t i v ef i e l ds .Gi v e nt hewi de l yv a r y i ngc r i t e r i ai nus ef o rde t e r mi ni ngt he c o l o ro fhi s t o r i cg l a s s ,f o rt hi ss t udyt heCo l o rf i e l df o rg l a s so bj e c t swa sus e dma i nl yf o rde s c r i pt i v e pur po s e s .Countwa sus e dt or e c o r dt henumb e ro fa r t i f a c t sf a l l i ngunde rt hes a mec a t a l o gnumb e r . Ma nuf a c t ur i ngDa t ewa sus e dt or e c o r dt hema nuf a c t ur i ngs t a r ta nde ndda t e sf o ra no bj e c t ,i f k no wn,o r ,i ns o mec a s e s , ape a kus a g eda t er a ng e . TheMa nnS i mo nspr o j e c ta l s ous e ds e v e r a la ddi t i o na lf i e l dsno ti nc l ude di nt heNPS c l a s s i f i c a t i o ns y s t e m.The s ef i e l dsr e f l e c tt hes pe c i f i cr e s e a r c hq ue s t i o nso ft hepr o j e c t ,a swe l la st he t i mepe r i o dunde ri nv e s t i g a t i o n.TheMa ke r ’ sMa r kf i e l dwa sus e dt or e c o r da nyma nuf a c t ur e r ’ s ma r k ( s )o na no bj e c t .Ot he rMa r kr e f e r st oa nyma r ko t he rt ha naMa k e r ’ sMa r k ,i nc l udi ng ,but no tl i mi t e dt o ,ba c kma r k s ,q ua l i t yma r k s ,c o nt e ntma r k s ,a ndpo s t c o ns umpt i o nma r k s( e . g .i ni t i a l s s c r a t c he di nt ot hes i deo fabo t t l e ) .We i ghtwa st y pi c a l l yr e c o r de df o rl e s s di a g no s t i ca r t i f a c t s ,f o r e x a mpl e ,s he e tme t a lf r a g me nt so rbr i c k .We i g ht sf o rc e r a mi c sa ndg l a s swe r eno tr e c o r de d.The Di me ns i onsf i e l dwa sus e dwhe nt hes i z eo ft heo bj e c ti sa ni mpo r t a ntpa r to fi t si de nt i f i c a t i o n( e . g . t hedi a me t e ro fama r bl e ,r a di uso far i ms he r d,o rs ha nkl e ng t ho fana i l ) .Da t eSour c ewa sus e dt o r e c o r dt her e f e r e nc ema t e r i a l sus e dt ode t e r mi net heda t ee nt e r e di nt heMa nuf a c t ur i ngDa t ef i e l d. TheMNIf i e l d,o rMi ni mum Numb e ro fI t e ms ,r e f e r st o ,a st hena mes ug g e s t s ,t he mi ni mum numb e ro fc o mpl e t ei t e mst ha tc o ul da c c o untf o rt henumbe ro fa r t i f a c t sunde rag i v e n

27

c a t a l o gi de nt i f i c a t i o n.Al t ho ug hMNV ( Mi ni mum Numbe ro fVe s s e l s )i st het r a di t i o na lt e r mf o r r e f e r r i ngt omi ni mum numbe r so fc e r a mi ca ndg l a s sv e s s e l s ,t heus eo fMNIa sag e ne r i ct e r mf o ra l l Mi ni mum Numbe rc o unt si sabe t t e ro pt i o n,a si ta v o i dst hes i t ua t i o no fne e di ngt ode v e l o pa n unne c e s s a r ys l e wo ft e r mst or e f e rt oo bj e c t so t he rt ha nv e s s e l s ,l i k eMNC ( Mi ni mum Numbe ro f Ca r t r i dg e s ) ,MNB( Mi ni mum Numbe ro fBut t o ns ) ,MNN ( Mi ni mum Numb e ro fNa i l s ) ,a ndo n, a ndo n. Lo o k i nga tc e r a mi cv e s s e l s ,S pe nc e r Wo o d( 1987)e x a mi ne ds e v e r a ldi f f e r e ntme t ho dsf o r c a l c ul a t i ngmi ni mum numb e rc o unt s .Twome t ho dsf o rde t e r mi ni ngc o unt swe r et e s t e d:t hef i r s t us e dr i mso nl ya ndt hes e c o ndus e dr i msa nda nyo t he rdi s t i nc t i v ebo dyf r a g me nt st ha tc o ul dno tbe pa r to fa nyv e s s e lr e pr e s e nt e dbyar i mo ro t he rbo dyf r a g me nt .S hede t e r mi ne dt ha tt her i ma nd di s t i nc t i v ebo dyf r a g me ntme t ho dr e s ul t e di namo r ec o mpl e t ev e s s e lc o untt ha nj us tus i ngr i ms a l o ne .Fo rt hi sr e a s o n,MNIc o unt sf o rc e r a mi c ,g l a s s ,a ndme t a lc o nt a i ne r s( l i k et i nc a ns )we r e c a l c ul a t e dhe r eus i ngt her i ma nddi s t i nc t i v ebo dyf r a g me ntme t ho d.MNIv a l ue sf o ro t he ra r t i f a c t t y pe swe r ede t e r mi ne dba s e do nt heuni q uec ha r a c t e r i s t i c so ft ha tpa r t i c ul a rt y peo fo bj e c t .Fo r e x a mpl e ,f o rna i l s ,MNIc o unt swe r eba s e do nhe a ds ,r e g a r dl e s so ft henumbe ro fs ha nkf r a g me nt s r e c o v e r e d; l a mpc hi mne yc o unt swe r eba s e do nr i mt y pea ndc i r c umf e r e nc e . I na l lc a s e s ,a r t i f a c t swe r ee x a mi ne df o rpo s s i bl ec r o s s me nds .Fr a g me nt st ha tdi dno tme nd we r ee x a mi ne df o rma t c he si n de s i g n,f o r m,c o l o r ,a nd o t he ra t t r i but e swhi c h wo ul di ndi c a t e a s s o c i a t i o nwi t hpr e v i o us l yde f i ne do bj e c t s .Obj e c t st ha tdi dno tma t c he i t he rme nde do bj e c t so r o t he rf r a g me nt swe r ec o unt e da sa ddi t i o na lo bj e c t s .Fo rc l o s e dc o nt e x t s ,l i k et r a s hpi t sa ndpr i v i e s , r e c o v e r ypr o v e na nc ewa sma i nt a i ne df o re a c ha r t i f a c t( s uc ha st hel e v e lf r o m whi c ha na r t i f a c twa s r e c o v e r e d) ,whi l ec r o s s me ndsa ndmi ni mum numbe ro fo bj e c tc o unt swe r ede t e r mi ne df o rt hee nt i r e f e a t ur ea sa ppr o pr i a t e . Myus eo fFunc t i ona lCa t e gor y di f f e r sf r o mt het r a di t i o na lpr o g r a mo ff unc t i o na l a na l y s i spr o po s e dbyS o ut h( 1978)a ndus e dbyma nyhi s t o r i c a la r c ha e o l o g i s t s .S o ut hde v i s e dhi s s y s t e mo ff unc t i o na la na l y s i st oa i di ni de nt i f y i ngpa t t e r nsi nt hea r c ha e o l o g i c a lr e c o r do ns e v e nt e e nt h a nde i g ht e e nt hc e nt ur ys i t e st ha tc o ul dt he nb ec o r r e l a t e dt og e ne r a lt he o r e t i c a le x pl a na t i o nsf o rt he e x i s t e nc eo ft he s epa t t e r ns .ButS o ut h’ sc a t e g o r i e sf o rs e v e nt e e nt ha nde i g ht e e nt hc e nt ur ys i t e sa r el e s s t ha ni de a lf o ra ns we r i ngc e r t a i nt y pe so fq ue s t i o nsf o rl a t eni ne t e e nt ha ndt we nt i e t hc e nt ur ys i t e s .Fo r t hi spr o j e c t ,‘ Func t i o na lCa t e g o r y ’r e f e r st ot hef o l l o wi ngg e ne r a lc a t e g o r i e s :Ar c h i t e c t u r a l ,Do me s t i c , El e c t r i c a l ,Ki t c h e n,a ndPe r s o na l .Whi l et heKi t c he na nd,t oal e s s e re x t e nt ,t hePe r s o na lo bj e c t c a t e g o r i e sa r ei nk e e pi ng wi t hS o ut h’ ss c he ma t a ,t heAr c hi t e c t ur a l ,Do me s t i c ,a nd El e c t r i c a l c a t e g o r i e s ,whe ne x a mi ne dt e mpo r a l l y ,ha v et he po t e nt i a lt oy i e l di nf o r ma t i o na bo ut t he i nt r o duc t i o n,a do pt i o n,a ndus eo ft e c hno l o g i e sa ndma t e r i a l suni q uet ot hema nuf a c t ur i nga nd c o ns umpt i o nc o nt e x to ft hel a t eni ne t e e nt ha ndt we nt i e t hc e nt ur y .Ge ne r a lc a t e g o r i e sc o nt a i ns e v e r a l s ubc a t e g o r i e s :

28

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l Ar c hi t e c t ur a l Ex t e r i o r Ar c hi t e c t ur a l I nt e r i o r Ki t c he n Ki t c he nTa bl e wa r e Ki t c he nUt i l i t a r i a n Do me s t i c

Pe r s o na l Pe r s o na l Cl o t hi ng Pe r s o na l Fi r e a r ms Pe r s o na l Hy g i e ne Pe r s o na l Or na me nt a l Pe r s o na l S e wi ng Pe r s o na l To y El e c t r i c a l

Ar t i f a c t si nt heAr c h i t e c t u r a lc a t e g o r yi nc l udena i l s ,b r i c k ,mo r t a r ,pl a s t e r ,r o o f i ng / s i di ngt i l e s , wi ndo wg l a s s ,do o rhi ng e s ,e t c .Ar c h i t e c t u r a l Ex t e r i o rr e f e r ss pe c i f i c a l l yt ot ho s ei t e msr e l a t e dt ot he e x t e r i o rs ur f a c e so fs t r uc t ur e s ,s uc ha sr o o f i nga nd s i di ngma t e r i a l s .TheAr c h i t e c t u r a l Ex t e r i o r s ubc a t e g o r ydo e sno ti nc l udeo bj e c t swho s ef unc t i o ni sno tuna mbi g uo us l yr e l a t e dt oe x t e r i o r s t r uc t ur a ls ur f a c e s ,f o re x a mpl e ,na i l s ,b r i c k ,mo r t a r ,e t c . ,whi c ha r ea s s i g ne dt heg e ne r a lc a t e g o r y Ar c h i t e c t u r a l .TheAr c h i t e c t u r a l I nt e r i o rs ubc a t e g o r yi sus e df o ra r c hi t e c t ur a lo bj e c t suna mbi g uo us l y r e l a t e dt os t r uc t ur a l i nt e r i o r s ,f o re x a mpl e ,pl a s t e r . TheEl e c t r i c a lc a t e g o r yr e f e r st oo bj e c t sus e di nt het r a ns mi s s i o no fe l e c t r i c i t ys uc ha swi r e , i ns ul a t o r s ,pl ug sa ndf us e s ,o bj e c t sus e di nt hec o nv e r s i o nt oo rf r o me l e c t r i c i t ys uc ha sba t t e r i e s , c a r bo nr o dsa ndl i g htbul bs ,a swe l la so bj e c t so pe r a t i ngbywa yo fe l e c t r i c i t y ,s uc ha st e l e pho ne sa nd do o rbe l l s . Ki t c h e na r t i f a c t si nc l udea l lo bj e c t sr e l a t e dt ot hes t o r a g e ,s e r v i ng ,o rpr e pa r a t i o no ff o o dsa nd be v e r a g e ss uc ha sg l a s sa ndc e r a mi cv e s s e l s ,s e r v i nga nde a t i ngut e ns i l s ,e t c .TheKi t c h e nTa b l e wa r e s ubc a t e g o r yi sus e df o rut e ns i l s ,c e r a mi c s ,o rg l a s sde s i g ne df o rt a bl eus e .Thi si nc l ude sbo wl ss ui t a bl e f o rs e r v i nga tt het a bl e ,c ups ,f o r k s ,r e f i ne dho l l o wwa r e s ,dr i nk i ngg l a s s e s ,k ni v e s ,pl a t e s ,s po o ns ,e t c . TheKi t c h e nUt i l i t a r i a ns ubc a t e g o r yi sus e dt ode s i g na t eo bj e c t so fut i l i t ywa r e ,i nc l udi ngbo t t l e s , c r o c k s ,j a r s ,c a ns ,a ndj ug s .Whe na na r t i f a c twa si de nt i f i a bl ea sak i t c he ni t e m,butno ta sTa b l e wa r e o rUt i l i t a r i a n, i twa sa s s i g ne dt heg e ne r a l c a t e g o r yKi t c h e n. Pe r s o na la r t i f a c t si nc l udec l o t hi ng r e l a t e di t e mss uc ha sbut t o nso rbuc k l e s ,a swe l la sc o i ns , s e wi ng r e l a t e di t e ms ,t o ba c c opi pe s ,e t c .ThePe r s o na l To ys ubc a t e g o r yi sus e df o rma r bl e s ,ba l l s , f i g ur i ne s ,j a c k s ,a ndo t he ri t e mst r a di t i o na l l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hea c t i v i t i e so fc hi l dr e n.Ar t i f a c t si nt he Pe r s o na l Cl o t h i ngs ubc a t e g o r yi nc l udebut t o ns ,buc k l e s ,c l o t hi ngr i v e t s ,s ho el e a t he r ,ho o k a nde y e f a s t e ne r s ,e t c .Pe r s o na l S e wi ngi sus e df o rne e dl e s ,s t r a i g htpi ns ,s a f e t ypi ns ,t hi mbl e s ,a ndo t he ri t e ms r e l a t e dt ot hema k i ng ,r e pa i r i ng ,a ndt a i l o r i ngo fc l o t hi ng .ThePe r s o na l Or na me nt a ls ubc a t e g o r y i nc l ude sr i ng s ,ne c k l a c e s ,pe nda nt s ,b r o a c he s ,e a r r i ng s ,e t c .ThePe r s o na l Hy g i e nes ubc a t e g o r yi sus e d t o de s i g na t eo bj e c t st ha ta r e hy g i e ne ,c o s me t i c ,o r pe r s o na la ppe a r a nc er e l a t e d,i nc l udi ng t o o t hpa s t e / br us he s ,s o a p,c o mb s ,ha i rpr o duc t s ,e t c .ThePe r s o na l Fi r e a r mss ubc a t e g o r yi nc l ude sa l l o bj e c t sr e l a t e dt of i r e a r ms .Whe na na r t i f a c twa si de nt i f i a bl ea sape r s o na li t e m,butno ta sTo y , Cl o t h i ng ,S e wi ng ,Fi r e a r ms , Or na me nt a l , o rHy g i e ne , i twa sa s s i g ne dt heg e ne r a l c a t e g o r yPe r s o na l . The Do me s t i cc a t e g o r ywa sus e dt odi s t i ng ui s hho us e ho l dr e l a t e di t e ms ,i nc l udi ngf u r ni t ur eha r dwa r e , 29

CLASS: OBJECT NAME: MATERIAL: MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE: DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE: DECORATIVE DESIGN: DECORATIVE ELEMENT: COLOR: PART: COUNT: MNI: WEIGHT: DIMENSIONS: FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY: MAKER'S MARK: OTHER MARKS: MANUFACTURING DATE: DATE SOURCE: NOTES:

Glass Container, Bottle, Soda Pop Glass Cup-bottom Mold Embossed Text Aqua (blue) Base fragments 13 1 Base diameter = 3-inches Kitchen-Utilitarian Yes No 1915-1923 Lockhart, et al. 2007:34 “CHERO COLA” embossed, angled block text, center base

l i g ht s ha de s / c hi mne y s ( t ho s e no t a s s i g ne dt ot he El e c t r i c a lc a t e g o r y ) , do o rk no bs ,br i c a b r a c ,f l o we r po t s , a ndo t he rho us e ho l do bj e c t s . e s f i e l d i s La s t l y , a Not pr o v i de da tt hee ndo ft hec a t a l o ge nt r y t or e c o r da nya ddi t i o na li nf o r ma t i o n r e l e v a ntt ot heo bj e c tno ti nc l ude di n t hepr e v i o usf i e l ds .No te v e r ya r t i f a c t de s c r i pt i o n us e de v e r ya v a i l a bl ef i e l d. Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n f i e l ds we r e us e d a s a ppr o pr i a t ef o rt heo bj e c t .Tot hel e f ti s a ne x a mpl ea r t i f a c tc a t a l o ge nt r yt o i l l us t r a t et he s y s t e m.A f ul ll i s to f c l a s s i f i c a t i o nf i e l dv a l ue si sf o und i n Appe ndi xB.

FAUNALANALYSI SMETHODS [ Th i ss e c t i o ni st a k e nv e r b a t i mf r o m“ Fa u na lRe p o r tf o rMa n nS i mo ns( 38RD1083) ”b yDi a neWa l l ma n ( 2010) .Ad d i t i o nsa nd / o rc h a n g e sb yt h ea u t h o ra r ef o u ndwi t h i n“ [] ”b r a c k e t s . ]

RECORDATI ON TECHNI QUES The f a una lr e ma i ns f r o m t he Ma nnS i mo ns s i t e we r ea na l y z e d us i ng s t a nda r d z o o a r c ha e o l o g i c a lme t ho ds ,a nda l lbo ne swe r ei de nt i f i e dt ot hel o we s tt a x o no mi cl e v e lpo s s i bl e ut i l i z i ngt hec o mpa r a t i v ef a una lc o l l e c t i o ni nt heDe pa r t me nto fAnt hr o po l o g ya tTheUni v e r s i t yo f S o ut hCa r o l i na ,a ndr e f e r e nc ema t e r i a l si nc l udi ngGi l be r t( 1981 ,1990) ,Ol s e n( 2004) ,a ndS i s s o n ( 1953) .Thepo r t i o no fe a c hi de nt i f i e de l e me nti sr e c o r de da swho l ei fi ti sc o mpl e t e ;pa r t i a li ft he s pe c i me ni sa l mo s tc o mpl e t e ;f r a g me nti fi ta ppe a r sbr o k e n;a nds e c t i o ni ft hes pe c i me na ppe a r sc ut . Whe npo s s i bl e ,i de nt i f i e de l e me nt swe r es i de d( l e f to rr i g ht ) ,a nda l s oa g e dt oag e ne r a ls t a g e ( j uv e ni l e / i mma t ur eo ra dul t / ma t ur e )ba s e do ne pi phy s e a l f us i o no rt o o t he r upt i o n. Obs e r v a bl ec ul t ur a lmo di f i c a t i o ns( bur ni ng ,f r a c t ur i ng ,e x c a v a t i o n da ma g e )we r ea l s o r e c o r de df o rt hebo ne s .Ba s e do nt heur ba ns e t t i ngo ft hes i t e ,a l lf o o dr e ma i nsi de nt i f i e dwe r el i k e l y l o c a l l ypur c ha s e d,a c q ui r e do rr a i s e d,i nt hec a s eo fs o mepo ul t r y .La r g ema mma l s ,t he nl i k e l y r e pr e s e ntc a t t l e( Bo st a u r u s ) ,whi l eme di um ma mma l s ,l i k e l yc a mef r o m pi g( S u ss c r o f a )o rs he e p/ g o a t ( Ov i sa r i e s / Ca p r ah i r c u s ) .The s ebo ne sl i k e l yr e pr e s e ntc o mmo nb r e e dso fe a c hs pe c i e sk no wnf o rt he l a t e19 t hc e nt ur y .Co mmo nc a t t l eb r e e dsi nt he19 t hCe nt ur yi nc l ude dAng us ,He r e f o r da nd S ho r t ho r n,a nde v e nt ua l l yt heTe x a sLo ng ho r n( S k a g g s1986) .Pi gb r e e dsi nt he19 t hCe nt ur y i nc l ude dEng l i s hBe r k s hi r e , Be df o r d, By f i e l da ndI r i s hGr a z i e r s( S k a g g s1986) .

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Ea c hs pe c i me ni de nt i f i e da sc a t t l e ,pi go rs he e p/ g o a twa st he na s s i g ne dt oas pe c i f i cr e t a i l me a tc uta sde s i g na t e dbyAz i z i ,e ta l .( 1996) ,a s s o c i a t e dwi t hs t a nda r dAme r i c a nbut c he r yt e c hni q ue s ut i l i z e df o rt hepa s t100y e a r s( Fi g ur e s22 ,23,a nd24) .El e me nt si de nt i f i e dt os pe c i e sc o r r e s po nd t os pe c i f i ci l l us t r a t e dme a tc ut s ,ba s e do na ne x t e nde dv e r s i o no fLy ma n’ s( 1977)s y s t e m( Az i z i ,e ta l . 1996: 211) .Thei l l us t r a t i o no ft hes pe c i f i cf r a g me nto rs e c t i o no fa ne l e me nti sc o r r e l a t e dt ot her e t a i l me a tc uti tr e pr e s e nt s( Az i z i ,e ta l .1996:211) .Thi ss y s t e ma c c o unt sf o rt hedi f f i c ul t yi nl i nk i ng i de nt i f i a bl ef r a g me nt st os pe c i f i cme a tc ut s .But c he r i nguni t sf o rbe e f ,f o re x a mpl e ,c o nt a i ndi f f e r e nt po r t i o nso ft hes a mee l e me nt( s e eTa bl e s21,22,a nd23) .I na ddi t i o n,a nyo bs e r v a bl er e f i t so r c o nj o i ne dbo ne s ,t ha ti sa nybo ne sf r o m as i ng l ea ni ma lt ha tputba c kt o g e t he r ,we r er e c o r de di n o r de rt ob e t t e rde t e r mi net hea c t ua l numbe ro fbo ne spr e s e nt ,a so ppo s e dt obo nef r a g me nt s . Bo t hc ul t ur a la ndno nc ul t ur a lt a pho no mi cpr o c e s s e swe r ea s s e s s e di nt hea s s e mbl a g e s ,us i ng z o o a r c ha e o l o g i c a lme t ho dspo s i t e dbyLy ma n( 1994) . Thef o l l o wi nga t t r i but e swe r er e c o r de df o re a c h s pe c i me n:we a t he r i ngs t a g ea ndo t he rna t ur a lt a pho no mi cpr o c e s s e s( Be hr e ns me y e r1978) ;pr e s e nc e o fc a r ni v o r eo rr o de ntg na wi ng( Bi nf o r d1981;Ly ma n1994b) ;pr e s e nc ea ndi nt e ns i t yo fbur ni ng ( Br a i n1981;J o hns o n1989) ;a nda nye v i de nc eo fbut c he r y( Bi nf o r d1981 ;Cr a de r1990 ;La ndo n 1996) ,i nc l udi ngc ut t i ng ,c ho ppi ng ,s a wi ng ,a nda nys i g nso fb r e a k i ngf o rma r r o we x t r a c t i o n( i . e . s pi r a l f r a c t ur i ng ,i mpa c tpo i nt s ) .

S PECI MEN I DENTI FI CATI ON TECHNI QUES S pe c i me nswi t ho utdi a g no s t i cf e a t ur e swe r ea s s i g ne dt oa ni ma ls i z ec l a s sc a t e g o r i e s( a da pt e d f r o m Tho ma s1969)( Ta bl e24) .Uni de nt i f i a bl ebo ne swe r eg r a de dbys i z eba s e do n“ bo nes i z ea nd t hi c k ne s s ”( S c hmi t ta ndLupo1995: 499) .Ca t t l e s i z ef r a g me nt s ,f o re x a mpl e ,we r ec l a s s i f i e da sCl a s s VI ,l a r g ema mma l s .Di s t i ng ui s hi ng be t we e ns he e pa nd g o a tr e ma i nsc a n pr e s e nts i g ni f i c a nt di f f i c ul t i e st oa na l y s t s ,be c a us et hebo ne sa r es i mi l a ri no v e r a l ls i z ea ndmo r pho l o g i c a la t t r i but e s ( Bo e s ne c k1970;Ha l s t e a d,e ta l .2002;Pa y ne1985) .I ti st he r e f o r epo s s i bl et ha ts o mebo ne s i de nt i f i e da ss he e pc o ul di nf a c tr e pr e s e ntg o a t .Ev e n wi t he x t e ns i v er e f e r e nc ec o l l e c t i o ns , “ di s t i ng ui s hi ngb e t we e ns he e pa ndg o a tbo ne si so f t e nno te a s y ”( Bo e s s ne c k1970: 358) .Whi l e publ i c a t i o nsha v epr e s e nt e ddi a g no s t i cc r i t e r i at oi de nt i f ybe t we e nt het woGe ne r a , t hec r i t e r i ar e l yo n t hepr e s e nc eo fc e r t a i nbo ne s( Ha l s t e a d,e ta l .200 0;Pa y ne1985 ;Pr umme la ndFr i s c h1986) .Te e t h a ndma ndi bl e sha v epr o v e dt obet hemo s tus e f ule l e me nt sf o rdi f f e r e nt i a t i ngb e t we e ns he e pa ndg o a t ( Ha l s t e a d,e ta l .2000;Pa y ne1985) .S t udi e sha v ede v e l o pe dme t ho dsf o rt hedi s t i nc t i o nbe t we e n t he s et wo Ge ne r aba s e do nt hemo r pho l o g i c a lc ha r a c t e r i s t i c so fpo s t c r a ni a ls k e l e t a le l e me nt s ( Pr umme la ndFr i s c h1986) .De s pi t et hef a c tt ha tma nyo ft heo v i c a pr i ner e ma i nsma yi nf a c t r e pr e s e nts he e p, t he ywi l l b ec a t e g o r i z e da ss he e p/ g o a t . Addi t i o na l l y ,Ia s s e s s e dt her e l a t i v ea g eo fe a c hs pe c i me n( a f t e rS i l v e r1963) .Re l a t i v ea g ewa s e s t a bl i s he dbyt hede g r e eo fe pi phy s e a lf us i o na ndt o o t he r upt i o ns e q ue nc e s ,t hemo s tc o mmo nl y e mpl o y e ds k e l e t a lpa r t sf o rde t e r mi ni nga g e( Kl e i na ndCr uz Ur i be1984 : 41) .Ag i ngs pe c i me nsi na n a s s e mbl a g ec a npr o v i dei nf o r ma t i o no n“ k i l l o f f ”pa t t e r nsi npa s ta ni ma lhus ba ndr ys y s t e ms ,a ndt he q ua l i t y( i . e . t hef a tc o nt e nt )o ft heme a tpur c ha s e d( La ndo n1996: 96) .Whe ne pi phy s e swe r epr e s e nt ,

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Fi g u r e22.S t a nd a r dRe t a i l Be e fCu t s( Az i z ie ta l . 1996:239) .* ( Nu mb e r s ne x tt ome a tc u t swe r eu s e df o rc o d i ng . )

Fi g u r e23.S t a nd a r dRe t a i l Po r kCu t s( Az i z ie ta l . 1996:239) .* ( Nu mb e r s ne x tt ome a tc u t swe r eu s e df o rc o d i ng . )

Fi g u r e24.S t a nd a r dRe t a i l Mu t t o nCu t s( Az i z ie ta l .1996:239) . * ( Nu mb e r sne x tt ome a tc u t swe r eu s e df o rc o d i ng . )

212

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Ir e c o r de dt hes t a g eo ff us i o nf o re a c hs pe c i me ni de nt i f i e da sc o w,pi ga nds he e p.S t a g e swe r e r e c o r de da sf us e d,unf us e d,a ndpa r t i a l l yf us e d,di s t i ng ui s he dbyt hepr e s e nc eo fa ne pi phy s e a ll i neo r s ut ur e .The s es t a g e sa r ec o mpa r e dt ot her e l a t i v ea g e sa twhi c hs pe c i f i ce pi phy s e sf us ef o re a c ha ni ma l . Addi t i o na l l y ,de c i duo ust e e t ha ndpe r ma ne ntt e e t hwe r edi f f e r e nt i a t e dt opr o v i dear e l a t i v ea g ef o r s pe c i me ns .

QUANTI FI CATI ON OFF AUNALR EMAI NS De t e r mi ni ngt hea ppr o pr i a t euni to fq ua nt i f i c a t i o nf o rf a una la na l y s e sr e ma i nsac o mpl i c a t e d c o nc e r nwi t hi nz o o a r c ha e o l o g y .Theus eo ft henumbe ro fi de nt i f i e ds pe c i me ns ,o rNI S P,t oq ua nt i f y f a una lr e ma i nsha sr e c e i v e ds i g ni f i c a ntc r i t i c i s m( Gr a y s o n1984,Kl e i na ndCr uz Ur i be1984) ,mo s t i mpo r t a nt l yf o ri t sf a i l ur et oa c c o untf o rs pe c i me ni nt e r de pe nde nc e ,b e c a us es e v e r a lbo nef r a g me nt s ma yc o mef r o mt hes a mee l e me nt .Toa c c o untf o rt hi spr o bl e m,ma nyz o o a r c ha e o l o g i s t sc a l c ul a t et he 214

mi ni mum numb e ro fi ndi v i dua l s ,o rMNIt ode t e r mi neho wma nya ni ma l sa r ea c t ua l l yr e pr e s e nt e d byt her e c o v e r e dr e ma i ns .Thi sc a l c ul a t i o n,ho we v e r ,ha sa l s obe e ns ubj e c tt oc r i t i c i s m,a si ti sk no wn t oc o r r e l a t ewi t hs a mpl es i z e ,a st hel a r g e rt henumbe ro fbo ne si na na s s e mbl a g et heg r e a t e rt heMNI ( Gr a y s o n1984 ;Ly ma n1979: 537 ,1994) .I nhi s t o r i ca s s e mbl a g e s ,MNIr e ma i nsapr o bl e ma t i cv a l ue be c a us epe o pl epur c ha s ebut c he r i nguni t s ,no tc o mpl e t ea ni ma l s ,wi t ht hepo s s i bl ee x c e pt i o no ff i s h a ndpo ul t r y( Ly ma n1979,1987,1994;Mi l nea ndCr a b t r e e2001) .De t e r mi ni ngt hec o nt r i but i o no f v a r i o uss pe c i e so ro ft hedi f f e r e ntc ut st oa na s s e mbl a g e ,t he r e f o r e ,r e ma i nsadi f f i c ul tt a s k ,a st he but c he r i nguni t sa c q ui r e da r eno ta l wa y sk no wno rc o ns i s t e nt . I nt hepa s t ,hi s t o r i c a lz o o a r c ha e o l o g i s t sc a l c ul a t e dt hea mo unto fa v a i l a bl eme a tf o rs pe c i e s , a ndf o rme a tc ut sut i l i z i ngbo ne we i g ht s( Ot t o1984)a ndt hea mo unto fus a bl eme a t( Ly ma n1979) . Ho we v e r , bo newe i g hta na l y s i swa sba s e do nt hea s s umpt i o nt ha tt her e l a t i o nb e t we e nbo nea ndme a t we i g hti sl i ne a r ,whi c hi sno ta c c ur a t e( Gr a y s o n1984) .Addi t i o na l l y , ” bo newe i g ht sa r es ubj e c tt o bi a s e sf r o m di f f e r e nt i a lmi ne r a l i z a t i o n,l e a c hi ng ,we a t he r i ng ,a ndpr e s e r v a t i o n”( Ly ma n1979 : 536) . Ac c o r di ngt oRe i t za ndWi ng( 2000: 202) ,s pe c i me nwe i g hti sr a r e l yus e ddi r e c t l yt odo c ume nt r e l a t i v ef r e q ue nc y , buti sma yb eus e da sa ne s t i ma t ef o r‘ e di bl e ’ o r‘ us a bl e ’ me a t . Ca l c ul a t i ng“ us a bl eme a t ”f o re a c hs pe c i e si sas ug g e s t e dme t ho dt oa c c o untf o rt hea mo unt o fme a tpur c ha s e da ndc o ns ume d( Ly ma n1979,1987) .Thi sa ppr o a c h,ho we v e r ,ha sno tb e e nwi de l y a ppl i e dt ohi s t o r i ca s s e mbl a g e sa ndt he r e f o r ei t sut i l i t yha sno tb e e ns uf f i c i e nt l yt e s t e d( La ndo n2005 : 9) .Fur t he r mo r e ,i ti sne c e s s a r yt oc o ns i de rs i z ec ha ng et hr o ug ht i mea nds pa c ewhe ne s t i ma t i ng di e t a r yc o nt r i but i o nba s e do nwe i g ht( Re i t za ndWi ng2000 : 226) .Thet o t a lwe i g hto fs pe c i e swi t h “ de t e r mi na t eg r o wt hv a r i e sb e c a us eo fg e o g r a phi c a lr a ng e ,a g e ,s e x ,s e a s o na ndnut r i t i o na lc o ndi t i o n” ( Re i t za ndWi ng2000 : 226) . De s pi t epo t e nt i a lpr o bl e mswi t ht hi suni to fme a s ur e me nt ,NI S Pi st hemo s twi de l yus e d uni to fq ua nt i f i c a t i o ni nz o o a r c ha e o l o g y .Thef e a t ur e si nv e s t i g a t e di nt hi ss t udya l lha v es i mi l a r de po s i t i o na lc o nt e x t sa ndt heho us e ho l dsa ndbus i ne s s e swhode po s i t e dt hema t e r i a l sha da c c e s st o t hes a met y pe so fme a ta ndme a tc ut s .Fur t he r mo r e ,ba s e do nt heur ba ne nv i r o nme nt ,t heuni to f a c q ui s i t i o nf o rt heme a tpur c ha s e dwo ul db ei ndi v i dua lme a tc ut s ,r e pr e s e nt e dbyr e l a t i v e l yf e wbo ne s e a c hi nt hea r c ha e o l o g i c a lr e c o r d.I nc o ns i de r a t i o no ft he s ef a c t o r s ,e mpl o y i ngt heNI S Pt oc a l c ul a t e r e l a t i v ea bunda nc e ss ho ul dpr o v i deas uf f i c i e ntme a nsf o rc o mpa r i s o nbe t we e nf e a t ur e s .Fo rt ho s e a ni ma l s ,s uc ha sbi r ds ,t ha twe r el i k e l ya c q ui r e dwho l e ,whe t he rpur c ha s e do rr a i s e do ns i t e ,t heMNI i sc a l c ul a t e d.Fo rt hee v a l ua t i o no fme a tc ut s ,Ic a l c ul a t eami ni mum numbe ro fme a tc ut sf o rc a t t l e , pi ga nds he e p/ g o a t .

ANALYSI SOFMEATCUTS Toe v a l ua t edi f f e r e nc e sa mo nga s s e mbl a g e swi t hr e g a r dt opa r t i c ul a rme a t c ut s ,Ic a l c ul a t e d t hemi ni mum numbe ro fme a tc ut sr e pr e s e nt e dwi t hi ne a c hde po s i t .Fo rt hi sme a s ur e ,Ide t e r mi ne d t hemi ni mum numbe ro fe a c hme a tc utne c e s s a r yt oa c c o untf o rt hes pe c i me nsi de nt i f i e dt oe a c hc ut , a c c o unt i ngf o rs i dea nda g e ,whe npo s s i bl e( ba s e do nLy ma n1979 ,1987) .Whi l ei tc a nbeus e f ult o c l a s s i f yt he s ec ut sbya g e ,t hef e ws pe c i me nsr e pr e s e nt i ng di f f e r e nta g e da ni ma l swi t hi nt he a s s e mbl a g e sdo e sno tma k et hi ss e g r e g a t i o npo s s i bl e . 215

RANKI NGOFMEATCUTS Mo s te c o no mi ca na l y s e so f19t hc e nt ur yhi s t o r i cf a una la s s e mbl a g e si sba s e do nt he a r c he t y pa lwo r ko fS c hul za ndGus t( 1983) ,whi c hpr o v i de sar a nks c a l ef o rc ut so fb e e fba s e do n e s t i ma t e so fl a t e 19 t ht oe a r l y 20t hc e nt ur yr e t a i lv a l ue s .I nt he o r y ,t hi sr a nk i ngpr o v i de sv a l ue st ha t a na l y s t sc a nus et oi nt e r pr e tt hee c o no mi cs t a t uso ft he“ de po s i t i ngpo pul a t i o n”( S c hul za ndGus t 1983: 12) .Whi l et hi sa ppr o a c hha sma i nt a i ne dl o ng e v i t ya nda ppa r e ntut i l i t y ,s o meha v ea r g ue dt ha t r e s ul t so fa na l y s e sba s e dt hi sr a nk i ngo f t e ndono ts ho ws o c i o e c o no mi ci nf l ue nc e si na s s e mbl a g e s , l e a di ngt oa ne l a bo r a t i o no ft hi smo de l ,whi c hha sbe e nr a r e l ye mpl o y e d,i nv o l v i ngt hea ddi t i o no f me a ty i e l dt oa dd r e s sc o s t e f f i c i e nc y( Hue l s b e c k19 89 ,1991 ;Ly ma n1979, 1987) . Di f f e r e ntme t ho dsha v eb e e ns ug g e s t e dt oa s s e s st hec o s t e f f i c i e nc yo fdi f f e r e ntbe e fc ut s f r o m 19t hc e nt ur ys i t e s .Ly ma n( 1987)wa so neo ft hef i r s tr e s e a r c he r st opr o po s et heus eo fme a t y i e l dpe rc utt ous ei na ddi t i o nt oe c o no mi cr a nk i ng s .Us i ngv a l ue so fbo t hhi s t o r i c a lpr i c epe rpo und be e fc ut sa ndo fc o ns uma bl eme a twe i g htf o re a c hc ut ,Ly ma n( 1987)c a l c ul a t e dame a s ur eo f“ c o s t e f f i c i e nc y ”f o rbe e fc ut s .Thi sv a l uewa sme a ntt opr o v i deamo r et ho r o ug hme a s ur e me nto fo pt i ma l pur c ha s i ngde c i s i o nsbypr o v i di ngt hec o s tpe rpo undo fe di bl eme a tf o re a c hc ut .Ac c o r di ngt ot he s t udy ,“ bo t hahi g hde g r e eo fc o s t e f f i c i e nc ya ndo pt i ma lf o r a g i nga r ei ndi c a t e dbymi ni mi z i ngc o s t s whi l ema x i mi z i ngy i e l ds ”( Ly ma n1987 : 81) .Whi l eLy ma n’ swa sa na t t e mptt oi nc r e a s et hea c c ur a c y o ft hea na l y s i s ,t hee q ua t i o nwa smi s c a l c ul a t e d.Hue l s b e c k( 1989)r e v i s i t e dLy ma n’ sme a s ur e me nto f “ c o s t e f f i c i e nc y ”a ndc o r r e c t e dt hee r r o r ,pr o v i di ngamo r ee f f e c t i v eme a s ur eo fc o s t e f f i c i e nc yba s e d o npr i c epe rpo unda ndme a ty i e l dpe rc uto fb e e f .Wha ta l s or e ma i nsi mpo r t a nti st ha twi t ht he c o r r e c t i o n,“ Ly ma n’ ss ug g e s t e dr e f i ne me nto ft hei nt e r pr e t i v emo de l …i sawe l c o mea ddi t i o nt ot he s ui t eo ft e c hni q ue sa v a i l a bl et of a una la na l y s t s ”( Hue l s b e c k1989: 116) .Ac c o r di ngt oHue l s b e c k ’ s ( 1989)c a l c ul a t i o ns ,ho we v e r ,t hi sne w me a s ur ewa ss t a t i s t i c a l l yc o r r e l a t e dt oS c hul za ndGus t ’ s e c o no mi cr a nk s , s ug g e s t i ngt ha tt he s ei ni t i a lr a nk sdoi nf a c tr e f l e c tc o s t e f f i c i e nc y . I nt hi sa na l y s i s ,Ius e dt heS c hul za ndGus t( 1983)be e fr a nk i ng st ode t e r mi nei fc o s ta f f e c t e d c o ns ume rc ho i c e ,a sa da pt e dbyAz i z i ,e ta l .( 1996) .Az i z i ,e ta l .de v e l o pe dr a nk i ng sf o rb e e f ,po r ka nd mut t o nc ut sba s e do nhi s t o r i c a lr e c o r dso fr e t a i lv a l ue sa ndi nt e r v i e wswi t hbut c he r s( a f t e rPi pe s 1995, Uba l dia ndCr o s s ma n1987) .

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CHAPTER3

FI ELDWORK

FIELDWORK t o o kpl a c ei nf o urs t a g e sb e t we e n2005a nd2012.Theo r i g i na lpr o po s a lwa st o e x c a v a t er o ug hl y500s q ua r ef e e to v e ras i xmo nt hpe r i o d.Twoy e a r sl a t e r ,a tt hec o nc l us i o no fS t a g e I I I ,ne a r l y2 , 000s q ua r ef e e to ft hes i t eha dbe e no pe ne d.Fi e l dwo r kr e s ume dwi t hS t a g eI Vi n2011 wi t ht hee x c a v a t i o no f386s q ua r ef e e t .I nc l udi ngs ho v e lt e s tpi t sa ndt he1998e x c a v a t i o ns ,at o t a lo f 2, 542s q ua r ef e e tha sbe e ne x c a v a t e da tt heMa nnS i mo nsS i t e .Thef o l l o wi ngs e c t i o nso ut l i net he e x c a v a t i o ns t r a t e g i e se mpl o y e ddur i nge a c hs t a g eo ff i e l dwo r kbe t we e n2005a nd2012 .

EXCAVATI ON S TAGES Ex c a v a t i o no c c ur r e dbe t we e nJ ul y2005a ndJ une2007i nt hr e es t a g e s . Thepr i ma r y o bj e c t i v eo ff i e l dwo r kwa ss t r a i g ht f o r wa r d:e x c a v a t ear e pr e s e nt a t i v es a mpl eo ft hee nt i r ea r e a c o nt i nua l l yo c c upi e dbyt heMa nnS i mo nsf a mi l ybe t we e n1825a nd1970wi t hi na c c e s s i bl es pa c e s ( i . e .t hes i t ebo unda r i e sde f i ne dbymo de r nf e a t ur e s ,f o re x a mpl e ,t hepa v e dpa r k i ngl o te a s to ft he s i t e ) .Theg o a lwa st oe s t a bl i s hho wt hema t e r i a lc ul t ur eo ft hef a mi l yv a r i e di nr e l a t i o nt oc ha ng e si n bo t hf a mi l ys t r uc t ur ea ndCo l umbi a ' ss o c i a le nv i r o nme ntt hr o ug ho utt heni ne t e e nt ha ndt we nt i e t h c e nt ur i e s .I nt hef o l l o wi ngt hr e es e c t i o ns ,Idi s c us st hes pe c i f i co bj e c t i v e sa nds c o peo fwo r kf o re a c h s t a g eo fe x c a v a t i o n.

S TAGEI : S HOVELTES TS URVEY Ex c a v a t i o nsunde r t a k e nbyCl e me nt ,e ta l .( 1999)i n1998hi nt e da tt hepo t e nt i a lo ft hes i t e butdi dno tpr o v i det heda t ane c e s s a r yt oe v a l ua t ei tf ul l y .Tor e me dyt hi spr o bl e m,S t a g eIo bj e c t i v e s we r ebr o a di ns c o pea ndde s i g ne dt oa ddr e s sba s i cq ue s t i o nsa bo utt heo c c upa t i o na ndi nt e g r i t yo ft he s i t e .Theo bj e c t i v e so fS t a g eIwe r e :1)a r c ha e o l o g i c a l l yi nv e s t i g a t et ho s ea r e a so ft hes i t et ha twe r et o bei r r e pa r a bl ydi s t ur be dbyHCFl a nds c a pi nga c t i v i t i e spl a nne df o rl a t ea ut umn2005a nd2)de f i ne t hea r c ha e o l o g i c a li nt e g r i t yo ft hee nt i r eg r e e ns pa c eb e t we e nt heMa nnS i mo nsho us ea ndt he a pa r t me ntbui l di ngt ot heno r t h. 31

Be t we e n13a nd23J ul y2005 ,31s ho v e l t e s tpi t si nt hea r e ab e t we e nt heMa nnS i mo ns ho us ea nd t he a pa r t me ntbui l di ng t ot he no r t h we r ee x c a v a t e d. S ho v e lt e s t swe r e di s t r i but e da l o ngag r i da t20f o o ti nt e r v a l s a c r o s st hee nt i r eba c k y a r da r e a( Fi g ur e31) . Ea c hs ho v e lt e s twa se x c a v a t e dt oas uf f i c i e nt de pt ht oi nt e r s e c tundi s t ur be df e a t ur e sa nd s ubs o i l .S i nc et hes ho v e lt e s t swe r eus e dt o de f i net hes t r a t i g r a phyo ft hes o i la ndi de nt i f y t hepr e s e nc eo ff e a t ur e sa nda r t i f a c t s ,t he ydi d no ti nt r udeupo nf e a t ur e so re x t e nd b e l o w s ubs o i l . At o t a lo f46s ho v e lt e s t swe r eo r i g i na l l y pr o po s e d.Ho we v e r ,upo ne x a mi na t i o no ft he s t r a t i g r a phywi t hi n30f e e to ft hea pa r t me nt bui l di ng ,Ide t e r mi ne dt ha tt hes o i lwa st o o di s t ur b e dt opr o v i deus e f ulda t a .Asar e s ul t , s ho v e lt e s t swe r ec a nc e l e di nt her e ma i ni ng a r e a ss ur r o undi ng t he a pa r t me ntbui l di ng . Thi si se x a c t l yt het y peo fi nf o r ma t i o ns ho v e l t e s t sa r ede s i g ne dt opr o v i de .Thes ho v e lt e s t s pr o duc e dal a r g es a mpl eo ft hes t r a t i g r a phi c na t ur eo ft hes i t ea ndas a mpl eo fs pa t i a l l y di s t i nc ta r t i f a c t sa ndf e a t ur e sf r o ma l lpe r i o ds o fo c c upa t i o n.

S TAGEI I :EXCAVATI ON UNI TS

Fi g u r e31.Lo c a t i o nso fs h o v e l t e s tp i t s .

32

Fo l l o wi ng s ho v e lt e s t i ng ,S t a g e I I e x c a v a t i o nso c c ur r e di nt wopha s e s . Dur i ng t hef i r s tpha s e ,whi c ht o o kpl a c ebe t we e n27 J ul ya nd 30 Oc t o be r 2005 ,I o r i g i na l l y pr o po s e dt oe x c a v a t et e n 5 x5 f o o tuni t s wi t hi nt hef r o nta nd s i dey a r da r e a st obe i mpa c t e dbyl a nds c a pi nga c t i v i t i e s( Fi g ur e32, uni t s512) .Thepl a c e me nto fe a c huni twa s r a ndo ml yde t e r mi ne dt opr o v i deas t a t i s t i c a l l y v a l i ds a mpl eo ft he s ea r e a s . Thepr i ma r y pur po s eo ft he s euni t swa st oi de nt i f ye v i de nc e o ff e nc e s ,s t r uc t ur e s ,a nd o t he rl a nds c a pe f e a t ur e sr e l a t e dt ot hev a r i o uso c c upa t i o ns ,

Fi g u r e32.Lo c a t i o nso fe x c a v a t i o nu ni t s .

33

s uc ha st he1407a nd1401Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ts t r uc t ur e s . Thi swo r kpl a nwa sno tc o mpl e t e df o ra numbe ro fr e a s o ns .Themo s ti mpo r t a ntf a c t o rwa st ha tt hes t r a t i g r a phywa smo r ec o mpl e xt ha n a nt i c i pa t e d. Ba s e do nt her e s ul t so ft he1998e x c a v a t i o ns ,Ie x pe c t e duni tde pt hf r o ms ur f a c et o s ubs o i lt oo c c urbe t we e n10a nd18i nc he sb e l o ws ur f a c ea ndbec o mpo s e do ft wopr i ma r ys t r a t a . Theuni t sa r o undt heho us e ,ho we v e r ,we r ea ppr o x i ma t e l y24i nc he sbe l o ws ur f a c ea ndc o mpo s e do f f o urdi s t i nc ts t r a t a .I na ddi t i o n,e a c huni tc o nt a i ne df a rmo r ef e a t ur e st ha ne x pe c t e d.Asar e s ul t ,f i v e e x c a v a t i o nuni t swi t hi nt hee a s ts i deo ft hey a r dwe r ec o mpl e t e da ndno newi t hi nt hewe s ty a r d. The s euni t spr o v i de dt hef i r s ts y s t e ma t i cv i e wo fr e s o ur c e sa tt hes i t ea nda l l o we dt hef o r mul a t i o no f mo r es o phi s t i c a t e dme t ho do l o g i e se mpl o y e ddur i ngS t a g eI I I . Thes e c o ndpha s eo fS t a g eI Ie x c a v a t i o nst o o kpl a c ef r o m Ma yt oJ ul y2006.Be t we e n8a nd 26Ma y ,Idi r e c t e d15g r a dua t ea ndunde r g r a dua t es t ude nt sa spa r to ft heUni v e r s i t yo fS o ut h Ca r o l i na ,De pa r t me nto fAnt hr o po l o g y ’ sFi e l dS c ho o li nAr c ha e o l o g y( ANTH 322) .Wi t ht hea i do f v o l unt e e r s ,Ic o mpl e t e dS t a g eI If i e l dwo r ko n28J ul y .Thepr i ma r yo bj e c t i v eo fpha s e2 ,S t a g eI Iwa s t oe x c a v a t et wos a mpl i ngs t r a t a :t hewe s ts i deo ft hey a r da ndt hes i dey a r da r e abe t we e nt he s t r uc t ur e sa t1403Ri c hl a nda nd1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t s .Fi v e5x5f o o tuni t sa ndo ne2 . 5x2 . 5f o o t uni twe r ee x c a v a t e d, a swe l l a st wos ho v e l t e s tpi t s . S i nc et hel a nds c a pi nga c t i v i t i e swi t hi nt hewe s ty a r da r e awe r ec o mpl e t e ds e v e r a lmo nt hs pr i o rt ot hes t a r to fpha s e2,S t a g eI I ,a r e a so pe nt oe x c a v a t i o nwe r el i mi t e dt ount o uc he ds pa c e s , e s s e nt i a l l yana r r o ws t r i pa ppr o x i ma t e l yf i v e f e e twi der unni ngno r t h/ s o ut hdo wnt hec e nt e ro ft he we s ty a r d. Asar e s ul t ,r a ndo ms a mpl i ngwa sa ba ndo ne di nf a v o ro fj udg me nt a lpl a c e me nto f e x c a v a t i o nuni t s .Ex c a v a t i o nuni t swe r edi r e c t e dpr i ma r i l ybyt he1904S a nb o r nFi r eI ns u r a nc eMa p o fCo l u mb i a .A5x5f o o te x c a v a t i o nuni twa so pe ne dt oe x pl o r et hepo s s i bl es t r uc t ur a lr e ma i nso fa s ma l l s c a l ec o mme r c i a lbui l di ngl o c a t e ddi r e c t l yo nt heno r t he a s tc o r ne ro fRi c hl a nda ndMa r i o n S t r e e t sa t1401Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t( Uni t12) .Uni t11i ni t i a l l ys t a r t e da sas ho v e lt e s tpi tt oe x pl o r et he s o ut he a s tc o r ne ro ft hes t r uc t ur e .Upo ne nc o unt e r i ngi ns i t ubr i c kf o unda t i o nr e ma i ns ,t he1x1f o o t S TPwa se x pa nde di nt oa2 . 5x2 . 5f o o te x c a v a t i o nuni t .S i nc et heS TPha dbe e ne x c a v a t e d a c c o r di ngt ona t ur a ls t r a t a ,c o nv e r s i o nt oa ne x c a v a t i o nuni twa ss t r a i g ht f o r wa r d,wi t hnol o s so f a r t i f a c t ua lo rc o nt e x t ua lda t a .Addi t i o na l l y ,f o ure x c a v a t i o nuni t swe r epl a c e dwi t hi nt her e a r s i de y a r d,g e ne r a t i ngat we nt y pe r c e nts a mpl eo ft hea r e a( uni t s1417) .I na ddi t i o nt onume r o usi nt a c t de po s i t s ,s t r uc t ur a lf o unda t i o ns ,a ndab r o a da r r a yo fma t e r i a li t e ms ,t he s ee x c a v a t i o nsa l s or e v e a l e d e v i de nc eo fs e v e r es t r a t i g r a phi cdi s t ur ba nc e .I ta ppe a r st ha tdu r i ngr e no v a t i o nso ft he1403Ri c hl a nd S t r e e tho us ei n1974,al a r g es e mi c i r c ul a rt r e nc hwa sduga r o undt her e a ro ft heho us ee x t e ndi ng ne a r l yt e nf e e tf r o mt hes t r uc t ur e .Whi l et hi si nf o r ma t i o nhe l pe df o r mul a t et her e s e a r c hde s i g nf o r S t a g eI I Ie x c a v a t i o nsi nt e r mso fs a mpl i ng ,t her e s ul ti sac o mpl e t el o s so fa r c ha e o l o g i c a li nt e g r i t yi n t hi spa r to ft hey a r d.

S TAGEI I I :BLOCKEXCAVATI ONS S t a g eI I Ie x c a v a t i o nsb e g a n9S e pt e mbe r2006a ndc o nt i nue dunt i l30J une2007.Dur i ng t hi st i me ,t wof i e l ds c ho o lc l a s s e sc o nt r i but e dt oe x c a v a t i o n. Thef i r s twa saS a t ur da y o nl yc l a s s dur i ngFa l ls e me s t e r ,2006.Thes e c o ndc l a s swa samo r et r a di t i o na lf i e l ds c ho o l ,whi c ht o o kpl a c e

34

Ma y2007 . Thes t r a t i f i e dr a ndo ms a mpl i ng s t r a t e g yus e ddur i ngS t a g eI Iwa sa ba ndo ne d dur i ngs t a g eI I I .I ns t e a d,bl o c ke x c a v a t i o ns we r ee mpl o y e d.Two20x20f o o tbl o c k swe r e l a i d o ut , wi t h a ddi t i o na l uni t s pl a c e d j udg me nt a l l yt oe x pl o r e pr o x i ma t ea r e a s . The s ebl o c k sr e pr e s e nta64pe r c e nts a mpl eo f t hec o mmo ny a r da r e ab e hi ndt heho us e sa t 1403 Ri c hl a nd a nd 1904 Ma r i o nS t r e e t s ( Fi g ur e s33) .At o t a lo f1 , 000s q ua r ef e e twe r e e x c a v a t e ddur i ngS t a g eI I I . Oneo ft hei nhe r e ntdi f f i c ul t i e so fur ba n a r c ha e o l o g yr e s ul t sf r o ml o ng t e r m,i nt e ns i v e l a ndus ewi t hi ns ma l l ,bo unde ds pa c e s . Thi s l a nd us epa t t e r nr e s ul t si n a mul t i t udeo f i nt r us i v ea r c hi t e c t ur a la nd no na r c hi t e c t ur a l f e a t ur e sa s s o c i a t e dwi t he a c ho c c upa t i o ne r a . Wi t hr a ndo ml ydi s t r i but e de x c a v a t i o n uni t s , l i k et ho s eo fS t a g eI I ,t he di f f i c ul t yl a y s , Fi g u r e33.Ph o t o g r a p ho fBl o c k1. l i t e r a l l y ,i nc o nne c t i ng t he do t s . Bl o c k e x c a v a t i o nswe r eus e di nt hec o mmo ny a r da r e a t or e v e a lpa t t e r ni ng no tv i s i bl e us i ng t he me t ho dse mpl o y e di nS t a g eI Ie x c a v a t i o ns ,mo s tno t a bl y ,ho r i z o nt a lpa t t e r ni ngr e l a t e dt os t r uc t ur e s a ndda y t o da ya c t i v i t i e s . Dur i ngS t a g eI I ,a l ls t r a t awe r ee x c a v a t e d,s c r e e ne d,a nda r t i f a c t spr o v e ni e nc e da c c o r di ng l y , i nc l udi ngt heuppe r mo s ts t r a t um ( Le v e l1)r e pr e s e nt i ngpo s t 1970di s t ur ba nc e .Al t ho ug hs pa t i a l l y o uto fc o nt e x t ,a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l1we r ei ni t i a l l ys a v e dt of a c i l i t a t et hea na l y s i so fc o mmo di t yf l o ws –a na na l y s i st ha tc a nbepr e f o r me da de q ua t e l ya ta nur ba nbl o c ks c a l e .Thene e df o rt hi sda t af r o m Le v e l1 ,ho we v e r ,di s a ppe a r e da f t e rdi s c o v e r yo fal a r g e ,v e r ywe l lpr e s e r v e dt r a s hde po s i tc o nt a i ni ng o v e ro ne t ho us a nda r t i f a c t sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hel unc hc o unt e ra t1401Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .Co ns e q ue nt l y , r e c o v e r yo fLe v e l1da t a ,whi c hwa sv e r yt i mec o ns umi ng ,wa sa ba ndo ne ddu r i ngS t a g eI I I .Ut i l i z i ng t hes t r a t i g r a phi ci nf o r ma t i o ng e ne r a t e df r o mt he20 05 s ho v e lt e s ts ur v e y ,Le v e l1 s o i l swe r e me c ha ni c a l l yr e mo v e da nddi s c a r de dus i ngaba c k ho et or e v e a lundi s t ur be ds t r a t a . Thee x po s e d s t r a t um ( Le v e l2o r3 ,de pe ndi ngo ny a r da r e a )r e pr e s e nt st hepo s t Re c o ns t r uc t i o n/ J i m Cr o we r a o c c upa t i o nsa ndi st hepr i ma r yda t af r o mt hec o mmo ny a r da r e aus e di nt hes t udy . Fe a t ur ei de nt i f i c a t i o nwa so f t e npr o bl e ma t i cdu r i ngS t a g eI I Ie x c a v a t i o n,pa r t i c ul a r l ywi t hi n Bl o c k2i nt hef a rba c k y a r da r e a . Thi sa r e awa she a v i l ydi s t ur b e dbya tl e a s tt hr e epo s t 1970 l a nds c a pi nge pi s o de s –de s t r uc t i o no ft hebui l di ng s ,c o ns t r uc t i o no fapa r k i ngl o tt ot hee a s t ,a nd r e no v a t i o no ft he1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tho us e .The s edi s t ur be ds t r a t awe r ec o mpo s e do fv e r yda r k , a r t i f a c t r i c hs o i l s , ma k i ngf e a t ur ei de nt i f i c a t i o ndur i nge x c a v a t i o ndi f f i c ul t .

35

S TAGEI V: NORTHEASTCORNER

Fi g u r e34.S t a g eI V,Bl o c k3e x c a v a t i o nsl o o k i ngno r t h .

S t a g eI Ve x c a v a t i o nsb e g a n22Oc t o be r 2011a ndc o nt i nue dunt i l27J a nua r y2012 . Theg o a l so ft heS t a g eI Ve x c a v a t i o n we r e t hr e e f o l d:( 1)mo r ef ul l yde f i net hena t ur eo f o pe r a t i o nsa tt hel unc hc o unt e r ;( 2)r e c o v e r s ur v i v i nge v i de nc eo ft hef i r s t g e ne r a t i o nho us e ( pr e 1403 Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t ) ;a nd ( 3)b e t t e r unde r s t a ndho wt hef a mi l yus e dt hi sy a r da r e a o v e rt i me .De s i g na t e dBl o c k3 ,at o t a lo f386 s q ua r ef e e twe r ee x c a v a t e d wi t hi nt he f a r s o ut hwe s tc o r ne ro ft hes i t e ,i nc l udi ng t he r e mo v a lo fas i x f o o ts e c t i o no fs i de wa l ka l o ng Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t( Fi g ur e34) .Thes o ut he r n ha l fo fBl o c k3( s o ut ho ft heb r i c kdr a i n)wa s t hea r e al e a s tdi s t ur be dbypo s t 1970a c t i v i t i e s a tt hes i t ea ndt husr e pr e s e nt st hemo s tde t a i l e d ma t e r i a lr e c o r do fmi d20t hc e nt ur ya c t i v i t i e s a tt he s i t e .Bl o c k3a l s o ha dt he de ns e s t po pul a t i o no fpl a nt i ng r e l a t e df e a t ur e sa tt he s i t e ,t hema j o r i t yo fwhi c hwe r ea s s o c i a t e dwi t h Le v e l 2( e a r l y t o mi d20t hc e nt ur y ) .

S I TES TRATI GRAPHY Al t ho ug hs i t es t r a t i g r a phyv a r i e ds o me wha ta c r o s st hes i t e ,de pe ndi ngo nt hede g r e eo f di s t ur ba nc ec a us e dbypo s t 1970de s t r uc t i o n,l a nds c a pi ng ,a ndbui l di nga c t i v i t i e si nag i v e na r e a , e x c a v a t i o nsunc o v e r e df o urdi s t i nc ts t r a t apr e s e nta c r o s smo s to ft hes i t e . Le v e l 1wa sal o o s ebl a c ks a ndyl o a mt ha tv a r i e di nt hi c k ne s sf r o m 0. 4t o1 . 3f e e ta nds ho we d e v i de nc eo fs i g ni f i c a ntdi s t ur ba nc e . Va r i a t i o ni nde pt hi sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht her e mo v a lo fv a r i o us s t r uc t ur e so nt hes i t edur i ngt he1970s ,a swe l l a ss ubs e q ue ntl a nds c a pi nga c t i v i t i e s .Nof e a t ur e swe r e a s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hi sl e v e l ,butat r e me ndo usnumbe ro fa r t i f a c t swe r epr e s e nta sar e s ul to fme c ha ni c a l g r a di ngt ha ts he a r e dt het o pso f fo fv a r i o usf e a t ur e s .Ar t i f a c t swe r eno tr e c o v e r e df r o mt hi sl e v e l . Le v e l2wa sav e r yda r kg r a y i s hb r o wns a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h5% s t r o ngb r o wns a ndys i l t a ndy e l l o wi s hr e ds a ndyc l a yt ha tv a r i e di nt hi c k ne s sf r o m 0. 2t o0 . 8f e e t .Anumb e ro ff e a t ur e swe r e a s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hi sl e v e l ,i nc l udi nge a r l y t o mi dt we nt i e t hc e nt ur ypi pet r e nc he sa ndt r a s hde po s i t s , a swe l la sl a r g epo s tmo l ds( ~10i nc hdi a me t e r )r e l a t e dt oc o ns t r uc t i o na c t i v i t i e st ha to c c ur r e do nt he s i t ec i r c a1912 . Le v e l3wa sada r ky e l l o wi s hbr o wns a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h30% da r kbr o wns a ndys i l ta nd 20% s t r o ngbr o wns a ndyc l a yl o a mt ha tv a r i e di nt hi c k ne s sf r o m 0. 09t o0 . 20f e e t .Anumb e ro f 36

f e a t ur e swe r ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hi sl e v e l ,i nc l udi ngt hef o unda t i o no ft heg r o c e r ys t o r el o c a t e da t140 7 Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t ,ma nypo s tmo l ds ,a ndl a r g et r a s hde po s i t s . Le v e l3i sr e l a t e dt oc o ns t r uc t i o n a c t i v i t i e st ha to c c ur r e do nt hes i t eb e t we e nt he1870 sa nd1912,l i k et hec o ns t r uc t i o no ft hebui l di ng a t1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ta ndt hee x pa ns i o no ft hema i nho us ea t1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t . Le v e l4wa ss ubs o i l ,as t r o ngb r o wnc o mpa c ts a ndyc l a yl o a m.Fe a t ur e sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hi s l a y e rwe r es ma l l ( mo s t l yt wo i nc h)po s tmo l dsa ndl a r g es e mi c i r c ul a rf e a t ur e so funk no wnf unc t i o n. Ea c ho ft he s el e v e l sc o r r e s po ndst oadi s t i nc to c c upa t i o ne r aa ndc o r r e l a t e sc l o s e l ywi t h c ha ng e si nhe a do f ho us e ho l d.Le v e l1r e pr e s e nt st hel a nds c a pi nga nddi s t ur ba nc ea s s o c i a t e dwi t h t hepo s t 1970a c t i v i t i e so ft heCo l umbi aHo us i ngAut ho r i t y .Le v e l2,whi c ha l s os ho wse v i de nc eo f di s t ur ba nc e ,r e pr e s e nt swha ti sl e f to ft hec i r c a1 9121970o c c upa t i o no ft hes i t e .Le v e l3s pa nst he pe r i o dbe t we e nt he1870sa nd1912 . Thel o we r mo s ts t r a t um,Le v e l4,r e pr e s e nt st hepr e 1870s o c c upa t i o no ft hes i t e .To g e t he r ,t he s es t r a t ar e p r e s e ntno to nl yf o urdi s t i nc tf a mi l yo c c upa t i o ns ,b ut a l s of o uruni q ues o c i a le r a s :a nt e b e l l um ( Le v e l4) ,po s t Re c o ns t r uc t i o n( Le v e l3) ,J i m Cr o w s e g r e g a t i o n( Le v e l 2) , a ndc o nt e mpo r a r yhe r i t a g et o ur i s m( Le v e l 1) .

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CHAPTER4

FEATUREASSOCI ATI ONS

THIS chapt e rpr e s e nt sadi s c us s i o no ff e a t ur e s / p r o v e ni e nc e so r g a ni z e da r o unduni f y i ngs t r uc t ur e so r t he me s .Fo re x a mpl e ,unde rt he' Lunc hCo unt e r 'he a d e ra r ea l lpr o v e ni e nc e sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht ha ts t r uc t ur e ; unde rt hehe a de r' I nf r a s t r uc t ur e 'a r ea l lt hea r t i f a c t sa ndf e a t ur e sa s s o c i a t e dwi t he l e c t r i c i t y ,pl umbi ng ,g a s , e t c .Fo rac o mpl e t el i s to fa l lf e a t ur e s / p r o v e ni e nc e sdo c ume nt e da tt hes i t e ,pl e a s es e eVo l umeI I .The3 x 3 f o o ts i t ema pmi g hta l s obeus e f ul f o rt hef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o n.

THELUNCH COUNTER Oneo ft hemo s te x c i t i ngdi s c o v e r i e sa tt hes i t ewa st hea s s e mbl a g eo ff e a t ur e sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht he l unc hc o unt e r .Fr o mt hedo c ume nt a r yr e c o r d,t hec o unt e ri sk no wnt oha v ebe e ni no pe r a t i o nf r o ma tl e a s t 1891t o1909a ndwa sl o c a t e da t1401Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t ,di r e c t l yo nt heno r t he a s tc o r ne ro fRi c hl a nda nd Ma r i o nS t r e e t s( Fi g ur e41) .I nt hec i t ydi r e c t o r i e si twa sv a r i o us l yde s c r i be da sa' g r o c e r y , 'a' r e s t a ur a nt , 'a ' l unc hr o o m, 'a nda' c o nf e c t i o ne r y . 'Owne da ndo pe r a t e dbyJ o hnL.S i mo ns ,l i t t l ee l s ewa sk no wna bo ut t hec o unt e runt i l t he s edi s c o v e r i e s . Thef i r s te x pl o r a t i o no ft hes o ut hwe s tc o r ne ro ft hes i t ewa si n2006wi t hUni t s11a nd12.Uni t11 i ni t i a l l ys t a r t e da sas ho v e lt e s tpi t( S TP104)t oe x pl o r epo s s i bl es t r uc t ur a lr e ma i nso ft hel unc hc o unt e r . Pl a c e me nto ft heS TPwa sdi r e c t e dbyt heS a nbo r nma po f1904,whi c hs ug g e s t e dt ha tt hes o ut he a s tc o r ne r o ft hes t r uc t ur ewa s13f e e te a s to ft hewe s t e r npr o pe r t yl i ne( i ns i deo fMa r i o nS t r e e ts i de wa l k ) .Upo n e nc o unt e r i nga ni ns i t ubr i c kf o unda t i o npi e r( Fe a t ur e11E) ,t he1x1f o o tS TPwa sc o nv e r t e di nt oa2. 5x 2. 5f o o tuni ta ndf ul l ye x c a v a t e d.S i nc et heS TPha dbe e ne x c a v a t e dbyna t ur a ls t r a t a ,c o nv e r s i o nt oa n e x c a v a t i o nuni twa ss t r a i g ht f o r wa r d, wi t hnol o s so fa r t i f a c t ua l o rc o nt e x t ua l da t a . Att hes ur f a c eo fLe v e l4 ,ab r i c kf o unda t i o npi e r( Fe a t ur e11E)wa se nc o unt e r e da ndt heS TP c o nv e r t e di nt oa ne x c a v a t i o nuni t .Af t e rc o nv e r s i o n,c l e a ni ngo fLe v e l4j us tbe l o wt hes ur f a c eo ft heb r i c k s unc o v e r e dt heo ut l i neo fabui l de r ' st r e nc h( Fe a t ur e11G) .As e c o ndc o ur s eo fb r i c k sa s s o c i a t e dwi t hFe a t ur e 11Ewa sdi s c o v e r e da sLe v e l4a ndFe a t ur e11Gwe r ee x c a v a t e d( Fi g ur e42) .Be c o mi ngmo r ec l e a r l yde f i ne d wi t he x c a v a t i o n,t hes ha peo ft hebui l de r ' st r e nc hwa sar o ug h' +'s ha per unni ngno r t h/ s o ut ha nde a s t / we s t f o l l o wi ngt heo ut l i neo ft heb r i c kf o unda t i o n,t e r mi na t i nga tt hes ur f a c eo fLe v e l5( 11J ) .Thebr i c k f o unda t i o na ppe a r e dt ob ec o mpo s e do fr e c y c l e dbr i c k sa ndb r i c kba t swi t hnoe v i de nc eo fmo r t a rwi t hi n t hej o i nt s .I ns i t ubr i c k swe r el e f tundi s t ur be da f t e re x c a v a t i o n;di s t ur b e db r i c k swe r eno t e d,r e mo v e d,a nd di s c a r de di nt hef i e l d.

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Us i ngt he1904S a nbo r nma pa sag ui de ,Uni t 12wa spl a c e ddi r e c t l yo v e rt hei ndi c a t e dno r t hwa l l , 17f e e tno r t ho ft hes i de wa l k .I ns t e a do fano r t hwa l l , ho we v e r ,al a r g et r a s hpi t ,as e r i e so fpo s tho l e s / mo l ds unr e l a t e dt ot hec o unt e r ,a nd al a r g epi tf e a t ur e r e l a t e dt ot he e a r l yo c c upa t i o no ft he s i t e we r e e nc o unt e r e d. The o nl yf e a t ur e wi t hi n Uni t 12 a s s o c i a t e d wi t ht he l unc hc o unt e r wa sa l a r g e , i nc r e di bl ywe l lpr e s e r v e dt r a s hpi ta tt hes ur f a c eo f Le v e l 6( Fi g ur e s43) .

Fi g u r e41.Th el u nc hc o u nt e ro nt h en o r t h e a s tc o r ne ro f Ri c h l a nda ndMa r i o ns t r e e t s ,a sd e p i c t e di n1904o nt h e S i nc eno t hi ngi nUni t12i ndi c a t e dt hel unc h S a nb o r n Fi r eI ns u r a nc e Ma po fCo l u mb i a .( Fi g u r e c o unt e r ' sno r t h wa l l ,a ss ug g e s t e d by t he 1904 c o u r t e s yo fS o u t hCa r o l i ni a naLi b r a r y ) S a nbo r nma p,a ndt hee a s t we s tdi me ns i o na l o ngt he

f r o nto ft hel unc hc o unt e rwa s13f e e t ,e v i de nc e db y t hebr i c kf o unda t i o ne nc o unt e r e di nUni t11,i n2007 at hi r d uni t ,2. 5 x 2. 5f e e t ,wa spl a c e do v e ra hy po t he s i z e dno r t hwe s tc o r ne ro ft hes t r uc t ur e ,13 f e e tno r t ho ft heRi c hl a ndS t r e e ts i de wa l k ,t ot e s tf o r po s s i bl es t r uc t ur a lr e ma i ns .Upo nr e mo v a lo fLe v e l1 , ac i nde rbl o c kwa se nc o unt e r e da l o ngt hee a s twa l lo f t heuni t .Thi sbl o c k wa si ni t i a l l yt ho ug htt o be a s s o c i a t e d wi t h po s t 1970 a c t i v i t i e s but l a t e r de t e r mi ne dt obea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht her e a rwa l lo ft he c o unt e r .Di r e c t l ywe s to ft hec i nde rbl o c kwa sapo s t ho l e( 13G) a nd a s s o c i a t e d po s t mo l d ( 13F) , e pr e s e nt i ng t he no r t hwe s tc o r ne ro ft he l unc h Fi g u r e42.Uni t11a tt h et o po fLe v e l5( 11J ) ,l o o k i ng r c o u n t e r . P o s t f e a t u r e 1 3 C , w h i c h i n t r u d e d u p o n s o u t h e a s t .Th eb r i c kf o u nd a t i o nwa st h es o u t h e a s tc o r ne r po s t ho l e13G mi g htr e pr e s e ntar e pl a c e me nt / s uppo r t o ft h el u nc hc o u nt e r . po s t . S t a g eI Ve x c a v a t i o no fBl o c k3unc o v e r e dmo s t o ft hef o o t pr i nto ft hel unc hc o unt e r .Le v e l3wa sa t hi ns t r a t um a s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hec o unt e r ' sde s t r uc t i o n. Thee x t e nto ft hel e v e lt ot heno r t hwa st r unc a t e dby po s t 1970a c t i v i t i e sa tr o ug hl yN444 .Tot hes o ut h, t he s t r a t um wa si nt a c t ,pi nc hi ng o utunde rt he Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ts i de wa l ki nUni t81 .Att hes ur f a c eo f Le v e l4wa sdi s c o v e r e dabr i c kdr a i n.Lo c a t e dwi t hi n t hebui l di nga l o ngt her e a r( no r t h)wa l l ,t heo pe n dr a i nt i e di nt oCo l umbi a ' swa s t e wa t e rs y s t e m,whi c h t heCi t ybe g a nt ol a yi n1902 .Al i ne a ri mpr e s s i o ni n t he c e me ntwhe r et he br i c k dr a i nt i e di nt ot he t e r r a c o t t api pema r k st hewe s twa l lo ft hec o unt e r . L o c a t e d a l o n g t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e r e a r w a l l w a s a r o w o f Fi g u r e43.Ex c a v a t i o nu ni t sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht h el u nc h i nde rbl o c k s( Fi g ur e s44& 5) . c o u nt e rp r i o rt oBl o c k3 e x c a v a t i o ns .I nr e di st h e c h y p o t h e s i z e dl o c a t i o no ft h ec o u nt e rd u r i ng2006.Th e s e mi c i r c l ei nUni t12i st h el u nc hc o u nt e rt r a s hp i t .

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Lunc hc o unt e r sa nd o t he rr e l a t e d,s ma l l s c a l e ba c k y a r do rc o r ne rc o mme r c i a ls t r uc t ur e sa r er a r ei n t hel i t e r a t ur eo fhi s t o r i c a la r c ha e o l o g y .S e a r c he sa nd

Fi g u r e44.Bl o c k3e x c a v a t i o nsa f t e rS t a g eI Vwo r k .Th e r e dl i n ei nd i c a t e st h er e v i s e dl o c a t i o no ft h el u n c h c o u nt e r .No t et h eb r i c kd r a i na ndr o wo fc i nd e rb l o c k st o t h en o r t h .

Fi g u r e45.Ph o t o g r a p ho ft h ec i r c a19021909b r i c k d r a i nt h a twa sl o c a t e dwi t h i nt h el u nc hc o u nt e r .Th el a r g e c i r c l et ot h el e f twa st h et r a s hp i ta s s o c i a t e dwi t ht h e c o u nt e r ' sb u r ni nga ndr e mo v a li n1909.Th er e a r( no r t h ) wa l lo ft h ee a t e r ywa sb e t we e nt h ed r a i na ndt h ec i nd e r b l o c k s .

i nf o r ma t i o nr e q ue s t so nt hehi s t a r c hl i s t s e r vo nl y br o ug ht t o l i g ht t wo o t he r l unc h c o unt e r ( c o nf e c t i o ne r y )e x c a v a t i o nsi nNo r t hAme r i c a .The f i r s ti sa1940 s e r al unc hc o unt e ri n Lo sAng e l e s , Ca l i f o r ni a ,e x c a v a t e d by S o ut h Ce nt r a l Co a s t a l I nf o r ma t i o n Ce nt e r ,Ca l i f o r ni aS t a t eUni v e r s i t y — Ful l e r t o ni n 1999 a spa r to fc o ns t r uc t i o nf o rt he Uni v e r s a l Ci t yS t a t i o n Pa r ka nd Ri de f a c i l i t y ( Gr e e nwo o d,e ta l .2000) .Thes e c o ndwa se x c a v a t e d i n1994byPa t r i c kGa r r o wo fGa r r o w & As s o c i a t e s ( no w TRC Ga r r o w As s o c i a t e s )i n Kno x v i l l e , Te nne s s e e ,a spa r to ft he Kno x v i l l e Co ur t ho us e Pr o j e c t .Gi v e nt hi sl a c ko fo t he rl unc hc o unt e ra nd s i mi l a rs t r uc t ur e se x pl o r e d a r c ha e o l o g i c a l l y ,t he g e ne r a lde a r t ho f( butg r o wi ng )a r c ha e o l o g i c a l l y k no wnAf r i c a nAme r i c a no wne dbus i ne s s e s ,a ndt he i mpo r t a nc e o f unde r s t a ndi ng t he s e t y pe s o f e nt e r pr i s e s wi t hi nt he c o nt e x to f a bur g e o ni ng na t i o na lc o ns ume rc ul t ur et ha twe ntha ndi nha nd wi t hr e g i o na l l y s pe c i f i c ,ma t e r i a l l y g r o unde df o r mso f s t r uc t ur a lr a c i s m,t heni c het hi se x c a v a t i o nf i l l si s a ppa r e nt . Wek no wt hel unc hc o unt e rwa s14x14f e e t . Thes t r uc t ur ema yha v es a to nb r i c kpi e r s ,s i mi l a rt o t heho us ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t ,o rma yha v eha da br i c kf o unda t i o na l o ngt hef r o nta ndpo s t i ng r o und c o ns t r uc t i o na l o ngt hes i de sa ndr e a r ,i nt hes a me s t y l ea st het heg r o c e r ya t1407 Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t . Ev i de nc eo fa10i nc hpo s t( 13F)i nUni t13a l o ngt he r e a rwa l ls ug g e s t spo s t i ng r o undc o ns t r uc t i o n.As i x i nc hpo s t( 12J )i nUni t12 ,t hr e ef e e tno r t ho ft her e a r wa l l ,o no neha nd,mi g htbee v i de nc eo fa na wni nga t t her e a ro ft hebui l di ng .Thea r g ume ntf o ra na wni ng i sa c t ua l l ys uppo r t e dbyac ur i o usi nc o ns i s t e nc yi nt he 1904S a nbo r nma p.I na l li ns t a nc e s–e x c e ptt her e a r wa l lo ft hel unc hc o unt e r–t he1904S a nbo r nma p ha dade g r e eo fe r r o rnog r e a t e rt ha no nef o o t ,y e tt he i ndi c a t e dr e a rwa l lo nt hema pi sf o ur f e e tno r t ho f t hea c t ua lwa l l .S i nc et hema psa r epl a nv i e ws ,t he s ur v e y o rma yha v edr a wnt hee x t e nto ft her o o f ,f o ur f e e ts o ut ho ft hes t r uc t ur e ' swa l l .Ont heo t he rha nd, t hes i x i nc hpo s tma yha v eha dac ur r e nt l y unk no wn f unc t i o nr e l a t e dt ot heo pe r a t i o no ft hel unc hc o unt e r butunr e l a t e dt os t r uc t ur a l s uppo r t .

43

Fi g u r e46.Bi r d' sEy eVi e w Ma po fCo l umb i a ,S o ut hCa r o l i na ,b yC. N.Dr i e ,1872.( Co u r t e s yo ft h eLi b r a r yo f Co ng r e s s )

Wea l s ok no wt ha t18y e a r sa f t e ro pe ni ng ,t hel unc hc o unt e rc l o s e di n1909 .Thel a r g et r a s hpi t di s c o v e r e di nUni t12pr o v i de sa ne x pl a na t i o nf o rt hedi s a ppe a r a nc eo f1401Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .Thet r a s hpi t c o nt a i ne da r t i f a c t ua la nds t r uc t ur a lr e ma i nso ft hec o unt e r .At hi nl e nso fc ha r c o a l l a de nbl a c ks o i lc o v e r e d t hef l o o ro ft hepi t .Mo s to ft hebr i c k sa ndbr i c kba t sr e c o v e r e dha dac o a t i ngo fs o o to no nef a c e .The r e we r ema nyi ns t a nc e so fme l t e dg l a s s ,a swe l la sc r a c k e dbuti nt a c tg l a s s ,i ndi c a t i nghi g hhe a tf o l l o we dby r a pi dc o o l i ng( ade mo ns t r a t i v ee f f e c ti sa r c hi v e db ypl a c i ngag l a s sma r bl ei nbo i l i ngwa t e rf o rs e v e r a l mi nut e sa ndt he ni mme r s i ngt hema r bl ei nc o l dwa t e r ) .Fl o o r / wa l lt i l e s ,a swe l la st a bl e wa r ec e r a mi c s ,a l s o s ho we de v i de nc eo fhi g hhe a t .I ta ppe a r st ha tt hel unc hc o unt e rc a ug htf i r ei n1909 .No te no ug ht obur ni t t ot heg r o und,bute no ug ht or e q ui r er e bui l di nga ndr e f ur ni s hi ng .Fo l l o wi ngt hef i r e ,al a r g epi twa sdug be hi ndt hes t r uc t ur e ,t heuns a l v a g e a bl eo rno nus e f ulc o nt e nt so ft hec o unt e rdumpe di n,t hepi tc a ppe d wi t hs a ndyc l a y( s ubs o i l ) ,a ndne wt o ps o i l l a i ddo wn( Le v e l 5) .

PRE1403RI CHLAND S TREETHOUS E Thepr o pe r t yk no wnt o da ya st heMa nnS i mo nsS i t ewa spur c ha s e di n1843 ,butt hef i r s tv i s ua l de pi c t i o no fs t r uc t ur e so nt hepr o pe r t ywa si n1872wi t ht hepubl i c a t i o no ft heBi r d ' sEy eVi e w Ma po f Co l u mb i a( Fi g ur e46) .Al wa y st ho ug htt or e pr e s e ntt hec ur r e ntho us es t a ndi nga t1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t ,t he s t r uc t ur epi c t ur e do nt heno r t he a s tc o r ne ro fRi c hl a nda ndMa r i o ns t r e e t si sno wk no wnt ode pi c ta ne a r l i e r s t r uc t ur e ,t heho us eo c c upi e dbyBe nDe La ne ,hi swi f eCe l i aMa nn,Ce l i a ' sda ug ht e r ,Ag ne s ,a ndBe na nd Ve nusBr o wn' sda ug ht e r , Ma r y . Ni nepo s t ho l e s / mo l dsa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hepr e 1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tho us ewe r edi s c o v e r e ddur i ng S t a g e sI Ia ndI Ve x c a v a t i o ns :Fe a t ur e s12 W,66F,71 T,71 W,73L,77W,78D,78G,a nd81G ( Fi g ur e s44 & 7) .Po s t ho l e / mo l df e a t ur e12W r e pr e s e nt st heno r t hwe s tc o r ne ro ft hepr e 1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tho us e . 44

Po s t ho l e / mo l df e a t ur e77 Wr e pr e s e nt st hes o ut hwe s t c o r ne ro ft hebui l di ng .Po s t ho l e / mo l df e a t ur e81G – di s c o v e r e db e l o w t he Ri c hl a nd S t r e e ts i de wa l k , e x t e ndi ngbe y o ndt hec ur r e ntpr o pe r t ybo unda r y–i s l i k e l yt her e ma i nso ft hes o ut hwe s tc o r ne ro ft hef r o nt po r c h.

Fi g u r e47.S o u t hv i e wo ft h eno r t h e a s tc o r ne ro fRi c h l a nd a ndMa r i o ns t r e e t s .Th ef o o t p r i nto ft h eh o u s et h a tp r e d a t e dt h ec u r r e nth o u s ea t1403 Ri c h l a nd S t r e e ti s o u t l i ne di ny e l l o w.Th ef o o t p r i nto ft h el u nc hc o u nt e ra t 1401Ri c h l a ndS t r e e ti so u t l i n e di nr e d .No t i c et h eb r i c k p i e ra tt h es o u t h e a s tc o r ne ro ft h el u nc hc o u nt e r .Th e l u n c hc o u nt e rt r a s hp i ti st h el a r g ec i r c u l a rp i ta tb o t t o m c e nt e r .

Fr o mt he s ef i ndi ng s ,wek no wt hepr e 1403 Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tho us eme a s ur e d15f e e tno r t hs o ut h. Thee a s t we s te x t e nti sno tk no wn,s i nc et hef o o t pr i nt o ft hene who us es t a ndspa r t i a l l yo v e rt hef o o t pr i nto f t heo l dho us e .To g e t he r ,t hea r c ha e o l o g ya ndBi r d ' s Ey eVi e wMa po fCo l u mb i as ug g e s tt heho us eo fBe n a ndCe l i awa saha l l a ndpa r l o rs t y l ebui l di ng ,wi t ha c e nt r a l ha l l wa ya ndar o o mt oe a c hs i de , s i mi l a r , i fno t i de nt i c a l ,t ot hef i r s ti nc a r na t i o no ft heho us ea t1904 Ma r i o nS t r e e t .

1904MARI ON S TREET Theho us ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t ,di r e c t l ybe hi nd t heho us es t a ndi ngt o da ya t1403 Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t ,di f f e r e dr a di c a l l yi nt e r mso fs t y l ef r o mi t s l a r g e rc o unt e r pa r t( Fi g ur e48) .Fr o m do c ume nt swe k no wt ha tt heho us ewa sbui l ti nt he1870s .Av a r i e t y o fdi f f e r e ntf e a t ur e swe r ee nc o unt e r e di n12uni t st ha t we r ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hr e ei nc a r na t i o nso ft hebui l di ng .Thef o l l o wi ngi sadi s c us s i o no ft hea r c hi t e c t ur e e l a t e df e a t ur e s .As s o c i a t e di nf r a s t r uc t ur ef e a t ur e sa r e Fi g u r e48.La t e1960sp h o t o g r a p ho f1904 Ma r i o n r S t r e e t .Th eb a c kp o r c ho f1403Ri c h l a ndS t r e e ti sa tt h e f o undunde rt hehe a de r“ I nf r a s t r uc t ur e ”l a t e ri nt hi s r i g h t .( Co u r t e s yo fCo l u mb i aHo u s i ngAu t h o r i t y ) c ha pt e r .

Fi g u r e49.Ev o l u t i o no ft h eh o u s ea t1904Ma r i o n S t r e e t .Pi nki st h ef i r s ti nc a r na t i o n,f o l l o we db yb l u ea nd t h e ny e l l o w.

Kno wno nl yt hr o ug ha r c ha e o l o g y ,t hef i r s ti nc a r na t i o no ft heho us ewa sa15x32f o o tha l l a ndpa r l o r s t y l ebui l di ngr e s t i ngo nunmo r t o r e db r i c kpi e r swi t h as ma l lf r o ntpo r c h( Fi g ur e49) .Thes o ut hwe s tc o r ne rpi e rwa sl o c a t e dwi t hi nUni t14( Fe a t ur e14N) . Unc o v e r e do nes t r a t um a bo v et heb r i c kpi e rt hepo s t ho l e / mo l d( Fe a t ur e14T)l o c a t e ddi r e c t l ye a s to ft he pi e ra ndi nl i newi t ht hes o ut he r nwa l lo ft hebui l di ng wa sl i k e l yt her e ma i nso fas e c o nda r ys uppo r tpo s t . Po s tf e a t ur e14 W ma ya l s obet her e ma i nso fas uppo r tpo s t .Thes o ut he a s tc o r ne ro ft hebui l di ngwa s f o undi nUni t15( Fe a t ur e15F) .Thi s' L' s ha ppe d pi e rwa st hef i r s ti ndi c a t i o nt ha tt hewa sf i r s tal o ng , na r r o wbui l di ng .As e c o ndpi e ra l o ngt hee a s twa l lo f t hebui l di ng( Fe a t ur e18E)wa sunc o v e r e df i v e f e e t no r t hi nUni t18 .Thet hi r dpi e rwa sFe a t ur e56H,a n ' L' s ha ppe dpi e ra tt heno r t he a s tc o r ne ro ft hebui l d45

i ngl o c a t e dt hr e e f e e ts o ut ho ft he1904/ 1906Ma r i o n S t r e e tpr o pe r t yl i ne . Thes e c o ndi nc a r na t i o no ft hebui l di ng ,r e pr e s e nt i nga150s q ua r e f o o ta ddi t i o nt ot her e a ro ft he ho us e ,i sde t a i l e do nt he1904,1910a nd1919S a nb o r nFi r eI ns u r a n c ema ps .Br i c kpi e r31H,s uppo r t i ng t heba c ks t e psl e a di ngf r o m wha twa st hek i t c he nby 1969,wa spl a c e ddi r e c t l ya t o pFe a t ur e31CCo mpl e x , at r a s hpi twi t haTPQ da t eo f1892 .Gi v e nt ha tt hi s a ddi t i o ni sde pi c t e di nt he1904S a nbo r nma p,we k n o w t h e f i r s t a d d i t i o n t o t h e h o u s e w a s c o n s t r uc t e d Fi g u r e410.La t e1960sp h o t o g r a p ho f1407Ri c h l a nd s o me t i mebe t we e n1892a nd1904 .Br i c kpi e rFe a t ur e S t r e e t .( Co u r t e s yo fCo l u mb i aHo u s i ngAu t h o r i t y ) 35Fi sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht heno r t he a s tc o r ne ro ft hef i r s t a ddi t i o nt o( s e c o ndi nc a r na t i o no f )t heho us e .Two po s t r e l a t e df e a t ur e sma yo rma yno tb ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht he ho us e .Fe a t ur e s17K a nd59 C/ D we r et her e ma i nso fpo s t s ne a r l yi nl i newi t ht hee a s twa l lo ft heho us e .Thepo s t sma y ha v ebe e na ddi t i o na ls uppo r tf o rt heho us e ,o rc o ul dr e pr e s e nt e i t he rr e ma i nso fo neo rmo r ef e nc el i ne so ras t r uc t ur et ha t pr e da t e dt hea ddi t i o nt ot heho us e . Thet hi r di nc a r na t i o no ft hebui l di ngc a mewi t ht hec o ns t r uc t i o no fas e c o nda ddi t i o nt ot her e a ro ft heho us edur i ng t hee a r l y1920s ,r e pr e s e nt e dbyf o urb r i c kpi e r s( Fe a t ur e s23F, 25E,33F,37 C)a nda na ddi t i o nt ob r i c kpi e rFe a t ur e56H ( c r e a t i nga' Z' s ha pe dpi e r ) .

1407RI CHLAND S TREET The s t r uc t ur ea t 1407 Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t wa s bui l t s o me t i medu r i ngt he1870 so re a r l y1880 s( Fi g ur e410) . Be c a us eo ft hes a mpl i ngs t r a t e g ye mpl o y e ddur i ngS t a g eI I e x c a v a t i o nsa ndt hepl a c e me nto ft hepa r k i ngl o tdur i ngt he e a r l y1970s ,o nl yo neuni t–Uni t10–a nd o neS TP – S TP101 –c o nt a i ne df e a t ur e sa s s o c i a t e d wi t ht hebui l di ng ( Fi g ur e411) .Ex c a v a t i o nunc o v e r e dt hef o unda t i o nl i neo f t hewe s twa l lr unni ngno r t hs o ut h( Fe a t ur e10J ) ,a swe l la s t hr e e po s t ho l e / mo l d f e a t ur e s . Fe a t ur e 10M wa s a po s t ho l e / mo l da s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hewe s twe l l .Fe a t ur e10Lwa s po s s i bl yt her e ma i nso fapo s tho l e / mo l dt ha te x i s t e dpr i o rt o t he1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ts t r uc t ur e ,o rwa sa s s o c i a t e dwi t h 1407 Ri c hl a nd S t r e e tbutr e pr e s e nt sa ne a r l i e rpha s eo f c o ns t r uc t i o n.Fe a t ur e s10G a nd 10K we r eapo s t ho l ea nd mo l d,l i k e l yar e pl a c e me nto ra ddi t i o n,po s s i bi l i t ya s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e a d d i t i o n d e p i c t e d o n t h e 1 9 1 0 Fi g u r e 411. Pl a nv i e w d r a wi ng o f 1407 a n b o r nFi r eI ns u r a n c ema p. Ri c h l a ndS t r e e td e t a i l i ngt h ee x c a v a t i o nu ni t s S r e l a t i v et ot h eb u i l d i ng .S TP101i sl o we r l e f ti n t h ei l l u s t r a t i o n. 46

S TP101wa spl a c e da l o ngt hef r o nte dg eo ft he bui l di ngt ot e s tf o rf o unda t i o nr e ma i ns .Enc o unt e r e d j us tb e l o wg r o unds ur f a c ewe r eabr i c kf o unda t i o n, l i k e l yapi e r ,a ndas i x i nc ht e r r a c o t t awa s t e wa t e rpi pe r unni ngno r t hs o ut ht ot hes t r e e t .Themo r t a ro nt he b r i c k swe r es pe c k l e dwi t hdr o pso fr e dpa i nt .

THEPRI VY Anunl i ne dpr i v ypi twa se nc o unt e r e di nUni t39 ( Fi g ur e412) ,e x t e ndi ngi nt ot hewe s twa l lo fBl o c k .Onl yt hee x po s e dpo r t i o no ft hepi twa se x c a v a t e d, Fi g u r e412.Vi e wo ft h ep r i v yu p o ne x c a v a t i o n,l o o k i ng 2 a s ur i ngf i v ef e e tf r o m no r t ht os o ut h( f ul le x t e nt ) we s t .Th es o u t h e a s tc o r ne r( p o s t h o l e )i sl o we r l e f ti nt h e me a nd4 . 4f e e tf r o me a s tt owe s t( e x c a v a t e de x t e nt ) ,wi t h p h o t o g r a p h . ade pt h be l o ws t r a t um 39 Bo f3 . 15f e e t .On t he s o ut he a s tc o r ne rwa sa0. 15x0. 35f o o t( 2x4i nc h) po s t ho l ee x t e ndi ng0 . 95 f e e tbe l o wt hes ur f a c eo f s t r a t um 39 B.The pr o f i l eo fa s e c o nd po s t ho l e , po s s i bl yar e pl a c e me ntpo s t ,r e i nf o r c e dwi t hapi e c eo f g r a ni t e ,wa sdi s c o v e r e d2. 5f e e twe s to ft hec o r ne r po s t( c e nt e r t o c e nt e r )a l o ngt hes o ut he r ne dg eo ft he pi t ,e x t e ndi ng o ne f o o tbe l o ws t r a t um 39B.No e v i de nc eo fs t r uc t ur a lr e ma i nswa sf o unda l o ngt he e a s t e r ne dg e .Al t ho ug hs pe c ul a t i v e ,t he r ei ss o me s ug g e s t i o no fpa r a l l e lpo s t sa l o ngt heno r t he r ne dg e , e v i de nc e dbys l i g ht0. 35f e e t( f o uri nc h)i nde nt a t i o ns di r e c t l ya c r o s sf r o mt hepo s t sa l o ngt hes o ut he r ne dg e . Theba s eo fapi e r( Fe a t ur e39F) ,c o mpo s e do ft hr e e br i c k s ,wa sdi s c o v e r e do f ft heno r t he a s tc o r ne ro ft he pr i v ypi t .I t sa s s o c i a t i o nwi t ht hepr i v ys t r uc t ur ei s unk no wnbutpo s s i bl e ,g i v e nt hel a c ko fe v i de nc ef o r a nyo t he rs t r uc t ur ei nt hev i c i ni t y . Thepi tc o nt a i ne ds e v e nl a y e r sc o ns i s t i ngo fa s e r i e so fl e ns e sa nd de po s i t so fc o a l ,a r c hi t e c t ur a l de b r i s ,s a ndys i l t ,a nds a ndyc l a y .Theuppe rl a y e r s Fi g u r e413.Th ep r i v ya tt h es u r f a c eo fLe v e l 3( 3 9J ) . we r ea l lhe a v i l ydo mi na t e dbyc o a la ndby pr o duc t so f bur ni ngc o a l ,ma k i ngi tdi f f i c ul tt oe x c a v a t ee a c hl a y e r s e pa r a t e l y .Ar t i f a c t sf r o ml a y e r s39C,39 DUppe r ,a nd38Ewe r eba g g e dt o g e t he ra s39C—ami xo ff u r na c e a nd/ o rs t o v ewa s t ea ndho us e ho l dde b r i s .La y e r39DLo we rc o ns i s t e da l mo s te nt i r e l yo fc o a la ndc o a l by pr o duc t s ,wi t hv e r yf e wa r t i f a c t s ,s ug g e s t i ngi twa st hepr o duc to fs o me o nec l e a ni ngo utac o a l bur ni ng f ur na c ea nd/ o rs t o v e .La y e r39J( Le v e l3)wa sc o mpo s e da l mo s te nt i r e l yo fa r c hi t e c t ur a lde br i s ,pr i ma r i l y br i c kba t s ,mo r t a r ,na i l s ,a ndl a r g epi e c e so ff e r r o usa ndno nf e r r o uss he e tme t a l ,i nama t r i xo fmo t t l e d l o a mys a nd,a ndc e r t a i nl yr e pr e s e nt sade c o ns t r uc t i o n/ de mo l i t i o ne v e nt ,l i k e l yt her e mo v a lo ft hepr i v y s t r uc t ur e( Fi g ur e413) .Le v e l4( 39K)wa sat hi nl e nso fv e r yda r kb r o wnl o a mys a ndr o ug hl yc e nt e r e di n t hepr i v ypi te x t e ndi ngt ot heno r t h.As o i ls a mpl ewa st a k e nf r o mt hec e nt e ro ft hel e nsf o rl a t e rf l o t a t i o n. La y e r39L( Le v e l5)wa sas a ndyc l a yhe a v i l ymo t t l e dwi t hs a ndys i l tc o nt a i ni ngf e wa r t i f a c t s .Thebo t t o m-

47

Fi g u r e414.We s tp r o f i l ed r a wi ngo ft h ep r i v y .

mo s tl a y e r( 39M,Le v e l6)wa sa ne x t r e me l yt hi nl e ns( 0 . 01f e e t )o fv e r yda r kb r o wnl o a mys a nd.Aswi t h 39K,as o i l s a mpl ewa st a k e nf o rl a t e rf l o t a t i o n. Al ls i xl a y e r so fpr i v yf i l lpr o v i de di nf o r ma t i o nc o nc e r ni ngt heus ea nda ba ndo nme nto ft hepr i v y ( Fi g ur e414) .S t a r t i ngf r o mt hebo t t o m up,t heTPQ da t ef o rLe v e l6( 39M)i sc i r c a1870 ,ba s e do nt wo wi r e dr a wnna i l s( #39M7) .Fo rLe v e l5( 39L) ,t heTPQ i sc i r c a1860 ,ba s e do nt wobo t t l e sma dei npo s t bo t t o m mo l ds( #39L9a nd39L19) .TheTPQ da t ef o rLe v e l4( 39K)i s1903,ba s e do na ne l e c t r i c a l i ns ul a t o rc l e a tma r k e d“ EPCo ” ,s ho r tf o rEl e c t r i c a l Po r c e l a i nCo mpa ny( #39K18) .Fo rLe v e l3( 30J ) , t heTPQ i s1915 ,ba s e do nas o dapo pbo t t l eba s e e mbo s s e dwi t h“ Che r oCo l a ”( #39J 13) .

Fi g u r e 415.Pl a nv i e wd r a wi ng o ft h ep r i v ya nd s u r r o u nd i ngf e a t u r e s . 48

Fr o mt hea r c ha e o l o g y ,weha v eag e ne r a li de ao f wha tt hepr i v yl o o k e dl i k e( Fi g ur e415) .Thepr i v y s upe r s t r uc t ur ewa swo o df r a mec o ns t r uc t i o n,f i v e f e e tno r t ht os o ut h,wi t h2x4i nc ho r4x4i nc h po s t so n2 . 5f o o tc e nt e r sa l o ngt heno r t ha nds o ut h wa l l s . Ea s t we s t di me ns i o ns a r e no tk no wn, a l t ho ug hamul t i pl eo f2. 5f e e ti sl i k e l y .Al t ho ug h s pe c ul a t i v e ,i tma yha v ebe e n af i v e f o o ts q ua r e s t r uc t ur e ,wi t ht hee nt r yo nt hee a s ts i de ,g i v e nt he l a c ko fe v i de nc ef o rs uppo r tpo s t sa l o ngt ha twa l l . The s upe r s t r uc t ur e ma y ha v e be e ns uppo r t e d f ur t he rbyb r i c k s / b r i c kba t s ,e i t he ra spi e r so ro neo r mo r er o ws ,s ug g e s t e dbyt hel a r g enumbe ro fb r i c k ba t se nc o unt e r e di nLe v e l3( 39J ) .Thef r a g me nt so f s he e t me t a ls ug g e s ta r o o ff ul l yo r pa r t i a l l y

c o mpo s e do fs he e tme t a l .Noo t he rr o o f i ngma t e r i a l s we r ee nc o unt e r e d. Thepr i v ys ubs t r uc t ur ewa sa nunl i ne dpi ta bo v e t hewa t e rt a bl e ,po s s i bl ya sde e pa sf o urf e e t ,g i v e nt he po s t 1970 sdi s t ur ba nc e .De po s i t sa ppe a rt or e pr e s e nt t hr e edi s t i nc te v e nt s .Thef i r s ti sLe v e l6( 39M) ,t he bo t t o mmo s tl a y e r ,t her e ma i nso fni g ht s o i l ,o rus e f i l l .Le v e l6i sat hi nl e nso fni g ht s o i la l o ngt he bo t t o mo ft hepr i v ya f t e rt hef i na l c l e a ni nge v e nt . Thes e c o nde v e ntr e pr e s e nt e dbyt hea r c ha e o l o g y r e l a t e st oLe v e l s5,4 ,a nd3.Le v e l5( 39L)a ppe a r e d t ob ef i l l ma t e r i a lde po s i t e da tt hee ndo ft hepr i v y ' s us e l i f e ,s ug g e s t e dbyt hepr e s e nc eo fapo s s i bl es e c o nd a y e ro fni g ht s o i l( Le v e l4,39K)o nt o po fLe v e l5 ,a s Fi g u r e 416.De t a i lf r o m t h e 1919 S a nb o r n Fi r e l w e l l a s t h e l a y e r ' s s l o p p i n g s o u t h e r n p r o f i l e . L e v e l 3 I ns u r a nc eMa po fCo l u mb i a ,n o t i ngt h el o c a t i o no ft h e 39J )r e pr e s e nt st hede s t r uc t i o no ft hes upe r s t r uc t ur e b a c k y a r d s t r u c t u r e ( c e nt e r ) .( Co u r t e s y o fS o u t h ( Ca r o l i ni a naLi b r a r y ) s o me t i mea f t e r1915 .Nume r o usa r t i f a c tc r o s s me nds we r ef o undbe t we e nLe v e l s3, 4, a nd5 . Thef i na le v e nt ,r e pr e s e nt e dbyl a y e r sC,39DLo we r( c o a lf u r na c ewa s t e ) ,DUppe r ,a nd E,a r e c o nt e mpo r a ne o us de po s i t so ff ur na c e / s t o v ea nd ho us e ho l d wa s t epo s t da t i ngt hede s t r uc t i o no ft he pr i v ys upe r s t r uc t ur e .

OTHERBACKYARD S TRUCTURES The1919S a nbo r nFi r eI ns ur a nc eMa pde t a i l sa s ma l l ,10x13f o o ts t r uc t ur ei nt heba c k y a r da r e a ( Fi g ur e416) .Whi l et hes t r uc t ur ei t s e l fi sc o mpl e t e l y wi t hi nt he1904Ma r i o nS t r e e tl o t ,t hedo o r ,whi c hi s di r e c t l yo nt hepr o pe r t yl i ne ,f a c e ss o ut h,t o wa r dt he r e a ro ft he1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tho us e .Thes t r uc t ur e do e s no ta ppe a ro nt he 1910 S a nbo r n ma p, s ug g e s t i ngi twa sbui l ts o me t i meb e t we e n1910a nd1919 .Fo urpo s t ho l e / mo l df e a t ur e swe r ee nc o unt e r e di n Uni t19 .Whe nt heS a nbo r nma pi spl a c e do v e rt hee x c a v a t i o nma p,t hepo s t sa r edi r e c t l yi nl i newi t ht he s o ut he a s tc o r ne ra nde a s twa l lo ft hes t r uc t ur e .Unf o r t una t e l y ,a r t i f a c t sf r o mt he s ef e a t ur e sdono tpr o v i dea mo r er e f i ne dda t ef o rt hes t r uc t ur e . Fi g u r e417.Ci r c al a t e1960sp h o t o g r a p ho ft h eb a c k y a r d a r e ab e t we e n 1403 Ri c h l a nd S t r e e t( r i g h t ) ,14071/ 2 Ri c h l a ndS t r e e t( c e nt e r ) ,a nd1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t( r i g h t , o u to fp i c t u r e ) .Th eo u t b u i l d i ngd e p i c t e di st h es e c o nd g e ne r a t i o nb u i l d i ng .

Fr o mt hebe g i nni ngo ft hepr o j e c t ,i twa sa s s ume dt ha tt hes t r uc t ur ede pi c t e di nt he1919S a nbo r n ma pwa st hes a mes t r uc t ur epi c t ur e di na1969pho t o g r a pho ft heba c k y a r da r e a( Fi g ur e417) .Thi s a s s umpt i o n pr o v e di nc o r r e c t .Us i ngPa t e r e k ' st e c hni q ueo fpho t o g r a phi cs upe r i mpo s i t i o n di s c us s e di n Cha pt e r2 ,a ndwi t ht hehe l po fAndr e aPa l mi o t t o ,Iwa sa bl et os upe r i mpo s et he1969pho t o g r a pho v e rt he c ur r e ntba c k y a r dl a nds c a pe .Us i ngat o t a ls t a t i o n,Ir e c o r de dt hepo s i t i o nso ft hes o ut he a s t ,s o ut hwe s t ,a nd no r t hwe s tc o r ne r so ft hes t r uc t ur ea ndpl o t t e dt he s eo nt hee x c a v a t i o nma p.Thes t r uc t ur ei nt he1969 pho t o g r a phi sa12x12f o o ts t r uc t ur ei nt hec e nt e ro ft heba c k y a r d,s t r a ddl i ngBl o c k s1a nd2.I nBl o c k1, t heno r t hwe s tc o r ne rl i ne s updi r e c t l ywi t hpo s t ho l e / mo l d34K/ Ja ndpo s t ho l e34Fa l o ngt hewe s t e r ne dg e . 49

Ex t r a po l a t i ng t hef o o t pr i nto ft he s t r uc t ur et of o r m ar e c t a ng l e ,t he no r t he a s tc o r ne rl i ne s up wi t ha po s t ho l e / mo l d( Fe a t ur e47G)l i ne d wi t hbr i c k ba t se nc o unt e r e di nBl o c k 2( Fi g ur e418) .Co ns t r uc t i o nf o r t hi ss e c o nd g e ne r a t i o n ba c k y a r d s t r uc t ur eo c c ur r e ds o me t i me a f t e r 1956,a st he1956S a nbo r nma pi s i de nt i c a l t ot he1919ma p. Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hef unc t i o n( s ) o ft hes t r uc t ur e si sunk no wn.The s e c o ndg e ne r a t i o ns t r uc t ur es e e ni n t hepho t o g r a phs ug g e s t si tma yha v e be e n a s he d o r g e ne r a l us e o ut bui l di ng . Al t ho ug h hi g hl y s pe c ul a t i v e ,t he f i r s tg e ne r a t i o n s t r uc t ur es e e no nt he1919a nd1956 S a nbo r n ma psma y ha v eb e e na po ul t r y ho us e . An o r a l hi s t o r y i nt e r v i e w wi t h Be r ni c e Ro bi ns o n Co nno r s ,whog r e w upa ndl i v e da t t heMa nnS i mo nsho us ef r o m 1912 t o 1970,r e me mb e r she rmo t he r , Ama ndaS i mo ns ,r a i s i ngc hi c k e nso n t hepr o pe r t y( De a s Mo o r e1998: 28) .

Fi g u r e418.Pl a nv i e wi l l u s t r a t i o no ft h eb a c k y a r do u t b u i l d i ng s .Th el o we r b u i l d i ngi st h ef i r s tg e ne r a t i o nd e p i c t e do nt h e1919S a nb o r nma p .Th e u p p e rb u i l d i ngi st h es e c o ndg e ne r a t i o nd e p i c t e di nt h ep h o t o g r a p ho ft h e b a c k y a r d( Fi g u r e417) .

I NFRAS TRUCTURE

A numbe ro fi nf r a s t r uc t ur e r e l a t e df e a t ur e sa nd a r t i f a c t swe r e e nc o unt e r e d/ r e c o v e r e d.Al t ho ug hno e v i de nc eo fc l e a n wa t e rl i ne swe r e e nc o unt e r e d,f e a t ur e sr e l a t e dt og a s ,s e we r a g e ,a nde l e c t r i c i t ywe r ee nc o unt e r e da c r o s st hes i t e ,pr o v i di nga s i t e s pe c i f i cr e c o r do fi nf r a s t r uc t ur ede v e l o pme ntf o rt hene i g hbo r ho o d,a swe l la spr o v i di ngaf o unda t i o n f o ra nunus ua lpe r s pe c t i v eo nc o mmuni t y( s e eCr o c k e t t2011) .

ELECTRI CI TY Fo ure l e c t r i c a lg r o undi ngr o dswe r edi s c o v e r e ddu r i nge x c a v a t i o n.Gr o undi ngr o dsa r eus e dt o pr o v i dea ne a r t hg r o und( z e r opo t e nt i a l ,i . e .v o l t a g e )f o re l e c t r i c a ls y s t e ms ,t husr e duc i ngt her i s ko fs ho c k , f i r e ,e t c .i nt hec a s eo fe l e c t r i c a ls ho r t so rl i g ht ni ng .Al t ho ug hde di c a t e dg r o undi ngr o dsa r es t i l lus e d,mo s t ho me st o da yus et hei nc o mi ngc o l dwa t e rpi pea sag r o undi ngpo i nt .Thi swa sno ta no pt i o nf o rt heMa nnS i mo nsf a mi l y ,whol i v e di nane i g hbo r ho o dwi r e df o re l e c t r i c i t ybe f o r eb e i ngpi pe df o rwa t e r . Ea c hg r o undi ngr o dwa sa3/ 4i nc hdi a me t e ri r o nr o ddr i v e ni nt ot heg r o und.Thef l a t t e ne dt o pe nds ug g e s t saha mme rwa sus e dt odr i v et her o ds .Al lf o urr o dss ho we de v i de nc eo fac o ppe rwi r e 410

c o nne c t i o nv i abr a z i ng( o ro t he rno nme c ha ni c a lc o nne c t i o nt e c hni q ue )s e v e r a li nc he sb e l o wt o p.Ther o d i n Uni t15 ha da na ddi t i o na lme c ha ni c a l( i . e .c l a mp)c o nne c t i o nf o ras e c o nd g r o undi ng po i nt . Unf o r t una t e l y ,g r o undi ngr o dsa r edi f f i c ul tt oda t ev i at he i ra r c ha e o l o g i c a lc o nt e x t .Ar o ddr i v e nt hr o ug ha f e a t ur ea ndaf e a t ur ec r e a t e da r o undar o dl o o kt hes a mea r c ha e o l o g i c a l l y ,a ndt her o dst he ms e l v e se x t e nd a bo v ea ndbe l o wa l l c ul t ur a l s t r a t a . I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,t hr e eo ft hef o urr o ds( t ho s ei nUni t s14 ,15,a nd31)a r ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht heho us ea t 1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Thef o ur t hr o d( Uni t10)i sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht heg r o c e r ys t o r ea t1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t . Oft het hr e ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht he1904Ma r i o nS t r e e tho us e ,t her o di nUni t31wa sdi s c o v e r e dwi t hi nt he Fe a t ur e31 Cc o mpl e x( t hel a r g et r a s hpi tdi s c us s e de a r l i e r ) ,e a s to ft hef o unda t i o npi e r ,o nt heno r t he a s t c o r ne ro ft hef i r s ta ddi t i o nt ot heho us e .As ub s e q ue nta ddi t i o n,whi c he nc l o s e dt ha tpo r t i o no ft heo ut s i de s t r uc t ur e ,wo ul dha v ef o r c e dar e l o c a t i o no ft heg r o undi ngr o d.Ther e ma i ni ngt wor o dsa r ebo t hc a ndi da t e s f o rt her e l o c a t i o n,a l t ho ug ht he i rs i de by s i depl a c e me nt ,o nl y10f e e ta pa r ta l o ngt hes o ut hwa l lo ft he ho us e ,i spuz z l i ng .Al t ho ug hs pe c ul a t i v e ,t hepr e s e nc eo fag a l v a ni z e dc l a mpo nt her o di nUni t15s ug g e s t s i ti so fmo r er e c e nto r i g i nt ha nt her o di nUni t14 ,o ra tl e a s tmo s tr e c e nt l yus e d,f ur t he rs ug g e s t i ngt ha tt he r o di nUni t14i sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hef i r s twi r i ngo ft heho us e ,t her o di nUni t31i sa s s o c i a t e dwi t has e c o nd wi r i nge v e nt ,a ndt her o di nUni t15i sa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hemo s tr e c e ntc ha ng ei nho us ewi r i ng .Ther e a s o n f o rne e di ngt omo v et heg r o undi ngpo i ntf o rt hee l e c t r i c a ls y s t e m 10f e e tt ot hee a s ti sunk no wna nd puz z l i ng . Endpo i nta r t i f a c t sr e l a t e dt oe l e c t r i c i t ywe r er e c o v e r e df r o mt hr e ef e a t ur e s .A f r a g me nto f g r o undi ngwi r e( #31C77)–as o l i dc o ppe rwi r ewi t hadi a me t e ro f0. 103i nc he s–wa sr e c o v e r e df r o mt he uppe r mo s tl a y e ro ft heFe a t ur e31CCo mpl e xt r a s hpi tdi s c us s e de a r l i e r .Thi swi r ei sl i k e l yr e l a t e dt ot he g r o undi ngr o ddi s c us s e da bo v e .At wo wi r ee l e c t r i c a li ns ul a t o rc l e a t( #39K18)wa sf o undi nLe v e l4o ft he pr i v yde po s i t ,wi t hama k e r ' sma r k“ EPCo ” ,o rEl e c t r i c a lPo r c e l a i nCo mpa nyo fEa s tLi v e r po o l ,Ohi o ,i n o pe r a t i o nb e t we e n1903a nd1911( To d1977 : 79) .Al lo ft her e ma i ni nge l e c t r i c i t y r e l a t e da r t i f a c t swe r e f o undi nt hel unc hc o unt e rt r a s hde po s i t .I nt heuppe r mo s tl a y e rwa sao ne i nc h,2wi r es pl i tk no be l e c t r i c a l i ns ul a t o r( #12P13)a ndapul l c ha i nf r a g me nt( #12P25)o ft het y peus e df o re l e c t r i c a ls wi t c he s ,s uc ha sf o r l a mps ,f a ns ,e t c .Thec ha i nc o ns i s t e do f16l i nk e dba l l so fdi a me t e r3/ 32i nc h.I nt hel o we rl a y e rwa sa1/ 2i nc hdi a me t e rc a r bo nr o d( #12T256)o ft het y peus e di na r cl a mps ,apr e s s e dt i n, 2wi r emo l di ngc o nne c t o r wi t hamo unt i ngho l ef o ras c r e w( #12T57) ,af r a g me nto faBr us hS wa nl i g htbul br e c e pt a c l e( #12T378 ) , a nda3/ 4i nc hc o ndui tbus hi ngl o c k nut( #12T51) .Twot y pe so fwi r ewe r ea l s or e c o v e r e df r o mt hel o we r l a y e r ,bo t hr e l a t e dt oi nt e r i o rwi r i ng .Thef i r s t ,r e pr e s e nt e dbyt wof r a g me nt s ,wa sar ubbe rc o a t e d,br a i de d, s i ng l ec o nduc t o rs o l i dc o r ec o ppe rwi r e( #12T190a nd12T191) ,wi t hadi a me t e ro f1/ 16i nc h.S i ng l e br a i de d,r ubb e ri ns ul a t e dwi r ewa si nt r o duc e di n1889( To d1977) .Thes e c o ndwa saf r a g me nto fs i ng l e c o nduc t o r ,s o l i dc o r ec o ppe rwi r ewi t hpo t e nt i a lr e s i dueo far ubb e rc o a t i ng( #12 T192) ,o fdi a me t e r1/ 32i nc h.

GAS Thr e euni t s( 8 ,10,a nd14)c o nt a i ne di ns i t upi pi ngf o rg a s .Ea c hpi pewa s1i nc hc o a t e ds t e e l . Pi pi ngi nUni t14s uppl i e dg a st ot heho us ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .I t sl o c a t i o no nt hes o ut hs i deo ft he ho us es ug g e s t st ha tt hee i t he rt hef ur na c eo rwa t e rhe a t e r–o rbo t h–we r el o c a t e da tt ha te ndo ft heho us e . Api pec o nne c t e dv i aa“ T”c o upl i nge x t e ndi ngt ot hes o ut hmi g htha v es uppl i e dg a st ot hel unc hc o unt e r . Ga sf o rt hema i nho us ea t1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e twa ss uppl i e dt hr o ug ht hel i neunc o v e r e di nUni t8. I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,t hepi pewa sb e ntt of o r m a90de g r e ea ng l ei ns t e a do fus i nga ne l bo wf i t t i ng .Whi l et heg a s l i ne si nUni t s8a nd14r uns q ua r et ot hes i t e( a ndhe nc e ,t hes t r e e ts y s t e m) ,t hepi pi ngi nUni t10r unsa ta 45de g r e ea ng l eunde r ne a t ht hef o o t pr i nto ft heg r o c e r ya t1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .Gi v e nt ha tt het r e nc hf o r t heg a sl i ne( Fe a t ur e10 D)i nt r ude supo nt heg r o c e r y ' sf o unda t i o nt r e nc h( Fe a t ur e10J )a nds t r uc t ur a l 411

Fi g u r e419.Ca s ti r o ns e we r a g ep i p e swh i c hr a ni nt ot h eh o u s ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Th e21/ 2i nc hp i p er a ni nt ot h ef i r s t a d d i t i o nt ot h eh o u s e( t h ek i t c h e n) ;t h e5i nc hp i p er a ni nt op a r to ft h es e c o nda d d i t i o n,ab a t h r o o m.

po s t ho l e( Fe a t ur e10G) ,t hi sl i newa smo s tl i k e l yl a i ddo wns o me t i mea f t e rt heg r o c e r y ' sde s t r uc t i o ni nt he e a r l y1970s .Ex t r a po l a t i ngbe y o ndt heuni tbo unda r i e s ,t hel i ne sunc o v e r e di nUni t s8a nd10wo ul d i nt e r s e c ta ta45de g r e ea ng l ea tr o ug hl yN458E575,s ug g e s t i ngt ha tt heg a sl i nei nUni t8r e pr e s e nt sa n e a r l i e rpi pi nge v e nt ,l i k e l yt heo r i g i na ll i nef o rt heho us ea t1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .Unf o r t una t e l y ,da t i ngt he g a sl i ne si spr o bl e ma t i c ,g i v e nt hel a c ko fdi a g no s t i ca r t i f a c t swi t hi nt hepi pet r e nc he sa ndt hel a r g e l y unc ha ng i ngme t ho dso fna t ur a l g a spi pi ng / c o upl i ng ,e t c .

S EWERAGE Ev i de nc eo ft wog e ne r a t i o nso fs e we r a g ewa sunc o v e r e da tt hes i t e( Fi g ur e419) .Thef i r s t g e ne r a t i o ni sr e pr e s e nt e dby6i nc hdi a me t e rt e r r a c o t t api pe l i ne s ,o ner unni ngno r t he a s t s o ut hwe s ta ta45de g r e ea ng l et ho ug hUni t s17a nd38,as e c o ndc o nne c t i ngt heb r i c kdr a i nf r o mt hel unc hc o unt e rt ot he s t r e e t ,a ndat hi r di nS TP101r unni ngno r t hs o ut hf r o m Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ta l o ngt hewe s twa l lo f1407 Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .Unf o r t una t e l y ,i ti sunk no wnwhe r et hel i ner unni nga ta45de g r e ea ng l ema yha v e t e r mi na t e d.Ev e r y t hi ngs o ut ho fUni t17upt ot heb a c ko ft he1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tho us ewa sde s t r o y e d dur i ngt he1974r e no v a t i o ns .S i nc et he r ei snoe v i de nc eo ft hepi pe l i nei nBl o c k2,t hel i ner unni ng no r t he a s tf r o m Uni t38l i k e l yt ur ne dno r t hwi t hi nt hes pa c ebe t we e nBl o c k s1a nd2o r ,l e s sl i k e l y , t e r mi na t e dwi t hi nt hi ss pa c e ,di r e c t l yunde r ne a t ht hef o o t pr i nto ft hes e c o ndg e ne r a t i o nba c k y a r ds t r uc t ur e di s c us s e de a r l i e ra nds e e ni nt he1969pho t o g r a pho ft heba c k y a r d.Thes e g me nto fpi peunc o v e r e di nUni t 17ha da na ppl i e dc o nc r e t epa t c h,pr e s uma bl yt ome ndac r a c k e do rbr o k e ns e c t i o n.Whi l et hepi pe s 412

t he ms e l v e so f f e rnohe l pi nda t i ng ,a ndnous e f ul l y di a g no s t i ca r t i f a c t swe r epr e s e nti nt het r e nc he s ,a t r a s hpi t( Fe a t ur e17L)i nUni t17i nt r ude dupo nby t het r e nc hs ug g e s t st ha tt hepi pewa sl a i ds o me t i me a f t e rt he 1880s .A s e c o nd t e r r a c o t t al i ne wa s unc o v e r e d ne a rt hes ur f a c ei nS TP 101,r unni ng no r t hf r o m( pe r pe ndi c ul a rt o )Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ta l o ng t hewe s ts i deo ft hes t r uc t ur ea t1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t . No neo ft hee x po s e dpo r t i o nso ft e r r a c o t t api pe ,no r t he i re x t r a po l a t e de x t e nt s ,s ug g e s twhe r e ,i fa ta l l ,t he y ma yha v et i e di nt oa nyo ft hes t r uc t ur e sa tt hes i t e . Thes e c o ndg e ne r a t i o no fs e we r a g ea tt hes i t e wa sr e pr e s e nt e d by a 21/ 2i nc hc a s ti r o n pi pe r unni nge a s t we s ti nUni t59a nda5i nc hc a s ti r o n pi per unni ngno r t hwe s t s o ut he a s ti nUni t36 .Re s t i ng i naha nddugt r e nc h,ac o nt i nua t i o no ft het r e nc h ( F17)e x po s e dbyCl e me nt ,e ta l .i nUni tN490E545,t he5i nc hpi pe l i nei spa r t i c ul a r l yi nt e r e s t i ngf o rt hr e e r e a s o ns .Fi r s t ,t hee x po s e dpo r t i o no ft het r e nc hi nUni t36r e pr e s e nt sat e r mi na t i o npo i nt .Al t ho ug h s e g me nt so ft hepi peha dc o mpl e t e l yr us t e da wa y ,s t i l li nt a c twa sa ni ns i t ubr i c kba tt ha two ul dha v e s uppo r t e da90de g r e ee l bo wj o i nt ,g i v i ngust hee x a c tl o c a t i o no fwhe r et hel i nee nt e r e dt heho us ea t1904 Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Thi se nt r ypo i nti sl o c a t e dunde r ne a t ht hes e c o nda ddi t i o nt ot heho us e ,whi c hi st hel i k e l y l o c a t i o no ft heba t hr o o m.As s umi ngt hec o ns t r uc t i o no fa ni ndo o rba t hr o o mc o r r e l a t e swi t ht hec l o s ur eo f t hepr i v y ,t hi sl i newo ul dha v eb e e nl a i ds o me t i mea f t e r1918( t heTPQ o ft hepr i v yde po s i t ) ,butno tl a t e r t ha nt hee a r l y1920s .S e c o nd,t hee ndpo r t i o no ft hepi pei saf i t t i ngwi t hat hr e a de d1i nc ho pe ni ng( Fi g ur e 420) .Theme t ho do fs e a l i ngt hej o i ntbe t we e nt hepi pea ndf i t t i ngi sc o ns i s t e ntwi t hpl umbi ngt e c hni q ue s o ft hee a r l yt we nt i e t hc e nt ur y :( 1)t he3 . 5i nc hl o ngc a s ti r o nf i t t i ngwa spl a c e dwi t hi nt hemo ut ho ft he pi pe ;( 2)al e ng t ho ff i br o usr o pewa spo unde di nt ot hes pa c eb e t we e nt hef i t t i nga ndi nt e r i o ro ft hepi pe ; ( 3)mo l t e nl e a dwa spo ur e di nt ot heg a pb e t we e npi pea ndf i t t i ng ,t huss e a l i ngt hej o i nt .Thet hi r dr e a s o n t hi spi pei spa r t i c ul a r l yi nt e r e s t i ngi si t so r i e nt a t i o nt ot het e r r a c o t t api pe l i ne .I fbo t hl i ne sa r ee x t r a po l a t e d be y o ndt he i re x c a v a t e de x t e nt s ,t he yc r o s sa ta90de g r e ea ng l ea ta ppr o x i ma t e l yN495E544 . 5.Gi v e nt ha t t he yr e pr e s e ntt wog e ne r a t i o nso fs e we r a g e ,t he i ro ppo s i t eo r i e nt a t i o nss ug g e s tar e o r i e nt i ngo ft i e i npo i nt s t ot hema i ns e we rl i ner unni ngunde rt hes t r e e t s ,a ndt husac ha ng ei nt hec i t y wi des e we r a g es y s t e m. Fi g u r e420.Te r mi na t i o np o i nto ft h e5i nc hc a s ti r o n s e we r a g ep i p er u nni ngi nt ot h eh o u s ea t1904Ma r i o n S t r e e t .

The21/ 2i nc hdi a me t e rc a s ti r o ndr a i npi pewa sunc o v e r e di nUni t59 .Al t ho ug ht hepi pewa s br o k e n,t heha nddugt r e nc he x t e nde di nt ot hewe s twa l lo fUni t59,unde r ne a t ht hef i r s ta ddi t i o nt ot he ho us e .Al t ho ug hs pe c ul a t i v e ,t hea ddi t i o nmi g htha v ebe e nt hel o c a t i o no ft hek i t c he n.Unf o r t una t e l y ,t he t r e nc hc o nt a i ne dnodi a g no s t i ca r t i f a c t st ha tmi g hts e r v et oda t et hel i ne .I fbo t hc a s ti r o nl i ne sa r e e x t r a po l a t e db e y o ndt he i re x c a v a t e de x t e nt s ,t he21/ 2i nc hl i net i e si nt ot he5i nc hl i nea ta45de g r e ea ng l e ( t hes t a nda r da ng l ef o rdr a i nl i ne s )a ta ppr o x i ma t e l yN498 . 5E541 .

PLANTI NG S PACES Fe a t ur e sr e l a t e dt opl a nt i ng swe r ee v i de nta c r o s st hes i t e .I nt hef r o nty a r do f1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t , r o ug hl ys i x f e e tf r o mt hef r o ntpo r c hi nUni t5,dur i ngS t a g eIe x c a v a t i o nswa sdi s c o v e r e dar o wo fb r i c k s a ndbr i c kba t sde l i ne a t i ngapl a ntb e d( Fe a t ur e5 C;Fi g ur e421) .Dur i ngS t a g eI Ve x c a v a t i o ns ,unc o v e r e da t t hes ur f a c eo fLe v e l2wa st hec o nt i nua t i o no ft hi sb r i c kf e a t ur e( Fi g ur e22) .Le v e l2r e pr e s e nt st hepe r i o d be t we e n1909,whe nt hel unc hc o unt e rwa sr e mo v e d,a nd1970 ,whe nt heho us ewe ntf r o m pr i v a t et o 413

publ i cs pa c e .Thel i ne a rs pa c ebe t we e nt her o wso f br i c k swa sawa l k wa y ,he a v i l ypo pul a t e do ne a c h s i dewi t hv a r i o us s i z e dpl a nt s . Mul t i pl epl a nt i ngs pa c e swe r eunc o v e r e di nt he ba c ky a r d.Thedi f f e r e nc ebe t we e nBl o c k s1a nd2i s s t r i k i ng :Bl o c k1 c o nt a i ne d noe v i de nc ef o ra ny pl a nt i ng swhi l eat hi r do fBl o c k2i spl a ntr e l a t e d , a l t ho ug hj udg i ngbyt he1969pho t o g r a pho ft he ba c k y a r da r e a ,t heune x c a v a t e ds pa c e sdi r e c t l ys o ut h o fBl o c k1c o nt a i ne ds o mepl a nt i ng sbya tl e a s tt he mi dt we nt i e t hc e nt ur y( whi c h we r es ubs e q ue nt l y o bs c ur e dbypo s t 1970de mo l i t i o na c t i v i t i e s ) .The Fi g u r e421.Fr o nty a r dr o wo fb r i c k sd e l i n e a t i ngap l a nt o n l y p l a n t r e l a t e d f e a t u r e u n c o v e r e d i n t h e b a c k y a r d b e di nUni t5,l o o k i nge a s t s o u t h e a s t . a r e ano ti n Bl o c k 2 wa si n Uni t20—as i ng l e , s ha l l o w,i r r e g ul a rde pr e s s i o n( Fe a t ur e20 C) .The f e a t ur ewa st r unc a t e dbyt heuni t ' ss o ut ha ndwe s t wa l l s ,wi t he x po s e ddi me ns i o nso f2. 95f e e te a s t we s t ,1. 1f e e tno r t hs o ut h( ma x i mum e x t e nt ) ,a de pt ho f0. 45f e e tbe l o wt hes ur f a c eo fS t r a t um 20D ( Le v e l3) ,ha d ne a r l yv e r t i c a lwa l l s ,wa s c o mpo s e do fal o o s e ,bl a c ks a ndys i l tc o nt a i ni ngf e w a r t i f a c t s ,l e s st ha n 1 % c ha r c o a lf l e c k s ,a nd s ur r o unde d by s ma l lr o o t mo l dswi t hi n Le v e l3. Le v e l3i nUni t20c o r r e l a t e swi t hLe v e l2( S t r a t um B)i nBl o c k s1a nd2. Bl o c k 2 pl a nt i ng s pa c e s( a l o ng wi t h Fe a t ur e 20C)we r eq ui t edi f f e r e ntf r o mt ho s eo ft hef r o nt Fi g u r e422.Br i c k sd e l i ne a t i ng a wa l k wa yb e t we e n y a r d,a tl e a s ti nt e r mso fl a y o ut( Fi g ur e423) . p l a nt i ngs p a c e so nt h es o u t h we s tc o r ne ro ft h es i t e . Whe r et hef r o nty a r d wa sc o mpo s e do fl i ne a r l y de l i ne a t e ds pa c e s ,Bl o c k2f i ndi ng ss ug g e s tt ha tt he ba c k y a r dc o nt a i ne dac o l l e c t i o no fc l o s e l ys pa c e d,a mo r pho uspl a nt i nga r e a swi t ho utde l i ne a t i o nv i ab r i c k s o ro t he rma t e r i a l s .I na ddi t i o nt one a r l ya l lo ft hel a r g e rpl a nts pa c e si nt r udi ngupo ne a c ho t he ri nBl o c k2, t he ya l s oi nt r ude dupo nmul t i pl ef e a t ur e sb e l o w,i nc l udi ngs e v e r a ll a r g et r a s hde po s i t s ,ma k i ngbo unda r y de f i ni t i o nc ha l l e ng i nga ndde r i v i ngus e da t e sne a r l yi mpo s s i bl e ,s i nc eg a r de ni nga c t i v i t i e sbr o ug htup a r t i f a c t sf r o m unde r l y i ngf e a t ur e sa swe l l a sc o nt i nui ngt oi nc o r po r a t ene wa r t i f a c t st hr o ug ho utt he i rus e l i f e . No ne t he l e s s , t wog e ne r a t i o nso fpl a nt i ngs pa c e s/b a c k y a r dl a y o ut swe r ee v i de nt . Thef i r s tg e ne r a t i o no fpl a nt i ng si sr e pr e s e nt e dbyFe a t ur e s45 C,48L/ M,a nd53 C.The yf o r ma s i ng l e ,c o nt i g uo usg a r de ns pa c et ha twa sa r bi t r a r i l ydi v i de di nt of o urpr o v e ni e nc e sdur i nge x c a v a t i o ns oa st o g e ne r a t ef e a t ur epr o f i l e sa ndmi ni mi z et hec ha nc eo fmi s t a k e nl yl umpi ngt o g e t he rdi s c r e t ef e a t ur e s .Po s t e x c a v a t i o na na l y s i sc o nf i r me dt he ya r ea l lpa r to fas i ng l e ,v e r yl a r g ef e a t ur et ha ti nt r ude dupo nmul t i pl e unde r l y i ngf e a t ur e sa ndwa si t s e l fi nt r ude dupo nbymul t i pl ef e a t ur e s .Theg a r de ns pa c ee x t e nde d14 . 5f e e t e a s t we s t( f ul le x t e nt )a nd12. 5f e e tno r t hs o ut h( t r unc a t e dbyt hes o ut hwa l lo fBl o c k2) .Fi g ur e42 4 de pi c t st hef l o o ro ft hef e a t ur e ,hi g hl i g ht i ngho wi ndi v i dua lde pt hbe l o ws ur f a c eme a s ur e me nt swe r el a r g e l y me a ni ng l e s si nt hi ss pa c e .Br o a dl yt ho ug h,t hef e a t ur ewa ss ha l l o we ri nt hewe s t e r npo r t i o n,i nt her a ng eo f 0. 3f e e t ,g r a dua l l yde e pe ni ngt ot hee a s t( 0. 74f e e tma x i mum)a nds o ut h( 1. 27f e e tma x i mum) .Thes o i l ma t r i xa l s oc ha ng e da l o ngt hes a mepa t t e r n.Thewe s t e r npo r t i o nwa sc o mpo s e do fabr o wnl o a mys a nd mo t t l e dwi t hda r kg r a y i s hbr o wns a ndys i l t ,g r a dua l l yt r a ns i t i o ni ngt oada r kg r a y i s hbr o wns a ndys i l t 414

Fi g u r e423.Ba c k y a r dp l a nt i nga r e a su nc o v e r e di nBl o c k2.Gr e e ni nd i c a t e sf i r s t g e ne r a t i o np l a nt i ng s ,p i nkf o rs e c o nd g e ne r a t i o n,a ndb l u ef o rp o s s i b l es e c o nd g e ne r a t i o n.Th eb l u el i nea tt h et o pi st h ep r o p e r t yb o u nd a r y .Th ep r i v yi ss e e ni nt h e u p p e rl e f t .

mo t t l e dwi t hab r o wnl o a mys a nd.Cha r c o a lf l e c ki nc l us i o nsv a r i e df r o m 1t o5%.Ar t i f a c tde ns i t yi nc r e a s e d wi t hde pt h,a sdi da r t i f a c ts i z e , wi t hl a r g e ra r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o mt heba s eo ft hef e a t ur e . Pa t t e r nso fa r t i f a c t de ns i t ya nds i z ea r ea t t r i but a bl et oac o mpl e xo ft r a s hpi t s( Fe a t ur e48N)unde r l y i ngt hepl a nt i ngs pa c e . Ga r de ni nga c t i v i t i e swo ul dha v edi s t ur be dt heunde r l y i ngt r a s hde po s i t s ,t he r e bymi x i ngt ho s ea r t i f a c t si nt o t hel o we rpo r t i o nso ft heg a r de n' ss o i lma t r i x .Thei nt r us i v eFe a t ur e49J Co mpl e x ,al a r g e ,c i r c ul a rt r a s h de po s i t ,ha dv e r yc l e a r l yde f i ne dbo unda r i e sa ndi si tunl i k e l yt ha tt hi st r a s hde po s i tc o nt r i but e da nya r t i f a c t s t ot ho s er e c o v e r e df r o mt heg a r de ns pa c e . Thes e c o ndg e ne r a t i o no fpl a nt i ng sf o r me dno tac o nt i g uo usa r e a ,a sdi dt hef i r s tg e ne r a t i o n,but r a t he rmul t i pl es pa c e si nc l o s epr o x i mi t y .Fe a t ur e54F,t hel a r g e s to ft hes e c o ndg e ne r a t i o npl a nts pa c e s unc o v e r e d,l o c a t e d ne x tt ot hebui l di ng a t14071/ 2 Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t ,me a s ur e d 5. 65f e e te a s t we s t ( t r unc a t e dbyt hee a s twa l lo fBl o c k2) ,5 . 8f e e tno r t hs o ut h( t r unc a t e dbyt hes o ut hwa l lo fBl o c k2) ,a nda ma x i mum de pt ho f1 . 3f e e t .Co mpo s i t i o nwa sav e r yda r kg r a y i s hb r o wns a ndys i l tmo t t l e dwi t h30% 415

y e l l o wi s hr e ds a ndy c l a ya nd c o nt a i ne d mul t i pl e s ma l l ,t hi nl e ns e so fb r o wn l o a my s a nd.Unl i k e g e ne r a t i o no nepl a nt i ng s ,Fe a t ur e54Fdi dno ti nt r ude upo na ny f e a t ur e sbe l o w,r e s ul t i ng i na na r t i f a c t a s s e mbl a g er e pr e s e nt a t i v eo ft he us e l i f eo ft he pl a nt i ngs pa c e . One pl a nt i ng ,Fe a t ur e 54J ,wa sa s ha l l o w de pr e s s i o nl o c a t e dwi t hi nt hebo unda r i e so f54Fa nd me a s ur e d1. 55f e e tno r t hs o ut h,1. 05f e e te a s t we s t , a nd 0 . 35f e e tde e p.Fe a t ur ede f i ni t i o nc a mef r o m di f f e r e nc e si ns o i lc o mpa c t ne s s( 54Jwa smuc hmo r e l o o s e )a ndc ha r c o a li nc l us i o ns( 54Jc o nt a i ne d20 % Fi g u r e248.Fl o o rs u r f a c eo ft h ep l a nt i nga r e a si nBl o c k c h a r c o a l f l e c k s ) , o t h e r w i s e s o i l c o m p o s i t i o n w a s t h e 2. s a mea sFe a t ur e54F. Fe a t ur e53G wa sas i ng l epl a nt i ngi nt r udi ngupo nFe a t ur e53 C,af i r s tg e ne r a t i o npl a nt i ngs pa c e . Ci r c ul a r ,s ha l l o wa ndbo wl s ha pe d,Fe a t ur e53Gme a s ur e d1 . 3f e e ti ndi a me t e ra nde x t e nde d0 . 2f e e tbe l o w s ur f a c e .Co mpo s i t i o nwa sav e r yda r kg r a y i s hbr o wns a ndys i l tmo t t l e dwi t h5 %y e l l o wi s hr e ds a ndyc l a y a ndl e s st ha n5% c ha r c o a lf l e c k s . Fe a t ur e48 Ci nt r ude dupo nt hes o ut hs i deo fFe a t ur e48 L/ M,af i r s tg e ne r a t i o npl a nt i ng ,a swe l la s al a r g et r a s hde po s i t( Fe a t ur e48NCo mpl e x )unde r ne a t hbo t hf e a t ur e s .Me a s ur i ng3. 1f e e tno r t hs o ut h, 3. 1f e e te a s t we s t ,a nd1. 3f e e tde e p,s o i lwa sc o mpo s e do fav e r yda r kg r a y i s hb r o wns a ndys i l tmo t t l e dwi t h 10% bl a c ks a ndyl o a ma ndi nc l ude d5% c ha r c o a lf l e c k s . Ba s e do nt he i rs pa t i a la r r a ng e me nt ,s e v e r a lpl a nt i ng sa r el i k e l yc o nt e mpo r a ne o uswi t ht ho s eo ft he s e c o ndg e ne r a t i o n,a l t ho ug ht hi si sno tde f i ni t e .Ont hes o ut hs i deo ft hepr i v yf e a t ur e ,ne a rt hes o ut he a s t c o r ne r ,wa sas ha l l o w,bo wl l i k ede pr e s s i o n( Fe a t ur e43D)c o mpo s e do fl o o s e ,bl a c ks i l t ys a ndc o nt a i ni ng 1% c ha r c o a lf l e c k s .Me a s ur i ng1. 3f e e te a s t we s t ,1 . 95f e e tno r t hs o ut h,a nd0. 35f e e tde e p,Fe a t ur e4 3 Di s t heo nl ypl a nt r e l a t e df e a t ur ef o undi nc l o s epr o x i mi t yt ot hepr i v y . Fe a t ur e s48Ka nd52 D we r es i ng l epl a nt i ng sl o c a t e dwe s ta nds o ut ho fFe a t ur e48 C.Fe a t ur e48K wa sas ha l l o w,o v a l i s hde pr e s s i o nme a s ur i ng0 . 6f e e te a s t we s t ,0 . 8f e e tno r t hs o ut h,a nd0 . 27f e e tbe l o w s ur f a c e ,c o mpo s e do fabr o wns a ndys i l tmo t t l e dwi t h50% v e r yda r kg r a y i s hb r o wns a ndys i l t ,wi t h5% c ha r c o a lf l e c ki nc l us i o ns .Fe a t ur e52D r e pr e s e nt se i t he ras i ng l epl a nt i ngs pa c eo rs e v e r a lpl a nt i ng sg r o upe d c l o s e l yt o g e t he r .Me a s ur i ng2 . 1f e e tno r t hs o ut ha nd2 . 25f e e te a s t we s t ,Fe a t ur e52D wa si nt r ude dupo nt o t heno r t hbyFe a t ur e52J ,apo s t ho l e / mo l dwi t hb r i c k ba ts uppo r t sa ti t sba s e .S o i lc o mpo s i t i o nwa st hes a me a sFe a t ur e48K. Theno r t he r nmo s tpl a nt i ngs pa c ewa sFe a t ur e41 D,a ni r r e g ul a r l ys ha pe da r e ame a s ur i ng5 . 85f e e t e a s t we s ta nd4. 7f e e tno r t hs o ut h.De pt hwa s1. 69f e e tbe l o ws ur f a c et ot hee a s ta nd0 . 62f e e tbe l o w s ur f a c et ot hewe s t .S o i lc o mpo s i t i o nwa sada r kg r a yc l a y e yl o a m mo t t l e dwi t h5% da r kbr o wns i l t ys a nd a nd1% y e l l o wi s hr e ds a ndyc l a y ,wi t h1% c ha r c o a lf l e c k s .Unde r ne a t hFe a t ur e41D wa sas ma l lt r a s h de po s i t .Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hi st r a s hde po s i twa sno tpr o v e ni e nc e ds e pa r a t e l ydur i nge x c a v a t i o n,r e s ul t i ngi na n a r t i f a c ta s s e mbl a g er e pr e s e nt i ngbo t hde po s i t i o na ndpl a nt i nga c t i v i t i e s .

FENCES Aspr e v i o us l ydi s c us s e d,t hepr i ma r ydi f f i c ul t yo fi nt e r pr e t i ngt her e s ul t so ft he1998e x c a v a t i o ns wa sa t t r i but i ngpa t t e r nst ope o pl e .Thet wo10x10f o o te x c a v a t i o nuni t swe r ei nt he1906Ma r i o nS t r e e t 416

Fi g u r e425.Fe a t u r e si nBl o c k2a s s o c i a t e dwi t hf e nc e sa l o ngt h en o r t h e r np r o p e r t yl i n e( o u t l i ne di nb l u e )b e t we e n t h e1904a nd1906Ma r i o nS t r e e tl o t s .

l o t( no to c c upi e dbyt heMa nnS i mo nsf a mi l y )a ndt het wo5x5f o o tuni t swe r ei nt he1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t l o t .Al t ho ug hr e a s o na bl yt i g htTPQ da t e swe r epr o duc e df o rv a r i o usf e a t ur e s ,a nds oc o ul dbec o r r e l a t e d wi t hs pe c i f i co c c upa nt so ft hel o t s ,t he r ewa snowa yt ode t e r mi newhi c hho us e ho l da c t ua l l yc o nt r i but e dt o whi c hde po s i t ,a ndt hus ,nowa yt oc o r r e l a t ea r t i f a c tpa t t e r nswi t hpa r t i c ul a rho us e ho l ds .Fi ndi ng si nUni t s 21,22,a nd55c ha ng e dt hi sbypr o v i di ngdi r e c t ,da t e a bl ee v i de nc eo faf e nc el i nea l o ngt heno r t he r n1904 Ma r i o nS t r e e tpr o pe r t yl i ne( Fi g ur e425) .Ev i de nc ef o rt hes e g r e g a t i o no fs pa c e sa l l o wsf o rc o r r e l a t i ng pa t t e r nswi t hpe o pl e . S e v e npo s t swe r ee nc o unt e r e di nt het hr e euni t s —f i v eo nt heMa nnS i mo ns( s o ut h)s i dea ndt wo o n1906Ma r i o nS t r e e t( no r t h)s i de .La ur a nRi s e r( 2 009)e x c a v a t e dt he s euni t sa spa r to fhe rMAt he s i s .S he ha ddi f f i c ul t yunde r s t a ndi ngs t r a t i g r a phy ,a nds oo f t e nl umpe dt o g e t he rdi s c r e t epr o v e ni e nc e s .No ne t he l e s s , f e a t ur ede f i ni t i o na tt hes ur f a c eo fS t r a t um Bwa sv e r yc l e a ra ndpr o v i de sa l lt hee v i de nc ewene e df o r unde r s t a ndi ngt he s es e g r e g a t e ds pa c e s . Al lo ft hef e nc e r e l a t e df e a t ur e swe r el o c a t e do nt heMa nnS i mo ns( s o ut h)s i deo ft hepr o pe r t yl i ne . Fe a t ur e s22D a nd22Ewe r ebo t hi ns i t uwo o de npo s t s .Fe a t ur e22 De x t e nde d1. 41f e e tb e l o ws ur f a c e . Fe a t ur e22E,whi c he x t e nde d1. 12f e e tb e l o ws ur f a c e )l o o k st obear e pl a c e me ntpo s to rapo s ta dde df o r a ddi t i o na ls uppo r t .Fe a t ur e22 Ci st hel umpe dt o g e t he rpo s t mo l d/ ho l ef o rbo t hpo s t sa ndc o nt a i ne do nl y no ndi a g no s t i ca r t i f a c t s .Fe a t ur e55H,5. 8f e e te a s to f22 D( c e nt e r t o c e nt e r ) ,i sat hi r di ns i t uwo o de nf e nc e po s t ,e x t e ndi ng1 . 8f e e tb e l o ws ur f a c e ,wi t hi npo s t mo l d/ ho l eFe a t ur e55G.ATPQ da t eo f1892f o rFe a t ur e 55Gc a mef r o m ac r o wnc a pbo t t l ec l o s ur e .Lo c a t e d2 . 2f e e te a s to fpo s t55 H,Fe a t ur e55D i st hef o ur t hi n s i t uwo o de nf e nc epo s t ,e x t e ndi ng0. 89f e e tbe l o ws ur f a c e ,s i t t i ngwi t hi npo s t mo l d/ ho l e55 C.ATPQ da t e o fc i r c a1890f o rFe a t ur e55 Cc a mef r o m ac o ba l tbl ueme di c i ne / pha r ma c e ut i c a l bo t t l ef r a g me nt . Ont heno r t hs i deo ft hepr o pe r t yl i newe r et wopo s t swhi c hmi g htb ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hef e nc e , but ,g i v e nt he i rdi s t a nc ef r o mt hef e nc el i nee s t a bl i s he dbyt hepo s t ss o ut ho ft hepr o pe r t yl i ne ,o t he r ,no nf e nc er e l a t e df unc t i o nsr e l a t e dt oa c t i v i t i e swi t hi nt he1906Ma r i o nS t r e e tl o ta r emo r epr o ba bl e . Fe a t ur e55J i sapo s t mo l d/ ho l et ha twa sv i s i bl eo nt hes ur f a c eo fS t r a t um B,butwa sno te x c a v a t e ds e pa r a t e l yf r o m Fe a t ur e55I ,s onof u r t he ri nf o r ma t i o ni sa v a i l a bl e( no t et ha tpr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o n' I 'i sade v i a t i o nf r o m e s t a bl i s he dme t ho do l o g yf o rt hes i t e ) .Fe a t ur e55Fwa sawo o de npo s te x t e ndi ng0 . 4f e e tbe l o ws ur f a c ea nd l o c a t e dwi t hi npo s t ho l e55E. ATPQ da t eo f1874f o rFe a t ur e55Ec a mef r o m ab r a s ss ho eg r o mme t . Fur t he re v i de nc ef o raf e nc ec o me si ndi r e c t l yf r o m no npo s tr e l a t e df e a t ur e so nbo t hs i de so ft he pr o pe r t yl i ne .Fe a t ur e s21 C,21D,a nd21Fwe r ea l ls ma l lt r a s hde po s i t spl a c e dc l o s et o ,butne v e re x t e ndi ng o v e r ,t hepr o pe r t yl i ne ,s ug g e s t i ngaba r r i e r( l i k eaf e nc e ) ,o rmi ni ma l l y ,a na wa r e ne s so fdi s t i nc ts pa c e st ha t 417

g ui de dt heus eo ft he s es pa c e s .A s ma l l s ur f a c es t a i nwa sa l s ov i s i bl ea l o ngt hef e nc e l i nei nt hee a s t e r npo r t i o no fUni t21 .TPQ da t e sf o rt het r a s hde po s i t sc o r r e l a t e swe l l wi t ht he f e nc e po s t mo l d/ ho l e da t e s .A f r a g me nto fado ubl e s i des e a ms a ni t a r yt i n c a ng i v e sFe a t ur e21C ada t eo f1904. Fe a t ur e s21 Da nd21Fha v eda t e so f1909 , ba s e do nf r a g me nt so fBa k e l i t epl a s t i c . Fi g u r e426.Fe a t u r e sa s s o c i a t e d wi t hp e tb u r i a l swi t h i nt h e b a c k y a r d .

BURI ALS

Two c a t s ,t wo do g s ,a ni nt a c t c hi c k e na nda nuni de nt i f i a bl ea ni ma lwe r e r e c o v e r e df r o mt hes i t e —f o urbur i a l sa nd o ne po s s i bl e bur i a l .Thr e e bur i a l s we r e l o c a t e di nc l o s epr o x i mi t yt oe a c ho t he r wi t hi no neo ft heba c k y a r dpl a nt i ngs pa c e s ne x tt ot hebui l di nga t14071/ 2Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t —i ne s s e nc e ,i twa saba c k y a r d pe t c e me t e r y ( Fi g ur e 426) . Di s c o v e r e d a ppr o x i ma t e l yt hr e ef e e tf r o mt hewe s twa l l o ft hebui l di ngwa sas i ng l eg r a v e( Fe a t ur e 54M) c o nt a i ni ng t he f ul l y a r t i c ul a t e d s k e l e t o nso fas ma l ldo ga ndac a tl a y i ngo n t he i rl e f ts i de swi t h he a dsf a c i ng we s t s o ut hwe s t( Fi g ur e 427) . The f e a t ur e me a s ur e d0. 7f e e te a s t we s t ,0. 65f e e tno r t ho ut h.Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hes k e l e t o nso f f e rno Fi g u r e427.S k e l e t o no fas ma l ld o gb u r i e di nab a c k y a r dg a r d e n s s p a c e( Fe a t u r e54M) . c l ue sr e g a r di ngc a us e so fde a t ho rwhyt he t wo a ni ma l s we r e bur i e d t o g e t he r — s e e mi ng l yt he ydi e d,o rwe r ea tl e a s tbur i e d, a tt hes a met i me . As e c o ndbur i a lwa sl o c a t e ddi r e c t l ybe t we e nt hef i r s tbur i a la ndt he14071/ 2Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t bui l di ng( Fe a t ur e54K) . Unf o r t una t e l y ,at r e nc hha dbe e ndugf o re l e c t r i c a lc o ndui tr unni ngt oas t r e e tl a mp f o rt hepa r k i ngl o t ,r e s ul t i ngi nt hel o s so ft hea ni ma l ' she a da nduppe rbo dy . Noa r t i f a c t swe r ef o undwi t hi n t hi sf e a t ur ee i t he r ,a ndhe nc e ,noda t ec a nb ea s s i g ne df o rt hebur i a l .Al t ho ug h,g i v e nt hec l o s epr o x i mi t yo f t het wobur i a l s( a s s umi ngt hes o i lc o ndi t i o nsa r es i mi l a r ) ,t hemo r ea dv a nc e ds t a t eo fde c o mpo s i t i o no ft hi s a ni ma ls ug g e s t st ha ti ti sa ne a r l i e rbur i a lt ha nt hef i r s t .De c o mpo s i t i o n( a l o ngwi t hi t smi s s i nghe a d)a l s o ma dei tdi f f i c ul tt ode t e r mi newha tk i ndo fa ni ma li twa s .Pr e l i mi na r yi ns pe c t i o ns ug g e s t st ha ti twa sas ma l l do g( Wa l l ma n,pe r s .c o mm. ) .Di me ns i o nso ft heg r a v ewe r e0 . 7f e e tno r t hs o ut ha nd0 . 85f e e te a s t we s t ( t r unc a t e dbyt het r e nc h) . The r ema yha v eb e e nat hi r dpe tbur i a li nt heba c k y a r d,butt hebo ne swe r es ode c o mpo s e dt ha tno t o nl ywa si de nt i f i c a t i o no ft hea ni ma lhi g hl ypr o bl e ma t i c ,buts o ,t o o ,t her e c o v e r yo fbo ne s .Thi sf e a t ur e ( 54L) ,me a s ur i ng0 . 85f e e tno r t hs o ut hby0. 8f e e te a s t we s t ,wa sl o c a t e ddi r e c t l yno r t ho ft hes e c o nd bur i a l ,a l s oa l o ngt hes i deo ft hebui l di ng .Butunl i k ee i t he ro ft het wopr e v i o usbur i a l s ,t hi sf e a t ur e c o nt a i ne damo de s tnumb e ro fa r t i f a c t s —bya l la c c o unt s ,t hea r t i f a c t sa ppe a rt obes ma l lf r a g me nt so f ho us e ho l dt r a s h,i nc l udi ngbo t t l ef r a g me nt s .Thet o pf e wc e nt i me t e r so ft hef e a t ur ea l s oc o nt a i ne df i s h 418

bo ne sa nds c a l e s .Al lo fwhi c ha r g uea g a i n s tt he i de at ha tt hi swa sape tbur i a l .Ana r g ume ntf o rpe t bur i a lc o me sf r o mi t ss pa t i a ll o c a t i o n:i nt hepl a nt s pa c e ,a l o ngt hes i deo fabui l di ng ,di r e c t l yne x tt o a ndi nl i newi t ht wok no wnbur i a l s . Thef o ur t hbur i a lwa sdi s c o v e r e di nt he we s ts i de y a r da r e aj us tno r t ho ft he f o r me r l o c a t i o no ft hel unc hc o unt e r( Fe a t ur e61 C) .I na n a r e aa l mo s tc o mpl e t e l yde v o i do fa r t i f a c t swa sa c hi c k e n ( Fi g ur e 428) . Re s t i ng i n ag r a v e me a s ur i ng1 . 45f e e te a s t we s tby1. 50f e e tno r t hs o ut h,t hef ul l ya r t i c ul a t e dc hi c k e nwa sl a y i ngo n Fi g u r e428.Ap e tc h i c k e nb u r i a lu n c o v e r e di nBl o c k3,a l o ng i t sr i g hts i de ,he a dt ot hee a s t ,wi t hi t sl e f twi ng t h ewe s ts i d eo f1403Ri c h l a ndS t r e e t . o v e ri t sbo dy .Ba s e do nt hebur i a l ' ss t r a t i g r a phi c po s i t i o n( t hel a y e ri nwhi c hi twa sdi s c o v e r e d) ,t he c hi c k e nwa sbur i e ds o me t i medur i ngt hee a r l yt o mi d20t hc e nt ur y .

419

s o meo ft hea r t i f a c t si nt ha tl e v e l a r eno ta s s o c i a t e d di r e c t l ywi t ht hel unc hc o unt e r ,o nl ya r t i f a c t sf r o m t heLo we rl e v e la r epr e s e nt e d he r e .A t o t a lo f 3, 721 a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng 1, 034 MNI )a nd 1, 084g r a ms( 983f r a g me nt s )o ff a una lma t e r i a l we r er e c o v e r e df r o m t he Lo we rl e v e l . The f o l l o wi ng di s c us s i o ni so r g a ni z e d byf unc t i o na l t y pe a nd pr o v i de si nf o r ma t i o na s ne e de di n i nt e r pr e t i ngpa t t e r ns ,s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o ro t he r a r c ha e o l o g i c a lphe no me na ,a swe l la shi g hl i g ht i ng a r t i f a c t so fs pe c i a lno t ef o undi nt hel unc hc o unt e r de po s i t . Ta bl e 51 pr e s e nt st he s a me da t a s umma r i z e di nt e r ms o f Obj e c t Na me sa nd mi ni mum c o unt s .

PERSONALI TEMS Fi g u r e51.Pl a nv i e wo fUni t12a tt h es u r f a c eo fLe v e l 6 ( 12K) .

Fi g u r e52.S o u t h e a s tv i e wo fUni t12.

I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a lo f168 a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o m t he Lo we rl e v e l be l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na lg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng133 i ndi v i dua li t e ms .I t e ms no t be l o ng i ng t oa s ubc a t e g o r ywe r eq ui t ev a r i e d.Twof r a g me nt so f g r a phi t epe nc i ll e a dwe r ef o und—o nes q ua r e ,o ne c y l i ndr i c a l .Themo l dl i ne so ft hec y l i ndr i c a ll e a d we r ev i s i bl e ,g i v i ngi taTPQ da t eo f1876.Al s o r e l a t e dt owr i t i ngwa sabr a s s ,i nkbo t t l es c r e wc a p c l o s ur e . The c a s ti r o n, r i g ht ha nde d, 7i nc h s t r a i g hts c i s s o r sc o ul da l t e r na t e l yb epl a c e di nt he Pe r s o na l S e wi ngc a t e g o r y .Ther i v e t e d,br a s sc l a s p o fawo ma n' sha ndba gwa sf o und ( #12 T241) , a l o ng wi t h ac a r v e d bo ne s pi ne t i pf r o m a n umbr e l l a . Fr a g me nt sf r o m a whi t e , mo l de d g r a ni t e wa r e wa t e r pi t c he ro re we r we r ea l s o r e c o v e r e d,a swe l la sao nepo undc a s ti r o nba l a nc e we i g htf o ras c a l e( #12 T52) . Fo urt o ba c c o r e l a t e da r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d, i nc l udi ngt wo pi pef r a g me nt s .Thef i r s twa sa b r o wn,s l i pg l a z e d Pa mpl i ns t y l e( e l bo w) pi pe wi t h mo l de dr i b de c o r a t i o n( #12T206) .The s e c o ndwa samo l de d,buf f pa s t ee a r t he nwa r epi pe , a l s os l i pde c o r a t e d,o funk no wnt y pe( #12T342) . Ar e c t a ng ul a rt o ba c c ot i nwi t haf l i pt o pl i d( no t pr e s e nt )wa sf o und,a swe l la sa ni nt a c t ,uno pe ne d, l a c q ue r e dg r e e ns nuf ft i n( #12T128) ,me a s ur i ng 111/ 16i nc he si ndi a me t e ra nd11/ 16i nc he st a l l .

Fi g u r e53.Ea s tp r o f i l eo fUni t12. 52

Tabl e51. Summar yofAr t i f act sf r om Feat ur e12T,Sor t edbyObj ectNameandMNI Obj ectName Ammuni t i on,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 22Ca l i be r Ammuni t i on,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 32Ca l i be r Ammuni t i on,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 38Ca l i be r Ammuni t i on,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 40Ca l i be r

MNI 3 10 1 2

Obj ectName Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Food Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Food,Pi c kl e s Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Li quor/Whi s ke y Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Me di c i na l/Pha r ma c e ut i c a l

MNI 3 4 5 6

Ammuni t i on,Shot ,Le a d

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,ShoePol i s h

Ammuni t i on,Shot g unShe l l ,12Ga ug e

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,SodaPop/Wa t e r

4

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Wi ne

1 7

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Br i c k

n/ a

1

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ce me nt/Conc r e t e

1

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Gl a s s ,Wi ndow

6

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl os ur e ,Re mov a bl eLi d,Pr e s sFi t

3

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl os ur e ,Wi ndSt r i p

1

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Mor t a r

n/ a

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,She e tMe t a l ,Cor r ug a t e dI r on

1

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Cos me t i c

1

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,Fl oor/Wa l l

7

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Food,Cy l i ndr i c a l

13

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,Roof i ng

2

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Ke y

1

Cl ot hi ng ,Bl ui ngAg e nt

1

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Squa r e/Re c t a ng ul a r

5

Cl ot hi ng ,Buc kl e ,Be l t

1

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Toba c c o

1

Cl ot hi ng ,Buc kl e ,Sus pe nde r

2

Cont a i ne r ,Ca n,Toba c c o,Snuf f

1

Cl ot hi ng ,But t on

1

Cont a i ne r ,J a r ,Li d,Pr e s e r v i ng

2

Cl ot hi ng ,But t on,2Hol e

12

Cont a i ne r ,J a r ,Pr e s e r v i ng

4

Cl ot hi ng ,But t on,4Hol e

15

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e

1

Cl ot hi ng ,But t on,5Hol e

1

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r eConne c t or ,Mol di ng

1

Cl ot hi ng ,But t on,LoopSha nk

5

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e ,Si ng l eConduc t or

Cl ot hi ng ,But t on,St a f f Ty pe

1

Fa una ,Bone

n/ a

Cl ot hi ng ,Cl i p,Cuf f Hol de r

1

Fa una ,Eg gShe l l

n/ a

Cl ot hi ng ,Gr omme t

4

FoodPr e pa r a t i on,Ba ki ngDi s h

Cl ot hi ng ,Ha tPi n

1

FoodPr e pa r a t i on,Cooki ngPot ,Li d

2

Cl ot hi ng ,Ri v e t

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Bol t

1

Cl ot hi ng ,Sa f e t yPi n

5

Ha r dwa r e ,Bol t ,Count e r SunkCa r r i a g e

2

1

1

Cl ot hi ng ,ShoeHor n

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Bol t ,Sa w

1

Cl ot hi ng ,Shoe ,Gr omme t

14

Ha r dwa r e ,Br a c ke t ,Ang l e

1

Cl ot hi ng ,Shoe ,Sol e

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Cha i n,La pLi nk

1

Cl ot hi ng ,Sna p

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Col l a r

2

Cl ot hi ng ,St r a i g htPi n

2

Ha r dwa r e ,Cot t e rPi n

1

Communi c a t i on,Pe nc i l ,Gr a phi t e

2

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,DoorPul l

1

Communi c a t i on,Te l e phone ,Re c e i v e rHook

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,DoorRi ng

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e

7

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,Dr a we r

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Be v e r a g e

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,Dr a we rPul l

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Bi t t e r s

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,Bl i ndHi ng eHook

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cl os ur e ,Cr ownCa p

50

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,But t ,Shut t e r

2

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cl os ur e ,Li g ht i ngSt oppe r

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,Rol l e dPl a t eHi ng e

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cl os ur e ,Pe gSt oppe r

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Hook,BoxLa t c h

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cl os ur e ,Sc r e wCa p

4

Ha r dwa r e ,Hook,Coa t a ndHa t

2

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Condi me nt

1

Ha r dwa r e ,La t c h,Ba r nDoor

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Condi me nt ,I c e dTe aTumbl e r

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Loc k,Bol t

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Condi me nt ,J e l l y / Mus t a r dTumbl e r

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Loc k,Ke y ,Le v e rTumbl e r

1

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Condi me nt ,Mus t a r d

2

Ha r dwa r e ,Loc k,Ri mLoc k

2

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Condi me nt ,Spi c e/Ex t r a c t

4

Ha r dwa r e ,Lumbe r

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cos me t i c

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cos me t i c ,Pe r f ume / Col og ne

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Br a i d

Cont a i ne r ,Bot t l e ,Cos me t i c ,Ski nLi g ht e ne r

1

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Common

1 129 4 308

53

Ta bl e51( cont i nued) . Summa r yofAr t i f a c t sf r om Fea t ur e12T,Sor t e dbyObj e ctNa meandMNI Obj e ctNa me

MNI

Obj e c tNa me

MNI

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l , Fi n i s h i ng

77

Ta b l e wa r e ,Bo wl ,S a l t/S ug a r

1

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l , Roo f i n g

2

Ta b l e wa r e ,Cu p

3

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l , Sp i ke

15

Ta b l e wa r e ,Cu p ,Te a

2

Ha r d wa r e , Nut

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Dr i n k i n gGl a s s

2

Ha r d wa r e , Ri n g

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Dr i n k i n gGl a s s , Go bl e t

1

Ha r d wa r e , S c i s s o r s

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Dr i n k i n gGl a s s , St e mwa r e

1

Ha r d wa r e , S c r e w, Ey e S c r e w

2

Ta b l e wa r e ,Dr i n k i n gGl a s s , Tu mbl e r

4

Ha r d wa r e , S t a pl e

4

Ta b l e wa r e ,F l a t wa r e

1

Ha r d wa r e , S t r a p

5

Ta b l e wa r e ,Ho l l o wwa r e

5

Ha r d wa r e , Wa s h e r

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Pl a t e

9

Ha r d wa r e , Wi nd o w,S hu t t e rDo g

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Pl a t e ,S e r v i n g

1

Ha r d wa r e , Wi r e , Ba i l i n g

3

Ta b l e wa r e ,S a u c e r

4

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Ca n d l eSt i c kHo l de r

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Un i d e nt i f i e d

1

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Fl o we r po t

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Ut e n s i l , Fo r k, 3Pr o ng

1

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Le t t e r i ng

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Ut e n s i l , Kni f e

4

Li g h t i ng ,Ar c , Ca r b onRo d

1

Ta b l e wa r e ,Ut e n s i l , Sp oo n

4

Li g h t i ng ,La mp, Chi mn e y

6

To b a c c o , Pi pe

1

Li g h t i ng ,S o c ke t , Li g h tBul b

1

To b a c c o , Pi pe ,Pa mpl i nS t y l e

1

Ma c h i n e r y , Ga s k e t

1

To o l , Sc a l e ,Ba l a nc eWe i g ht

1

Pa pe r ,Ne ws pa pe r

1

To y , Coi nBa n k

1

Pe r s on a l ,Be a d

11

To y , Fi g u r i ne

1

Pe r s on a l ,Ha n db a g

1

To y , Te aS e t

Pe r s on a l ,J e we l r y , Br a c e l e t

1

Uni de nt i f i e d, Gl a s s

n / a n / a

1

Pe r s on a l ,J e we l r y , Pe n d e n t / Ea r r i n g

1

Uni de nt i f i e d, Me t a l

Pe r s on a l ,J e we l r y , Wi r e

1

Uni de nt i f i e d, Me t a l , Di s c

4

Pe r s on a l ,Pi n Ba c k

1

Uni de nt i f i e d, S h e e tMe t a l

n / a

Pe r s on a l ,Umb r e l l a

1

Ut i l i t a r i a n ,Ho l l o wwa r e

1

Pe r s on a l ,Wa t e rPi t c h e r/Ewe r

1

Ut i l i t a r i a n ,J a r/Bo t t l e

1

Pl u mb i n g , Pi p e , F i t t i n g , En dCa p

1

Ut i l i t a r i a n ,Ve s s e l

1

Pl u mb i n g , Pi p e , S e we r

1

Ta bl e wa r e , Bowl

1

Tot a l 1 , 03 4

Ar t i f a c t#12T188i samo s ti nt r i g ui ngbo t t l e .Thec y l i ndr i c a lbo t t l eme a s ur e s1. 75i nc he sdi a me t e r a nd37/ 8i nc he st a l l .I twa sc upbo t t o m mo l de dwi t habe a df i ni s h.S e c ur e dwi t hac o r kc l o s ur ea t t a c he dt o as po ng ea ppl i c a t o rbyal e ng t ho fs t i f f ,t wi s t e dwi r e ,1/ 3o ft hewhi t epo wde rc o nt e nt sa r es t i l li nt hebo t t l e . Gi v e nt hes po ng ea ppl i c a t o r ,t hec o nt e nt swe r el i k e l yo r i g i na l l yl i q ui d.Ipr e f o r me da ni nf o r ma ls o l ub i l i t y t e s twi t has ma l ls a mpl e .Ther e s ul t ss ug g e s t e dt ha tt hepo wde ri sa l c o ho ls o l ubl ebutno twa t e rs o l ubl e , f ur t he rs ug g e s t i ngt ha tt hec o nt e nt sma yha v ebe e nag l ueo ra dhe s i v e ,a l t ho ug ht hemo s tl i k e l ys ug g e s t i o ni s t ha ti twa sabo t t l eo fwhi t es ho epo l i s h. Mo s tr e ma r k a bl e ,f r a g me nt so fne ws pa pe rwe r er e c o v e r e d( #12T258) .S e v e r a ls ma l l ,e v e nl ys pa c e d ho l e sa l o ngt hee dg e so fs o mef r a g me nt s ,l i k et ho s epr o duc e dbys t a pl e s ,s ug g e s tt ha tt hepa pe rma yha v e be e nus e de i t he ra spa c k a g i ng / wr a ppi ngo rwa shungo nt hewa l lo ft hel unc hc o unt e r .Al t ho ug ht hepa pe ri s c ha r r e d,s o i l s t a i ne d, a ndhi g hl yf r a g me nt e d, af e wwo r dsc a ns t i l l b ede c i phe r e d.

CLOTHI NG Cl o t hi ng r e l a t e di t e mswe r ema ny :69 a r t i f a c t sr e pr e s e nt i ng 66 i ndi v i dua li t e ms .Themo s t s ur pr i s i nga r t i f a c ta mo ngt hec l o t hi nga s s e mbl a g ewa sas ma l lf r a g me nto fbl ui nga g e nt( #12T255) ,o ft he t y pet ha two ul dha v eb e e npur c ha s e da sapr e s s e dpo wde rc a k e .Gi v e ni t sne a r l y100y e a r sbe l o wg r o und,i t i sa ma z i ngt hepo wde rha dno tc o mpl e t e l ydi s s o l v e d.An8i nc hb r a s sha tpi nwa sa l s of o und.Unf o r t una t e l y , wha t e v e rde c o r a t i o nwa so nc ea t t a c he di sg o nea nddi dno tma t ewi t ha nyo ft her e c o v e r e da r t i f a c t s .Theha t 54

pi nc o ul de q ua l l y we l lbe c l a s s i f i e d unde rt he he a de r' Pe r s o na l Or na me nt a t i o n. 'Al s of o undwe r eas t a mpe d,i r o ns ho eho r na ndt he l e a t he rhe e lo fas ho e .Thes ho ehe e lwa spe g g e dwi t hbr a s s ,c y l i ndr i c a l s ha nkna i l s . The r e ma i ni ng c l o t hi ng r e l a t e di t e ms we r ef a s t e ne r s . An unde c o r a t e d,r e c t a ng ul a rc a s t b r a s sbe l tbuc k l ewa sr e c o v e r e d,a l o ngwi t h t wounma r k e di r o ns us pe nde rbuc k l e s .As t a mpe dbr a s sc uf f ho l de rc l i p ( #12T225) ,e ng r a v e dwi t has c r o l lde s i g n,pa t e nt e di n1889,i sama t c h f o rt hes a mei t e mi l l us t r a t e di nt he1894Ca r s o n,Pi r i e ,S c o t t& Co . c a t a l o g( Fi g ur e54) .Oneunma r k e db r a s sc l o t hi ngr i v e twa sf o und,a l o ng wi t has t e e ls na pwi t hapr e s s e do rs t a mpe dr o s e t t ede s i g no nt hef a c e . Ei g ht e e nbr a s ss ho eg r o mme t swe r ef o und,mo s tl i k e l yr e l a t e dt ot hes ho e he e lpr e s e nt e de a r l i e r .Fo ur t e e no ft heg r o mme t swe r ea t t a c he dt ot e n f r a g me nt so fs ho el e a t he r . Thi r t y s e v e nbut t o nswe r ei nt het r a s hpi t ,t hema j o r i t yb e i ng s e wt hr o ug ht y pebut t o ns .Oft he14s he l lbut t o ns ,10we r e2ho l ea nd4 we r e4ho l et y pe s .Al lbuto newa ss mo o t ha ndunde c o r a t e d.Theo ne de c o r a t e ds he l lbut t o nwa spa i nt e dbl a c k( #12T309) .S i xbut t o nswe r e m a d e o f b o n e . F o u r o f t h e s e w e r e 4 h o l e , o n e w a s a 5 h o l e b u t t o n , a n d Fi g u r e54.Ad v e r t i s e me ntf o rt h e o nef r a g me nt e dbut t o nwa si nde t e r mi na t e .Onl yo neo ft hedr y pr e s s e d " Wi z a r d "b r a s sc u f f h o l d e rc l i p ( #12T225)r e c o v e r e df r o mt h e c e r a mi c( pr o s s e r )but t o nswa so ft he2ho l ev a r i e t y ,t her e ma i ni ngs i x l u n c hc o u nt e rd e p o s i t( Ca r s o n, be i ng4ho l et y pe s .Fo urpo r c e l a i n( no npr o s s e r )but t o nsha dl o o ps ha nk s ; Pi r i e ,S c o t t&Co .1894: 65) . e a c hwa swhi t ea nddo me s ha pe d.Onl yo neha r dr ubbe rbut t o n wa s f o und:a27/ 32i nc hdi a me t e r2ho l et y pewi t hamo l de ds t a r bur s tpa t t e r n o nt hef a c e ,ma nuf a c t ur e dbyt heNo v e l t yRubb e rCo mpa nyb e t we e n1855a nd1870 .Thef a c eo fa2pi e c e br a s sbut t o nwa sunde c o r a t e d.A1pi e c ec a s tbr a s sbut t o no ft he4ho l ev a r i e t yha dag e o me t r i cpa t t e r n c o mpo s e do fr o pe so ni t sf a c e .A2pi e c e ,br a s s ,s t a f f t y pebut t o nwa sde c o r a t e dwi t ht heS o ut hCa r o l i na S t a t eS e a lo ni t sf a c e( #12T325) .Thes t a f f t y peb ut t o nwa sma nuf a c t ur e dbyHo r s t ma nno fPhi l a de l phi a be t we e n1893a nd1935.Ther e ma i ni ngt woi de nt i c a lbut t o nswe r epa r t i c ul a r l yi nt r i g ui ng( #12T375& 376) .Oft he2pi e c e ,l o o ps ha nkv a r i e t y ,wi t hbr a s sf a c e sa ndi r o nba c k i ng s ,t he s et wobut t o nsde pi c ta n Or i e nt a l s c e newi t hFr e nc ho r i g i ns( Fi g ur e55) .

S EWI NG Thedo mehe a df r o ma ni r o ns t r a i g htpi n,ab r a s ss t r a i g htpi nbe nti nt hes ha peo fa n' L' ,a ndf i v e s a f e t ypi nsma deupt hePe r s o na l S e wi ngs ubc a t e g o r y .Ma deo fz i nc ,f o uro ft hes a f e t ypi nswe r ea ne a r l y s t y l ei nt r o duc e di n1857.Thef i f t hwa sab r a s spl a t e ds a f e t ypi nwi t has pr i ng g ua r dhe a d–t hec o mmo n t y pema nuf a c t ur e dt o da y–ade s i g npa t e nt e di n1889( #12 T252) .

FI REARMS Ei g ht e e na r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l Fi r e a r msg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng18 i ndi v i dua li t e ms ,c o mpo s e do ff i v edi f f e r e ntc a l i be r so fa mmuni t i o na ndas i ng l ee x a mpl eo f5/ 16i nc hl e a d s ho t .Al lme t a l l i cc a r t r i dg eda t e sa ndi nf o r ma t i o na r eba s e do nt hewo r ko fKa t hl e e nA.Cl a r dy( 2008) . He a ds t a mpi de nt i f i c a t i o ni sf r o m Whi t ea ndMunha l l ,1963.Thr e e. 22c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg ec a s e swe r e r e c o v e r e d,t woo fbr a s s ,o neo fc o ppe r .Thec o ppe rc a s ewa saBBCa pwi t ha nuni de nt i f i e dhe a ds t a mp—a 55

c a r t r i dg ei nt r o duc e di n 1857 f o rt he S mi t ha nd We s s o nr e v o l v e r ,c o ns i de r e dt he f i r s t Ame r i c a n me t a l l i cc a r t r i dg e( #12T231) .Thet wob r a s sc a s e sa r e pa r t i c ul a r l yi nt e r e s t i ng ,a so nl yt he he a ds we r e r e c o v e r e d.Ca r t r i dg e#12T63wa sma nuf a c t ur e dby Uni o n Me t a l l i cCa r t r i dg eCo mpa nyb e t we e n 1871 a nd1902.Ca r t r i dg e#12 T232wa sunma r k e d.The bo di e so ft hec a r t r i dg e swe r ec ut o f f( Fi g ur e56) . S i mi l a r l ymo di f i e dc a r t r i dg e swe r er e c o v e r e da c r o s s t hes i t e ,s ug g e s t i ngt ha ts o me o newa si nt e r e s t e di n Fi g u r e55.I d e nt i c a l b r a s sb u t t o nswi t ha nOr i e nt a l s c e ne o bt a i ni ng s ho r tl e ng t hso fs ma l l di a me t e rc o ppe r o fFr e nc ho r i g i nsr e c o v e r e df r o mt h el u nc hc o u nt e rd e p o s i t . t ubi ng ,po s s i bl yf o rus ea sa t ubul a rbe a d.The j e we l r y ma k i nghy po t he s i si ss uppo r t e dbya r t i f a c t s f r o mo t he rpr o v e na nc e so ft hes a met i mepe r i o d, i nc l udi ngal e ng t ho ft hi ng a ug ec o ppe rwi r ewo und a r o und af r a g me nto fpi nk c o r a l ,di s c us s e di na s ubs e q ue nts e c t i o n. Te n. 32c a l i be rc a r t r i dg ec a s e swe r er e c o v e r e d. Oneb r a s sr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg ec a s eha dt hebo dyc uto f f ( #12T213) ,i nt he s a me ma nne ra st he a bo v e me nt i o ne d. 22 c a l i be rc a r t r i dg e s .I nc l udi ng t hi s di f i e dc a s e ,t hr e e we r er i mf i r e ,s e v e n we r e Fi g u r e56.Twomo d i f i e d. 22c a l i b e rc a r t r i d g ec a s e s .Th e mo c e nt e r f i r e .Thec e nt e r f i r ec a r t r i dg e sus e dBa rAnv i l b o d i e so ft h ec a r t r i d g e swe r ec u t o f fa ndt h eh e a d st h r o wn a wa y . . pr i me r s ,ar e l o a da bl e pr i me rt y pei nt r o duc e di n 1880.Thr e eo ft he. 32c a l i be rc e nt e r f i r ec a r t r i dg e s we r ema nuf a c t ur e dbyt heS a v a g eAr msCo mpa nya ndo nebyt hePe t e r sCa r t r i dg eCo mpa ny .Theo t he r s we r ee i t he runma r k e do rt hehe a ds t a mpswe r eunr e a da bl e . As i ng l e. 38c a l i be rb r a s sc e nt e r f i r ec a r t r i dg ec a s ewa sr e c o v e r e d( #12 T229) .Thi sc a l i be rwa s i nt r o duc e di n1864 .Nohe a ds t a mpwa spr e s e nt . Al s or e c o v e r e dwe r et wo. 40c a l i be rc a r t r i dg ec a s e s .Ne i t he rha dhe a ds t a mps .Thef i r s tc a s e( #12T233) ,ma deo fc o ppe r ,wa sr i mf i r e ,t hes e c o nd( #12T228) ,ma deo fb r a s s ,wa sc e nt e r f i r e .Bo t ha r e r e pr e s e nt e dbyhe a dso nl y ,a st hebo di e sha db e e nr e mo v e d. Anunf i r e d12g a ug es ho t g uns he l l( #12T60) ,ma r k e d“ Ne wCub” ,ma nuf a c t ur e dbyt heUni o n Me t a l l i cCa r t r i dg eCo mpa nyb e t we e n1867a nd1902,wa sr e c o v e r e d.Thi swa st heo nl ys ho t g unr e l a t e d a r t i f a c tr e c o v e r e df r o mt hes i t e . Thel a s tf i r e a r ms r e l a t e da r t i f a c twa sa5/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rl e a ds ho t .Thi swa sabi tpuz z l i nga tf i r s t , s i nc ei ti st o ol a r g et ob es ho t g uns ho t ,a ndt heus eo fa ne a r l yr i f l ef i r i ngs uc hs ho ts e e me dunl i k e l y .No t unt i l Is pe ntt i mei nt hel i br a r ya tWi nt e r t hurEs t a t ei nDe l a wa r e ,b r o ws i ngt hr o ug ht r a dec a t a l o g sr e l a t e dt o c l o t hi ng ,di dIr e a l i z et ha ts uc hs ho twa smo s tl i k e l yus e da sdr e s so rme n' sj a c k e twe i g ht s .Le a ds ho two ul d ha v ebe e ns e wni nt ot hehe mo fag a r me ntt owe i g hi tdo wn.

56

HYGI ENE A mi ni mum o f11bo t t l e sa ndo net i n be l o ng e dt ot hePe r s o na l Hy g i e nes ubg r o up.S i x o ft he bo t t l e s we r eg e ne r a l me di c i na lo r pha r ma c e ut i c a l .Fo r msi nc l ude dt wopa ne lbo t t l e s , o neMi l l v i l l eRo und,o nePhi l a de l phi aOv a l ,a nd t woGo l de n Ga t eOv a lbo t t l e s .Theba s eo fa c y l i ndr i c a lmi l k g l a s sbo t t l eo fdi a me t e r2. 5i nc he s l i k e l yhe l dac o s me t i cpr o duc t ,whi l et hes ma l l ba l l t o p pe gs t o ppe r ma t c he st ho s e us e do n pe r f umea ndc o l o g nebo t t l e s .As ma l l ,1i nc ht a l l , Ge r ma nc o l o g ne s t y l ebo t t l ewa se mbo s s e dwi t h “ HOYT' S/10¢/COLOGNE” ,ma nuf a c t ur e d byE. W.Ho y t ,o fLo we l l ,Ma s s a c hus e t t s ,s t a r t i ng i n 1877.One bo t t l e wa sr e pr e s e nt e d by t wo f r a g me nt so fc o ba l t bl ueg l a s s( #12 T178) .I t s f o r ma ndc o nt e nt sa r eunk no wn. The l a s t Pe r s o na l Hy g i e ne bo t t l e ( #12T257)i so neo ft hemo s ti nt r i g ui ng ,r a r e , a nds ur pr i s i ngdi s c o v e r i e sf r o mt hee nt i r es i t e —a bo t t l eo f“ Whi t eLi f e ”b r a nds k i nl i g ht e ne r( Fi g ur e 57) . Onl y b e c a us e o f t he e x t r a o r di na r y pr e s e r v a t i o nc o ndi t i o nso ft hede po s i tdowek no w o ft hebo t t l e ' sc o nt e nt s .Muc ho ft hepa pe rl a be l , l i k e l ys e c ur e dwi t hf i s hg l ue ,wa ss t i l li nt a c t .Ha d t hel a be lno ts ur v i v e d,a l lwewo ul dk no wi st ha ti t wa sac o l o r l e s sg l a s s ,Fr e nc hS q ua r e s t y l ebo t t l e ,11/ 8i nc hs q ua r e ,31/ 2i nc he shi g h,c upbo t t o m mo l de dwi t hapa t e ntf i ni s h. As ma l l ,i nt a c tt i n,me a s ur i ng23/ 8i nc he si ndi a me t e ra nd1i nc ht a l l ,ma yha v ehe l d s o a po rapo wde r e dc o s me t i c( #12T139) . Fi g u r e57.Ab o t t l eo f" Wh i t eLi f e "b r a nds k i nl i g h t e ne r r e c o v e r e df r o mt h el u nc hc o u nt e rd e p o s i t( #12T257) .

ORNAMENTAL

S e v e nt e e na r t i f a c t sb e l o ng i ng t ot he Pe r s o na l Or na me nt a ls ubg r o up we r er e c o v e r e d,r e pr e s e nt i ng 15 i ndi v i dua lo bj e c t s .Thema j o r i t yo f o r na me nt a li t e ms( 11)we r eg l a s sb e a ds .Fo uro ft heb e a dswe r er o und,t wowhi t ea ndo nel i g htbl ue ,o ne wa sabl a c khe x a g o na lb e a d,a nds i xwe r es ma l ls e e db e a ds —t hr e ewhi t e ,t wobl ue ,a ndo nebl a c k .Al s o r e c o v e r e dwa swha ta ppe a r st obeaha ndma de ,t e r r a c o t t ape nde nto re a r r i ng —as phe r eo fdi a me t e r9/ 16i nc hwi t habr o k e ni r o npi n/ s ha nk( #12T246) .Twoa r t i c ul a t e dl i nk so fas t a mpe dc o ppe rAr tDe c o s t y l e br a c e l e twe r ea l s of o undi nt hede po s i t( #12T377) .At y peo rs t y l ena mef o rt heb r a c e l e ti sunk no wna tt hi s t i me .Thel a s to r na me nt a li t e m wa sa11/ 4i nc hdi a me t e rpi nba c kma deo fi r o nwi t hab r a s spi n( #12T54) .Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hef a c eo ft hepi nba c kwa st o oc o r r o de dt ode t e r mi newha ti to nc ewa s ,o re v e nt o de t e r mi nei fi twa sl i t ho g r a phe do rc e l l ul o i dde c o r a t e d.

57

Thr e el e ng t hso f26g a ug ec o ppe rwi r e ,wo und i nt or o ug h,t wo i nc hl o o pswe r el i k e l yr e l a t e dt o j e we l r y ma k i ng . The hy po t he s i sf o rj e we l r y ma k i ngi sba s e do nar e c o v e r e dpi e c eo fpi nkc o r a l s e c ur e d wi t h al e ng t h o ft he s a me wi r e . Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hec o r a lpi e c ewa sf o undwi t hi na di s t ur b e d c o nt e x t ,s o no di r e c tt e mpo r a l c o r r e l a t i o ni spo s s i bl e .But ,1)g i v e nt het y peo f wi r e ,2)t hea s s o c i a t i o no ft hepi nk c o r a l / wi r e pi e c ewi t ht hes i t e ,a nd3)t heha r v e s t i ngo fs ma l l br a s sa ndc o ppe rt ube sf r o m us e da mmuni t i o n, j e we l r yma k i ngi spr o ba bl e . Fi g u r e58.Ca s ti r o nc o i nb a nkma nu f a c t u r e db yt h eA. C. Wi l l i a msCo . ,r e c o v e r e df r o mt h el u nc hc o u nt e rd e p o s i t ( #12T164) .

TOYS

Thr e et o y swe r er e c o v e r e d:t heuppe r bo dya ndhe a do fapa i nt e d,o v e r g l a z e' Fr o z e nCha r l o t t e ' t y pepo r c e l a i nf i g ur i ne( #12T340) ;a7/ 8i nc ht a l l c a s tpe wt e re we rf r o m ac hi l d' st e as e t( #12T196) ;a ndac a s ti r o nc o i nba nk( #12T164) .Ma nuf a c t ur e dby t heA. CWi l l i a msCo mpa nyo fRa v e nna ,Ohi o ,b e t we e n1893a nd1937,t hec o i nba nkwa sf i ne l yc a s ti n t hef o r mo faba nkbui l di ng ,wi t ht hewo r d“ BANK”o v e rt hedo o ra ndt r a c e so fg o l dpa i ntwi t hi ns oo ft he r e c e s s e s( Fi g ur e58) .Ac c o r di ngt ot hec o mpa nywe bpa g e ,t he s ec o i nba nk swe r ec o mmo ni t e msi nf i v e a nddi mes t o r e sa c r o s st hena t i o n.A. C.Wi l l i a msha dar e put a t i o nf o rpr o duc i ngf i ne l y c a s tt o y s ,butwi t ht he Gr e a tDe pr e s s i o na nds ubs e q ue nts l umpi nt o ys a l e s ,t he ys hi f t e dt he i rf o c usa ndbe g a npr o duc i ngc a s tg e a r s a ndo t he rpr e c i s i o nme c ha ni c a l pa r t s . The ya r es t i l l i nbus i ne s st o da y .

KI TCHEN I TEMS At o t a lo f1, 491 a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o mt heLo we rl e v e lbe l o ng e dt ot heKi t c he ng r o up, r e pr e s e nt i ng165di s t i nc to bj e c t s .No ts ur pr i s i ng l y ,k i t c he nr e l a t e di t e msma deupt hema j o r i t yo fi t e ms r e c o v e r e df r o mt hel unc hc o unt e rde po s i t .Ta bl e52s umma r i z e st heKi t c he ng r o upc e r a mi cda t ai nt e r mso f de c o r a t i v es t y l e / t e c hni q ue ,whi l et hef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o nf o c us e so no bj e c tf o r m/ f unc t i o n.

TABLEWARE A mi ni mum o f44 o bj e c t sf e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nTa b l e wa r es ubg r o up.Ni neut e ns i l swe r e r e c o v e r e d:a3pr o ng ,unde c o r a t e d,i r o nt a bl ef o r k( #12T62) ;f o urunde c o r a t e di r o nt a bl es po o ns( #12T67,68 ,69,79) ;a nda tl e a s tf o urt a bl ek ni v e s .Thr e eo ft hek ni v e sha dwo o dha ndl e so v e ri r o nc o r e s ,t he f o ur t hha da nunde c o r a t e dbo neha ndl e( #12T243) .Onl yo neo ft hek ni v e swa sc o mpl e t e :ame di um t a bl e k ni f ewi t ha51/ 4i nc hl o ngi r o nbl a dea nda33/ 4i nc hl o ngwo o dha ndl ewi t hwhi t e me t a le nds( #12T259) . Thi r t e e ndr i nk i ngv e s s e l so fg l a s sa ndc e r a mi cwe r er e c o v e r e d.Thea s s e mbl a g ei nc l ude dt hr e e c ups / mug s ,t woo fwhi c h we r eunde c o r a t e d whi t e wa r ea nd t heo t he runde c o r a t e dg r a ni t e wa r e .Two whi t e wa r et e ac upswe r ea l s of o und,o neunde c o r a t e d ,a ndo nemi ni ma l l yde c o r a t e dwi t has i ng l e' l i q ui d g o l d' ba nda r o undt her i m.Twoi nde t e r mi na t edr i nk i ngg l a s s e so fpr e s s e dl e a de dg l a s swe r ea l s of o und.One g l a s sha daBul l ' sEy e& Fl ut ede s i g n( #12T292) ,t heo t he rapl a i nFl ut ede s i g n( #12 T289) .The yma y ha v ebe e ng o bl e t s .Al s oma deo fl e a de dg l a s swa sas t e mwa r eg l a s s ,r e pr e s e nt e dbyi t sf o o ta nds t e m( #12T58

Ta bl e52. Summa r yofCe r a mi cKi t c he nGr oupAr t i f a c t sf r om Fe a t ur e12T,Sor t e dbyDe c or a t i veSt yl e / Te c hni que De c or a t i veSt yl e / Te c hni que Por c e l a i n Re f i ne d Mo l de d Pa i nt e d, Ov e r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me De c a l c o ma ni a , Unde r g l a z e Gi l de d, Li q ui dGo l d S po ng e/S pa t t e r Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e St one wa r e Gr a ni t e wa r e Mo l de d Al k a l i neGl a z e d S a l tGl a z e d Ea r t he nwa r e Whi t e wa r e Annul a r/Ba nde d, S l i ppe d–Tr a i l e d Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e Fl o wTr a ns f e rPr i nt e d Gi l de d, Li q ui dGo l d Mo l de d Tr a ns f e rPr i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Pa i nt e d, Ov e r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Pa i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Po l y c hr o me Edg eDe c o r a t e d Ye l l o wwa r e Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e

MNI

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1 8 1 3 2 3 1 1 1

291) .Thepr e s s e dg l a s sg o bl e tha da Ho bna i lde s i g n( #12 T266) .Gi v e n t ha tt he s eo bj e c t sr e pr e s e ntma t e r i a l s f r o m t he l unc hc o unt e r ,t he o ne i de nt i f i e da ndt wopo t e nt i a lg o bl e t s ma y ha v ebe e n us e da si c e c r e a m di s he so rs o me t hi ng s i mi l a r .The r e ma i ni ngf o urdr i nk i ngv e s s e l swe r e g l a s st umbl e r s .One t umbl e r wa s unde c o r a t e d( #12T275) ,t wowe r e i mpr e s s e d wi t h a Pr i s m de s i g n ( #12T281 ,282) ,a ndt hel a s twa s de c o r a t e d wi t h a n i mpr e s s e d Bo he mi a nde s i g n( #12T276) . Onl yt wobo wl swe r er e c o v e r e d: a 10i nc h di a me t e r , bl ue , a nnul a r / ba nde d,s l i pt r a i lde c o r a t e d whi t e wa r es e r v i ngo rs ma l lmi x i ng bo wl ( #12T336) ,a nd a pl a i n, o c t a g o na l ,r e f i ne dpo r c e l a i n,f o o t e d s a l to rs ug a rbo wl ( #12 T353) .

Unl i k e bo wl s ,t he r e we r ea c o ns i de r a bl enumbe ro fpl a t e si nt he Tot a l 35 de po s i t .Ami ni mum o ff o urs a uc e r s we r e r e pr e s e nt e d. Two ha d a di a me t e ro f6i nc he s .Bo t ho ft he s ewe r eo fhi g hf i r e dwhi t e wa r ede c o r a t e dwi t has i ng l eba ndo f' l i q ui d g o l d'a r o undt her i m( #12 T11 ,352) .A t hi r ds a uc e rha dadi a me t e ro f4i nc he s ,wa swhi t e wa r e ,a nd de c o r a t e dwi t hat r a ns f e r pr i nt e dl a v e nde rf l o r a lde s i g n( #12T335) .Thef o ur t hs a uc e r ,a l s owhi t e wa r e ,wi t h af o o t r i ngdi a me t e ro f3i nc he s ,wa so neo ft heo nl ye x a mpl e so fde c a l c o ma ni ade c o r a t i o n.Unde r g l a z e ,t hi s po l y c hr o mepa t t e r nwa sa l s of l o r a l . 1

Ones e r v i ngpl a t ewa sr e c o v e r e d—a nunde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r epl a t ewi t haf o o tr i ngdi a me t e ro f7i nc he s( #12 T30) . Ni net a bl epl a t e swe r er e c o v e r e d—s i x10i nc hdi a me t e rpl a t e s ,o ne8i nc hpl a t e ,a ndt wopl a t e so f i nde t e r mi na t es i z e .Thet woi nde t e r mi na t epl a t e swe r ebo t hunde c o r a t e dr e f i ne dpo r c e l a i n.The8i nc hpl a t e wa spl a i nwi t has c a l l o pe dr i m( #12T5) .Thi spl a t e ,a se v i de nc e dbyt hema k e r ' sma r k ,wa spr o duc e dbyt he Co o kPo t t e r yCo mpa ny ,o fTr e nt o n,Ne wJ e r s e y ,be t we e n1900a nd1910( De Bo l t1998 : 23) .One10i nc h pl a t ewa sunde c o r a t e dr e f i ne dpo r c e l a i n( #12T357) .Ther e ma i ni ngf i v e10i nc hpl a t e swe r ewhi t e wa r e . Twowe r eunde c o r a t e d( #12T364,373) ,o newa sbl uet r a ns f e r pr i nt e di nt heWi l l o wpa t t e r n( #12T337) , o newa smi ni ma l l yde c o r a t e dwi t has i ng l eba ndo f' l i q ui dg o l d'a r o undt her i m( #12T369) ,a ndt hel a s t wa sbl uef e a t he r e dg ede c o r a t e d( #12T334) .Twoa ddi t i o na lpl a t ef r a g me nt sha dma k e r ' sma r k s ,a l t ho ug h i ti sunk no wnt owhi c hr i mf r a g me nt st he yb e l o ng .Thef i r s tma r k( #12 T8)b e l o ng e dt ot heEdwi nBe nne t t Po t t e r yCo mpa ny ,o fBa l t i mo r e ,Ma r y l a nd,a ndwa spr o duc e dbe t we e n1897a nd1904( De Bo l t1988 : 16) . Thes e c o ndma r k( #12T6)be l o ng e dt ot heCCTho mps o nPo t t e r yCo mpa ny ,o fEa s tLi v e r po o l ,Ohi o ,a nd ha dapr o duc t i o nda t eb e g i nni ngi n1905( De Bo l t1988 : 70) . S i xt a bl e wa r ef r a g me nt sc o ul do nl ybei de nt i f i e da tt hef l a t wa r e / ho l l o wwa r el e v e l .A s ma l l , unde c o r a t e d,whi t e wa r er i mf r a g me nto faf l a t wa r et a bl ei t e mt ha tdi dno tma t c ha nyo t he rt a bl e wa r ewa s 59

i de nt i f i e d( #12 T372) .Thef r a g me ntwa st o os ma l lt ode t e r mi ner i m di a me t e r .Oft hef i v eho l l o wwa r e f r a g me nt s ,o newa sg r e e nt r a ns f e r pr i nt e dwhi t e wa r eo fi nde t e r mi na t epa t t e r n( #12T333) ,o newa spa i nt e d, unde r g l a z ewhi t e wa r e ,i naf l o r a lpa t t e r n,o fwha tI ' mc a l l i ngt heNo r t hCa r o l i naFl o we rpa t t e r n( #12 T338) ,o newa spl a i ns c a l l o pe de dg ewhi t e wa r e( #12T365) ,o newa sbl uef l o wt r a ns f e r pr i nt e dwhi t e wa r e ( #12T332) , a ndt hel a s twa spi nks po ng e / s pa t t e rpa i nt e dr e f i ne dpo r c e l a i n( #12 T345) .Ana ddi t i o na lpi e c e o fho l l o wwa r e( #12T2) ,ma r k e d“ Pr i s c i l l a ” ,wa sma debyt heGl a s g o w Po t t e r y ,o fTr e nt o n,Ne wJ e r s e y , be t we e n1895a nd1905( De Bo l t1988: 34) . Anuni de nt i f i e dt a bl e wa r ef r a g me nt( #12 T7)wa sa l s opr o duc e dbyt heGl a s g o wPo t t e r y ,t hi spi e c e be t we e n1901a nd1905( Le hne r1988 : 172) .Thef r a g me ntwa st o os ma l lt ode t e r mi nei fi twa saf l a to r ho l l o wwa r eo bj e c t .

UTI LI TARI AN Ami ni mum o f121i t e msf e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a ns ubg r o up.Unl i k ede po s i t sa s s o c i a t e d wi t hdo me s t i ca c t i v i t i e s ,ut i l i t a r i a nc e r a mi cv e s s e l swe r ev e r yf e w.But ,unl i k ei t sdo me s t i cc o unt e r pa r t s ,t he l unc hc o unt e rde po s i tc o nt a i ne dme t a lut i l i t a r i a nv e s s e l s .Thi sma k e ss e ns e .I fy o udr o pac e r a mi cv e s s e l ,i t br e a k s .I fy o udr o pame t a lv e s s e l ,i tr e ma i nsi nt a c t .Thema r k e ts hi f tt ome t a lv e s s e l si sat y peo fne g a t i v e e v i de nc ei na r c ha e o l o g y .Onl yb e c a us eo ft heuni q uec o ndi t i o nst ha tc r e a t e dt hel unc hc o unt e rde po s i tdo weha v eme t a l v e s s e l s . Onebo dy f r a g me nto fg r a y ,s a l t g l a z e ds t o ne wa r e ,t wo f r a g me nt so fg r e e n,a l k a l i ne g l a z e d s t o ne wa r ewi t har i m di a me t e ro f4i nc he s ,a nds i xf r a g me nt sf r o m aho l l o w,y e l l o wwa r ev e s s e lma deupt he c o mpl e t eut i l i t a r i a nc e r a mi ca s s e mbl a g e .Me t a lut i l i t a r i a nv e s s e l si nc l ude d9x9x2i nc hba k i ngdi s hwi t h r i v e t e dha ndl e s( #12 T296) ,whi c hc o ul da l s oha v eb e e nus e da sadr i ppa n.Al s or e c o v e r e dwe r et wopo t l i ds ,o nef o ras i x i nc hpo t( #12T297) ,a ndt heo t he rf o ra ne i g ht i nc hpo t( #12T160) .Thepo t s t he ms e l v e swe r eno tr e c o v e r e d, a l t ho ug ht he yma yha v ebe e ni nt hepo r t i o no ft het r a s hpi tno te x c a v a t e d. A mi ni mum o f16c o mme r c i a lf o o dbo t t l e swe r er e c o v e r e d—f i v ec o ndi me ntbo t t l e s ,f o urs pi c e bo t t l e s ,f o urpi c k l ebo t t l e s ,a ndt hr e eg e ne r i cf o o dbo t t l e s .Gi v e nt ha tma nybo t t l e swo ul dha v eha dpa pe r l a be l s ,l i k e l yt henumbe ri sg r e a t e r .Thec o ndi me ntbo t t l e si nc l ude dt woba r r e l s ha pe dmus t a r dbo t t l e s ,o ne e mbo s s e dwi t h“ Cha r s .Gul de n,Ne w Yo r k ”( #12T268) ,f i r s tpr o duc e di n1874 .Gul de ni ss t i l lma k i ng mus t a r dt o da y .A j e l l yo rmus t a r dt umbl e r( #12T279)a nda ni c e dt e at umbl e r( #12T278)we r ea l s o r e c o v e r e d.' I c e dt e a 'r e f e r st ot hei ndu s t r yna mef o rt hebo t t l es t y l e ,no ti t sc o nt e nt s .I twa sag e ne r a l us e c o ndi me ntbo t t l e .Thel a s twa sapr e s s a ndbl o w ma c hi nema debo t t l ewi t ha1i nc ht a l lc a ps e a tf i ni s h ( #12T27) . Thi s , t o o ,wa sag e ne r a l us ec o ndi me ntb o t t l e . Thef o urs pi c eo re x t r a c tbo t t l e swe r ea l lc upbo t t o m mo l de dpa ne lbo t t l e swi t hpa t e ntf i ni s he s . Ha dt he yno tb e e ne mbo s s e dwi t hac o mpa nyna me ,t he ye a c hwo ul dha v ebe e nc l a s s i f i e da sl i k e l ypa t e nt me di c i nebo t t l e s —ag o o dc a ut i o na r yt a l e .Ea c ho ft hes pi c e / e x t r a c tbo t t l e swa spr o duc e dbyMc Co r mi c k& Co mpa ny ,o fBa l t i mo r e ,Ma r y l a nd,t hel a r g es pi c ec o mpa nys t i l li nbus i ne s st o da y .Ba s e do nt hes t y l eo ft he ma k e r ' sma r k ,t he ywe r ema des o me t i mea f t e r1896 .Unf o r t una t e l y , c o nt e nt sa r eunk no wn. Fo urpi c k l ebo t t l e swe r er e c o v e r e d,t hr e ema dewi t hapr e s s a ndbl o w ma c hi nea ndo newi t ha n a ut o ma t i cbo t t l ema c hi ne .Al lha dc a ps e a tf i ni s he s .Thet hr e epr e s s a ndbl o wbo t t l e swe r ec y l i ndr i c a l ,33/ 16i nc ht a l l ,wi t hadi a me t e ro f15/ 8i nc he s .Thef o ur t hwa sac l e a r g r e e n,wi de mo ut h,he x a g o na lbo t t l e , 6i nc he st a l la nd25/ 8i nc he swi de( #12T18) .Theba s eo ft hehe x a g o na lbo t t l ewa se mbo s s e dwi t h “ Ca nni ng t o n,S ha w,& Co . ”Thi sEng l i s hc o mpa nypr o duc e dbo t t l e dpi c k l e s ,r e l i s he s ,o l i v e s ,a ndo t he r r e l a t e df o o ds .Thes t y l eo ft hema r kpl a c e si t spr o duc t i o nda t ebe t we e n1897a nd1913( a l t ho ug h,o fc o ur s e ,

510

t hef e a t ur epl a c e st heuppe rpr o duc t i o nl i mi ta t1909a ndt heus eo fa na ut o ma t i cbo t t l ema c hi nepl a c e st he l o we rl i mi ta t1905) . Ther e ma i ni ngt hr e ec o mme r c i a lf o o dbo t t l e swe r eunma r k e d,g e ne r a lus ebo t t l e s ,s ot he i rc o nt e nt s a r eunk no wn.Oft het woc y l i ndr i c a lbo t t l e s ,o newa swi de mo ut he d( #12T280) ,t heo t he r ,na r r o wmo ut he d( #12T270) .Thena r r o wmo ut he dbo t t l el i k e l ywo ul dha v eha dat i nl i do rc a p.I twa sa l s o pa r t i a l l yme l t e d. Thet hi r dwa saba s ef r a g me nto fa21/ 4i nc hwi de ,11s i de dbo t t l e( #12T288) . Fo urpr e s e r v i ngj a r swe r edi s c o v e r e d,a swe l la st woj a rc l o s ur e s .Al lo ft hej a r swe r ea q ua g r e e n.The f i r s tj a rwa sma c hi nema de( #12T168) ,a l t ho ug hwhe t he rt hema c hi newa ss e mi a ut o ma t i co rf ul l y a ut o ma t i ci si mpo s s i bl et ode t e r mi nef o rwi de mo ut hbo t t l e s( ma c hi nema dena r r o wmo ut hbo t t l e swe r e o nl ypr o duc e do nf ul l y a ut o ma t i cma c hi ne s .Thes e c o ndj a rwa shi g hl yf r a g me nt e d,s ol i t t l ewa sde t e r mi ne d a bo uti to t he rt ha ns o meo fi t sf r a g me nt sc o ul dno tbepa r t so fo t he rj a r s .Thet hi r da ndf o ur t hj a r s ,o nt he o t he rha nd,we r ei nb e t t e rc o ndi t i o n( #12T17& 16 7) .Bo t hwe r ee mbo s s e d“ Ba l lMa s o n”i nas c r i ptus e d be t we e n1895a nd1910( To ul o us e1969) .Ea c hha dag r o undl i pa ndus e daz i ncc a pt ha ts e a l e do nt he s ho ul de ro ft hebo t t l e .Ono nebo t t l e( #12T17) ,t hez i ncl i dwi t hmi l k g l a s sl i ne rwa ss t i l ls c r e we do nt ot he bo t t l e .Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hebo t t o mo ft hebo t t l ewa sbr o k e n,s ot he r ewa snoc ha nc et ode t e r mi newha tt he bo t t l ema yo nc eha v ec o nt a i ne d.Twoa ddi t i o na li nt a c tz i ncl i dswi t hmi l k g l a s sl i ne r swe r er e c o v e r e d, a l t ho ug ht he s ewe r eno ta t t a c he dt oj a r s .Bo t hwe r es ho ul de r s e a lt y pe sa ndwo ul dha v ef i tt her e c o v e r e d j a r s .Thel i ne ro fo nel i d( #12T36)wa se mbo s s e dwi t h“ BOYD' SGENUI NEPORCELAI N LI NED” ,a ma r kt ha tpl a c e si t sTPQ a t1869( To ul o us e1969) . Fi f t y s i xbo t t l ec l o s ur e swe r ef o undi nt hepi t ,no ti nc l udi ngt hei ns i t uc o r ks t o ppe rf o undi nt he s ho epo l i s hbo t t l edi s c us s e de a r l i e r .Onewa sa11/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rpr e s s f i tl i dma deo fz i nc( #12T251) . I t st y pe na mei sunk no wn.Ane mbo s s e dl i g ht i ngs t o ppe rwa sa l s of o und,a l t ho ug hs of a rIha v ebe e nuna bl e t oma k eo utwha twa swr i t t e n( #12T66) .Themus hr o o ms t y l eg l a s spe gs t o ppe ri so ft het y pet ha tc a me wi t hbo t t l e so fc l ubs a uc e( #12 T223) .Thepe gs t o ppe rwa spa r t i a l l yme l t e d.Fi f t yc r o wnc a pswe r e r e c o v e r e d; t heo newi t haho l ei nt hec e nt e rl i k e l yc a us e dbyabo t t l eo pe ne r . Two ,1i nc hdi a me t e r ,7 / 8i nc h t a l l ,i r o ns c r e wc a pc l o s ur e swi t hc o nt i nuo ust hr e a dswe r ef o und( #12T129) .Thet y peo fbo t t l et he ywo ul d ha v ebe e na s s o c i a t e dwi t hi sunk no wn.Thet y peo fbo t t l et hel a s tc l o s ur ewo ul dha v ebe e na s s o c i a t e dwi t hi s a l s ounk no wn. I t ,t o o ,wa sas c r e wc a p, 1i nc hdi a me t e r , 37/ 8i nc he st a l l ,a ndma deo fl e a d( #12T187 ) . S i xa l c o ho lbo t t l e swe r ei nt hede po s i t —f i v el i q uo ra ndo newi ne .Thr e eo ft hel i q uo rbo t t l e swe r e unma r k e dwi t hs t r a i g htb r a ndyf i ni s he s .Onewa saPhi l a de l phi ao v a lwi t he v i de nc eo fhe a tda ma g e( #12T3) .Onebo t t l ewa sar o undc o r ne r e dbl a k e ,e mbo s s e dwi t h“ J . W.Ke l l e y& Co . ” ,ama r kus e db e t we e n1903 a nd1915( #12T31) .J . W.Ke l l e ywa saTe nne s s e ewhi s k e ypr o duc e rwhos o l dmuc ho ft he i rwhi s k e y t hr o ug ht hema i l .Thel a s tl i q uo rbo t t l ewa saS o ut hCa r o l i naDi s pe ns a r yJ o J of l a s kpr o duc e dbe t we e n 1891a nd1907( #12T272) .Thes i ng l ewi nebo t t l ei sr e pr e s e nt e dbybo dyf r a g me nt so fda r ko l i v eg r e e n ( ' bl a c k ' )g l a s s( #12 T179) . Ami ni mum o ff o urs o dapo pa ndwa t e rbo t t l e swe r er e c o v e r e d,i nc l udi ngt hr e el o c a l l ypr o duc e d bo t t l e s ,e mbo s s e dwi t h“ C. C.HABENI GHT/COLUMBI A/S . C. ”( #12 T277 ,294 ,295) .Thef o ur t h wa sa na q ua bl ue ,21/ 2i nc hdi a me t e r ,61/ 4i nc ht a l lc upbo t t o m mo l de dbo t t l ewi t habl o bt o pf i ni s h, e mbo s s e dwi t h“ WATERS& S HARP/DOVER/N. J . ”( #12T264) .Toda t e ,noi nf o r ma t i o nc o nc e r ni ng t hi sc o mpa nyha sb e e nl o c a t e d. AFr e nc hS q ua r e s t y l ebo t t l eo fCunni ng ha m & Co .r o o tb e e r( bi t t e r s ) ,pr o duc e db e t we e n1879 a nd1909 ,wa sa l s or e c o v e r e d.I tma ywe l l ha v eb e e nus e da sami x e r . Ther e ma i ni ngs e v e nbo t t l e swe r et o of r a g me nt e dt ode t e r mi nef o r m,bute a c hr e pr e s e nt sauni q ue c ha r a c t e r i s t i cno ta s s o c i a t e dwi t ha nypr e v i o us l yde f i ne dbo t t l e s ,mo s t l yt hec o l o ro fg l a s s ,a nds oa r e c o unt e da sa ddi t i o na lc o nt a i ne r s ;no newe r ema r k e d.Thec o l o r l e s s ,s a l a ma nde r o v a lbo t t l es ug g e s t sa l c o ho l 511

Ta bl e53. Cyl i ndr i c a lCa nDa t af r om Fe a t ur e12T Di a me t e r 21/ 8i nc he s 211/ 16i nc he s 27/ 8i nc he s 3i nc he s 35/ 8i nc he s 33/ 16i nc he s 33/ 4i nc he s

MNI Ty pe 4 3 1 1 1 1 1

c o nt e nt s( #12T284) ,butt hi sbo t t l e s ha pewa so c c a s i o na l l yus e df o ro t he r l i q ui ds . The o r i g i na ls ha pe wa s i nde t e r mi na t ef o rt her e ma i ni ngs i x bo t t l e s .

Re ma r k a bl yf e w me t a lf o o d c o nt a i ne r s we r e r e c o v e r e d—510 f r a g me nt s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng 20 MNI . Me t a l f o o d c a n c l o s u r e s w e r e o f a Li k e l yc o f f e ec a n s i ng l et y pe :wi nds t r i p.Wi nds t r i ps w e r e p e r f e c t e d i n 1 8 9 5 b y E d w i n To t a l 12 No r t o na same t ho df o ro pe ni ngt he t a pe r e dc a nne dme a tt i npa t e nt e dby Li bby a nd Wi l s o no fChi c a g oi n 1875—t hes a met i ns t i l li nus et o da y( Ro c k2000) .Al o ngwi t ht het hr e ewi nds t r i pf r a g me nt swa sa ni nt a c t c a nk e y ,wi t hpa r to fawi nds t r i ps t i l l r o l l e da r o undt hebo t t o mo ft hek e y( #12 T1) . To ma t oo rpi ne a ppl ej ui c e

Fi v es q ua r e / r e c t a ng ul a rc a nswe r er e c o v e r e d.No newe r ec o mpl e t ee no ug ht ode t e r mi nes i z eo r po s s i bl ec o nt e nt s .Ass uc h,i ti spo s s i bl et he yr e p r e s e ntno nf o o dc o nt a i ne r s . Thema j o r i t yo ff r a g me nt swe r epa r t so fc y l i ndr i c a lc a ns .MNInumbe r swe r ede t e r mi ne dbye nd pi e c e so nl y .Af t e rme a s ur i ngt hedi a me t e ro fe a c he ndpi e c ef r a g me nt ,t he ywe r eg r o upe dt o g e t he rbys i z e . Thec i r c umf e r e nc eo fe a c hf r a g me ntpe rdi a me t e rg r o upwa st he nme a s ur e d,a ndami ni mum numb e rc o unt de t e r mi ne d ba s e do nt henumbe ro fc o mpl e t ee nd pi e c e st ha two ul dr e s ul ti ft he y we r ej o i ne d, unde r s t a ndi ngt ha tt woe ndpi e c e sa r ene e de df o re a c hc a nc o unt e d.Thea s s e mbl a g er e pr e s e nt sami ni mum o f13i ndi v i dua lc a nsi ns e v e ndi f f e r e nts i z e s .Ta b l e53s umma r i z e st hec y l i ndr i c a lc a nda t a .S i nc et he c a nni ngi ndus t r yi nNo r t hAme r i c abe c a mehi g hl ys t a nda r di z e da f t e ri t ss t a r ta r o und1820 ,k no wi ngt hes i z e o fac a no f t e nt e l ly o uwha tt hec a no nc ec o nt a i ne d( I MACS1992) .The s ec o r r e l a t i o nsa r ea l s opr e s e nt e di n Ta bl e53 .

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a lo f1, 463a r t i f a c t s( 667MNI )r e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur ewe r er e c o v e r e df r o mt heLo we rl e v e l , mo s tr e pr e s e nt i ngna i l s( 906a r t i f a c t s ,641MNI )a ndwi ndo wg l a s s( 419a r t i f a c t s ,6MNI ) .Themo s t c o mmo nme t ho di na r c ha e o l o g yf o rr e po r t i ngwi ndo wg l a s st hi c k ne s si si nmi l l i me t e r so r ,l e s sc o mmo nl y , i n hundr e dt hso fa ni nc h.Al t ho ug hs uc hme a s ur e me nt sa i di nde t e r mi ni ngs t a t i s t i c a lv a r i a nc e ,t he yha v e a bs o l ut e l ynoc ul t ur a lr e l e v a nc y .Wi ndo wg l a s si nt heUni t e dS t a t e swa spr o duc e d,ma r k e t e d,a nds o l di n i nc r e me nt so fs i x t y f o ur t hso fa ni nc h,a ndi ti si ns uc hi nc r e me nt spe o pl ewr o t ea bo ut ,di s c us s e d,a nd bo ug htwi ndo wg l a s s .S i xt hi c k ne s s e so fc o l o r l e s sg l a s swe r er e c o v e r e d:28a t1/ 32;142a t3/ 64 ;190a t1/ 16 ; 30a t5/ 64;25a t3/ 32;a nd4a t1/ 8 .I ts ho ul db eno t e dt ha ts o mef r a g me nt so fc o l o r l e s sf l a tg l a s smi g ht r e pr e s e ntno nwi ndo wg l a s s , l i k epi c t ur ef r a meg l a s s . Na i l swe r et hemo s ta bunda nta r c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e di t e msr e c o v e r e df r o mt hede po s i t .Thena i l a s s e mbl a g ec o ns i s t e do f4br a i ds( f l o o r i ngna i l s ) ,77f i ni s hi ngna i l s ,15s pi k e s ,2no ng a l v a ni z e dr o o f i ng na i l s ,a ndar a ng eo fc o mmo nna i l s .Us i ngt hehe a dso fna i l st ode t e r mi neMNIc o unt s ,164ma c hi ne c ut ( wi t haTPQ o f1805)a nd144wi r ec o mmo nna i l s( wi t haTPQ o fc i r c a1870)we r ef o und,a l o ngwi t h129 c utna i l sa nd126wi r ena i l so funk no wnt y pe .

512

Ot he rAr c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t si nc l ude daa f r a g me nto fc o nc r e t ewi t h dr o pso fy e l l o w pa i nt ( #12T78) .Wha tma k e st hec o nc r e t eunus ua l ,be s i de s t e l l i ngust ha ty e l l o w pa i ntwa sus e dt opa i ntt he i nt e r i o ro re x t e r i o ro ft hes t r uc t ur e ,wa si tha da n i mpr e s s e dma k e r ' sma r k —“ AND. . ./… UMB . . . ” . Unf o r t una t e l y ,a tt hi st i me , no i nf o r ma t i o ni s a v a i l a bl ea bo utt hi s ma r k .Al s of o und we r e 10 f r a g me nt so fl umb e rpa i nt e dg r e e n( #12T64) .

I NTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e d a r t i f a c t s una mbi g uo us l y a s s o c i a t e d wi t ht he i nt e r i o ro fa s t r uc t ur e we r e Fi g u r e59.De c o r a t i v ea r t i f a c t sf r o mt h el u nc hc o u nt e r r e p r e s e n t e d b y f i v e f r a g m e n t s o f p l a s t e r c o a t e d d e p o s i t .Mo v i ngc l o c k wi s ef r o mt h eu p p e rl e f t :g r e e n mo r t a r ,101f r a g me nt so ff l o o ro rwa l lt i l e( #12T7 2) , f l o o r / wa l l t i l e ;y e l l o wp a i nt e dp l a s t e r / mo r t a r ;r e d p a i nt e d a n d f r a g m e n t s o f s m o o t h c u t s l a t e ( F i g u r e 5 9 ) . A l l o f p l a s t e r / mo r t a r ;a ndd r o p so fy e l l o wp a i nto nc o nc r e t e . t hepl a s t e rs ur f a c e swe r epa i nt e d—t hr e ewe r ema t t e r e d,t wo we r e ma t t ey e l l o w.The f l o o r / wa l lt i l e f r a g me nt sr e pr e s e ntami ni mum o fs i xt i l e s .The ywe r ee a r t he nwa r et i l e s ,me a s ur i ng3x 11/ 2x 3/ 8i nc he s , wi t ha no pa q ueg r e e ng l a z emo t t l e dwi t hbr o wns pl o t c he s .To da y ,e x a mpl e so ft he s et i l e sa r es o l do ne Ba ya s Ar tDe c ot i l e s .The ywe r ema nuf a c t ur e dbyt heTr e ntTi l eCo mpa nyo fTr e nt ,Ne wJ e r s e y ,s o me t i me be t we e n1882a nd1914( a l t ho ug ht hec o nt e x to ft hel unc hc o unt e rde po s i tpl a c e st heuppe rl i mi ta t1909) . Thes l a t ef r a g me nt swe r es a mpl e d,s ug g e s t i ngho wa tl e a s tapo r t i o no ft hel unc hc o unt e rf l o o r ,o rc o unt e r , wa sc o mpo s e d.

EXTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r ev a r i e d, i nc l udi ngb r i c k sa ndbr i c kba t sc o a t e di ns o o to no nes ur f a c e( o nes a mpl eb r i c ks a v e d) ,c o r r ug a t e ds he e t i r o n,l i k e l yus e da sr o o f i ngma t e r i a l ,9f r a g me nt so ft e r ne pl a t e( t i npl a t e )r o o f i ngma t e r i a l ,a nd8f r a g me nt s o fs l a t e ,whi c hc o ul dha v ebe e nr o o f i ngma t e r i a l ,b utmo r el i k e l y ,pa v i ngma t e r i a l .Thr e edi f f e r e ntwi ndo w s hut t e r r e l a t e da r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d.Thr e ef r a g me nt sf r o mt wo13/ 4i nc hbut thi ng e st e l lusho wt he wi ndo wso rc o unt e ro pe ni ngwe r ef a s t e ne d.The5i nc hbl i ndhi ng eho o kt e l l susho wawi ndo w,o rmo r e l i k e l y ,t hec o unt e ro pe ni ngwa ss e c ur e d.The41/ 2i nc hwi de ,' S ' s ha pe ds hut t e rdo gwi t ha5i nc hs pi k e t e l l susho wa tl e a s to newi ndo ws hut t e rwa ss e c ur e d.I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,t hes hut t e rdo gs ho wse v i de nc eo fr e pa i r . Ats o mepo i nt ,t hes pi k eb r o k ea ndwa swe l de dt o g e t he ra ta no f f s e t .

DOMESTI CI TEMS At o t a lo f355Do me s t i cg r o upa r t i f a c t swa sr e c o v e r e df r o mt heLo we rl e v e l ,r e pr e s e nt i nga mi ni mum o f21o bj e c t s .Ami ni mum o fs i xl a mpc hi mne y swe r ei nt hede po s i t ,t woo fwhi c hwe r eha ndpr e s s e d,o newi t hab e a de de dg e ,t heo t he ras c a l l o pe dg e .Onewa sma c hi ne pr e s s e dwi t habe a de de dg e . Ther e ma i ni ngt hr e ea l lha df l a t / s mo o t hr i ms ,o nema deo fs o da g l a s s ,o neo fmi l k g l a s s ,a ndt hel a s to f l e a de dg l a s s .

513

Do me s t i ci t e ms c l a s s i f i e da s ha r dwa r e we r e v a r i e d.Ani r o na ng l ebr a c k e t ,wi t hf r a g me nt so fwo o d s t i l la t t a c he d,l i k e l ys uppo r t e das he l f ,c upbo a r d,o r s i mi l a ra c c e s s o r y .Twodr a we rha ndl e swe r ef o und, o ne a f r a g me ntf r o m a n unde c o r a t e d pl a t e wi t h ha ndl ea t t a c hme nt( #12 T44) ,t heo t he raGo t hi c Re v i v a l s t y l ec a s tb r a s spul l( #12T240) .Two3x2 Fi g u r e510.I l l u s t r a t i o no fe l e c t r i c a l wi r er e c o v e r e df r o m i nc hc o a t a ndha tho o k s ,wi t hg i ml e t po i nt e ds c r e w t h el u nc hc o u nt e rd e p o s i t( E. B.La t h a mCo .19x x : 211) . a t t a c hme nt s ,we r ei nt hel unc hc o unt e r ,a l o ngwi t h t woe y e s c r e wswi t hg i ml e tpo i nt st ha tma yha v ebe e n us e dt oha ngs o me t hi ng .Wha to bj e c tt he2i nc hc a s ti r o ndo o rr i ng( t hi nk ,t r a pdo o rr i ngha ndl e )be l o ng e d t oi sunk no wn,a l t ho ug hac upbo a r di sag o o dpo s s i b i l i t y .Theo ut s i dedo o rha ndl e( a s s umi ngt hedo o r o pe ne do ut wa r d) ,171/ 2i nc he sl o ng ,wa sde c o r a t i v ec a s ti r o n( #12 T218) .Thedo o rs wungo n3ho l e , r o l l e dpl a t ehi ng e s ,o ft het y pec o mmo nl yus e dt o da y( #12T216) .A3x8i nc hba r ndo o r t y pel a t c hwa s r e c o v e r e d( #12 T124) ,whi c hma ybe e nus e dt os e c ur et hedo o rwi t hapa dl o c k . Fo url o c k r e l a t e da r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d.Thef i r s twa sac a s ti r o nl o c kbo l t( #12 T39) .Thel o c k bo l ti st hepa r to fal o c kt ha te ng a g e st hedo o rf r a mea nddr a wsi nwhe nt heha ndl eo rl o c k i ngme c ha ni s mi s t ur ne d,a l l o wi ngt hedo o rt oo pe n.Thes e c o ndwa sak e yt oal e v e lt umbl e rl o c k( #12 T10) .Thek e yha da ho l l o ws ha nk ,11/ 4i nc hl o ng ,a ndl i k e l yma t e dwi t hapa dl o c k .Thet hi r dwa sa ni nt a c tr i ml o c k ,33/ 4x 31/ 2i nc he s( #12T75) .Thi sl o c kma t c he se x a c t l yt her i ml o c k sf o undi nt hema i nMa nnS i mo nsho us e t o da y .Gi v e ni t so r i e nt a t i o n,wek no wt hel o c kwa smo unt e do nt hel e f ts i deo ft hedo o r ,wi t ht hehi ng e so n t her i g ht . Thef o ur t hwa st heba c k pl a t eo fas e c o ndc a s ti r o nr i ml o c k( #12T73) . Af l ut e d,l e a de dg l a s sc a ndl es t i c kho l de rwa sf o und,a l o ngwi t ha nung l a z e de a r t he nwa r ef l o we r po t a ndas t e e l ,c hr o me pl a t e d,13/ 16i nc ht a l ll e t t e r' S '( #12T226) .Thel e t t e r' S 'ha daf l a tba c ks ur f a c ewi t h t wobi ndi ngpo s t s ,a ndi so ft het y peus e df o rl e t t e r i ngo nma i l bo x e s ,e t c . ,t o da y .Gi v e nt ha tJ o hnL.S i mo ns r a nt hel unc hc o unt e r ,i ts e e mss a f et oa s s umet he' S 's t a ndsf o r' S i mo n. 'Thel a s tdo me s t i ci t e m wa sa my s t e r y( #12T127) .Ma deo fg a l v a ni z e di r o n,i ta tf i r s ta ppe a r e dt ob eab r a c k e tf o ra no a r .Buti tmo r e c l o s e l yma t c he st he1902Ma nha t t a nEl e c t r i c a lS uppl yCo mpa nyc a t a l o gi l l us t r a t i o no far e c e i v e rho o kf o ra t e l e pho neo rs pe a k i ngt ube .

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Te na r t i f a c t sa s s o c i a t e dwi t he l e c t r i c i t ywe r er e c o v e r e df r o mt heLo we rl e v e l ,r e pr e s e nt i ngs i x i ndi v i dua lo bj e c t s .Twodi f f e r e ntt y pe so fe l e c t r i c a lwi r i ngwe r er e c o v e r e d.Thef i r s t( #12T190& 191 )wa s r e pr e s e nt e dbyf i v ef r a g me nt so fr ubb e rc o a t e d,s i ng l ebr a i d,s o l i dc o r ei nt e r i o rwi r i ng ,a si l l us t r a t e di na n e a r l yt we nt i e t hc e nt ur yLa nt ha nCo mpa nyt r a dec a t a l o g ,at y pei nt r o duc e di ndu s t r y wi dei n1889( Fi g ur e 510) .Ama z i ng l y ,t heo ut e rj a c k e to fb r a i di ngwa ss t i l li nt a c ti nma nypl a c e s .Thes e c o nd( #12T192)wa s r e pr e s e nt e dbyas i ng l ef r a g me nto fs o l i dc o r ewi r i ngo fadi f f e r e ntdi a me t e rt ha twa sa l s ol i k e l yr ub b e r c o a t e d.Al s or e c o v e r e dwa sapr e s s e dt i n,2wi r e ,7/ 16i nc hc o nne c t o rwi t hamo unt i ngho l e( #12T57)a nd t wof r a g me nt so f1/ 2i nc hdi a me t e rc a r bo nr o do ft het y peus e di na r cl a mps .Thel a s te l e c t r i c i t y r e l a t e d a r t i f a c tr e c o v e r e d( #12T378)wa saf r a g me nto faBr us hS wa na r cl a mpba s e ,ade s i g npa t e nt e dbyCha r l e s Fr a nc i sBr us hi n1886 .

514

Ta bl e54.

OTHERI TEMS

Ta xaRe pr e s e nt a t i on,Fe a t ur e12T Ta xo n/ Cl a s s FOODBONES Ma mma l

NI SP

%NI SP

We i ght( g) %We i ght

Co w; Bos

15

1. 53

2 58. 7

Pi g ; Sus scrofa

49

5

3 39. 4

31. 3

7

0. 71

30 . 7

2. 83

Chi c k e n ; Gallus gallus

175

17. 8

1 62. 3

14. 97

Tur k e y ; Meleagris gallopavo Uni de nt i f i e dAv e s Pi s c e s Mo l l us k NONECONOMI CS PECI ES

1 399 10 11

0. 1 40. 6 1. 02 1. 02

9. 2 1 06. 4 1. 9 3. 4

0. 84 9. 8 0. 18 0. 31

6

0. 62

1. 2

0. 12

3

0. 31

4. 4

0. 41

1 11 202 7 983

0. 1 1. 11 20. 55 0. 71

1. 1 1. 7 1 21. 9 18 . 6 1084

0. 1 0. 16 1. 7 0. 72

Ovis aries/Capra hircus Av e s

Rattus sp. Felis catus S I ZEGRADEDFRAGMENTS Ra t / S q u i r r e l s i z e d( Cl a s sI I ) Ca t / Do gs i z e d( Cl a s sI I I /I V) S he e p/ Pi gs i z e d( Cl a s sV) Co ws i z e d( Cl a s sVI ) TOTAL

23. 86

Al s or e c o v e r e df r o mt heLo we r l e v e l we r eanumb e ro fa r t i f a c t st ha t dono tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft he a bo v ef unc t i o na lc a t e g o r i e s .Mo s t o ft he s ea r t i f a c t sa r e ha r dwa r e r e l a t e d. No ti nc l ude d he r ea r e a r t i f a c t s c l a s s i f i e d a s ' Uni de nt i f i e d' —mo s t l y bi t s o f me t a lt ha t ha v e no di s c e r ni bl e f o r m. Two pl umbi ng r e l a t e d a r t i f a c t s we r e f o und, o ne a f r a g me nto fr e dpa s t ee a r t he nwa r e s e we r pi pe , c o mmo n a c r o s s Co l umbi a ,t heo t he rac a s ti r o n e ndc a p pi pef i t t i ng ( #12T260) . Bo t ha r edi s c us s e di nmo r ede pt h unde rt hehe a di ng“ I nf r a s t r uc t ur e . ”

Re c o v e r e d f a s t e ne r si nc l ude d f i v ewi dt hso fi r o ns t r a ppi ng ,l i k e t hek i ndus e do nba r r e l s ,c o nt a i ne r s ,a ndpa c k a g i ng .Wi dt hswe r e7/ 16i nc h,5/ 8i nc h,3/ 4i nc h,9/ 16i nc h, a nd1/ 4i nc h.Ri v e t e dt ot he9/ 16i nc hwi des t r a pwe r eas e r i e so fb r a s se y e l e t s .Wha tt hes t r a pma yha v e s e c ur e di sunk no wn.Ot he rf a s t e ne r swe r eabo l tf r a g me nto fi nde t e r mi na t et y pe ,t woc a s ti r o nc o unt e r s unk c a r r i a g ebo l t s ,o ne1/ 4i nc ha ndt heo t he r5/ 16i nc h,t hehe a do fabr a s sbo l tf r o m awo o ds a w,a3/ 4i nc h he xnut ,a3/ 4i nc hl o ngb r a s sc o t t e rpi n,as ma l lb r a s sbo xl a t c hho o ko ft hek i ndf o undo nj e we l r yb o x e s , f o urs t a pl e s( 2a t1i nc h, 1a t3/ 4i nc h, 1a t3/ 16i nc h) ,a31/ 4i nc hdi a me t e rc a s ti r o nl a pl i nkf o rme ndi ng c ha i ns ,a ndt hr e edi a me t e r so fba i l i ngwi r e :1/ 8i nc h,5/ 32i nc h,a nd3/ 32i nc h.Al lwe r et wi s t e dpa i rwi r e s . S o meo ft hef r a g me nt sha dl o o pe ndsc o nne c t e dt o g e t he r , f o r mi ngaf l e x i bl ej o i nt . Ot he rr e c o v e r e di t e mswe r eab r a s swa s he r( O. D. =5/ 16i nc h,I . D. =1/ 8i nc h) ,a11/ 16i nc h di a me t e rb r a s sr i ngma def r o m 1/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rwi r e ,a3/ 8i nc hb r a s sc o l l a ra nda5/ 32i nc hc hr o me pl a t e di r o nc o l l a r ,t wo7/ 8i nc hz i ncdi s c swi t ht a bso no ppo s i t es i de so fe a c hdi s c ,s i mi l a rt oe l e c t r i c a lbo x punc ho ut s , t wo11/ 16i nc hi r o ndi s c swi t ho utt a bs , me l t e dl e a d, a ndl a s t l y , f r a g me nt so faf l a t ,t r a ns l uc e nt , f l e x i bl eg a s k e t .Theg a s k e tma t e r i a li sunk no wn,buti sl i k e l ye i t he rar ubb e rc o mpo undo rac e l l ul o i dde r i v e dpl a s t i c . I ne i t he rc a s e ,i t spr e s e r v a t i o ni sr e ma r k a bl e .Wha ti t so r i g i na l s ha pewa si sunk no wn. S e v e nme t a lc a nsa l s of a l lunde rt he' Ot he rI t e ms 'he a di ng .Fi v eo ft he s ec a nswe r es ma l lt i ns , me a s ur i ngbe t we e n13/ 4i nc he sa nd21/ 8i nc he si ndi a me t e ra ndwe r e1/ 2i nc he st o1i nc ht a l l .Al lha d f r i c t i o nr i ngg r o o v el i ds .The yma yha v eo nc ehe l dapo wde r ,po s s i bi l i t ys o a po rc o s me t i c .A 13i nc h di a me t e rpr e s s f i tr e mo v a bl el i d,l i k et ho s eus e do npa i ntc a ns ,wa sa l s or e c o v e r e d.Ar e c t a ng ul a rpr e s s f i t r e mo v a bl el i dwa sa l s or e c o v e r e d,a l t ho ug hi twa st o of r a g me nt e dt ode t e r mi nei t so r i g i na ls i z e .Thel a s tc a n wa sane a r l yc o mpl e t e6i nc hdi a me t e rho l e i nc a pt y pet ha tha das e r i e so fho l e spunc he di nt hebo t t o m— po s s i bl yf o rus ea sawa t e r i ngc a n( #12T217) .

FAUNA [ Th ef o l l o wi ngd i s c u s s i o no ff a u na lr e ma i nsi se x t r a c t e dv e r b a t i mf r o m Fa una lRe po r tf o rMa nnS i mo nsb yDi a neWa l l ma n( 2010) . ] 515

Tabl e55. BeefCut s ,Feat ur e12T Ranka 1 2 3 4 5

Cut Shor tLoi n Ri b/ Si r l oi n Round Rump/ Chuc k Br i s ke t / Pl a t e

6 7 8

For e s ha nk/ Hi nds ha nk/ Ar m Ne c k/ He a d Foot

a

After Azizi et al. 1996

b

Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

MNMCb 3 2 0 3 0 2 0 1

%MNMC 27. 27 18. 18 0 27. 27 0 18. 18 0 9. 09

Tabl e56. Por kCut s ,Feat ur e12T Ranka 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cut Ha m Loi n/ Ri bEnd Bos t onBut t Pi c ni c / Sha nkHa m Spa r e r i bs / Si de / Hoc k He a d/ J owl /Foot

a

After Azizi et al. 1996

b

Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

MNMCb 5 6 3 5 2 4

%MNMC 20 24 12 20 8 18

Tabl e57. Sheep/ GoatCut s ,Feat ur e12T

Thee x c a v a t i o no fFe a t ur e12 T y i e l de d 983 bo ne f r a g me nt s ( 1084g ) ,250( 26%)o fwhi c h we r ei de nt i f i e dt oa tl e a s tt he l e v e l o fFa mi l y( Ta bl e54) .The l o w pe r c e nt a g eo fi de nt i f i a bl e s pe c i me nsi sl i k e l yduet ot he hi g hl yf r a g me nt e dna t ur eo ft he a v i a nr e ma i ns ,a so nl y176o f t he399 a na l y z e d bo ne swe r e i de nt i f i a bl et os pe c i e s . Bi r d r e ma i ns do mi na t e t he a s s e mbl a g e , c o mpr i s i ng a ppr o x i ma t e l y60% o ft het o t a l NI S P o f t hi s a s s e mbl a g e . Chi c k e ni st hemo s tc o mmo n a v i a ns pe c i e sr e pr e s e nt e di nt he s a mpl e ,wi t h aNI S Po f175, a nd c a l c ul a t e d MNI o f 11. Ana l y s e si de nt i f i e d as i ng l e t ur k e y e l e me nt i n t he a s s e mbl a g e . Fi s h a nd uni de nt i f i a bl es he l lwe r ea l s o r e c o v e r e di nt hi sf e a t ur e ,buti n r e l a t i v e l ys ma l la mo unt s ,whi c h ma ybea ne f f e c to fr e c o v e r y me t ho ds .Co mme ns a la ni ma l s i de nt i f i e di nt he a s s e mbl a g e i nc l udec a ta ndr a t .

Pi g do mi na t e st he do me s t i c ma mma lf o o d bo ne r e ma i ns f r o m t hi sf e a t ur e ,c o mpr i s i ng a ppr o x i ma t e l y 70 % o ft he NI S Pa nd53% o ft her e c o r de d bo ne we i g ht f o r do me s t i c ma mma l s . Al t ho ug h ma ny a After Azizi et al. 1996 m a m m a l i a n r e m a i n s w e r e o n l y b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts i de nt i f i e dt os i z ec l a s s ,i ti s i mpo r t a ntt ono t et ha tpi ga nd s he e p/ g o a t s i z e df r a g me nt s( me di um ma mma l s )a r et hemo s tc o mmo ns i z e g r a de df r a g me nt si nt hi sf e a t ur e . Ranka 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cut Loi n Ra c k Sha nkEnd Chuc k/ But tEnd Ne c k Sha nk/ Foot / He a d

MNMCb 0 3 2 2 0 0

%MNMC

0 42. 87 28. 57 28. 57 0 0

Me a tc uta na l y s i sr e v e a l st ha tt heme di um a ndl a r g ema mma lr e ma i nsf r o mt hi sf e a t ur er e pr e s e nta v a r i e t yo fc ut s ,wi t ho uta nydi r e c tc o r r e l a t i o nt oc o s t( Ta bl e s55 ,6 ,7) .S ho r tl o i na ndc huc kc ut sa r et he mo s tf r e q ue ntb e e fc ut si nt hi sf e a t ur e ,wi t hr i b,a nds i r l o i na l s oc o mmo n.Po r ki st hemo s tc o mmo nme a t f o undi nt hi sf e a t ur e ,a ndav a r i e t yo fc ut swe r ec o ns ume da tt hes i t e .Ha ma nds ha nkha msa r et hemo s t f r e q ue ntpo r kc ut swi t hi nt hea s s e mbl a g e .Thi st r e ndi sno ts ur pr i s i ng ,a st he s ec ut swe r el i k e l yc ur e do r pi c k l e d,a ndwhe nno tf r e s h,we r ev e r yc o s t e f f e c t i v e .Thes he e p/ g o a tr e ma i nsi de nt i f i e di ndi c a t et ha tt he s e

516

c ut swe r el i k e l ypur c ha s e da ndno tr a i s e do ns i t e ,ba s e do nt hel a c ko ff e e ta ndhe a dr e ma i ns ,wi t hmi ddl e r a ng epr i c e dc ut spr e f e r r e df o rc o ns umpt i o n.

FEATURE39J COMPLEX( PRI VY) At o t a lo f2, 423a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng431MNI ) ,369g r a ms( 151f r a g me nt s )o ff a una la nd1. 3 g r a mso ff l o r a lma t e r i a lwe r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l s3t hr o ug hs i xo ft hepr i v ypi t( s e eCha pt e r4f o rf e a t ur e i l l us t r a t i o ns ) .At o t a lo f1, 661a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l3( 39J ) ;592a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l4( 39K) ; 164a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l5( 39L) ;a nd14a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l6( 39M) .Thef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o n,o r g a ni z e d byf unc t i o na lt y pe ,pr o v i de si nf o r ma t i o no nl ya sne e de di ni nt e r pr e t i ngpa t t e r ns ,s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o r o t he ra r c ha e o l o g i c a lphe no me na ,a swe l la shi g hl i g ht i nga r t i f a c t so fs pe c i a lno t ef o undi nt hepr i v y .Ta bl e58pr e s e nt st hes a meda t as umma r i z e di nt e r mso fObj e c tNa me sa ndmi ni mum c o unt s .

PERSONALI TEMS I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a lo f62a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v yb e l o ng i ngt ot he Pe r s o na lg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng36i ndi v i dua li t e ms .I t e msno tbe l o ng i ngt oas ubc a t e g o r ywe r et wof r a g me nt s o fba c k pl a t e dmi r r o r( #39K37) ,t wof r a g me nt sf r o m a7/ 32i nc hdi a me t e rs l a t epe nc i l( #39L27& 39J 78) ,af r a g me nto fr o undmo l de dg r a phi t epe nc i ll e a d( #39J 79) ,e l e v e npi e c e sf r o mt heba c k pl a t eo fas t e e l po c k e twa t c h( #39J 83) ,a ndt wot o ba c c opi pef r a g me nt s .Thef i r s tpi pewa sa nunde c o r a t e dbo wlf r a g me nt o fk a o l i nc l a y( #39K20) ,t hes e c o ndwa sar i mf r a g me ntf r o ma no pa q ueg r e e ng l a z e dpi pewi t hamo l de d r i bde s i g n( #39K19) .At y pena mef o rt hi ss e c o ndpi pei sunk no wn.

CLOTHI NG Cl o t hi ng r e l a t e do bj e c t swe r ea l lf a s t e ne r s ,i nc l udi nga nunde c o r a t e di r o nr i v e t( #39K60) ,t hr e e br a s sg r o mme t s ,l i k e l yf r o m as ho e ,wha ta ppe a r st ob epa r to fab r a s sc uf f l i nk( #39L33) , abr a s sho o kf r o m ahumps t y l eho o k a nde y ef a s t e ne r ,a ni r o ns us pe nde rbuc k l e ,abr a s ss us pe nde rbuc k l ema r k e d“ RUBBER BUTTON”( #39J 84) ,abr a s ss us pe nde rc l i pma r k e d“ S ECURI TY”( #39J 85) ,a nd16but t o ns .S e v e n but t o nswe r e4ho l edr y pr e s s e dpo r c e l a i n( pr o s s e r ) ,t wowe r e4ho l ebo nebut t o ns ,o newa sa4ho l eb r a s s but t o nma r k e d“ Do ubl e Ri ng/Edg e ”( #39J 87) ,t hr e ewe r e2ho l es he l lbut t o ns ,o newa sa nuni de nt i f i e d br a s sbut t o n( #39K63) ,t wowe r e2pi e c e ,l o o ps ha nkc o ppe rbut t o ns ,a ndo newa sa2pi e c ef a br i cc o v e r e d i r o nbut t o n( #39J 88) .Unf o r t una t e l y , ne a r l ya l l t hef a br i ci sg o nea ndt hec o l o ri si nde t e r mi na t e .

FI REARMS As i ng l e ,s e e mi ng l yunf i r e d,. 22c a l i be rbul l e twa st heo nl yf i r e a r ms r e l a t e do bj e c tr e c o v e r e d( #39L28) . Ac a r t r i dg ec a s et og owi t hi twa sno tf o und.

HYGI ENE Thr e eHy g i e nei t e mswe r ef o und.Thef i r s twa sa ni nt a c tbutunma r k e dbo t t l eo fpe r f ume / c o l o g ne i na no c t a g o na l ,po s t bo t t o m mo l de dbo t t l ewi t hab e a df i ni s h, 27/ 8i nc he st a l l a ndaba s e wi dt ho f17/ 16i nc he s( #39L19) .Thes e c o ndwa sar e c t a ng ul a rmi l k g l a s sc o s me t i cj a r ,l i k e l yaVa s e l i neo rc o l dc r e a m

517

Ta bl e58. Summa r yofAr t i f a c t sf r om t he39J Compl e x( Pr i vy) ,Sor t e dbyObj e c tNa mea ndMNI Obj e c tNa me

MNI

Obj e c tNa me

MNI

Ammuni t i o n, Bul l e t , . 22Ca l i be r

1

Fur ni t ur e , Ta c k

1

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Co nc r e t e / Ce me nt

1

Ha r dwa r e , Ba rS t o c k

1

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Do o rS t o p

1

Ha r dwa r e , Co l l a r

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Gl a s s , Wi ndo w Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , S he e tMe t a l

10 1

Ha r dwa r e , Na i l , Co mmo n Ha r dwa r e , Na i l , Es c ut c he o nPi n

239 1

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Ti l e , Ro o f i ng Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Ti l e , Ro o f i ng , Ti n Cl o t hi ng , Buc k l e , S us pe nde r

1 1 2

Ha r dwa r e , Na i l , Uni de nt i f i e d Ha r dwa r e , Nut Ha r dwa r e , S c r e w, Wo o d

22 1 5

Cl o t hi ng , But t o n Cl o t hi ng , But t o n, 2Ho l e Cl o t hi ng , But t o n, 2Pi e c e

1 3 3

Ha r dwa r e , S t a pl e Ha r dwa r e , S t o c k , Ba r Ha r dwa r e , S t r a p

3 1 6

Cl o t hi ng , But t o n, 4Ho l e Cl o t hi ng , Fa s t e ne r , Cl i p, S us pe nde r

10 1

Ha r dwa r e , To o l , S ha f tCl a mp Ha r dwa r e , Wa s he r

1 1

Cl o t hi ng , Fa s t e ne r , Ho o k a ndEy e Cl o t hi ng , Ri v e t Cl o t hi ng , S ho e , Gr o mme t

1 1 3

Ha r dwa r e , Wi r e , Ba i l i ng Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Fl o we r po t Li g ht i ng , La mp, Chi mne y

2 2 1

Cl o t hi ng , S t r a i g htPi n Co mmuni c a t i o n, Pe nc i l , Le a d, Ro und Co mmuni c a t i o n, Pe nc i l , S l a t e

1 1 1

Li g ht i ng , La mp, S ha de Li g ht i ng , La mp, S ha de/Chi mne y Pe r s o na l , Be a d

2 1 1

Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Be v e r a g e

7 6

Pe r s o na l , J e we l r y , Wi r e Pe r s o na l , Mi r r o r

2 1

Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Bi t t e r s Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Cl o s ur e , Cr o wnCa p Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Cl o s ur e , Pe gS t o ppe r

1 13 1

Pe r s o na l , Wa t c h, Po c k e tWa t c h Pl umbi ng , Pi pe , S e we r S o i l S a mpl e

1 1

Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Co s me t i c , Pe r f ume / Co l o g ne Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Li q uo r/Whi s k e y Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , S o daPo p

1 6 1

Ta bl e wa r e , Bo wl Ta bl e wa r e , Cup Ta bl e wa r e , Dr i nk i ngGl a s s

Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Wi ne Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cl o s ur e , Re mo v a bl eLi d( no ns c r e w)

1 2

Ta bl e wa r e , Fl a t wa r e Ta bl e wa r e , Ho l l o wwa r e

2 4

Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cl o s ur e , Wi ndS t r i p Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cy l i ndr i c a l Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, S q ua r e / Re c t a ng ul a r

1 3 2

Ta bl e wa r e , Pl a t e Ta bl e wa r e , S a uc e r Ta bl e wa r e , Uni de nt i f i e d

9 2 4

Co nt a i ne r , J a r Co nt a i ne r , J a r , Co s me t i c Co nt a i ne r , J a r , Pr e s e r v i ng

1 1 1

Ta bl e wa r e , Ut e ns i l , S po o n To ba c c o , Pi pe To y , Ma r bl e

1 2 2

1

Uni de nt i f i e d, Ce r a mi c Uni de nt i f i e d, Gl a s s

El e c t r i c a l , I ns ul a t o r , Cl e a t Fa una Fa una , Eg gS he l l Fa una , S he l l Fl o r a , Nut , Pe c a n Fur ni t ur e , S pr i ng Fur ni t ur e , S t o v e

n/ a n/ a n/ a n/ a 2 1

Uni de nt i f i e d, Me t a l Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Wo o d, Lumbe r Ut i l i t a r i a n, Ho l l o wwa r e

1

n/ a 2 2 3

n/ a n/ a n/ a 1 4 Tot a l 431

c o nt a i ne r( #39J 45) .Thet hi r dwa saf r a g me ntf r o m ac o ba l tbl uev e s s e l .Al t ho ug ht hef r a g me ntwa st o o s ma l l t ode t e r mi net hef o r mo ft hev e s s e l , i twa sl i k e l yc o s me t i cr e l a t e d.

ORNAMENTAL TwoPe r s o na l Or na me nt a lo bj e c t swe r er e c o v e r e d:as ma l l ,bl a c k ,he x a g o na lg l a s sb e a d( #39K11) a ndt wol e ng t hso f26g a ug ec o ppe rwi r e( #39L34& 39J 75) ,i nt e r pr e t e da sb e i ngr e l a t e dt oj e we l r y ma k i ng( s e epr e v i o usdi s c us s i o n) . 518

S EWI NG Theo nl ys e wi ng r e l a t e da r t i f a c tr e c o v e r e dwa sabr a s ss t r a i g htpi n,11/ 16i nc he si nl e ng t h,wi t ha do mehe a d( #39J 74) .

TOYS Twobuf f c o l o r e d,9/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rung l a z e de a r t he nwa r ema r bl e swe r et heo nl yt o y r e l a t e d o bj e c t sr e c o v e r e d( #39K3) .Thema r bl e sa ppe a r st oha v ebe e nha ndr o l l e d.

KI TCHEN I TEMS At o t a lo f1, 321a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v yb e l o ng e dt ot heKi t c he ng r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng71 di s t i nc to bj e c t s .Ta bl e 59s umma r i z e st he Ki t c he ng r o up c e r a mi c da t ai nt e r ms o fde c o r a t i v e s t y l e / t e c hni q ue .

TABLEWARE At o t a lo f91a r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng28o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nTa bl e wa r es ubg r o up.The l o wnumb e ro ft a bl e wa r ea r t i f a c t s ,butar e l a t i v e l yhi g hmi ni mum numbe ro fi t e ms ,s ug g e s t st ha tt hepr i v y , a tl e a s tdur i ngi t sus ea sat r a s hde po s i t ,f unc t i o ne dno ta sapr i ma r yr e f us ede po s i t ,buta sac o nv e ni e ntpl a c e t odi s po s eo fs ma l l ,mi s c e l l a ne o ust r a s hi t e ms ,f o re x a mpl e ,y a r ds we e pi ng s .Thi si ss uppo r t e dbyt he c o nt r a s t i ngpa t t e r npr e s e nt e dbyl o wc ur a t i o ni t e ms ,l i k ebo t t l e s( di s c us s e di nt hene x ts e c t i o n) ,o fwhi c h t he r ewe r eahi g hnumbe ro fa r t i f a c t sr e l a t i v et ot hemi ni mum numbe ro fv e s s e l s( s ug g e s t i ngt ha tbo t t l e sa nd l i k ei t e mswe r ede po s i t e da sunb r o k e no bj e c t s ) . I de nt i f i a bl et a bl e wa r e si nc l ude dt wobl ue ,t r a ns f e rpr i nt e dwhi t e wa r ebo wl swi t hf l o r a lpa t t e r ns ,a n a nnul a r / ba nde d,s l i pde c o r a t e dg r e e nmo c ha pa t t e r ne dc up,ag r a ni t e wa r ec upde c o r a t e dwi t has i ng l e , ' l i q ui dg o l d'ba nda l o ngt her i m,a ndf r a g me nt sf r o mt hr e edr i nk i ngg l a s s e s .Twoo ft hedr i nk i ngg l a s s e s we r epr e s s e d,l e a de dg l a s s ,o newi t haf i s hs c a l epa t t e r n( #39L17) ,t heo t he rwi t hag e o me t r i cdi a mo nd pa t t e r n( #39J 18) .Thet hi r ddr i nk i ngg l a s swa sde c o r a t e dwi t ht hi n,f r o s t e dba ndsa l o ngi t sc i r c umf e r e nc e ( #39J 29) . Atl e a s tt wounde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r es a uc e r swe r er e c o v e r e d,bo t hwi t h3i nc hdi a me t e rf o o t r i ng s .A r i mf r a g me ntwi t hadi a me t e ro f4i nc he sma yo rma yno tbepa r to fo neo ft he s ei de nt i f i e ds a uc e r s .Al s o f o undwe r ef r a g me nt sf r o m ni nepl a t e s .S e v e no ft hepl a t e swe r ewhi t e wa r e ,a ndi nc l ude dt wounde c o r a t e d 8i nc hpl a t e s ,t wounde c o r a t e d7i nc hpl a t e s ,abl uet r a ns f e rpr i nt e d7i nc hpl a t ewi t has c a l l o pe de dg e ,a n unde c o r a t e d10i nc hpl a t e ,a ndapl a t eo funk no wndi a me t e rwi t har e dpa i nt e d,unde r g l a z eba nda l o ngt he r i m.Ther e ma i ni ngt wowe r e6i nc hunde c o r a t e dg r a ni t e wa r epl a t e s . Addi t i o na l l y ,t wounde c o r a t e df l a t wa r ei t e mswe r er e c o v e r e d,o neo fwhi t e wa r e ,t heo t he ro fr e f i ne d po r c e l a i n. Fo urho l l o wwa r ei t e mswe r er e c o v e r e d, t hr e eo fwhi c hwe r eunde c o r a t e d. Twoo ft heunde c o r a t e d ho l l o wwa r ei t e mswe r ewhi t e wa r e ,t het hi r dwa spr e s s e dg l a s s .Thef o ur t hho l l o wwa r ewa sa c i de t c he dg l a s s wi t ha nnul a rba nds ,a ndl i k e l yi saf r a g me ntf r o m adr i nk i ngv e s s e l . Fo ura ddi t i o na lt a bl e wa r e swe r er e c o v e r e d,butt hef r a g me nt swe r et o os ma l lt ode t e r mi nei ft he y we r ef l a t wa r eo rho l l o wwa r e .Ea c hha das ur f a c ede c o r a t i o nno tf o undo na nyo t he rt a bl e wa r ei t e msf r o m 519

Table 5-9. Summary of Ceramic Kitchen Group Artifacts from Feature 39J-Complex (Privy), Sorted by Surface Decorative Style/Technique Decorative Style/Technique Porcelain Refined Molded Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome Decalcomania, Underglaze Gilded, Liquid Gold Sponge / Spatter Plain / Colorless Glaze Stoneware Graniteware Molded Alkaline Glazed Salt Glazed Fi g u r e511.Po s s i b l ed o o rs t o pa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht h ep r i v y . Earthenware Whiteware Annular / Banded, Slipped – Trailed Plain / Colorless Glaze Flow Transfer Printed Gilded, Liquid Gold Molded Transfer Printed, Underglaze, Monochrome Painted, Overglaze, Monochrome Painted, Underglaze, Polychrome Edge Decorated Yellowware Plain / Colorless Glaze

MNI

1 1 1 2 1 3

2 1 1

1 8 1 3 2 3 1 1 1

t hede po s i t .Thef i r s tha da no pa q ue , bl a c kg l a z e ,t he s e c o nd a pi nk t r a ns f e rpr i nt i ng ,t het hi r d,abr o wn t r a ns f e rpr i nt i ngo faf l o r a lde s i g n, a nd t he f o ur t h, unde r g l a z e de c a l c o ma ni a i n a pi nk f l o r a l pa t t e r n. Thel a s tt a bl e wa r ei t e m wa sa n i r o ns po o n, 53/ 4i nc he sl o ng , wi t ha bo wl di a me t e r o f 11/ 4i nc he s ( #39J 11) .Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hes po o n wa st o oc o r r o de dt o de t e r mi ne a pa t t e r nt y pe .

UTI LI TARI AN

A t o t a lo f 1, 230 a r t i f a c t s , r e pr e s e nt i ng43o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi n t he Ki t c he nUt i l i t a r i a n s ubg r o up. Thehi g h numbe ro fa r t i f a c t s ,but r e l a t i v e l yl o w mi ni mum numb e ro f i t e ms ,i st he pr o duc to f hi g hl y 1 f r a g me nt e dg l a s sbo t t l e s .Fo o dc a n Total 35 o bj e c t si nc l ude d f r a g me nt sf r o m t hr e ec y l i ndr i c a lc a ns ,t wor e c t a ng ul a rc a ns ,as i ng l ef r a g me nto fawi nds t r i p,a ndt wono ns c r e wr e mo v a bl e l i ds .Thef i r s twa sa2i nc hdi a me t e rpr y t o pl i d( apa i ntc a ns t y l el i d)a ndt hes e c o nd,ac y l i ndr i c a lc o ppe r l i do funk no wndi a me t e rwi t hi r o nc a ns i def r a g me nt ss t i l la t t a c he d.No neo ft hec y l i ndr i c a lc a nswe r e c o mpl e t ee no ug ht ode t e r mi nedi a me t e r . Theo nl yno nbo t t l eg l a s si t e m wa sapr e s e r v i ngj a rwi t har ubb e r s e a l e d,s pr i ng c l i pf i ni s h( #39J 90) .Thi sde s i g nwa spa t e nt e di n1904byWi l l i a m H.Ho ni s s( Pa t .#826, 104)a nda ni mpr o v e me nti n1907 byAl f r e dC. Mc Cl o s k e y( Pa t .#907 , 166) . Ut i l i t a r i a ni t e mso fc e r a mi ci nc l ude dt hr e es ma l la l k a l i neg l a z e ds t o ne wa r ef r a g me nt sr e pr e s e nt i ng t hr e edi f f e r e ntho l l o wwa r ev e s s e l sa ndt wohi g hl ybur ni s he d,ung l a z e de a r t he nwa r ef r a g me nt sde c o r a t e d wi t has i ng l ebl a c kpa i nt e dl i nea l o ngt her i m( #39 L32& 39J 86) .The s el a s tt wopi e c e sa ppe a rt obef r o m aho l l o wwa r ev e s s e l c o ns i s t e ntwi t ht ho s epr o duc e dbyt heCa t a wbaf o rma r k e ts a l e . Bo t t l ec l o s ur e swe r eo ft wot y pe s :t hi r t e e nc r o wnc a psa nda ni nt a c t ,a mbe r c o l o r e dg l a s sCa s we l l s t y l epe gs t o ppe r( #39J 28) . Ther e ma i ni ngKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a no bj e c t swe r ea l lbo t t l e s .Bo t t l e si de nt i f i e do nl ybyc o l o ri nc l ude d ada r ko l i v e( ' bl a c k 'g l a s s )wi nebo t t l e ,ab r o wnbo t t l eo funk no wnf o r m,abr i g htg r e e n( “ 7UP”g r e e n) bo t t l e ,a ndama ng a ne s e c l a r i f i e d( ' s o l a r i z e d'o r' a me t hy s t ' )bo t t l e ,a l s oo funk no wnf o r m.Ther e ma i ni ng bo t t l e swe r ea l l e i t he ri nt a c to ri de nt i f i e dbynumbe ro fba s e s . Theo nl yi de nt i f i e ds o dapo pbo t t l ewa sal i g ht g r e e nbo t t l ee mbo s s e d“ Che r oCo l a ”i na ng l e dbl o c kt e x t( #39J 13) ,as t y l eus e dbyt hec o mpa ny ,a c c o r di ng t ov a r i o usi nt e r ne tc o l l e c t o rs i t e s , be t we e n1915a nd1923 . Fo uri nt a c tl i q uo r / whi s k e ybo t t l e swe r er e c o v e r e d.Al lwe r ema c hi nema deo fc o l o r l e s sg l a s swi t h br a ndyf i ni s he s .Thr e ewe r eJ o J of l a s k s( t wo1/ 2pi nt s ,o nef ul lpi nt ) ,t hef o ur t hwa saq ua r tbo t t l e 520

e mbo s s e d“ Ha y ne rWhi s k e y �( #39J 38) ,ac o mpa ny ba s e di nTr o y ,Ohi o ,t ha twe nto uto fbus i ne s s ,a s mo s tdi d,i n1918.Twoa ddi t i o na lHa ndy s t y l eba s e s ( t heba s es t y l eus e do nJ o J of l a s k s )we r er e c o v e r e d, a l o ngwi t hs e v e nb r a ndyf i ni s he s .As s umi ngt woo f t hef i ni s he sb e l o ngt ot heba s e s ,i tl e a v e sf i v ef i ni s he s wi t ho ut ba s e s ,s ug g e s t i ng a mi ni mum o fs e v e n bo t t l e s .Wi t ht he f o uri nt a c tbo t t l e s ,t he r e we r e po t e nt i a l l yami ni mum o f11l i q uo r / whi s k e ybo t t l e s r e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v y .

Fi g u r e511.Po s s i b l ed o o rs t o pa s s o c i a t e dwi t ht h ep r i v y .

Ther e ma i ni ngbo t t l e swe r ea l lg e ne r a lb e v e r a g e bo t t l e s ,i nc l udi ngt heba s eo fa na q ua bl uec y l i ndr i c a l bo t t l e wi t h a po s t bo t t o m mo l d,t he ba s eo fa c o l o r l e s sbo t t l epr o duc e dwi t habo t t o mhi ng e dmo l d, a ndt heba s eo fac o l o r l e s spa ne l bo t t l e .

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a l o f779a r t i f a c t s( 256MNI )r e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur ewe r er e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v y ,mo s tbe i ng s he e tme t a l( 134a r t i f a c t s ,1MNI ) ,na i l s( 525a r t i f a c t s ,239MNI ) ,a ndwi ndo wg l a s s( 86a r t i f a c t s ,10 MNI ) .Thei r o ns he e tme t a lf r a g me nt sa l lbe l o ng e dt oas i ng l e ,hi g hl yc o r r o de ds he e twi t hr o l l e d,l o c k i ng e dg e s( #39K73) .Bo t hwi r ea ndc utna i l swe r er e c o v e r e d.No newe r es pe c i a l t yna i l s ,a l t ho ug hc o r r o s i o n ma dei de nt i f i c a t i o ndi f f i c ul t .S i xt hi c k ne s s e so fg r e e nt i nt e dwi ndo wg l a s swe r er e c o v e r e d:1a t3/ 64;9a t 1/ 16;3a t5/ 64 ;2a t3/ 32 ;a nd1a t1/ 8.Fi v et hi c k ne s s e so fc o l o r l e s swi ndo wg l a s swe r ea l s or e c o v e r e d:15a t 1/ 16;31a t5/ 64;22a t3/ 32 ;1a t1/ 8 ;a nd1a t7/ 32 .No t et ha ts o mef r a g me nt so fc o l o r l e s sf l a tg l a s smi g ht r e pr e s e ntno nwi ndo wg l a s s , l i k epi c t ur ef r a meg l a s s . Twor e l a t e da r c hi t e c t ur ei t e mswe r epa r t i c ul a r l yi nt e r e s t i ng( Fi g ur e511) .Thef i r s twa sa nunde r f i r e d( s o f t )b r i c kba t ,i nt hec e nt e ro fwhi c ha13/ 4x1/ 2i nc hs l o tha db e e nc a r v e d( #39J 2) .Thes l o twa s r o unde da ndwe l l wo r n.Thes e c o ndwa sa13i nc hl e ng t ho f11/ 4x1/ 4i nc hi r o nba rs t o c k( #39J 93) . To g e t he r ,t he yma yha v ef unc t i o ne da sado o r s t o pf o rt hepr i v y .Theba r ,a t t a c he dt ot hedo o r ,wo ul dha v e s l o t t e ddo wni nt ot her e c t a ng ul a rs l o ti nt hebr i c ka tt heba s eo ft hedo o r .Al t ho ug habo l t l a t c ho nt hedo o r wo ul dha v ebe e nas i mpl e rs o l ut i o nf o rk e e pi ngt hedo o rc l o s e dwhi l eo c c upi e d,s o me o nedi dt a k et het i me t oc a r v et heb r i c k .Gi v e nt hebr i c k ' sc l e a ra s s o c i a t i o nwi t hpr i v yde b r i s ,a ndt hel a c ko fa nyo t he rc l e a r f unc t i o nf o rt heb r i c k( o re v e nar e a s o nf o rc a r v i ngab r i c ks uc h) ,t hehy po t he s i so fado o rs t o pi sr e a s o na bl e .

I NTERI OR Noa r c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hei nt e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e c o v e r e d. Thi si sno ts ur pr i s i ng ,g i v e nt ha ti twa sapr i v y .

EXTERI OR Fo ura r c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e di t e msuna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e c o v e r e d:22f r a g me nt so fc r i mpe dt i n( t e r ne pl a t e )r o o f i ngma t e r i a l( MNI =1) ,a1/ 2i nc ht hi c kf r a g me nto f t r o we l s pr e a dc e me nt( #39J 6) ,s e v e nf r a g me nt so fs l a t e( MNI =1) ,a ndo nef r a g me nto funpa i nt e ds a we d 521

l umbe r( #39K4) .Al t ho ug ht hes l a t ema yha v eb e e nr o o f i ngma t e r i a l ,mo r el i k e l yi twa sus e da spa v i ng ma t e r i a l o rs o mes i mi l a rf unc t i o n.

DOMESTI CI TEMS At o t a lo f37Do me s t i cg r o upa r t i f a c t swa sr e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v y ,r e pr e s e nt i ng13o bj e c t s .A br a s sf ur ni t ur et a c k( #39K64)a nda1/ 2i nc hbr a s se s c ut c he o npi n( #39K66)we r er e c o v e r e d.Fr a g me nt s f r o mt wof l o we r po t swe r er e c o v e r e d:o neat e r r a c o t t af l o we r po t( #39K15) ,t heo t he ras t o ne wa r ef l o we r po t wi t ha nAl ba nys l i p( #39J 8) .Twof ur ni t ur es pr i ng swe r ef o und,bo t hc y l i ndr i c a l ,wi t hadi a me t e ro f11/ 4i nc he sa ndal e ng t ho f11/ 2i nc he s .Ones pr i ngha dawo o ds c r e wa t t a c he dt oa ne nd.Bo dyf r a g me nt sf r o m af r o s t e dg l a s sl a mpc hi mne ywe r er e c o v e r e d( #39K40) ,a l o ngwi t haf r a g me ntf r o m ac l e a r g l a s ss ha deo r c hi mne y( g l a s st hi c k ne s ss ug g e s t sc hi mne y ) ,a ndaf r a g me ntf r o m af r o s t e dg l a s sl a mps ha de( #39K14) .The f r o s t e dl a mps ha dei spa r t i c ul a r l yi nt e r e s t i ng ,a si ti so ft hes a met y pe–i fno tt hes a meo bj e c t–f o undi n o t he rpr o v e na nc e s .Twodo me s t i ca r t i f a c t sa r emy s t e r i e s :af r a g me nto fpa r i a nc e r a mi c( #39J 51)a ndag l a s s r i ng( #39J 77) .Pa r i a ni sat y peo fhi g hf i r e dwhi t e wa r e / po r c e l a i na l mo s te x c l us i v e l yus e dwi t hde c o r a t i v e o bj e c t s ,l i k ef i g ur i ne s .Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hef r a g me ntr e c o v e r e dwa st o os ma l lt ode t e r mi newha ti tmi g hto nc e o fb e e napa r t .Thebl a c kg l a s sr i ng ,wi t ha no ut e rdi a me t e ro f5/ 8i nc ha nda ni nne rdi a me t e ro f1/ 8i nc h, wa sl i k e l yapa r to fa nAr tDe c ode c o r a t i v ee l e me nt ,po s s i bl yal a mp. Thel a s tDo me s t i cg r o upa r t i f a c twa sa ni nt a c ts t o v el e g( #39J 117) .Af t e rc l e a ni ngwi t he l e c t r o l y s i s , t hec a s ti r o na r t i f a c twa si de nt i f i e da sas t o v el e gwi t haf l o r a lpa t t e r n.Thel e gma t c he st ha to ft heAc me Ro y a lCo a lCo o k ,as t o v et ha tc o ul dbur nc o a lo rwo o d.I twa sa dv e r t i s e di nt he1902S e a r s ,Ro e buc k ,& Co . c a t a l o go npa g e820. Thel e a s te x pe ns i v emo de l s o l df o r$10. 83 .

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Onea r t i f a c ta s s o c i a t e dwi t he l e c t r i c i t ywa sr e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v y —adr y pr e s s e dc e r a mi c ,2wi r e i ns ul a t o rc l e a t( #39K18) .Thec l e a twa sma r k e d“ EPCo ” ,s ho r tf o rEl e c t r i c a lPo r c e l a i nCo mpa ny ,o fEa s t Li v e r po o l ,Ohi o .I twa sma nuf a c t ur e ds o me t i mebe t we e n1903a nd1911( To d1977: 79) .Fo unde di n1903 , t heEl e c t r i c a l Po r c e l a i nCo mpa nywa sa bs o r b e dbyt heGe ne r a lPo r c e l a i nCo mpa nyi n1911.

OTHERI TEMS Al s or e c o v e r e df r o mt hepr i v ywe r eanumbe ro fa r t i f a c t st ha tdono tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft hea bo v e f unc t i o na lc a t e g o r i e s .Mo s to ft he s ea r t i f a c t sa r eha r dwa r er e l a t e d.No ti nc l ude dhe r ea r ea r t i f a c tf r a g me nt s c l a s s i f i e da s' Uni de nt i f i e d. 'A f r a g me ntf r o m ami l k g l a s sv e s s e lwa sr e c o v e r e d( #39K38) ,a l t ho ug ht he f r a g me ntwa st o os ma l lt ode t e r mi nei ft hev e s s e lwa sac o s me t i cj a r ,t a bl e wa r e ,o ro t he ri t e m.Ani r o ns pl i t s ha f t c l a mpwa sr e c o v e r e d( #39J 95) ,a l t ho ug hwha ti tma yha v eb e e nus e df o ri sunk no wn. Al s or e c o v e r e dwa sal a r g e ,s q ua r e3/ 4i nc hi r o nnut ,me a s ur i ng11/ 4x11/ 4x15/ 8i nc he s ( #39K59) ,a3/ 16i nc hi r o nwa s he r( o ut e rdi a me t e ro f3/ 4i nc h) ,a1i nc hc o ppe rc o l l a r( #39J 96) ,t hr e e s t a pl e s( 3/ 8i nc ha nd11/ 4i nc h) ,a ndf i v ewo o ds c r e ws —af l a the a d,g i ml e tpo i nt ,3/ 16i nc hbr a s ss c r e w, 5/ 8i nc hl o ng , a ndf o urf l a the a d,g i ml e tpo i nts c r e ws11/ 4i nc hl o ng . I r o nba rs t o c kf r a g me nt swe r e3/ 4i nc hwi dea nd5/ 64i nc ht hi c k( #39K68) .Fr a g me nt so fi r o n s t r a ppi ng , l i k et hek i ndus e do nba r r e l s ,pa c k a g i ng ,a ndt hel i k e ,we r eo fs i xwi dt hs :1i nc h,9/ 16i nc h,7/ 16i nc h,5/ 16i nc h,3/ 16i nc h,a nd1/ 32i nc h.The1i nc hs t r a ppi ngwa sr i v e t e d.The1/ 32i nc hs t r a ppi ngma y ha v ebe e npa r to fawi nds t r i pf r o m af o o dc a n.The r ewe r e109f r a g me nt so f1/ 16i nc ha nd1/ 32i nc h 522

Ta bl e510.

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The pr i v yc o nt a i ne d 151bo nef r a g me nt s( 369g ) ,o f whi c h o nl y 7 % we r e i de nt i f i a bl et ot hes pe c i e sl e v e l a After Azizi et al. 1996 d u e t o h i g h f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts t he r e ma i ns ( Ta bl e 510) . Ca t t l ea ndc hi c k e nwe r et heo nl yi de nt i f i e ds pe c i e swi t hi nt hi sde po s i t ,a ndc a t t l er e ma i nswe r et hemo s t c o mmo n,c o mpr i s i ng75% o ft hebo newe i g htf r o mt hi sa s s e mbl a g e .Pi ga nds he e p/ g o a ts i z e df r a g me nt s do mi na t et hes i z e g r a de ds pe c i me ns ,whi c hs ug g e s t st ha tt he s es pe c i e swe r el i k e l yr e pr e s e nt e di nt he a s s e mbl a g e , butuni de nt i f i a bl eduet of r a g me nt a t i o n. 6 7 8

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Thebe e fc ut si de nt i f i e di nt hi sf e a t ur ewe r ema i nl yi ndi v i dua l ,t hi n‘ s t e a k ’c ut s ,a l t ho ug ht he f o r e s ha nkc utwa sl i k e l yal a r g e‘ r o a s t ’ t y pec ut( Ta bl e511) .Ro unds t e a k swe r et hemo s tc o mmo nc ut wi t hi nt hi sde po s i t , a l t ho ug hc ut sf r o ma l l s e c t i o nsbutt hef o o to ft hea ni ma lwe r ede po s i t e di nt hi sf e a t ur e .

FEATURE31CCOMPLEX( TRASH PI T) Al a r g et r a s hde po s i twa sdi s c o v e r e di nUni t31( Fi g ur e512) ,e x t e ndi ngi nt ouni t s27,32 ,a nd35 , me a s ur i ng5 . 75f e e te a s tt owe s ta nd6. 5f e e tno r t ht os o ut h,wi t hama x i mum de pt ho f2. 4f e e tb e l o wt he s ur f a c eo fs t r a t um 31B.I twa si nt r ude dupo nbyt hr e ef e a t ur e s :amo de r nt r e nc ha s s o c i a t e dwi t has pr i nk l e r s y s t e m( F2)r unni nge a s t we s ta c r o s sBl o c k1 ,apo s t mo l da ndpo s t ho l e( 32D/ E)s t r a ddl i ngt heno r t he a s t e dg e ,a ndaf o unda t i o npi e r( 32H)a s s o c i a t e dwi t ht heho us ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Thes pr i nk l e rt r e nc h a ndpo s t mo l d/ ho l ewe r ee x c a v a t e dc o mpl e t e l ypr i o rt oe x c a v a t i o no ft het r a s hpi t .Thepi twa sbi s e c t e d a l o ngano r t hs o ut ha x i sf l us hwi t ht hee a s t e r ne dg eo ft hef o unda t i o npi e r .Duet ot i mec o ns t r a i nt s ,o nl y t hee a s tha l fo ft het r a s hpi twa se x c a v a t e d.Pl a s t i cs he e t i ngwa ss e c ur e dt ot hepi t ' swe s tf a c epr i o rt o ba c k f i l l i ngt oma i nt a i ni nt e g r i t yo ft heune x c a v a t e dpo r t i o n. 523

Thet r a s hpi tc o nt a i ne ds e v e nl a y e r sc o ns i s t i ngo f as e r i e so fl e ns e sa ndde po s i t so fs a ndys i l t ,bui l de r ' s s a nd,a r c hi t e c t ur a lde br i sa nd s a ndy s i l t ,a l lo f di f f e r i ngc o l o r sa ndt e x t ur e sma k i ngf o rv e r yc l e a r l a y e rt r a ns i t i o ns( Fi g ur e s513 ,14) .Thede po s i ta sa who l ei sde s i g na t e da st he 31CCo mpl e x ,whi l e i ndi v i dua ll a y e r sa r er e f e r e nc e d by t he i r uni q ue pr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o ns .Le v e l1 ( 31 C) ,t het o pmo s tl a y e r ,wa sav e r yda r kb r o wns a ndys i l twi t h5 % mo r t a ra nd5% c ha r c o a li nc l us i o nsa ndade pt ho f 0. 35f e e t .Le v e l2( 31D)wa sat hi nl e nso fl o o s e y e l l o wi s hbr o wnbui l de r ' ss a nd,0 . 15f e e tt hi c ko nt he no r t ha nd<0 . 05f e e to nt hes o ut hs i de .Ar c hi t e c t ur a l de b r i sdo mi na t e dLe v e l3( 31E) ,av e r yc o mpa c tda r k g r a y i s hbr o wns a ndys i l t0 . 5f e e tt hi c ko nt heno r t h, t hi nni ngt o0 . 15f e e to nt hes o ut hs i de .Le v e l4( 3 1F) wa sat hi n( 0 . 1f e e t ) ,c o mpa c tda r kg r a y i s hbr o wn s a ndys i l tmo t t l e dwi t h40% s ub s o i l ,av e r yc o mpa c t y e l l o wi s hr e ds a ndyc l a y .Le v e l5( 31J )wa sas e c o nd Fi g u r e512.Pl a nv i e wd r a wi ngo ft h eFe a t u r e31 Ct h i n l e n s o f l o o s e y e l l o w i s h b r o w n b u i l d e r ' s s a n d , 0 . 15 Co mp l e x .No t et h ei nt r u s i v eb r i c kp i e rf r o mt h ef i r s t f e e tt hi c ko nt heno r t hs i de ,t hi nni ngt o<0 . 05f e e to n a d d i t i o nt ot h eh o u s ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t . t hes o ut hs i de .Le v e l6( 31K)wa sada r kbr o wns a ndy s i l twi t hnomo t t l i nga ndama x i mum t hi c k ne s so f 0. 75f e e t .Thebo t t o mmo s tl a y e r ,Le v e l7( 31L) ,wa sav e r yl o o s es a ndyl o a mv a r y i ngi nt hi c k ne s sf r o m0 . 3 t o0 . 8f e e ta ndc o nt a i ne dt hehi g he s tc o nc e nt r a t i o no fa r c hi t e c t ur a la ndho us e ho l dde br i s .Thehi g h c o nc e nt r a t i o no fc ha r c o a l( 20%)a l o ngwi t ha r t i f a c t ss ho wi nge v i de nc eo fhi g hhe a t / bur ni ngs ug g e s t st ha t Le v e l 7r e pr e s e nt sat r a s hbur ni nge v e nt . Noo t he rl a y e r ss ho we de v i de nc eo fbur ni ng . S t a r t i ngf r o mt hebo t t o mup,t heTPQ da t ef o rLe v e l7( 31L)i s1882( ba s e do na r t i f a c t#31L30,a be e rbo t t l ema r k e d“ ROBERTPORTNER,ALEXANDRI A,VA–TI VOLI ” ) .Le v e l6( 31K)da t e st oc i r c a 1890( ba s e do na r t i f a c t#31K30 ,a no c t a g o na lc o ba l tbl uec o s me t i cbo t t l e ) .Le v e l5( 31J )da t e st oc i r c a 1870( ba s e do na r t i f a c t#31J 42, awi r e dr a wnna i l ) .Le v e l 4( 31F)da t e st o1874( ba s e do na r t i f a c t#31F14, apr e s s e dbr a s ss ho eg r o mme t ) .Le v e l3( 31E)da t e st o1888( ba s e do na r t i f a c t#31E1 ,awhi t e wa r epl a t e ma r k e d“ MD POTTERYCO” ) .Le v e l2( 31D)da t e st oc i r c a1870( ba s e do na r t i f a c t#31D17 ,a3pa r t , di pbo dymo l de dpha r ma c e ut i c a lbo t t l e ) .Theuppe r mo s tl a y e r ,Le v e l1( 31C) ,da t e st o1892( ba s e do n a r t i f a c t#31 C73 ,ac r o wnc a pbo t t l ec l o s ur e ) . Al ls e v e nl a y e r so ft het r a s hpi tc o nt a i ne da r t i f a c t swi t hc l o s e l y s pa c e dTPQ da t e s ,i ndi c a t i nga c r e a t i o nda t es o me t i mebe t we e n1892a nd1904.Thee a r l i e rda t ei sba s e do nt heTPQ da t ef r o m Le v e l1. Al t ho ug ht hepo s s i bi l i t ya l wa y se x i s t st ha tt het o pmo s tl a y e ro fa nyf e a t ur emi g htc o nt a i ni nt r us i v ema t e r i a l s , t he r e bya r t i f i c i a l l yc a us i ngt heda t eo ft hef e a t ur et oa ppe a rmo r er e c e ntt ha ni tr e a l l yi s ,ada t eo f1892i s c o ns i s t e ntwi t hl o we rl e v e l s ,pa r t i c ul a r l yLe v e l3( 1888)a ndLe v e l6( c i r c a1890) .Thel a t e rda t eo f1904i s de r i v e df r o mt hepr e s e nc eo fa ni nt r us i v ef o unda t i o npi e ra s s o c i a t e dwi t ha na ddi t i o nt ot heho us ea t1904 Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Al t ho ug ha ne x a c tc o ns t r uc t i o nda t ef o rt hea ddi t i o ni sno tk no wn,t he1904S a nbo r nma p s ho wst hef o o t pr i nto ft heho us ei nl i newi t ht hei nt r us i v epi e r ,s ug g e s t i ngt ha ta tl e a s tt ha tpo r t i o no ft he ho us ewa sc o ns t r uc t e dby1904, a nds ub s e q ue nt l y , t het r a s hpi tpr i o r . At o t a lo f3, 722a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng607MNI )a nd779. 8g r a ms( 361f r a g me nt s )o ff a una l ma t e r i a l we r er e c o v e r e df r o mt hes e v e nl e v e l s .I ns umma r y , at o t a l o f506a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l 1( 31C) ;163a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l 2( 31D) ;623a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l 3( 31E) ;59a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l 4( 31F) ; 524

Fi g u r e513.We s tp r o f i l eo fFe a t u r e31CCo mp l e x .

160 a r t i f a c t s f r o m Le v e l5 ( 31J ) ;1, 405 a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l6 ( 31K) ; a nd 807 a r t i f a c t sf r o m Le v e l7 ( 31L) . No f l o r a l ma t e r i a lwa sr e c o v e r e d f r o ma nyo ft hel e v e l s . The f o l l o wi ng di s c us s i o n, o r g a ni z e d by f unc t i o na lt y pe , pr o v i de si nf o r ma t i o n o nl y a s ne e de d i n i nt e r pr e t i ng pa t t e r ns , s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o r o t he ra r c ha e o l o g i c a lphe no me na ,a s we l la s hi g hl i g ht i ng a r t i f a c t so f s pe c i a lno t ef o und i nt hede po s i t . Ta bl e512pr e s e nt st hes a meda t a s umma r i z e di nt e r ms o f Obj e c t Na me sa ndmi ni mum c o unt s .

PERSONALI TEMS I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a l o f 142 a r t i f a c t s we r er e c o v e r e d be l o ng i ng t ot he Pe r s o na lg r o up, r e pr e s e nt i ng 73 i ndi v i dua li t e ms . I t e msno tb e l o ng i ngt oas ubc a t e g o r y we r eapa i ro fc a s ti r o ns c i s s o r s ,t wo Fi g u r e514.We s tp r o f i l eo fFe a t u r e31CCo mp l e x .No t et h ee l e c t r i c a l f r a g me nt so f ba c k pl a t e d mi r r o r g r o u nd i ngr o di nt h ee x c a v a t e dp o r t i o na ndt h ei nt r u s i v eb r i c kp i e ro nt h e g l a s s , a b r a s s s p i n e c a t c h f r o m a n s u r f a c eo ft h eu n e x c a v a t e dp o r t i o n. umbr e l l a ,a1 . 25i nc hdi a me t e rl e ns r i ng f r o m a po c k e t wa t c h, t wo po c k e tk ni v e s( o newi t ht wobl a de s ,t heo t he rwi t ht hr e e ) ,ab r a s spe nc i lho l de r ,f r a g me nt so f3/ 16i nc h di a me t e rg r a phi t epe nc i ll e a d,t heba s eo fas t a mpe de nd,ma c hi nes o l de r e ds q ua r et o ba c c oc a n,a nd f r a g me nt so fbo wl sf r o mt wot o ba c c opi pe s .Oneo ft hepi pe swa sa no r a ng e ,r i bbe dPa mpl i ns t y l epi pe ;t he o t he r ,a nunde c o r a t e dk a o l i nc l a ypi pe .La s t l y ,a nunde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r ewa t e rpi t c he ro re we r ,r e pr e s e nt e d byar i mf r a g me ntwi t hadi a me t e ro ff i v e i nc he s( #31K83) ,wa sr e c o v e r e d.

CLOTHI NG S i x t y s i xa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l Cl o t hi ngg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng27MNI . Themo s ta bunda ntc l o t hi ng r e l a t e da r t i f a c twa sbut t o ns .Ni ne t e e ni ndi v i dua lbut t o nswe r er e c o v e r e d,ma de o fbr a s s( 2) ,s he l l ( 3) ,bo ne( 3) ,g l a s s( 1) , a ndd r y pr e s s e dpo r c e l a i n( pr o s s e r )( 10) .No neha dma k e r s ’ o rba c k ma r k s ; a l lwe r epl a i n.

525

Ta bl e512. Summa r yofAr t i f a c t sf r om t heFe a t ur e31CCompl e x,Sor t e dbyObj e c tNa mea ndMNI Obj e c tNa me

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Ha r dwa r e , S c i s s o r s

1

Ammuni t i o n, S ho t , Le a d Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Gl a s s , Wi ndo w Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Pl a s t e r Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Ti l e , Ro o f i ng Cl o t hi ng , Buc k l e , S us pe nde r Cl o t hi ng , But t o n Cl o t hi ng , But t o n, 2Ho l e Cl o t hi ng , But t o n, 4Ho l e Cl o t hi ng , But t o n, S ha nkMo l de d Cl o t hi ng , Cuf fLi nk Cl o t hi ng , Fa s t e ne r , Ho o k a ndEy e Cl o t hi ng , S ho e , Gr o mme t Cl o t hi ng , S ho e , S o l e Cl o t hi ng , S na p Cl o t hi ng , S t r a i g htPi n Co mmuni c a t i o n, Ho l de r , Pe nc i l Co mmuni c a t i o n, Pe nc i l , Gr a phi t e Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Be e r Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Be v e r a g e Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Bi t t e r s Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Cl o s ur e Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Cl o s ur e , Cr o wnCa p Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Cl o s ur e , Li g ht i ngS t o ppe r Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Cl o s ur e , Pe gS t o ppe r Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Co ndi me nt Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Co ndi me nt , Mus t a r d Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Co s me t i c Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Fo o d Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Fo o d, Pi c k l e s / Ol i v e s Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Me di c i na l /Pha r ma c e ut i c a l Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e , Wi ne Co nt a i ne r , Buc k e t , Le a d/ S o l de rPo t Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cy l i ndr i c a l Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cl o s ur e , Re mo v a bl eLi d( no ns c r e w) Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cl o s ur e , Re mo v a bl eLi d( pr e s s f i t ) Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, Cl o s ur e , Wi ndS t r i p Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, S q ua r e/Re c t a ng ul a r Co nt a i ne r , Ca n, To ba c c o Co nt a i ne r , J a r , Li d Co nt a i ne r , J a r , Pr e s e r v i ng El e c t r i c a l , Wi r e Fa una Fa una , Cl a mS he l l Fa una , Oy s t e rS he l l Fur ni t ur e , Ca s t e r Fur ni t ur e , S pr i ng Fur ni t ur e , Ta c k Ha r dwa r e , Bo l t Ha r dwa r e , Bo l t , Ey e Ha r dwa r e , Ho o k , Ey eHo o k& S t a pl e Ha r dwa r e , Na i l , Co mmo n Ha r dwa r e , Na i l , Fi ni s hi ng Ha r dwa r e , Na i l , S pi k e

3 7 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 10 2 1 14 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 1

Ha r dwa r e , S t o c k , Ba r Ha r dwa r e , S t r a p Ha r dwa r e , Ta c k Ha r dwa r e , Uni de nt i f i e d Ha r dwa r e , Wa s he r Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Fi r e pl a c eTo o l S t a nd Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Fl o we r po t Li g ht i ng , La mp, Chi mne y Li g ht i ng , La mp, Gl o be Li g ht i ng , La mp, S ha de Pe r s o na l , Be a d Pe r s o na l , J e we l r y , Uni de nt i f i e d Pe r s o na l , Mi r r o r Pe r s o na l , Po c k e tKni f e , 2Bl a de s Pe r s o na l , Po c k e tKni f e , 3Bl a de s Pe r s o na l , Umbr e l l a Pe r s o na l , Uni de nt i f i e d Pe r s o na l , Wa t c h, Po c k e t Pe r s o na l , Wa t e rPi t c he r/Ewe r Ta bl e wa r e , Bo wl Ta bl e wa r e , Bo wl , Fo o t e dS a l t Ta bl e wa r e , Bo wl , S a l t/S ug a r Ta bl e wa r e , Bo wl , S e r v i ng Ta bl e wa r e , Cup Ta bl e wa r e , Cup, Te a Ta bl e wa r e , Dr i nk i ngGl a s s Ta bl e wa r e , Dr i nk i ngGl a s s , Go bl e t Ta bl e wa r e , Dr i nk i ngGl a s s , S t e mwa r e Ta bl e wa r e , Dr i nk i ngGl a s s , Tumbl e r Ta bl e wa r e , Fl a t wa r e Ta bl e wa r e , Ho l l o wwa r e Ta bl e wa r e , Pl a t e Ta bl e wa r e , Pl a t e , Lunc h Ta bl e wa r e , S a uc e r Ta bl e wa r e , Uni de nt i f i e d Ta bl e wa r e , Ut e ns i l Ta bl e wa r e , Ut e ns i l , Kni f e To ba c c o , Pi pe To ba c c o , Pi pe , El bo w To y , Do l l , Chi naHe a d To y , Ma r bl e To y , Te aS e t i de nt i f i e d, Ce r a mi c n/ a Un i de nt i f i e d, Gl a s s n/ a Un i de nt i f i e d, Me t a l n/ a Un 1 Uni de nt i f i e d, Me t a l , Pl a t e 1 Uni de nt i f i e d, Obj e c t 4 Uni de nt i f i e d, Wo o d 4 Ut i l i t a r i a n, Bo wl 1 Ut i l i t a r i a n, Ho l l o wwa r e 1 Ut i l i t a r i a n, J a r/Cr o c k 334 Ut i l i t a r i a n, Ve s s e l 7 1

2 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 4 5 1 1 2 4 4 14 11 1 12 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 Tot a l 607

Al s or e c o v e r e dwa sab r a s ss us pe nde rbuc k l ema r k e d“ * CH.GUYOT* ”o nt heba c k( t he' * 'r e pr e s e nts ma l l s t a r so nt heo r i g i na l ) .Noi nf o r ma t i o nha sb e e nf o undy e tf o rt hi sma nuf a c t ur e r .Thedumbb e l ls ha pe dc uf f l i nkwa so fc a s twhi t eme t a l .Oneho o ka ndt woe y e sf r o mt wobr a s shumps t y l eho o k a nde y ef a s t e ne r s we r ef o und,a swe l la sa1/ 8i nc hb r a s ss ho eg r o mme ta ndapl a i n,1/ 2i nc hdi a me t e rpr e s s e di r o ns na p. Po r t i o nso ft wos ho e so rbo o t swe r ea l s or e c o v e r e df r o mt hede po s i t .Thef r a g me nt swe r ea l lt o os ma l lt o de t e r mi nes i z eo rs t y l e .Bo t hwe r ec o ns t r uc t e dus i ngba s sna i l s ,o newi t hr o unds ha nk s ,t heo t he r ,s q ua r e . I nt e r e s t i ng l y , t hehe a dso ft hes q ua r ena i l swe r epa i nt e dr e d.

FI REARMS Twe l v ea r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ng t ot hePe r s o na l Fi r e a r msg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ngt wo di f f e r e ntc a l i be r so fa mmuni t i o n,apo t e nt i a lpi e c eo fj e we l r y ma k i ngby pr o duc t ,a ndt woc l o t hi ng r e l a t e d i t e ms .Al lme t a l l i cc a r t r i dg eda t e sa r eba s e do nt hewo r ko fKa t hl e e nA.Cl a r dy( 2008) .As i ng l e ,unf i r e d. 22 c a l i be rbul l e twa sf o und.Thebul l e ts ho we dnoma r k si ndi c a t i ngho wi twa sr e mo v e df r o mt hec a r t r i dg e c a s e .Ei g htf i r e dc a r t r i dg ec a s e swe r er e c o v e r e d.Oft hes i x. 22c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg e s ,t wowe r es ho r ta nd f o urwe r el o ng ;f o urha dhe a ds t a mpswi t hi de nt i f i a bl ema k e r s 'ma r k s .Thet wo. 22c a l i be rs ho r t swe r e c o ppe rc a r t r i dg e s ,me a s ur i ng0. 247i nc he si nl e ng t h,ma nuf a c t ur e dbyUni o nMe t a l l i cCa r t r i dg eCo mpa ny ( UMC)b e t we e n1867a nd1902 .Oneo ft he. 22c a l i be rl o ngr i f l ec a r t r i dg e swa sa l s oma nuf a c t ur e dby UMC,b e t we e n1871a nd1902 .I t ,t o o ,wa sc o ppe r .Oft het wol o ngr i f l ec a r t r i dg e swi t ho uthe a ds t a mps , o newa sc o ppe r ,t heo t he rb r a s s .Bo t hha v eaTPQ o f1871,t hei nt r o duc t i o nda t eo ft he. 22c a l i be rl o ng r i f l ec a r t r i dg e .Ther e ma i ni ng. 22c a l i be rl o ngr i f l ec a r t r i dg ewa sbr a s s ,a l s oma nuf a c t ur e dbyUMCbe t we e n 1871a nd1902. Ther e ma i ni ngt woc a r t r i dg e swe r er i mf i r e. 32c a l i be r .Thef i r s t ,ma deo fb r a s s ,wa sma nuf a c t ur e d byt heWi nc he s t e rRe pe a t i ngAr msCo mpa ny( “ H” )s o me t i mea f t e r1867 .Thes e c o nd,ma deo fc o ppe r ,wa s wi t ho utahe a ds t a mp.I tpo s t da t e s1860,t hei nt r o duc t i o nda t eo ft he. 32c a l i be rc a r t r i dg e .Onl yt hehe a d wa sr e c o v e r e df r o mt hi sl a s tc a r t r i dg e( #31C74) .Aswi t ht het wo. 22c a l i be rc a r t r i dg ec a s e sr e c o v e r e df r o m t heLo we rl e v e lo ft hel unc hc o unt e rt r a s hpi t ,t hebo dyo ft hec a r t r i dg ewa sc ut o f f ,po s s i bl yt oo bt a i ns ho r t l e ng t hso ft ubi ngf o rus ea sb e a ds( s e epr e v i o usdi s c us s i o n) . La s t l y , t hr e el e a ds ho tba l l swe r er e c o v e r e d.Twoa r e3/ 8i nc hdi a me t e r ,t heo t he r , 5/ 32i nc h.

HYGI ENE The 30 a r t i f a c t si nt he Pe r s o na l Hy g i e ne g r o up r e pr e s e nt 12 di f f e r e nt c o s me t i ca nd me di c i na l / pha r ma c e ut i c a lg l a s sc o nt a i ne r s .Twoc o s me t i cc o nt a i ne r swe r er e c o v e r e d.Thef i r s twa sa na q ua bl uepa ne lbo t t l ewi t hapr e s c r i pt i o nf i ni s ho f“ HI LL' S/ /HAI RDYE/ /No .1”( #31E31) .Thes e c o ndwa s t heba s eo fac o ba l tbl uepo l y g o na lbo t t l e .Al l10o ft heme di c i na l / pha r ma c e ut i c a lbo t t l e sha de i t he rpa t e nt o rpr e s c r i pt i o nf i ni s he s .S i xwe r epa ne lbo t t l e s ,t wowe r ec y l i ndr i c a l ,o newa saFr e nc hs q ua r e ,a ndo newa sa v i a l .Thev i a lwa se mbo s s e d wi t h“ B.L./ /FAHNES TOCK' S/ /VERMI FUGE”( #31L2) .Oft he c y l i ndr i c a lbo t t l e s ,o nes t i l lha di t sc o r kc l o s ur ei nt a c t( #31D17) ,a l t ho ug hnos ug g e s t i o no fc o nt e nt s r e ma i ne d,a ndt heo t he re mbo s s e dwi t h“ . . .ECLI PS EM . . . ” .Twoo ft hepa ne lbo t t l e swe r ee mbo s s e d,o ne wi t h“ . . .HE/E. . . ”( #31K56)a ndt heo t he rwi t h“ . . .HOFE. . . ”( #31J 10a nd11) .TheFr e nc hs q ua r ewa s abo t t l eo f“ Dr . J . Ho s t e t t e r ' sS t o ma c hBi t t e r s ”( # 31C31) ,i npr o duc t i o nb e t we e n1870a nd1886.

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ORNAMENTAL ThePe r s o na l Or na me nt a lg r o upc o nt a i ne df o ur be a dsa nda nuni de nt i f i e dpi e c eo fj e we l r yma deo f br a s s .Thef i r s tbe a dwa say e l l o wg l a s ss phe r e , di a me t e r3/ 16i nc h.Thes e c o ndi sac l e a rg l a s s , pr e s s mo l de d,he x a g o na lb e a d,3/ 16i nc h wi de a nd3/ 16i nc hl o ng .Thet hi r dwa saf r a g me nt f r o m ado ug hnut s ha pe dbl uepo r c e l a i nbe a d.The f o ur t hwa sabl a c kg l a s s ,5/ 15i nc hdi a me t e rb e a d wi t h amo l de dg e o me t r i cde s i g n.Thepi e c eo f c o ppe rj e we l r yo r ho us e ho l da c c e s s o r yo bj e c t ( #31K29) i ss t i l l a my s t e r y( Fi g ur e 515) . Fi g u r e515.My s t e r yc o p p e rj e we l e r yo rh o u s e h o l da c c e s s o r y Co mpo s e do fc o ppe rs he e t i ngwi t hpr e s s mo l de d f r a g me nt . de s i g n,i tma y ha v ebe e n pa r to fane c k l a c e . Al t e r na t e l y ,i tma yr e pr e s e ntaf r a g me nto fa nAr t De c o s t y l eho us e ho l do bj e c t .

S EWI NG Onl yo nea r t i f a c tbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l S e wi ngg r o upwa sr e c o v e r e d—ao ne i nc hbr a s ss t r a i g ht pi nwi t hado mehe a d.

TOYS Fi v ef r a g me nt so ft o y sr e pr e s e nt i ngf o urdi s t i nc to bj e c t swe r er e c o v e r e d.Twof r a g me nt so fac hi l d' s po r c e l a i nt e a s e twe r ef o und,o neac upwi t har i m di a me t e ro f7/ 16i nc ha ndt heo t he raf r a g me nto fa ho l l o wwa r ev e s s e l ,l i k e l yat e apo t .Bo t ht e a s e tf r a g me nt swe r eo v e r g l a z epa i nt e d.Thehe a da ndl e go fa c hi na he a ddo l lwe r ea l s or e c o v e r e d.Bo t hwe r eo v e r g l a z e pa i nt e dpo r c e l a i n.Thehe a dme a s ur e d13/ 16i nc h he a dt o c hi n,ha dbl uee y e s ,br o wnwa v ymo l de dha i r ,r o s e c o l o r e dc he e k s ,a ndr e dl i ps .Thel e gha da br o wnmo l de ds ho ewi t hahe e l .Chi na he a ddo l l swi t hhe e l so nt he i rs ho e swe r ei nt r o duc e da tt het i meo f t heAme r i c a nCi v i lWa r( Co l e ma n,e ta l .1965) .Pr i o rt oc i r c a1865 ,do l l sha df l a t s o l e ds ho e s .Thel a s tt o y , a7/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rbl ueg l a s sma r bl e ,s ho we de v i de nc eo fbur ni ngo rhi g hhe a t .

KI TCHEN I TEMS Byf a r ,t heg r e a t e s tnumbe ro fa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o mt het r a s hpi tbe l o ng e dt ot heKi t c he ng r o up —at o t a lo f2, 450a r t i f a c t s( ne a r l y66% o fa l la r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o mt hede po s i t ) ,r e pr e s e nt i ng136di s t i nc t o bj e c t s .Ta bl e513s umma r i z e st heKi t c he ng r o upda t ai nt e r mso fde c o r a t i v es t y l e / t e c hni q ue ,whi l et he f o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o nf o c us e so no bj e c tf o r m/ f unc t i o n.

TABLEWARE At o t a lo f298a r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng94o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nTa bl e wa r es ubg r o up.Thr e e ut e ns i l swe r er e c o v e r e d.Thef i r s twa sat a bl ek ni f ewi t hawo o dha ndl e ,i r o nc o r e ,a ndawhi t e me t a le nd pi e c e( #31L56) .Thebl a dewa smi s s i ng .Thes e c o ndwa sac a s tpe wt e rf r a g me nto fe i t he raf o r ko rs po o n ( #31E22) .Thet hi r dwa saba s ef r a g me nto fa ni r o nc o r eb e l o ng i ngt oat a bl ek ni f e( #31E24) .Thi sk ni f e 528

Ta bl e513. Summa r yofCe r a mi cKi t c he nGr oupAr t i f a c t sf r om t he 31CCompl e x,Sor t e dbySur f a c eDe c or a t i veSt yl e / Te c hni que De c or a t i veSt yl e / Te c hni que Por c e l a i n Chi ne s eEx po r t Tr a ns f e rPr i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Re f i ne d Mo l de d Tr a ns f e rPr i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Pa i nt e d, Ov e r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e St one wa r e Gr a ni t e wa r e Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e Mo l de d Al ba nyS l i p/Br i s t o l Gl a z e Al k a l i neGl a z e d S a l tGl a z e d( Ame r i c a nS t o ne wa r e ) Ea r t he nwa r e Whi t e wa r e Annul a r/Ba nde d, S l i ppe d Annul a r/Ba nde d, S l i ppe d–Ca bl eDe s i g n Annul a r/Ba nde d, S l i ppe d–Mo c ha Co l o rGl a z e , Opa q ue Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e Fl o wTr a ns f e rPr i nt e d Gi l de d, Li q ui dGo l d Mo l de d Tr a ns f e rPr i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Pa i nt e d, Ov e r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Pa i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Po l y c hr o me S po ng e/S pa t t e r Pe a r l wa r e Tr a ns f e rPr i nt e d, Unde r g l a z e , Mo no c hr o me Annul a r/Ba nde d, S l i ppe d–Ca bl eDe s i g n Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e Ye l l o wwa r e Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e Annul a r/Ba nde d, S l i ppe d Re dwa r e Co l o rGl a z e , Opa q ue

MNI

1 2 1 1 3

l i k e l y ha d a wo o d ha ndl e c o v e r i ng .Ne a r l y 45% o ft he g l a s sa ndc e r a mi ca r t i f a c t si nt he Ta bl e wa r eg r o up( 133a r t i f a c t s ) we r e t o o f r a g me nt e d t o de t e r mi nev e s s e lf o r m,e v e na ta ho l l o wwa r e f l a t wa r e l e v e l . No ne t he l e s s ,s o mef o r mswe r e i de nt i f i a bl e .

The ma j o r i t y o f i de nt i f i a bl ec e r a mi ct a bl e wa r e s we r e pl a i n o r mi ni ma l l y 1 d e c o r a t e d w h i t e w a r e o b j e c t s . 1 1 Al t ho ug ht he r ewa samul t i t ude 7 o f di f f e r e nt de c o r a t i v es t y l e s 1 r e pr e s e nt e di nt he t a bl e wa r e a s s e mbl a g e ,t he s et e nde dt obe 1 s ma l lf r a g me nt s ,a nd f o rt he 1 mo s t pa r t ,i s o l a t e de x a mpl e s . 1 Thi s pa t t e r n i s pa r t i a l l y 3 e x p l a i n e d b y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 24 2 o ft hec e r a mi c st he ms e l v e s .The 1 pl a i na nd mi ni ma l l y de c o r a t e d 3 wa r e st e nde dt obehe a v i e rwi t h 13 t h i c k ( e r ) b o d i e s , w h e r e a s t h e 1 4 hi g hl y de c o r a t e d wa r e s ha d 2 muc ht hi nne rbo di e s .Dr o ppe d f r o mt hes a mehe i g ht ,at hi c k 1 w a l l e d c e r a m i c w i l l t e n d t o 1 b r e a ki nt ol a r g e rpi e c e st ha ni t s 2 t hi nwa l l e d c o unt e r pa r t . A 1 l a r g e rpi e c ei se a s i e rt oi de nt i f y . 1 Butt hi so nl ye x pl a i nspa r to ft he pa t t e r n.The r e we r ef a rmo r e 1 p l a i n a n d m i n i m a l l y d e c o r a t e d Tot a l 82 f r a g me nt st ha nt ho s et ha twe r e hi g hl yde c o r a t e d,s ug g e s t i ngt he o bv i o us :mo r epl a i nt a bl e wa r e swe r et hr o wna wa yt ha nde c o r a t e dt a bl e wa r e s . Thea mo unto ft a bl e wa r ei nt het r a s hde po s i twa ss u r pr i s i ng .The r ewe r es i xt a bl ebo wl s , o nes e r v i ngbo wl ,t wos a l to rs ug a rbo wl s ,a ndaf o o t e dg l a s ss a l tbo wl .Fo urc ups , f i v et e ac ups , o nedr i nk i ng g l a s s ,o neg o bl e t ,t wos t e mwa r eg l a s s e s ,a ndf o urt umbl e r sma k eupt hedr i nk i ngv e s s e l s .The r ewe r e11 pl a t e s ,o nel unc hpl a t e ,a nd12s a uc e r s .I na ddi t i o n,t he r ewe r ef o urpi e c e so ff l a t wa r ea nd14pi e c e so f ho l l o wwa r et ha tc o ul dno tb ef u r t he ri de nt i f i e d.Ei g htpi e c e so ft a bl e wa r ewe r ei de nt i f i e da suni q uebyt he i r de c o r a t i v es t y l ebutc o ul dno tb ec a t e g o r i z e da se i t he rf l a to rho l l o wwa r e .Thi r t y ni neo ft hea bo v e51 i de nt i f i e df o r mswe r ec e r a mi c .Oft he s e39,25( 64%)we r epl a i no rmi ni ma l l y de c o r a t e dwa r e s .Oft he26 c e r a mi c si de nt i f i e da sf l a t wa r e , ho l l o wwa r e ,o runi de nt i f i e d,o nl yt wo( 7. 6%)we r epl a i n.

529

UTI LI TARI AN At o t a lo f2, 152a r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng57o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a ns ubg r o up.The l a r g enumb e ro fa r t i f a c t si nt hi sg r o upwa sl a r g e l yt hepr o duc to fhi g hl yf r a g me nt e dg l a s sbo t t l e s .Ut i l i t a r i a n c e r a mi cv e s s e l s( MNI =8)we r epr i ma r i l ys t o ne wa r e ,a l t ho ug hs i ng l ef r a g me nt so fl e a dg l a z e dy e l l o wwa r e ( c l e a rg l a z e )a ndr e dwa r e( y e l l o we x t e r i o r ,br o wni nt e r i o rg l a z e )we r er e c o v e r e d.Bo t ho ft he s ee a r t he nwa r e v e s s e l swe r eho l l o wwa r e .Al s or e c o v e r e dwe r et hr e ea l k a l i neg l a z e ds t o ne wa r ej a r s / c r o c k s ,ar e f i ne dbr o wnpa s t es a l tg l a z e ds t o ne wa r ej a r / c r o c k ,a na l k a l i neg l a z e dmi x i ngbo wl ,t woa l k a l i neg l a z e dho l l o wwa r ev e s s e l s , a ndo neuni de nt i f i e da l k a l i neg l a z e dv e s s e l . Onl yf o urc o mme r c i a lf o o dbo t t l e swe r ei nt het r a s hpi t —aba r r e l s ha pe dmus t a r dbo t t l e ,as q ua r e pi c k l eo ro l i v ej a r ,aGo t hi c s t y l ec o ndi me ntbo t t l ewi t hf l ut e dc o r ne r s ,a ndt her i mo faj a rt ha tma yha v e o nc ehe l dac o ndi me nto rr e l i s h. Twopr e s e r v i ngj a r swe r ef o und,a swe l la sa23/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rpr e s s e dg l a s sl i dt ha two ul dha v e ha dawa xs e a l( #31E37) .Thet woj a r swe r ebo t hMa s o ns t y l e ,butf r a g me nt st ha tmi g hts ug g e s tt hea c t ua l ma nuf a c t ur e rwe r eno tr e c o v e r e d.Thef i r s tj a rwa sr e pr e s e nt e dbya na q ua g r e e nba s ef r a g me ntwi t ha di a me t e ro f31/ 8i nc h( #31C44) .Thes e c o ndwa sr e pr e s e nt e dbya na q ua bl uef i ni s hf r a g me ntwi t h e x t e r na l t hr e a ds( #31D12) , as t y l ei nt r o duc e di n1858( To ul o us e1969) . Fo urbo t t l ec l o s ur e swe r ef o undi nt hepi t ,no ti nc l udi ngt hei ns i t uc o r ks t o ppe rf o undi nt he me di c i na l / pha r ma c e ut i c a lbo t t l edi s c us s e de a r l i e r .Onewa sac r o wnc a p,o neal i g ht e ni ngs t o ppe r ,o nea pr e s s e dg l a s spe gs t o ppe r ,l i k e l yf r o m as a uc ebo t t l e ,a ndl a s t l y ,al e a dbo t t l es e a l ( #31J 47) .Thel e a ds e a l wa s s ma s he d,s oi twa sdi f f i c ul tt ode t e r mi nei t so r i g i na ls i z ea nds ha pe .Al t e r na t e l y ,i tma yb eapi e c eo fl e a d s he e t i ngus e df o ra nunk no wnpur po s e . Fo ura l c o ho lbo t t l e swe r ei nt hede po s i t .Twoo ft he s ewe r ebe e rbo t t l e s ,o nea nAl ba ny t y pes l i p g l a z e ds t o ne wa r ebo t t l ea ndt heo t he ra no l i v ec o l o r e dbo t t l ee mbo s s e dwi t h“ ROBERT PORTNER, ALEXANDRI A,VA –TI VOLI ”( #31L30) .Ac c o r di ngt ov a r i o usc o l l e c t o rwe b s i t e s ,Ro be r tPo r t ne r di s t r i but e dbe e ri nt hi ss t y l eo fbo t t l ef r o m hi sbr e we r yo ut s i deo fWa s hi ng t o n,D. C.s t a r t i ngi n1882a nd e ndi ngi n1916wi t hPr o hi bi t i o n.I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,t hebo t t l ea ppe a r st oha v ebe e nus e da sas t r i k i ngde v i c e , e v i de nc e dbyt hes ma l lf l a k e st a k e no f fo nes i deo ft heba s e .Twoda r ko l i v e( ' bl a c k 'g l a s s )wi neo r c ha mpa i g nbo t t l e swe r ea l s or e c o v e r e d. A mi ni mum o f11o t he rbo t t l e swe r er e c o v e r e d,i nc l udi nga ni nt a c t ,l o c a l l ypr o duc e ds o da , e mbo s s e d“ C. C.HABENI GHT /COLUMBI A/S . C./ /RETURN /THI S/BOTTLE”( #31K15) .A bl o bt o p,l i g ht e ni ng s t o ppe rf i ni s ht ha tma t c he dt heHa be ni g htbo t t l ewa sa l s of o und.Ther e ma i ni ngni ne bo t t l e swe r et o of r a g me nt e dt ode t e r mi nef o r m,bute a c hr e pr e s e nt sauni q uec ha r a c t e r i s t i cno ta s s o c i a t e d wi t ha nypr e v i o us l yde f i ne dbo t t l e s , mo s t l yt hec o l o ro fg l a s s ,a nds oa r ec o unt e da sa ddi t i o na lc o nt a i ne r s . Ov e rat hi r do fa l lr e c o v e r e da r t i f a c t sf r o mt het r a s hpi twe r ef r a g me nt so fme t a lc o nt a i ne r s —1, 676 f r a g me nt s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng23MNI .Gi v e nt hel a r g enumbe ro ff r a g me nt sr e c o v e r e d,23MNIwa sav e r y c o ns e r v a t i v ec o unt .Me t a lc a nc l o s ur e swe r eo ft hr e et y pe s :wi nds t r i p( 1) ,r e mo v a bl e ,no ns c r e wl i ds( 3) , a ndr e mo v a bl e ,pr e s s f i tl i d( 1) .Wha tt her e mo v a bl e ,no ns c r e wl i dswe r ea s s o c i a t e dwi t hi sunk no wn.Two o ft he m we r e5/ 8i nc hhi g hwi t hadi a me t e ro f13/ 4 i nc he s .Thet hi r dwa s1/ 2i nc hhi g hwi t hadi a me t e ro f 2i nc he s .Ca nf r a g me nt sne i t he rma t c he dno rma t e dwi t ht hel i ds .The yma yha v eb e e ns nuf fc a ns ,o r po s s i bi l i t yc o s me t i ct i ns .Thepr e s s f i tl i dwa sapa i nt c a ns t y l el i dwi t hadi a me t e ro f10i nc he s . Fo urs q ua r e / r e c t a ng ul a rc a nswe r er e c o v e r e d.Twoo ft he s ewe r es a r di nec a ns ,o newa same a tt i n, a ndt heo t he rwa st o of r a g me nt e dt oi de nt i f y .Theme a tt i n( #31D47)wa sat a pe r e dc a n,ha nds o l de r e d wi t hr o unde dc o r ne r s ,wi t haba s eo f2x23/ 4i nc he s .Theuni de nt i f i e dt i nc o ul dha v ebe e ne i t he rame a to r t o ba c c ot i n. 530

Thema j o r i t yo ff r a g me nt swe r e pa r t so fc y l i ndr i c a lc a ns . MNI numbe r swe r ede t e r mi ne d by e nd Di a me t e r MNI Type pi e c e so nl y .Af t e r me a s ur i ng t he 11/ 2i nc he s 1 di a me t e ro fe a c he ndpi e c ef r a g me nt , 13/ 4i nc he s 1 t h e y w e r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r b y s i z e . 17/ 8i nc he s 1 Thec i r c umf e r e nc eo fe a c hf r a g me nt 21/ 8i nc he s 2 pe r di a me t e r g r o up wa s t he n 211/ 16i nc he s 1 3i nc he s 2 To ma t oo rpi ne a ppl ej ui c e me a s ur e d,a ndami ni mum numbe r 31/ 16i nc he s 2 Fr ui t ; t o ma t oo rpi ne a ppl ej ui c e c o unt de t e r mi ne d ba s e do nt he 37/ 16i nc he s 2 numbe ro fc o mpl e t ee ndpi e c e st ha t 41/ 16i nc he s 2 Fr ui t wo ul dr e s ul ti ft he y we r ej o i ne d, unde r s t a ndi ngt ha tt woe nd pi e c e s Tot a l 14 a r ene e de df o re a c hc a nc o unt e d. The a s s e mbl a g e r e pr e s e nt s a mi ni mum o f23i ndi v i dua lc a nsi nni nedi f f e r e nts i z e s .Ta bl e514s umma r i z e st hec y l i ndr i c a lc a nda t a . I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,t woc a nf r a g me nt ss t i l ls ho we v i de nc eo ft he i ro r i g i na ll i t ho g r a phpr i nt e dde c o r a t i o n.Thef i r s t f r a g me nts ho wsr e di nk ( #31E100) ,a nd t he o t he r ,t r a c e so fr e d,g o l d,a nd s i l v e r( #31E101) . Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hef r a g me nt swe r et o os ma l l t ode t e r mi net het y peo fc a nt he ywe r eapa r to fo nc e . Ta bl e514. Cyl i ndr i c a lCa nDa t af r om t heFe a t ur e31CCompl e x

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a lo f951a r t i f a c t s( 358MNI )r e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur ewe r er e c o v e r e d,t hes e c o nd mo s t a bunda nta r t i f a c tg r o upi nt hea s s e mbl a g e ,mo s tr e pr e s e nt i ngna i l s( 723a r t i f a c t s ,352MNI )a ndwi ndo w g l a s s( 112 a r t i f a c t s ,13 MNI ) .Bo t hc l e a rg r e e na nd c o l o r l e s swi ndo wg l a s swa sf o und i n mul t i pl e t hi c k ne s s e s .S e v e nt hi c k ne s s e so fc l e a rg r e e ng l a s swe r er e c o v e r e d:2a t1/ 32;19a t4/ 64 ;9a t3/ 32;2a t7/ 64; 6a t1/ 8;6a t9/ 64;a nd4a t7/ 32 .S i xt hi c k ne s s e so fc o l o r l e s sg l a s swe r er e c o v e r e d:11a t1/ 32;8a t3/ 64 ;25 a t1/ 16 ;11a t5/ 64;8a t3/ 32;a nd1a t1/ 8.I ts ho ul dbeno t e dt ha ts o mef r a g me nt so fc o l o r l e s sf l a tg l a s s mi g htr e pr e s e ntno nwi ndo wg l a s s ,l i k epi c t ur ef r a meg l a s s .I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,o nef r a g me nto f1/ 8i nc hc l e a r g r e e ng l a s s( #31D9)ma yha v eb e e ni nt e nt i o na l l ys ha pe d.Onee dg eo ft hes ha r di sc hi ppe d,i nt hema nne r o fas c r a pe r , wi t has e r i e so fs ma l l e rc hi psa l o ngt hel e a di nge dg et ha tma yha v er e s ul t e df r o m us e . Thena i la s s e mbl a g ec o ns i s t e do faf r a g me nto far o undhe a ds pi k e ,s e v e nma c hi ne c utf i ni s hi ng na i l swi t ho v a l o i dhe a ds ,a ndar a ng eo fc o mmo nna i l s .Me a s ur i ngf r o mt het o po ft hena i lhe a dt ot he s ha nkpo i nt ,f o uro ft hef i ni s hi ngna i l sha dal e ng t ho f5/ 8i nc h,o newa s7/ 8i nc h,a ndt wowe r e15/ 1 6i nc h.At o t a lo f333ma c hi ne c ut( wi t haTPQ o f1805)a nd18wi r ec o mmo nna i l s( wi t haTPQ o fc i r c a 1870)we r ef o und.Fi f t y f i v ec utna i l swe r ec o mpl e t e ,r e pr e s e nt i ng16di f f e r e nts i z e s .Onec utna i lwa s pa r t i c ul a r l yi nt r i g ui ng( #31L97) .I tc o ns i s t e do faf l a r e ds i der unni ngdo wnt hec e nt e rf r o mt heba s eo ft he he a dt oj us tbe l o wt heha l f wa ypo i nto nt hes ha nk .I ti sunk no wni ft hi si sama nuf a c t ur i ngmi s t a k e ,whi c h s e e msunl i k e l yg i v e ni t suni f o r m na t ur e ,o ra na c t ua lt y peo fna i l .Nodi s c us s i o no fs uc hna i lt y pei sk no wn t ome . Onl yt hr e ewi r ena i l swe r ec o mpl e t e , a l lwi t hal e ng t ho f11/ 4i nc he s . Ane y e ho o ka nda s s o c i a t e ds t a pl ewi t hwo o df r a g me nt ss t i l la t t a c he dt ot hes t a pl ewa sr e c o v e r e d ( #31K33) . Theho o ki so ft het y peus e dt os e c ur eado o r , g a t e ,c upbo a r d, o rs o me t hi ngs i mi l a r .

531

I NTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e d wi t ht hei nt e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e pr e s e nt e dby74f r a g me nt so fpl a s t e r .Al lo ft hef r a g me nt sha dma t t er e dpa i nto nt hef r o nts i dea nd e v i de nc eo fwo o dl a t t i c ei mpr e s s i o nso nt her e v e r s e .I ns o mec a s e s ,wo o df i be r swe r es t i l la t t a c he dt ot he pl a s t e r .

EXTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e d wi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e pr e s e nt e dby27f r a g me nt so fs l a t e .Unf o r t una t e l y ,t hef r a g me nt sdi dno tha v ec l e a re dg e sa ndwe r et o o s ma l l t ode t e r mi nei ft he yr e pr e s e ntr o o f i ngt i l e ,wa l k wa ypa v i ng , o rs o meo t he rf unc t i o n.

DOMESTI CI TEMS At o t a l o f71Do me s t i cGr o upa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d,r e pr e s e nt i ngami ni mum o f15o bj e c t s .Fo ur br a s sf ur ni t ur et a c k swi t h3/ 8i nc hdo mehe a dswe r er e c o v e r e d,t hr e ewi t hs q ua r es ha nk s ,o newi t ha c y l i ndr i c a ls ha nk .Al lwe r eb r a z e d.Ot he rf ur ni t ur er e l a t e da r t i f a c t sc o ns i s t e do fas pr i ngo ft het y peus e di n upho l s t e r e dc ha i r so rc o uc he sa ndac a s ti r o nc a s t e rwi t ha9/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rwhe e l .Theba s eo fac a s ti r o n f i r e pl a c et o o ls t a ndwi t hs c a l l o pe de dg e swa sa l s or e c o v e r e d.Ther e ma i nso ft woung l a z e de a r t he nwa r e f l o we r po t swe r ef o und,o neo r a ng ea ndo nebuf fc o l o r e d.Bo t hwe r er e pr e s e nt e dbybo dyf r a g me nt s ,s o di a me t e ri sunk no wn.Atl e a s tf o url a mpc hi mne y swe r er e c o v e r e d,t wowi t hha ndpr e s s e ds c a l l o pe dr i ms a ndt wowi t hs mo o t hr i ms .Twoo t he rl i g ht i ng r e l a t e do bj e c t swe r er e c o v e r e d.Onewa saf r o s t e dg l a s sl a mp g l o bea ndt heo t he rwa sa12i nc hdi a me t e rmi l k g l a s sl a mps ha dewi t has mo o t hr i m.

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Thes o l ee l e c t r i c i t y r e l a t e da r t i f a c twa sas i ng l el e ng t ho funi ns ul a t e d( 0 . 103i nc hdi a me t e r )c o ppe r wi r ewi t ha11/ 4i nc hl o ngt a pe r e de nd( #31C77) .Thewi r ewa smo s tl i k e l yaf r a g me nto fg r o undi ngwi r e a s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hee l e c t r i c a lg r o undi ngr o dt ha ti nt r ude dupo nt hef e a t ur e ,di s c us s e di nmo r ede t a i lunde r t hepr i ma r yhe a de r' I nf r a s t r uc t ur e . '

OTHERI TEMS Al s or e c o v e r e dwe r eanumbe ro fa r t i f a c t st ha tdi dno tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft hea bo v ef unc t i o na l c a t e g o r i e s .Mo s to ft he s ea r t i f a c t sa r eha r dwa r er e l a t e da nda l la r eme t a l .No ti nc l ude dhe r ea r ea r t i f a c t f r a g me nt sc l a s s i f i e da s' Uni de nt i f i e d. 'Fi v ei r o nbo l t s ,i nc l udi nga ne y e bo l t ,we r er e c o v e r e d.Unf o r t una t e l y , t he ywe r ea l lt o oc o r r e l a t e dt ode t e r mi net hr e a dc o unto rpi t c h.As s o c i a t e dwi t ht hebo l t swa sa ni r o nnut . Wha tt hes ma l lb r a s swa s he r( O. D. =1/ 4i nc h;I . D. =1/ 16i nc h)ma yha v eb e e napa r to fi sunk no wn.Two f r a g me nt so fo ne i nc hwi dei r o nba r swe r ea l s or e c o v e r e do ne1/ 4i nc ht hi c k ,t heo t he r1/ 16i nc ht hi c k .The f unc t i o no ft hes l i g ht l yc o ni c a li r o nr i ng ,wi t hadi a me t e ro f6i nc he sa to nee nda nd51/ 2i nc he sa tt he o t he r ,wa samy s t e r y .Re c o v e r e d we r ef o urwi dt hso fi r o ns t r a ppi ng ,l i k et hek i nd us e do n ba r r e l s , c o nt a i ne r s ,a ndpa c k a g i ng .Wi dt hswe r e3/ 8i nc h,1/ 2i nc h,3/ 4i nc h,a nd11/ 16i nc h.S e v e r a lf r a g me nt so f t he3/ 4i nc hs t r a pwe r ef a s t e ne dwi t hr i v e t s .Mo s ti nt r i g ui ngwe r er i mf r a g me nt sf r o m a15i nc hdi a me t e r buc k e t( #31L62a nd65) .Wha tma k e st he mi nt e r e s t i ngi sac o a t i ngo fme l t e dl e a da l o ngt hei nt e r i o ro ft he buc k e ta ndl e a ddr i ppi ng sa l o ngt het o po ft her i ma nddo wnt heo ut s i des ur f a c e .Mo s tl i k e l yt hi sbuc k e ti s t her e ma i nso fal e a dpo t ,pr o ba bl yus e df o rs e a l a nt ,po t e nt i a l l yo nt her o o fa l o ngf l a s hi ng .S i nc et hi sf e a t ur e 532

Table 5-15. Taxa Representation, Feature 31C-Complex Taxon/Class FOOD BONES Mammal Cow; Bos Pig; Sus scrofa Ovis aries/Capra hircus Aves Chicken;Gallus gallus Unidentified Aves Pisces Mollusk SIZE GRADED FRAGMENTS Sheep/Pig sized (Class V) Cow sized (Class VI) TOTAL

NISP

%NISP

Weight (g)

%Weight

30 27 5

8.31 7.48 1.39

352.4 87.8 35.8

45.19 11.26 4.59

3 15 2 1

0.83 4.16 0.55 0.28

1.2 9.2 1.1 1

0.15 1.18 0.14 0.13

153 125 361

42.38 34.63

87.4 203.9 779.8

11.21 26.15

Tabl e516. BeefCut s ,Feat ur e31CCompl ex Ranka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cut Shor tLoi n Ri b/ Si r l oi n Round Rump/ Chuc k Br i s ke t / Pl a t e For e s ha nk/ Hi nds ha nk/ Ar m Ne c k/ He a d Foot

a

After Azizi et al. 1996

b

Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

MNMCb 2 6 4 3 3 4 2 2

%MNMC 8. 33 25 16. 67 12. 5 12. 5 16. 67 8. 33 8. 33

Tabl e517. Por kCut s ,Feat ur e31CCompl ex Ranka 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cut Ha m Loi n/ Ri bEnd Bos t onBut t Pi c ni c / Sha nkHa m Spa r e r i bs / Si de / Hoc k He a d/ J owl /Foot

MNMCb 1 1 3 2 0 5

%MNMC 8. 33 8. 33 25 16. 67 0 41. 67

pr e da t e sr unni ngwa t e ra t t he ho us e , a pl umbi ng r e l a t e df unc t i o ni sunl i k e l y .

FAUNA [ Th ef o l l o wi ngd i s c u s s i o no f f a u na lr e ma i nsi se x t r a c t e d v e r b a t i mf r o mFa una lRe po r t f o rMa nnS i mo nsb yDi a ne Wa l l ma n( 2010) . ] Fe a t ur e 31CCo mpl e x y i e l de d361bo nef r a g me nt s ( 779 . 8g ) ,c o mpr i s e dmo s t l y o f do me s t i c ma mma l r e ma i ns( Ta bl e515) .Co w wa st hemo s tc o mmo ns pe c i e s wi t hi nt hi sf e a t ur e ,a nd l i k e l y c o nt r i but e d t he mo s t t o ho us e ho l dc o ns umpt i o n( 45% o fbo newe i g ht ) .Thi sf e a t ur e c o nt a i ne dr e l a t i v e l yf e wa v i a n r e ma i ns , wi t h a mi ni mum numbe r o f o ne c hi c k e n i de nt i f i e d wi t hi n t he a s s e mbl a g e ,a nd o nl y18t o t a l a v i a ns pe c i me ns . Ca t t l er e ma i nsa r et he mo s t c o mmo n do me s t i c ma mma l r e ma i ns wi t hi nt hi s de po s i t , c o mpr i s i nga l mo s t50% o ft he f r e q ue nc ya nd 70% o ft he i de nt i f i e d me di um a nd l a r g e ma mma ls pe c i e s .I nt e r mso f r e l a t i v ea bunda nc e ,po r kc ut s a r ea l s oc o mmo n wi t hi nt hi s a s s e mbl a g e ,whi l er e l a t i v e l yf e w s he e p/ g o a t r e ma i ns we r e i de nt i f i e di nt hi sf e a t ur e .

Thi sde po s i tc o nt a i ne d a di v e r s er a ng eo fbe e fc ut s , wi t ha l ls t a nda r dr e t a i lbut c he r y c ut sr e pr e s e nt e di nt hea s s e mbl a g e( Ta bl e516) ,a ndnoa ppa r e ntc o r r e l a t i o nt oc o s t .S i r l o i na ndr o undc ut s do mi na t et hea s s e mbl a g e ,whi c ha r er e pr e s e nt e dl a r g e l yby‘ s t e a kc ut s ’i nt hef e a t ur e ,t ha ti s ,t hi nne r , i ndi v i dua lc ut so fme a ti ndi c a t e dbyt hi nbo nes e g me nt swi t hs a we de nds . a

After Azizi et al. 1996

b

Minimum Number of Meat Cuts

533

Tabl e518. Sheep/ GoatCut s ,Feat ur e31CCompl ex

Thepo r k bo ne sf r o m t hi sf e a t ur ea r edo mi na t e d by Bo s t o nbut tc ut s ,whi c hwe r ea Ranka Cut MNMCb %MNMC mo de r a t e l y pr i c e d po r t i o no f 1 Loi n 0 0 t he a ni ma l ( Ta bl e 517) . 2 Ra c k 0 0 I nt e r e s t i ng l y ,c ut sf r o mt hef o o t 3 Sha nkEnd 0 0 a ndhe a do ft hepi g ,whi c hwe r e 4 Chuc k/ But tEnd 1 33. 33 l i k e l y c u r e d , a r e c o m m o n i n 5 Ne c k 0 0 hi sde po s i t .Pi gf e e twe r eav e r y 6 Sha nk/ Foot / He a d 2 66. 66 t t h m a r k e t a b l e c u t i n t h e 1 9 a After Azizi et al. 1996 c e nt ur yi nbo t hur ba na ndr ur a l b Minimum Number of Meat Cuts de po s i t s ( Che e k a nd Fr i e dl a nde r1990 ;He nr y1987a : 23) . Whi l ef o rc a t t l ea nds he e p/ g o a t , a ni ma l he a dsa r eo f t e nno tc o ns i de r e d “ ma r k e t a bl e ”c ut s( Bo we n1998:141;He nr y1987a :23 ;Ro t hs c hi l da ndBa l k we l l1993) ,pi g ’ she a di sa n i ng r e di e nti nc o mmo n19t hc e nt ur ydi s he s ,s uc ha ss c r a ppl ea ndhe a dc he e s e( De v o e1867: 96) . Fe ws he e p/ g o a tr e ma i nswe r er e c o v e r e df r o m t hi sf e a t ur e( Ta bl e518) .S ur pr i s i ng l y ,ho we v e r , t he s he e p/ g o a tr e ma i ns t ha t we r ei de nt i f i e d r e pr e s e ntt hef o o ta ndhe a do fas i ng l ea ni ma l .The pr e s e nc eo ft he s ee l e me nt sma ys ug g e s to ns i t e s l a ug ht e r i nga nd/ o rbut c he r yo fas he e p/ g o a t .

FEATURE34CCOMPLEX( TRASH PI T) As ma l lt r a s h pi twa sdi s c o v e r e di nt he s o ut he a s tq ua dr a nto fBl o c k1( Fe a t ur e s34C/ D/ E; Fi g ur e516) ,6 . 75f e e t( c e nt e rpo i nt )e a s to ft he r e a rwa l lo ft heho us ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .I twa s o neo fo nl yt hr e ef e a t ur e sdi s c o v e r e di nt hi spo r t i o n o ft hey a r dno tr e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur e ,po s t s ,o r i nf r a s t r uc t ur e( t heo t he rt wob e i ngac ha r c o a ls t a i n a ndt heFe a t ur e31 CCo mpl e xt r a s hpi t ) .Ro ug hl y c i r c ul a r ,t hepi tme a s ur e d2 . 3f e e tno r t hs o ut ha nd 2 . 5f e e te a s t we s twi t hade pt ho f1 . 62f e e tbe l o w s t r a t um 34 B.Thepi tha dbe e nc l e a nl ybi s e c t e dby amo de r nt r e nc ha s s o c i a t e dwi t has pr i nk l e rs y s t e m ( F3)c utwi t hadi t c hwe nc h.Runni ngno r t hs o ut h a c r o s st hee nt i r ebl o c kwi t hawi dt ho f0 . 45f e e t a nd ade pt ho f1 . 1f e e t ,t het r e nc h wa sf ul l y e x c a v a t e dpr i o rt oe x c a v a t i ngt hepi t . Fi g u r e516.Pl a nv i e wi l l u s t r a t i o no fFe a t u r e34CCo mp l e x u nc o v e r e di nBl o c k1.

534

The t r a s h pi tc o nt a i ne dt hr e e de po s i t s c o ns i s t i ngo fas ha l l o wo ut e rr i ng( Fe a t ur e34E) a ndt woi nne rf i l ll a y e r s( Fi g ur e517) .Theo ut e r r i ngwa sac o mpa c ts ha l l o wde pr e s s i o no fs i l t ys a nd v a r y i ngi nwi dt hf r o m 0. 25f e e tma x i mum t o0. 05 f e e tmi ni mum,a ndv a r y i ngi nde pt hf r o m 0. 15f e e t

Fi g u r e517.We s tp r o f i l eo fFe a t u r e34CCo mp l e x .

a l o ngt hewe s t e r ne dg et o0 . 02 f e e ta l o ngt he e a s t e r ne dg e .Bo t hi nne rf i l ll a y e r swe r ec o mpo s e d o fv e r yl o o s es o i l sa nde x c a v a t e dwi t has po o n.The uppe rl a y e r( 34C)wa samo t t l e dv e r yda r kb r o wn s a ndy s i l tc o nt a i ni ng 20% c ha r c o a li nc l us i o ns t r a ns i t i o ni ngi nt oada r ky e l l o wi s hbr o wns i l t .The l o we rl a y e r( 34D)wa sav e r yda r kg r a ys a ndwi t h f e wc ha r c o a li nc l us i o ns .S i nc et hepi tha dbe e n bi s e c t e dbyt hes pr i nk l e rt r e nc h,i twa se x c a v a t e d a l o ng t hi s bi s e c t i o nl i ne .The e a s t ha l fwa s r e mo v e df i r s t ,butb e c a us eo ft hehi g ha r t i f a c t c o nc e nt r a t i o ni twa sno tunt i lt hewe s tpr o f i l ewa s e x po s e dt ha tt wodi s t i nc tl a y e r swe r eno t i c e a bl e . Ar t i f a c t sf r o m bo t hi nne rf i l ll a y e r swe r eba g g e d t o g e t he r ;t ho s ef r o mt heo ut e rr i ng( 34E)we r e k e pts e pa r a t ef r o mt hei nne rf i l l .

TheTPQ f o rt hede po s i ti s1909 ,ba s e do nt woc o mbf r a g me nt sma deo fBa k e l i t epl a s t i c( #34C78 a nd34C79) .Al t ho ug hBa k e l i t ewa si nc o mmo nus ei nt ot hee a r l y1970 s( Me i k l e1995) ,t woS o ut h Ca r o l i naDi s pe ns a r ybo t t l e s( #34C21a nd34C22)s ug g e s tt ha tt hede po s i twa sc r e a t e das ho r tt i mea f t e r t hei nt r o duc t i o no fBa k e l i t e .TheS o ut hCa r o l i naDi s pe ns a r yo pe r a t e df r o m 1892t o1907( Hug g i ns1997) . As s umi ngt heo c c upa nt so ft hes i t edi dno tc ur a t et het wobo t t l e so fDi s pe ns a r ywhi s k e yf o rmo r et ha naf e w y e a r s , t hede po s i ts e e mst oha v ebe e nc r e a t e ds o me t i mebe t we e n1909a nde a r l y1910 . At o t a lo f3 , 595a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng493MNI )we r er e c o v e r e df r o mt hepi t ,i nc l udi ng658f i s h s c a l e s ,403e g gs he l lf r a g me nt s ,a ndt hr e eo y s t e rs he l l s .Af a una la na l y s i sha sno ty e tbe e nunde r t a k e nf o rt hi s f e a t ur e .Nof l o r a lma t e r i a lwa sr e c o v e r e d.Thef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o n,o r g a ni z e dbyf unc t i o na lt y pe ,pr o v i de s i nf o r ma t i o no nl ya sne e de di ni nt e r pr e t i ng pa t t e r ns ,s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o ro t he ra r c ha e o l o g i c a l phe no me na ,a swe l la shi g hl i g ht i nga r t i f a c t so fs pe c i a lno t ef o undi nt hede po s i t .Ta bl e519pr e s e nt st he s a meda t as umma r i z e di nt e r mso fObj e c tNa me sa ndmi ni mum c o unt s .

PERSONALI TEMS I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a lo f113a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na lg r o up, r e pr e s e nt i ng67i ndi v i dua li t e ms .I t e msno tb e l o ng i ngt oas ubc a t e g o r yi nc l ude ds t e mf r a g me nt sf r o ma k a o l i n/ba l lc l a yt o ba c c opi pe ,bo nes pi nef r a g me nt sf r o ma numb r e l l awi t hc o ppe rj o i nt s ,ami r r o r ,t wo Ba k e l i t ec o mbs ,a ndf i v ei t e msr e l a t e dt oc o mmuni c a t i o n:t wos l a t epe nc i l s ,ar ul e dwr i t i ngs l a t e ,ar o und g r a phi t epe nc i l l e a d,a ndac o ppe re r a s e rho l de r .

CLOTHI NG Thi r t y f o ura r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l Cl o t hi ngg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng33 MNI .Twopi e c e so fl e a ds ho twe r er e c o v e r e d,wi t hdi a me t e r so f1/ 4-a nd3/ 16i nc h.Le a ds ho twa s c o mmo nl yus e da sdr e s so rj a c k e twe i g ht s .Twof r a g me nt so fal e a t he rs ho es o l ewe r er e c o v e r e d.Thes o l e wa spe g g e dwi t hs q ua r e s ha nkb r a s sna i l s .Li k e l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hes a mes ho e ,22b r a s sg r o mme t s ,wi t ha n o ut e rdi a me t e ro f1/ 4i nc ha ndi nne rdi a me t e ro f1/ 8i nc h,we r ea l s of o und.Ther e ma i ni nge i g htc l o t hi ng i t e mswe r ebut t o ns :al o o ps ha nkbut t o nwi t hab r a s sba c k i nga ndaf a c e t e ddo memi l k g l a s sf r o nt ;apr o s s e r c o l l a rbut t o n;f o urwhi t epr o s s e r4ho l es e wt hr o ug hdi s cbut t o nso fdi a me t e r s7/ 16i nc h( 2) ,3/ 8i nc h,a nd 535

Ta bl e519. Summa r yofAr t i f ac t sf r om Fe a t ur e34CCompl ex ,Sor t e dbyObj e c tNa mea ndMNI Obj e c tNa me Ammu n i t i o n, Bul l e t , . 3 2Ca l i be r Ammu n i t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 3 2Ca l i b e r Ammu n i t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 3 8Ca l i b e r Ammu n i t i o n, Sh o t

MNI 1 1 1 2

Obj e ctName Ha r d wa r e ,Wi r e Ha r d wa r e ,Wi r e ,Ba i l i n g Li g h t i n g , Ar c , Ca r b o nRo d Li g h t i n g , La mp, Bur n e r , Ke r o s e n e

MNI 1 1 3 1

Ar c h i t e c t u r a l , Mo r t a r

1

Li g h t i n g , La mp, Ch i mn e y

2

Ar c h i t e c t u r a l , Pl a s t e r

1

Li g h t i n g , La mp, Fo n t

1

Ar c h i t e c t u r a l , Ti l e

1

Pe r s on a l , Ba d g e / Me d a l

1

Cl o t h i n g , But t on , 2 Ho l e

1

Pe r s on a l , Comb

2

Cl o t h i n g , But t on , 2 Pi e c e

1

Pe r s on a l , J e we l r y

1

Cl o t h i n g , But t on , 4 Ho l e

4

Pe r s on a l , J e we l r y , Be a d

1

Cl o t h i n g , But t on , Co l l a r

1

Pe r s on a l , J e we l r y , Ea r i n g / Pe n d e nt

1

Cl o t h i n g , But t on , Lo op S ha n k

1

Pe r s on a l , J e we l r y , Wi r e

1

Cl o t h i n g , Gr o mme t

22

Pe r s on a l , Mi r r o r

1

Cl o t h i n g , S ho e , S o l e

1

Pe r s on a l , Umb r e l l a

1

Cl o t h i n g , S t r a i g h tPi n

1

Pe r s on a l , Wa t e rBa s i n

Commu ni c a t i o n , Er a s e r , Ho l de r

1

S he l l , Eg g

Commu ni c a t i o n , Pe n c i l , Gr a p h i t e

1

S he l l , Oy s t e r

3

Commu ni c a t i o n , Pe n c i l , S l a t e

2

S he l l , S na i l

8

Commu ni c a t i o n , Wr i t i n gS l a t e

1

Ta b l e wa r e , Bowl

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e

5

Ta b l e wa r e , Cup

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e , Con d i me n t

1

Ta b l e wa r e , Cup , Te a

2

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e , Li q u o r / Whi s k e y

2

Ta b l e wa r e , Ho l l owwa r e

5

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e , Me d i c i na l / Ph a r ma c e u t i c a l

4

Ta b l e wa r e , Pl a t e

3

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e , Wi ne

1

Ta b l e wa r e , S a uc e r

5

Con t a i n e r , Ca n

11

Ta b l e wa r e , UI D

4

Con t a i n e r , Ca n ,Cl o s ur e ,Re mo v a b l eLi d , Sc r e w

1

To b a c c o, Pi p e

1

Con t a i n e r , Ca n ,Cl o s ur e ,Wi n d S t r i p

1

To y , Do l l

1

Con t a i n e r , Ca n ,S qu a r e / Re c t a n g ul a r

3

To y , Do l l , Ch i n aHe a d

1

Con t a i n e r , Cl o s u r e , Pe gS t o p pe r

1

To y , Ma r b l e

6

Con t a i n e r , Pe r s on a l , Va s e l i n e

1

To y , Ve h i c l e , Whe e l

1

El e c t r i c a l , Wi r e

1

UI D, Ce r a mi c

1

F i r e a r m, Ri f l e

1

UI D, Gl a s s

2

n / a

UI D, Me t a l

6

F i s h ,S c a l e s

1 n / a

Ha r dwa r e , Bo l t ,Ca r r i a g eBo l t

1

UI D, Me t a l , Rod

2

Ha r dwa r e , Do orKn o b

1

UI D, S l a t e

1

Ha r dwa r e , Ho ok

1

UI D, Tub i ng

1

Ha r dwa r e , Ho s e , Sp r i ngHo s e

1

UI D, Wo o d

1

Ut i l i t a r i a n , Con t a i n e r

1

Ut i l i t a r i a n , UI D

1

Ha r dwa r e , Na i l ,Commo n

32 6

Ha r dwa r e , Ri n g

1

Ha r dwa r e , Sc r e e n

1

Ha r dwa r e , Sc r e w, Woo d

4

Ha r dwa r e , St r a p

3

Tot a l

4 9 4

11/ 16i nc h;a ndt wo2ho l es e wt hr o ug hdi s cbut t o ns ,o nepr o s s e ra ndo nef e r r o us a l l o y ,bo t ho f1/ 2i nc h di a me t e r .

FI REARMS Ni ne a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ng t ot he Pe r s o na l Fi r e a r msg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng f o ur i ndi v i dua lo bj e c t s .Twoc a l i be r so fa mmuni t i o nwe r ef o und,r e pr e s e nt e dbyaf i r e d. 38c a l i be rc e nt e r f i r e c a r t r i dg ec a s e ,af i r e d. 32c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg ec a s e ,a nda nunf i r e d. 32c a l i be rbul l e t .Ne i t he ro ft he c a r t r i dg e sha dhe a ds t a mps . S i xa r t i f a c t sr e pr e s e ntahi g hl y f r a g me nt e dr i f l eo funk no wnt y pe / ma k e .

536

HYGI ENE The22a r t i f a c t si nt hePe r s o na l Hy g i e neg r o upb e l o ngt of i v ei ndi v i dua li t e ms :as ma l lbo t t l eo f Va s e l i nepr o duc e d byt heChe s e b r o ug h Ma nuf a c t ur i ngCo mpa ny( #34C23) ;abo t t l eo f“ S COTT' S EMULS I ON / /COD LI VEROI L/ /WI TH LI ME& S ODA”( #34 C30) ;abo t t l eo fDr .J .Ho s t e t t e r s S t o ma c hBi t t e r s( #34C24) ;a ndabo t t l eo fpa t e ntme di c i nepr o duc e dbyt heJ o hnC.We s tCo .o fChi c a g o , I L( #34C29) .

ORNAMENTAL Te na r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l Or na me nt a lg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ngf i v e i ndi v i dua lo bj e c t s .Or na me nt a lo bj e c t si nc l ude ds i xf r a g me nt sf r o m as t a mpe dc o ppe rs us pe ns i o nf o rao ne i nc hr i bbo n,af r a g me nto fac o ppe rpi nt ha tma yha v eb e e nf r o m ab r o a c h,abl a c kmul t i f a c e t e dg l a s sbe a d o f5/ 16i nc hdi a me t e r ,as ma l lmo l de dpa r i a ne a r r i ngo rpe nde nti nt hef o r mo fwha ta ppe a r st ob eaba by ' s f a c e , a ndac o i l e dl e ng t ho f1/ 32i nc hdi a me t e rc o ppe rj e we l r ywi r e .

S EWI NG Onl yo nea r t i f a c twa sr e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l S e wi ngg r o up—ao ne i nc hs t a i nl e s s s t e e l s t r a i g htpi nwi t haf l a the a d.

TOYS El e v e na r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l To y sg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ngami ni mum o f ni neo bj e c t s .Mo s to ft he s ewe r ema r bl e s .Thr e ema r bl e swe r eo fk a o l i n/ ba l lc l a y( o newi t hag r e e no pa q ue g l a z e ) ,t wo we r eha ndmo l de d buf f c o l o r e de a r t he nwa r e ,a nd Tabl e520. o newa swhi t epo r c e l a i n.Two Summa r yofCe r a mi cKi t c he nGr oupAr t i f ac t sf r om Fea t ur e34CCompl e x ,Sor t e dbySur f ac eDe c or a t i v eSt yl e/ Tec hni que “ c hi na he a d”do l l swe r ef o und, i nc l udi nga nung l a z e dpo r c e l a i n MNI De c or a t i v eSt y l e / Tec hni que a r m a n d f r a g m e n t s f r o m t h e Por ce l a i n Re f i n e d he a do fas e c o nddo l l .Thehe a d Pa i n t e d ,Ov e r g l a z e , Mo n oc h r o me 1 f r a g me nt s we r e pi nk pa i nt e d Gi l d e d , Li q u i dGo l d 2 o v e r g l a z epo r c e l a i n.Thel a s tt o y Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e 2 w a s a c a s t i r o n s p o k e a n d h u b St one war e Gr a ni t e wa r e whe e lo f13/ 4i nc h di a me t e r . Mo l d e d 1 Thewhe e lc o ul dbef r o m at r a i n, Al k a l i n eGl a z e d 1 wa g o n,t r a c t o r ,o rs i mi l a rt o y Ea r t he nwa r e v e h i c l e . Wh i t e wa r e An n ul a r/Ba n d e d , S l i p p e d–Tr a i l e d

2

Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e

6

F l owTr a n s f e rPr i n t e d

2

Gi l d e d , Li q u i dGo l d

1

Ed g eDe c o r a t e d

1

Tr a n s f e rPr i n t e d ,Un d e r g l a z e , Mo no c h r ome

4

Pa i n t e d ,Un d e r g l a z e , Po l y c h r o me

1

Ye l l owwa r e Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e Tot a l

24

KI TCHEN I TEMS A t o t a l o f 1 , 236 a r t i f a c t s we r e r e c o v e r e d b e l o ng i ngt ot heKi t c he ng r o up, r e pr e s e nt i ng49i ndi v i dua li t e ms . Ta bl e 520 s umma r i z e st he 537

Tabl e521. Cyl i ndr i calCanDat af r om Feat ur e34CCompl ex Di a me t e r 13/ 4i nc he s 21/ 8i nc he s 211/ 16i nc he s 3i nc he s 31/ 16i nc he s 41/ 16i nc he s 63/ 16i nc he s 10i nc he s

MNI Ty pe 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1

Toma t oorpi ne a ppl ej ui c e Fr ui tort oma t o/ pi ne a ppl ej ui c e Fr ui t s Fr ui t sorv e g e t a bl e s

Ki t c he ng r o upc e r a mi cda t ai nt e r ms o fde c o r a t i v es t y l e / t e c hni q ue ,whi l e t hef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o nf o c us e so n o bj e c tf o r m/ f unc t i o n.

TABLEWARE

A t o t a l o f 81 a r t i f a c t s , r e pr e s e nt i ng22o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi n t he Ki t c he nTa bl e wa r es ubg r o up. F o u r p i e c e s o f t a b l e w a r e w e r e Tot a l 10 i de nt i f i e d a s uni q ue by t he i r de c o r a t i v es t y l ebutc o ul d no tbe c a t e g o r i z e da se i t he rf l a to rho l l o wwa r e .Thr e eo ft he s ewe r ewhi t e wa r e( t wot r a ns f e r pr i nt e d,o neunde r g l a z e pa i nt e d)a ndo newa sr e f i ne dpo r c e l a i nwi t ha“ l i q ui dg o l d”ba nd.Fi v ewhi t e wa r ev e s s e l swe r ei de nt i f i e da s ho l l o wwa r e .Oneo ft he s ewa sa na nnul a r/ba nde ds l i pwa r e ,o neabl uef l o wnt r a ns f e r pr i nt ,a ndt hr e ewe r e unde c o r a t e d.Onewhi t e wa r ec upa ndt wot e ac ups( o newhi t e wa r e ,o neg r a ni t e wa r e )we r er e c o v e r e d,a l o ng wi t ht hr e epl a t e s( t woo fwhi t e wa r e ,o nepo r c e l a i n) ,f i v es a uc e r s( o neg r a ni t e wa r e ,t hr e eo fwhi t e wa r e ,a nd o nepo r c e l a i n) ,awhi t e wa r ebo wl , a nda n18i nc hdi a me t e rwhi t e wa r ewa t e rba s i n.

UTI LI TARI AN At o t a lo f1, 155a r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng27o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a ns ubg r o up.The v a s tma j o r i t yo ft he s ewe r et i nc a nf r a g me nt s .Uni de nt i f i a bl ec a nf r a g me nt swe r e895 ,o rj us tunde r78% o f a l lKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a na r t i f a c t s .I de nt i f i a bl ec a nsi nc l ude dt hr e es q ua r e / r e c t a ng ul a rc a nso fi nde t e r mi na t e s i z ea nd11c y l i ndr i c a lc a ns .Ca nda t ai ss umma r i z e di nTa bl e521 .Ca nc l o s ur e swe r et wo :f r a g me nt so fa wi nds t r i pa ndas c r e wl i do fi nde t e r mi na t es i z e .Ce r a mi ci t e msi nc l ude da na l k a l i ne g l a z e ds t o ne wa r e c o nt a i ne ra ndaf r a g me nto fay e l l o wwa r ev e s s e l .Ami ni mum o fe i g htbo t t l e swe r er e c o v e r e d:o nePl a i ns t y l e c o ndi me ntbo t t l e ;t woS o ut hCa r o l i naDi s pe ns a r ywhi s k e ybo t t l e s ;ada r k o l i v ewi nebo t t l e ;aBl a k e s t y l e bo t t l e ; aPhi l a de l phi aOv a l bo t t l e ;a ndt wobo t t l e so fi nde t e r mi na t ef o r m. Thel a s tUt i l i t a r i a ni t e m wa sape g s t o ppe rbyNe s t l e ,e mbo s s e dwi t h“ EXTR. /BOUI LLON /MAGGI ” .

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a lo f762a r t i f a c t s( 329MNI )r e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur ewe r er e c o v e r e d,mo s tr e pr e s e nt i ngna i l s ( 707a r t i f a c t s ,326MNI ) .Bo t hc uta ndwi r ena i l swe r ei nt hede po s i t ,r e pr e s e nt e de v e nl yby107c utna i l s , 108wi r ena i l s , a nd111na i l so fi nde t e r mi na t et y pe .

I NTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e d wi t ht hei nt e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e pr e s e nt e dby10f r a g me nt so fmo r t a ra nd34f r a g me nt so fpl a s t e r .Thei nt e r i o rs ur f a c e so ft hemo r t a r f r a g me nt swe r epa i nt e dar e do rda r kpi nk ,a ndt hepl a s t e rwa st i nt e dpi nk .

538

EXTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e d wi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e pr e s e nt e dby11f r a g me nt so fs l a t et i l e . I ti sunk no wni ft het i l ewa sr o o f i ngo rpa v i ng .

DOMESTI CI TEMS At o t a lo f43Do me s t i cGr o upa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d,r e pr e s e nt i ngami ni mum o f6o bj e c t s .The Do me s t i ca s s e mbl a g ei nc l ude daf r a g me nto fade c o r a t i v ePa r i a no bj e c t ,apo r c e l a i ndo o rha ndl eo v e r g l a z e pa i nt e di nar e dc r o s s ha t c hpa t t e r n,f r a g me nt sf r o mt wol a mpc hi mne y s ,a nEa g l e s t y l ebur ne rf r o ma k e r o s e nel a mpma nuf a c t ur e dbyt hePl ume& At wo o dCo . ,a ndt heuppe rha l fo fa nunma r k e dc a s ti r o n be l l s ha pe dl a mpf o nt .

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Te na r t i f a c t sr e pr e s e nt e dt hef o ure l e c t r i c a lo bj e c t sr e c o v e r e d:t wof r a g me nt so f7/ 64i nc hdi a me t e r no ni ns ul a t e ds o l i dc o r ec o ppe rwi r ea nde i g htf r a g me nt s( 3MNI )o f1/ 2i nc hc a r bo nr o dsf o ra na r c l a mp. Thec a r bo nr o dswe r epa i nt e dg r e e n.Thema nuf a c t ur e ro fg r e e npa i nt e dr o dsi sunk no wn.

OTHERI TEMS

Fi g u r e518.Pl a nv i e wi l l u s t r a t i o no fFe a t u r e49J Co mp l e x u nc o v e r e di nBl o c k1.

Al s or e c o v e r e d we r e a numbe ro f a r t i f a c t st ha tdi dno tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft he a bo v ef unc t i o na lc a t e g o r i e s .Mo s to ft he s ea r t i f a c t s we r e ha r dwa r e r e l a t e d.No ti nc l ude d he r ea r e a r t i f a c tf r a g me nt sc l a s s i f i e da s' Uni de nt i f i e d. ' Fa s t e ne r si nc l ude da1/ 2i nc hc a r r i a g ebo l t ,f o ur g i ml e t po i nt e d wo o ds c r e ws ,t hr e e wi dt hs o f f e r r o us a l l o ypa c k a g i ngs t r a ps ,a ndt wodi a me t e r s o f ba i l i ng wi r e . Ot he ri t e ms i nc l ude d 105 f r a g me nt so f1/ 16i nc hi r o nme s hs c r e e n,a10i nc hha ndma dei r o nho o k ,ao ne i nc hc a s ti r o n r i ng ,a ndas pr i ngho s eo fg r a yr ubbe rwr a ppe di n a ni r o ns pr i ng .

FEATURE49J COMPLEX( TRASH PI T)

Fi g u r e519.Pl a nv i e wp h o t o g r a p ho ft h e49J Co mp l e x .

Al a r g et r a s hpi twa sdi s c o v e r e di nt he s o ut he a s tq ua dr a nto fBl o c k2 ,e i g htf e e t( f r o m c e nt e rpo i nt )we s to ft he14071/ 2Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t s t r uc t ur e( Fi g ur e s518& 19) .Li k et hema j o r i t y o ff e a t ur e se nc o unt e r e di nt hes o ut he a s tq ua dr a nt o fBl o c k2 ,t heFe a t ur e49J Co mpl e xwa so v e r l a i d bypl a nt i ng / g a r de na r e a s .Ne a r l yape r f e c tc i r c l e , t hedi a me t e ro ft hepi ta tt hes ur f a c ewa s4. 1f e e t , a tt he ba s e a di a me t e ro f 3. 65f e e t ,a nd a ma x i mum de pt ho f0. 75f e e tbe l o wt heg a r de n 539

Fi g u r e520.S o u t hp r o f i l ei l l u s t r a t i o no fFe a t u r e49J Co mp l e x .

f e a t ur e s45C,50H,a nd53C.I twa si nt r ude dupo nbyt wof e a t ur e s ,bo t hwo o de npo s t sl a c k i ngpo s t ho l e s ( Fe a t ur e s49Ta nd49U) .Wha tt he s epo s t swe r eo nc eapa r to fi sunk no wn.Thet r a s hpi twa sbi s e c t e da l o ng t hee a s t we s ta x i st og e ne r a t eapr o f i l eo ft hes t r a t i g r a phy . Whi l ee x c a v a t i ngt heno r t hha l f ,as e c o ndt r a s hpi t f e a t ur e ,de s i g na t e da s48N,wa sdi s c o v e r e dbe l o wt he49J Co mpl e x .S o i ldi f f e r e nt i a t i o nb e t we e nt he49 J Co mpl e xa ndt he48Nf e a t ur ewa sc l e a r ,wi t hnomi x i ngo fa s s o c i a t e da r t i f a c t s . Thet r a s hpi tc o nt a i ne df o url a y e r sc o ns i s t i ngo fas e r i e so fmi x e dde po s i t so fdi f f e r i ngc o l o r sa nd t e x t ur e s( Fi g ur e520) .Ar t i f a c tc r o s s me ndswe r ef o undt hr o ug ho utt hede po s i t ,s ug g e s t i ngas i ng l eo rr a pi d de po s i t i o ne v e nt .Thede po s i ta sawho l ei sde s i g na t e da st he49J Co mpl e x ,whi l ei ndi v i dua ll a y e r sa r e r e f e r e nc e dbyt he i runi q uepr o v e ni e nc ede s i g na t i o ns .Ar t i f a c t sf r o ma l ll a y e r swe r ec a t a l o g e dunde rt he pr o v e na nc e49J . Thet o pmo s tl a y e r ,49J ,wa sabl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o o s es i l t ys a nd,mo t t l e dwi t h10% c ha r c o a lf l e c k s , 10% br i c kf r a g me nt s ,a ndl e s st ha n5% mo r t a r .Le v e l2wa sav e r y1% b r i c kf r a g me nt s ,a nd<1% mo r t a r a ndpl a s t e rf r a g me nt s .Le v e l3wa sada r kbr o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 2)s a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h10 %b r o wn( 7 . 5YR 4/ 4)s a ndyl o a m,1% y e l l o wi s hr e d( 5YR4/ 6) ,a nd5 %c ha r c o a lf l e c k s .Le v e l4,at hi ni nt e r f a c ebe t we e n Le v e l3a nds ub s o i l ,wa sav e r yda r kbr o wn( 7 . 5YR2 . 5/ 3)s a ndyc l a ymo t t l e dwi t h15% y e l l o wi s hr e d( 5YR 4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y( s ubs o i l )wi t h1% c ha r c o a lf l e c k s . TheTPQ f o rt hede po s i ti s1909 ,ba s e do napa i ro fBa k e l i t epl a s t i cpi s t o lg r i ps( 49J 310) .The de po s i ta l s oc o nt a i ne das i g ni f i c a ntnumbe ro fl o c a l l ypr o duc e dbe e r ,l i q uo ra nds o dapo pbo t t l e s ,t he ma j o r i t yo fwhi c hwe r ema nuf a c t ur e ddur i ngt hef i r s tde c a deo ft het we nt i e t hc e nt ur y( J e s t e ra ndTe a l 1976) .Co mpa ni e sr e pr e s e nt e di nc l udeBe s tBe v e r a g eCo .( 19051908) ,J . C.S e e g e r s( 18901901) ,F. W. S e e g e r s( 18991908) ,L. L.Bul t ma n( 19041908) ,Cha r l e sNa r e y( 18931904) ,W. H.Gr i f f i n( 19001906) , C. C.Ha be ni c ht( 18791898) ,a ndt heS . C.Di s pe ns a r y( 18921907) .Thebo t t l eda t e si nt a nde m wi t h Ba k e l i t es ug g e s tt ha tt hede po s i twa sc r e a t e ds o me t i mebe t we e n1909a nd1910 . At o t a lo f6, 661a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng821MNI )a ndaf r a g me nt e dpe a nuts he l lwe r er e c o v e r e d f r o mt hepi t .Nof a una lma t e r i a lwa sf o undi nt hepi t .Thef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o n,o r g a ni z e dbyf unc t i o na l t y pe ,pr o v i de si nf o r ma t i o no nl ya sne e de di ni nt e r pr e t i ng pa t t e r ns ,s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o ro t he r a r c ha e o l o g i c a lphe no me na ,a swe l la shi g hl i g ht i nga r t i f a c t so fs pe c i a lno t ef o undi nt hede po s i t .Ta bl e522 pr e s e nt st hes a meda t as umma r i z e di nt e r mso fObj e c tNa me sa ndmi ni mum c o unt s .

540

Ta bl e522. Summa r yofAr t i f ac t sf r om Fea t ur e49J Compl e x ,Sor t e dbyObj e ctNa mea ndMNI Obj ec tNa me Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 22Ca l i be r Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 32Ca l i be r Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 38Ca l i be r Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 44Ca l i be r

MNI 3 16 5 2

Obj ec tNa me Co nt a i n e r , Bo t t l e , So daPop Co nt a i n e r , Bo t t l e , So daPop/Wa t e r Co nt a i n e r , Bo t t l e , Wi ne / Cha mp a i g n Co nt a i n e r , Ca n

MNI 2 3 1 1 6

Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 44 40Ca l i b e r

4

Co nt a i n e r , Ca n ,Hol e I nTo p

2

Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 45 70Ca l i b e r

4

Co nt a i n e r , Ca n ,Li d, No n Sc r e w

1

Ammu ni t i o n, Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 57 7Ca l i b e r

1

Co nt a i n e r , Ca n ,S qu a r e/Re c t a ng ul a r

1

Ani ma l , Ta c k, Hor s e s ho e

1

Co nt a i n e r , J a r , Cl o s u r e , Li dLi n e r

1

Ar c hi t e c t u r a l ,Gl a s s , Wi nd o w

3

Co nt a i n e r , J a r , Pr e s e r v i n g

5

Ar c hi t e c t u r a l ,Mor t a r

1

Co nt a i n e r , Pe r s on a l , Cos me t i c/Hy g i e ne

1

Ar c hi t e c t u r a l ,Pl a s t e r

3

El e c t r i c a l , Bul b ,I n c a n d e s c e nt

1

Ar c hi t e c t u r a l ,Ti l e

1

El e c t r i c a l , I ns u l a t o r ,Tu b e

3

Ar c hi t e c t u r a l ,Ti l e ,Ro o f i n g

2

El e c t r i c a l , Re c e pt a c l e , La mp ,Wa l l

1

Cl ot h i ng , Buc kl e

3

F i r e a r m, Re v o l v e r , . 22Ca l i be r

1

Cl ot h i ng , Buc kl e ,S u s pe nd e r

3

F l or a ,Nut , Pe a nu t

1

Cl ot h i ng , But t on

2

Ha r d wa r e , Bo l t ,Ca r r i a g e

2

Cl ot h i ng , But t on ,1Ho l e

2

Ha r d wa r e , Bo l t ,UI D

1

Cl ot h i ng , But t on ,4Ho l e

21

Ha r d wa r e , Br a c k e t , Tr i a n g ul a r

1

Cl ot h i ng , But t on ,Col l a r

4

Ha r d wa r e , Br a c k e t , UI D

1

Cl ot h i ng , But t on ,Lo o pS ha nk

1

Ha r d wa r e , Cha i n ,J a c kCha i n

2

Cl ot h i ng , Cl i p

1

Ha r d wa r e , Fa s t e ne r ,UI D

2

Cl ot h i ng , Cl o t h

1

Ha r d wa r e , Fi l e , Fi n i s h i ng

1

Cl ot h i ng , F a s t e n e r ,UI D

1

Ha r d wa r e , Ha n d l e ,Dr a we rPu l l

1

Cl ot h i ng , Gr o mme t

36

Ha r d wa r e , Hi n g e , “ T”

1

Cl ot h i ng , Ri v e t

2

Ha r d wa r e , Hi n g e , But t

1

Cl ot h i ng , S a f e t yPi n

2

Ha r d wa r e , Ho ok

4

Cl ot h i ng , S ho e

1

Ha r d wa r e , Ho ok ,Coa t/Ha t

1

Cl ot h i ng , S ho e , Hoo k

2

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l

Cl ot h i ng , S na p

2

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l ,Co mmon

Cl ot h i ng , S t r a i g h tPi n

3

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l ,F i ni s h i ng

3

Commu ni c a t i on ,Pe nc i l , Gr a ph i t e

2

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l ,Ro o f i n g

1 1

Commu ni c a t i on ,Pe nc i l , Sl a t e

2

Ha r d wa r e , Na i l ,S p i k e

9

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e

20

Ha r d wa r e , Ri n g

5

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Be e r

15

Ha r d wa r e , Sc r e w,Woo d

3

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Be v e r a g e

9

Ha r d wa r e , Sp r i ng

3

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Bi t t e r s

1

Ha r d wa r e , St a p l e

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Cr o wnCa p

20

Ha r d wa r e , St r a p

5

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Li g h t e n i ngS t o pp e r

1

Ha r d wa r e , St r a p, Ba r r e l

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Pe gSt o pp e r

2

Ha r d wa r e , UI D

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,S c r e wCa p

1

Ha r d wa r e , Wi r e

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Th u mbS c r e w

1

Ha r d wa r e , Wi r e ,Ba i l i n g

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Co nd i me nt , Ke t c hu p

2

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,F l o we r p ot

2

8 2 89

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Co nd i me nt , Sp i c e/Ex t r a c t

5

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,F u r ni t ur e , Es c u t c h e o n

2

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Co s me t i c

1

Li g ht i ng ,Ar c ,Ca r bo nRo d

3

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,F oo d

3

Li g ht i ng ,La mp ,Bu r ne r

2

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,F oo d ,Ol i v e

2

Li g ht i ng ,La mp ,Ch a i n, Pu l l

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,I n k

1

Li g ht i ng ,La mp ,Ch i mn e y

1 3

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Li qu o r/Wh i s ke y

23

Li g ht i ng ,La mp ,Ga sKe y

1

Con t a i n e r , Bo t t l e ,Me d i c i na l / Ph a r ma c e ut i c a l

20

Li g ht i ng ,La mp ,S ha de

1

541

Tabl e522( c ont i nue d) . Summa r yofAr t i f a c t sf r om Fe a t ur e49J Compl e x ,Sor t e dbyObj e c tNa mea ndMNI Obj ec tNa me

MNI

Obj ec tNa me

MNI

Li g ht i n g , S wi t c hPl a t e , Bu t t on/Twi s t

1

Ta b l e wa r e , Pl a t e

9

Pe r s o n a l , Be a d

2

Ta b l e wa r e , S a u c e r

1 0

Pe r s o n a l , Be a d , Se e d

2

Ta b l e wa r e , Tu r e e n , Li d

1

Pe r s o n a l , Cha mb e rPo t Pe r s o n a l , Comb ,Ha i rCl i p Pe r s o n a l , F o b ,S l i d e r

1 1 1

Ta b l e wa r e , UI D Ta b l e wa r e , Ut e ns i l , Kn i f e , Ta b l e To b a c c o , Pi p e

4 1 1

Pe r s o n a l , Ha n d b a g , Ch a t e l a i n e

1

To b a c c o , Pi p e , Pa mp l i n S t y l e

6

Pe r s o n a l , J e we l r y , Br oa c h

1

To b a c c o , S pi t t o on

1

Pe r s o n a l , J e we l r y , Ge ms t o n e Pe r s o n a l , J e we l r y , Wi r e Pe r s o n a l , Pi nBa c k Pe r s o n a l , Poc ke tKn i f e , 1Bl a d e

1 1 2 1

To y , Do l l To y , Do l l , Ch i n a He a d To y , Do l l , F i g u r i n e To y , Ma r b l e

2 2 1 5

Pe r s o n a l , Too t h br us h Pe r s o n a l , Wa t e rBa s i n Pl u mb i n g , Pi p e , S e we r Ta b l e wa r e , Bo wl Ta b l e wa r e , Bo wl , Ca nd y Ta b l e wa r e , Bo wl , F o ot e dS a l t Ta b l e wa r e , Bo wl , S e r v i n g Ta b l e wa r e , Cu p

2 2 1 2 1 1 1 8

To y , Te aS e t ,J u g UI D UI D, Ce r a mi c UI D, Gl a s s UI D, Me t a l UI D, Pa p e r UI D, Ru bb e r UI D, Sy nt h e t i c

1 1 2 7 6 1 1 1

Ta b l e wa r e , Cu p ,Te a Ta b l e wa r e , Dr i n k i ngGl a s s Ta b l e wa r e , Dr i n k i ngGl a s s , Cu p Ta b l e wa r e , F l a t wa r e Ta b l e wa r e , Hol l o wwa r e

2 3 2 4 1 5

UI D, Wo o d Ut i l i t a r i a n, Bowl Ut i l i t a r i a n, Hol l owwa r e

1 2 9 Tot a l

8 22

PERSONALI TEMS I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a lo f289a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na lg r o up, r e pr e s e nt i ng186i ndi v i dua li t e ms —t hel a r g e s tc o l l e c t i o no fPe r s o na li t e msf r o ma nyf e a t ur ea tt hes i t e . I t e msno tb e l o ng i ngt oas ubc a t e g o r ywe r ei nc l ude d:ac e l l ul o i dha i rc l i pi nat o r t o i s e s he l lde s i g n;t hebr a s s c l a s pf r o m ac ha t e l a i ne t y pel a dy ' sha ndba g ;at hr e e i nc h,o nebl a dei r o npo c k e tk ni f e ;a ndt wounde c o r a t e d whi t e wa r ewa t e rba s i ns , 10-a nd12i nc hi ndi a me t e r . Ni nea r t i f a c t sr e pr e s e nt i ngf i v ei ndi v i dua lo bj e c t swe r er e l a t e dt oc o mmuni c a t i o n,i nc l udi nga c o ni c a la q ua bl uei nkbo t t l e ,t wo3/ 16i nc hdi a me t e rs l a t epe nc i l s ,a3/ 32i nc hdi a me t e rg r a phi t el e a d f r a g me nt ,a ndac o ppe rpe nc i lho l de r .Thepe nc i lho l de r ,i nc i s e dwi t hv e r t i c a lr i bs ,c o nt a i ne dape nc i ls t ub f i t t e dwi t hawhi t ee r a s e rhe l di npl a c ewi t hac o ppe rba nd. Re l a t e dt ot o ba c c o ,31a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt oami ni mum o fe i g hto bj e c t s .The Ro c k i ng ha m wa r es pi t t o o n,wi t hay e l l o wwa r epa s t eme a s ur i ng7i nc he si ndi a me t e ra nd31/ 2i nc he st a l l , wa sde c o r a t e dwi t ht hemo l de dpr o f i l eo faf e ma l ef i g ur e .Thek a o l i n/ba l lc l a ys t e mf r a g me ntwi t ha5/ 64i nc hbo r ewa sunde c o r a t e d.S i xPa mpl i ns t y l epi pe swe r er e c o v e r e d.Thef o urung l a z e dpi pe sa l lha dab uf f pa s t e ,t hr e eo fwhi c hwe r emo l dde c o r a t e d,o newi t hv e r t i c a lr i b s ,o newi t hr a i s e ddi a mo nds ,a ndo ne uni de nt i f i e dpa t t e r n.Theo t he rt woPa mpl i npi pe sha dab r o wng l a z e ,o nemo l de dwi t hav e r t i c a l r i bde s i g n.

Cl o t h i ng Re l a t e dt oc l o t hi ngwe r e95a r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng82i ndi v i dua lo bj e c t s .Thec o t t o nc l o t hf o und wa sr o l l e di nal o o s eba l la ndwa sv e r yf r a g i l e .Thewe a v et y pei suni de nt i f i e d.S i xbuc k l e swe r er e c o v e r e d: o nef e r r o us a l l o yr e c t a ng ul a rbuc k l eme a s ur e d11/ 2x7/ 8i nc h,as e c o ndme a s ur e d1x15/ 16i nc h;o ft he t hr e ebr a s ss us pe nde rbuc k l e s ,t wowe r eunde c o r a t e d,o newa ss i l v e rpl a t e d.Thes ma l l ,s pr i ng l o a de d 542

c o ppe r ,z i nc pl a t e dc l i pwa so ft het y peus e dt o ho l dups t o c k i ng s .Thes ma l l ,c o ppe rf a s t e ne ro f unk no wnt y pe na mewa so ft het y peus e dt os e c ur e abr a s s i e r e ,e t c .( #49J 411) .Al s of o undwe r et wo br a s sr i v e t s ,o nee mbo s s e d wi t h“ PATENTED APR21' 96& S EP11' 96” ,a ndt wos na ps ,o ne br a s sa ndo nei r o n.

Fi g u r e521.Co c k e da ndl o a d e d. 22c a l i b e rp i s t o l r e c o v e r e d f r o mt h e49J Co mp l e xt r a s hp i t .

Thel e a t he rs ho ef r a g me nt sha ds q ua r ebr a s sna i l s wi t hbr a s sg r o mme t sa t t a c he d.Thi r t y f i v el o o s e br a s sg r o mme t swe r ea l s or e c o v e r e d,o fdi a me t e r s 3/ 16,7/ 32,a nd 1/ 4i nc he s ,a nd as i ng l ei r o n g r o mme to fdi a me t e r1/ 4i nc h.Thel a s ts ho e r e l a t e di t e m wa sabr a s ss ho e l a c eho o k .

Ther e ma i ni ng30o bj e c t swe r ea l lbut t o ns .The c o ppe rl o o ps ha nkbut t o nwa sdo me s ha pe da nd e mbo s s e dwi t hal i o ni nas hi e l do nt hef a c ewi t haba c k s t a mpo f“ HORS TMANN PHI LADELPHI A” ( 18931935) .Fo urc o l l a rbut t o nswe r ef o und,t hr e epr o s s e ra ndab r a s s ,g o l dpl a t e dbut t o ne mbo s s e dwi t h “ THECROWN. . . ”o nt hef a c eo ft hel i nk .Twobut t o nswe r ec o mpo s i t e swi t hmi s s i ngs ha nk s ,o neo fs he l l a ndb r a s s ,t heo t he rc l o t hc o v e r e di r o n.Theo t he r swe r ea l ls e wt hr o ug hbut t o ns :t woo ne ho l es he l l but t o ns ,o ne4ho l ebo nebut t o n, a nd204ho l epr o s s e rbut t o nso fv a r i o uss i z e s .

FI REARMS Thi r t y s i xa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l Fi r e a r msg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng36 i ndi v i dua li t e ms .The35c a r t r i dg ec a s e sr e pr e s e nts i xdi f f e r e ntc a l i be r so fa mmuni t i o n.Thr e ewe r e. 2 2 c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg e s ,o nema debyt heUni o nMe t a l l i cCa r t r i dg eCo .( UMC) .Fo ur t e e nwe r e. 32c a l i be r c e nt e r f i r ec a r t r i dg e s ,12o fwhi c hwe r ee x t r a s ho r tc a r t r i dg e spr o duc e dbyS mi t h& We s s o n.Twowe r e. 32 c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg e s ,o nepr o duc e dbyUMC,bo t ho fwhi c hha dt hehe a dc utf r o mt hec a r t r i dg et ube . Fo urc a r t r i dg e swe r e. 38c a l i be rc e nt e r f i r e ,t woo fS mi t h& We s s o n,a ndt woo fCo l tLo ng —a l lf o urwe r e ma debyUMC.Theunf i r e d. 38c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg eha dt hehe a dc utf r o mt hec a r t r i dg et ube .Fo ur. 44 c a l i be rc a r t r i dg e swe r er e c o v e r e d:ar i mf i r ec a r t r i dg ewi t ht hehe a dr e mo v e d,pr o duc e dbyt heUSCa r t r i dg e Co . ;ac e nt e r f i r ec a r t r i dg epr o duc e dbyt heFr a nk f o r dAr mo r yi nMa y1904;a ndt wo. 4440c e nt e r f i r e c a r t r i dg e spr o duc e dbyUMC.Thef o ur. 4570c a l i be rc e nt e r f i r ec a r t r i dg e swe r ee a c hpr o duc e dbya di f f e r e ntma nuf a c t ur e r :Wi nc he s t e rRe pe a t i ngAr msCo . ,USCa r t r i dg eCo . ,Fr a nk f o r dAr mo r y ,a ndo ne unma r k e d. Ther e ma i ni ngc a r t r i dg ewa sa nunma r k e dc e nt e r f i r e. 577c a l i be rc a r t r i dg e . Oneo ft hemo s tunus ua la r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o mt hes i t ewa sa ni nt a c t. 22c a l i be r“ po c k e t ” r e v o l v e r ,me a s ur i ng51/ 4i nc hi nl e ng t h,wi t hc he c k e r e dBa k e l i t eg r i ps( Fi g ur e521) .Thema nuf a c t ur e ri s unk no wn,a st hepi s t o lha dnoma r k i ng s ,buti so fa ni ne x pe ns i v et y pewi de l ypr o duc e ddur i ngt hel a t e ni ne t e e nt ha nde a r l yt we nt i e t hc e nt ur y .Ev e nmo r eunus ua lt ha nf i ndi nga ni nt a c tf i r e a r m wa st ha tt he r e v o l v e rwa sa ppa r e nt l yt hr o wna wa yc o c k e da ndl o a de d.Twoo ft hes i xc a r t r i dg e s ,ma nuf a c t ur e dbyUMC, ha db e e nf i r e d.TheBa k e l i t eg r i pspl a c et hee a r l i e s tda t eo fma nuf a c t ur ea s1909.Gi v e nt ha tt he49J Co mpl e xt r a s hpi twa sc r e a t e dc i r c a1909, t hepi s t o l wa ss t i l l r e l a t i v e l yne wwhe nt hr o wna wa y .

543

HYGI ENE

Fi g u r e522.A11/ 4i nc hd i a me t e r" Ame r i c a n Fe d e r a t i o no fLa b o r "c e l l u l o i dp i n b a c kr e c o v e r e df r o m t h e49J Co mp l e xt r a s hp i t .

The55a r t i f a c t si nt hePe r s o na l Hy g i e neg r o up r e pr e s e nt 24 di f f e r e nt c o s me t i c , hy g i e ne ,a nd me di c i na l / pha r ma c e ut i c a li t e ms .Re c o v e r e dwe r ea9i nc hdi a me t e runde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r ec ha mb e rpo t ,a ha nddr i l l e dbo net o o t hb r us h,a nda1/ 2i nc ht a l lmi l k g l a s sc o nt a i ne re mbo s s e d“ . . .KER. . . ” .Ther e ma i ni ng Hy g i e nei t e mswe r ebo t t l e s .Thr e eo ft hebo t t l e swe r e f r o m l o c a ldr ug g i s t s :a Go l de n Ga t e Ov a lbo t t l e e mbo s s e d“ L. C.LI PS COMB/COLUMBI A/S . C”( i n bus i ne s sbe t we e n1901a nd1924) ;aFr e nc hS q ua r e bo t t l ee mbo s s e d“ W. C.FI S HER /DRUGGI S T/ COLUMBI A /S . C. ”( i nbus i ne s sbe t we e n1871a nd 1908) ;a nd apa ne lbo t t l ee mbo s s e d“ RI CHLAND DRUG CO /COLUMBI AS C”( i nbus i ne s sbe t we e n 1899 a nd 1938) . Two bo t t l e s we r ee mbo s s e d “ CHATTANOOGAMEDI CI NECO./ /WI NEOF CARDUI ”( ac o mpo undme a ntt ohe l pwi t hme ns t r ua l c r a mps ) .A c o ba l t bl ue bo t t l ee mbo s s e d wi t h “ BROMOS ELTZER”wa sa l s of o und.

Unma r k e dbo t t l e s ,o rbo t t l e swi t hma r k st o of r a g me nt e dt oi de nt i f y ,i nc l ude d:ac o l o r l e s sr o und po ma debo t t l e ;aS a l a ma nde rOv a lbo t t l ewi t hpr e s c r i pt i o nf i ni s h;t woBl a k ebo t t l e s ,o newi t hapr e s c r i pt i o n f i ni s h,t heo t he rwi t hac o l l a r dr i ngf i ni s h;s e v e npa ne lbo t t l e s ,f o urwi t hpr e s c r i pt i o nf i ni s he s ,t hr e ewi t h pa t e ntf i ni s he s ; a ndt wobo t t l e sr e pr e s e nt e dbyf i ni s he so nl y ,apr e s c r i pt i o nf i ni s ha ndapa c k e rf i ni s h.

ORNAMENTAL S e v e nt e e na r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l Or na me nt a lg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng10 i ndi v i dua lo bj e c t s .Be a dsi nc l ude dt wowhi t emi l k g l a s ss phe r e so f3/ 16i nc hdi a me t e ra ndt woc o l o r l e s s s e e dbe a ds .Ano r na t ec a s tbr a s ss l i de rf o ra3/ 4i nc hwi der i bbo nwa sf o und,a swe l la sas ma l lb r a s sb r o a c h, adi a mo ndc utbl a c kg l a s sg e ms t o ne ,a ndal e ng t ho fc o ppe r1/ 32i nc hdi a me t e rj e we l r ywi r e .Twopi nba c k s we r ea l s of o und.Thef i r s t ,7/ 8i nc hi ndi a me t e r ,ha da ni r o nba c ka ndc e l l ul o i df a c e .Unf o r t una t e l y , wha t e v e rwa spr i nt e do nt hef a c ewa sg o ne .Thef a c eo ft hes e c o ndpi nba c k ,11/ 4i nc hi ndi a me t e r ,wa si n be t t e rs ha pe( Fi g ur e522) .On t hef a c ewa spr i nt e d“ Ame r i c a n Fe de r a t i o no fLa bo r ”a r o und t he Fe de r a t i o n' sl o g o .

S EWI NG Fi v ea r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l S e wi ngg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ngf i v eo bj e c t s :t wo c o ppe r11/ 4i nc hs t r a i g htpi ns , o nec o ppe r13/ 4i nc hs t r a i g htpi n,a ndt woDupl e x s t y l eb r a s ss a f e t ypi ns .

TOYS Fi f t e e na r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l To y sg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng10i ndi v i dua l o bj e c t s .Fo uro ft hef i v ema r bl e swe r eo fk a o l i n/ba l lc l a y ,t hr e eung l a z e da ndo newi t habr o wnmi ne r a l s l i p.Theo t he rma r bl ewa sg l a s swi t hapo l y c hr o me“ c a t ' s e y e ”i nne rs wi r l .Fr a g me nt sf r o mf o urdi f f e r e nt 544

T a b l e 2 3 . Ta b l e 55 2 4 . S u mma r yC oa fn Ce r a mi cf K i t c h en Gr o u p A r t i f a c t sf r o m Cyl i n d r i ca l Da t a r o m F ea t u r e 4 9 J C o mp l e x

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do l l s we r ea l s or e c o v e r e d, t woo fwhi c hwe r e“ c hi na he a d” do l l s ,a nd t wo o f i nde t e r mi na t e t y pe ,e a c h r e pr e s e nt e d by a ha nd f r a g me nt . The r e ma i ni ng t o ywa sa nunus ua lpo r c e l a i n “ mo o ns hi ne ”s t y l ej ugwi t h a br o wn mi ne r a l s l i p, me a s ur i ng13/ 16i nc h hi g h a nd1/ 2i nc hi ndi a me t e r .

KI TCHEN I TEMS I nc l udi ng s ubc a t e g o r i e s ,a t o t a lo f 4 , 245 a r t i f a c t s we r e r e c o v e r e db e l o ng i ngt ot he Ki t c he ng r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng 194 i ndi v i dua li t e ms .I n t e r mso ft het o t a lnumbe ro f a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d,Ki t c he n i t e msma deupne a r l y64% o ft he a s s e mbl a g e ,buti n t e r ms o f MNI , t he a s s e mbl a g eo nl yr e pr e s e nt s 24% o ft het o t a l .Thel a r g e numbe ro fc a na nd bo t t l e f r a g me nt sa c c o untf o rt he di f f e r e nc e . Ta bl e 523 s umma r i z e s t he Ki t c he n g r o upc e r a mi cda t ai nt e r ms o f de c o r a t i v e s t y l e / t e c hni q ue .

6 3

TABLEWARE At o t a lo f456a r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ng63o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nTa bl e wa r es ubg r o up. Ta bl e wa r e sa c c o unt e df o r11% o ft heKi t c he na r t i f a c t sa nd32 %i nt e r mso fMNI .Onl yo neTa bl e wa r e i t e m wa sama t e r i a lo t he rt ha ng l a s so rc e r a mi c :af r a g me nto faf e r r o us a l l o yt a bl ek ni f e .Ov e r57% o ft he g l a s sa ndc e r a mi ca r t i f a c t si nt heTa bl e wa r eg r o up( 259a r t i f a c t s )we r et o of r a g me nt e dt ode t e r mi nev e s s e l f o r m,e v e na taho l l o wwa r e f l a t wa r el e v e l .No ne t he l e s s ,s o mef o r mswe r ei de nt i f i a bl e . The r ewe r et wot a bl ebo wl s( o neg l a s s ,o newhi t e wa r e ) ,o neg r a ni t e wa r es e r v i ngbo wl ,apo r c e l a i n s o upt ur e e nl i d,a ndaf o o t e dwhi t e wa r es a l tbo wl .S e v e nwhi t e wa r ec ups ,o nes t o ne wa r ec up,t woc e r a mi c t e ac ups ,t wog l a s sc ups ,a ndt hr e edr i nk i ngg l a s s e sma deupt hedr i nk i ngv e s s e l a s s e mbl a g e .The r ewe r ef o ur whi t e wa r epl a t e s ,f i v er e f i ne dpo r c e l a i npl a t e s ,a nd10whi t e wa r es a uc e r s .I na ddi t i o n,t he r ewe r et hr e epi e c e s o ff l a t wa r ea nd15pi e c e so fho l l o wwa r et ha tc o ul dno tb ef ur t he ri de nt i f i e d.Fo urpi e c e so ft a bl e wa r ewe r e 545

Tabl e524. Cyl i ndr i calCanDat af r om Feat ur e49J Compl ex Di a me t e r 13/ 4i nc he s 21/ 8i nc he s 27/ 16i nc he s 211/ 16i nc he s 3i nc he s 37/ 16i nc he s 44/ 16i nc he s 41/ 4i nc he s UI D

MNI Ty pe 3 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 2

i de nt i f i e da suni q ue by t he i r de c o r a t i v es t y l ebutc o ul dno t b ec a t e g o r i z e da se i t he rf l a to r ho l l o wwa r e .

UTI LI TARI AN Toma t oorpi ne a ppl ej ui c e

A t o t a l o f 3 , 789 a r t i f a c t s , r e pr e s e nt i ng 131 Fr ui t s o bj e c t s ,f e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nU t i l i t a r i a n s u b g r o u p. Pa i nt s t y l ec a n Ut i l i t a r i a ni t e msma deup89% o ft heKi t c he na s s e mbl a g ei n Tot al 17 t e r mso fa r t i f a c t sa nd68% i n t e r mso fMNI .Thea s s e mbl a g ec o nt a i ne d12f o o dr e l a t e dbo t t l e s :f i v es pi c e / e x t r a c tbo t t l e se mbo s s e d “ Mc CORMI CK& CO. ” ;t wok e t c hupbo t t l e s ;t woo l i v ej a r s ;a ndt hr e ewi de mo ut hg e ne r a lpur po s ef o o d bo t t l e s .S e v e no t he rbo t t l e sc o ul dno tbei de nt i f i e dbe y o ndt he“ Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ”l e v e l .The r ewe r ef i v e pr e s e r v i ngj a r s ,t woo fwhi c hwe r ee mbo s s e dwi t h“ MAS ON' S/PATENT/NOV30 TH /1858” ,a nda mi l k g l a s sl i dl i ne re mbo s s e dwi t h“ . . .LAI N. . . ” .The r ewe r et wout i l i t a r i a nbo wl s ,t hef i r s tat hi c k wa l l e d, 10i nc hdi a me t e ry e l l o wwa r ev e s s e lwi t hawhi t eg l a z eo nt hei nt e r i o ra ndamo l de ddi a mo ndpa t t e r no nt he ung l a z e de x t e r i o r ,a ndt hes e c o nda10i nc hdi a me t e rwhi t e wa r ebo wlwi t hag r e e nmi ne r a ls l i po nt he e x t e r i o ra ndawhi t eg l a z eo nt hei nt e r i o r .Ni nec e r a mi ci t e mswe r ec l a s s i f i e da sho l l o wwa r e s :ay e l l o wwa r e v e s s e lwi t hac o l o r l e s sg l a z e ;awhi t e ,s a l t g l a z e ds t o ne wa r ev e s s e l ;f o urs t o ne wa r ev e s s e l swi t ha l k a l i neg l a z e s ; as t o ne wa r ewi t ha nAl ba nys l i p;a ndahi g hl ybur ni s he dr i mf r a g me ntf r o m aCa t a wba pr o duc e dv e s s e l .The c a na s s e mbl a g e ,s umma r i z e di nTa bl e528 ,i nc l ude dal e a s to nes q ua r eo rr e c t a ng ul a rc a na nd14c y l i ndr i c a l c a ns . Fi v edi f f e r e ntt y pe so fbo t t l ec l o s ur e swe r er e c o v e r e d,i nc l udi ng20c r o wnc a ps ,al i g ht e ni ngs t o ppe r wi t ht her ubbe rs e a ls t i l la t t a c he d,t woc l ubs a uc es t y l epe gs t o ppe r s ,a ni nt e r na l l y t hr e a de ds c r e wc a p,a nda t humbs c r e wc l o s ur ee mbo s s e dwi t h“ PAT/APRI L23/1901” . Thenumbe ro fb e v e r a g ebo t t l e s ,pa r t i c ul a r l ya l c o ho lbo t t l e s ,i nt het r a s hde po s i twa ss t a g g e r i ng whe nc o mpa r e dwi t ha l lo t he rdi s c o v e r e da tt hes i t er e g a r dl e s so ft i mepe r i o do rho us e ho l dc o mpo s i t i o n—a t o t a lo f53bo t t l e s .Ni nebo t t l e sc o ul dno tbei de nt i f i e dbe y o ndt he“ Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Be v e r a g e ”l e v e l . The r ewe r et wos o dapo pbo t t l e s ,o nee mbo s s e d“ F. W.S EEGERS/BOTTLER/COLUMBI AS C”( 18991908)a ndo nee mbo s s e d“ BES TBEVERAGECO” ,o fCo l umbi a ,S C( 19051908) .The r ewe r et hr e es o da po po rwa t e rbo t t l e s ,o neune mbo s s e d,o nee mbo s s e d“ . . . S PRI NGS/… R. . . ” ,a ndt hel a s te mbo s s e d“ C. C. HABENI CHT/COLUMBI AS . C. ”( 18791898) .Onewi neo rc ha mpa g nebo t t l ewa sf o und—ada r ko l i v e “ bl a c k ”g l a s sbo t t l e . The r ewe r e15be e rbo t t l e si nt hede po s i t .Fo uro ft heg l a s sbo t t l e swe r eunma r k e d,o newa sa s t o ne wa r eg i ng e rb e e rbo t t l e ,a ndt her e ma i ni ng11g l a s sbo t t l e swe r ee mbo s s e dwi t ht hec o nt e ntma r k s . Onebo t t l ewa se mbo s s e d“ J . C.S EEGERS/COLUMBI A /S . C./REGI S TERED”( 18901901) ,f o ur bo t t l e swe r ee mbo s s e d“ L. L.BULTMAN /COLUMBI A /S C” ( 19041908) ,o ne wa se mbo s s e d “ CHARLES NAREY / COLUMBI AS C” ( 18931904) ,a nd f o ur e mbo s s e d“ W. H.GRI FFI N / BOTTLER/COLUMBI AS C”( 19001906) . The r ewe r e23l i q uo r/whi s k e ybo t t l e si nt hede po s i t ,i nc l udi ngt hr e eS CDi s pe ns a r ybo t t l e s( 18921907) ,t woe mbo s s e dwi t h“ MEYER,PI TTS& CO” ,whi s k e yma nuf a c t ur e r si nBa l t i mo r e ,MD,a ndo ne e mbo s s e d“ . . .ER & CO./DI S TI LLERS/LOUI S VI LLE,KY. ”( ma nuf a c t ur e runk no wn) .The17 546

r e ma i ni ngbo t t l e swe r eunma r k e do t he rt ha n mo l dma r k s .

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a lo f1 , 486a r t i f a c t s( 332MNI ) r e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur e we r er e c o v e r e d,t he ma j o r i t yo fwhi c hwe r ena i l s( 1, 339a r t i f a c t s , 320MNI ) .Bo t hc uta ndwi r ec o mmo nna i l s we r er e c o v e r e d:132c utna i l sa nd157wi r e na i l s .Al s or e c o v e r e dwe r et hr e ewi r ef i ni s hi ng na i l s ,f i v ewi r es pi k e s ,f o urc uts pi k e s ,e i g ht na i l so fi nde t e r mi na t et y pe ,a nd 11 r o o f i ng na i l s .S i xo ft her o o f i ngna i l swe r ec o ppe ra nd f i v ewe r eno ng a l v a ni z e df e r r o us a l l o y .Twe nt y f r a g me nt so fwi ndo wg l a s swe r er e c o v e r e d, r e pr e s e nt i ngt hr e et hi c k ne s s e s :7/ 64 ,5/ 64,a nd 1/ 16i nc h.Twohi ng e swe r ea l s or e c o v e r e d:a c a s ti r o nbut thi ng ea ndaf e r r o us a l l o y“ T” hi ng e .

I NTERI OR Fi g u r e523.Fi g u r i n er e c o v e r e df r o mFe a t u r e49J Co mp l e x ( #49J 297) .

Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hei nt e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur e we r er e pr e s e nt e dby54f r a g me nt so fpl a s t e r a ndo nef r a g me nto fmo r t a r .Thei nt e r i o rs ur f a c eo ft hemo r t a rwa spa i nt e dr e d,whi l e52o ft hepl a s t e rf r a gme nt swe r et i nt e dpi nk .Onepl a s t e rf r a g me ntwa st i nt e dg r e e n.Ther e ma i ni ngpl a s t e rf r a g me ntwa sno nt i nt e dwhi t e .

EXTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e d wi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e pr e s e nt e dbyf o urf r a g me nt so fs l a t et i l e( e i t he rr o o f i ngo rpa v i ng ) ,43f r a g me nt so fc o ppe rs he e tr o o f i ng ma t e r i a l ( s e v e r a l f r a g me nt sha dc o ppe rna i l ss t i l l a t t a c he d) ,a nd22f r a g me nt so ft i ns he e tr o o f i ngma t e r i a l .

DOMESTI CI TEMS At o t a lo f193Do me s t i cGr o upa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d,r e pr e s e nt i ngami ni mum o f26o bj e c t s . Li g ht i ng r e l a t e do bj e c t si nc l ude dt woe a g l e s t y l eb ur ne r sf r o mt wok e r o s e nel a mps ,o neo fwhi c hwa s e mbo s s e d“ MADEI N AMERI CA”o nt hek no b,13l a mpc hi mne y s ,ami l k g l a s sl a mps ha de ,abr a s sl a mp c ha i npul l ,a ndac a s ti r o ng a sk e yf r o m ag a s e l i e r .Twoe a r t he nwa r ef l o we r po t swe r er e c o v e r e d:o nea n ung l a z e dt e r r a c o t t apo ta ndo newi t hat hi c kmi ne r a ls l i p.Ot he ro bj e c t si nc l ude da nunde c o r a t e dt wo i nc h di a me t e ri ndus t r i a lpo r c e l a i nha ndl e pul l ,ac a s ti r o nc o a t/ha tho o k ,ac a s ti r o ne s c ut c he o n,ac o ppe r e s c ut c he o n,apa i nt e do v e r g l a z epo r c e l a i nc a ndy s t y l edi s h, a ndt hr e e i nc ht a l l po r c e l a i nf i g ur i neo fag i r l i na dr e s swi t hha ndsf o l de di npr a y e r( Fi g ur e523) . 547

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Ei g ht e e na r t i f a c t s ,r e pr e s e nt i ngami ni mum o f ni neo bj e c t s ,f a l l i ngunde rt hehe a de rEl e c t r i c a lwe r e r e c o v e r e d.No o t he rf e a t ur ec o nt a i ne da s ma ny o bj e c t sr e l a t e dt oe l e c t r i c i t y .Thr e et ubi ns ul a t o r swe r e f o und,t woo fwhi c hwe r eung l a z e ddr y pr e s s e da nd o neo fi ndus t r i a l po r c e l a i nwi t hac o l o r l e s sg l a z e .Us e d f o ra r c l a mps ,t hr e ec a r bo nr o dswe r er e c o v e r e d,t wo o f1/ 2i nc hdi a me t e ra ndo neo f7/ 16i nc hdi a me t e r . Ani nc i s e dc o ppe rs wi t c hpl a t ef o rapus ho rt wi s t but t o nwa sf o und,a l o ngwi t ha ni ndus t r i a lpo r c e l a i n Fi g u r e524.Ba s eo faTh o ma s Ho u s t o ni n c a nd e s c e nt wa l ll a mpr e c e pt a c l epr o duc e dbyt heGe ne r a lEl e c t r i c l i g h tb u l b( #49J 344) r e c o v e r e df r o m Fe a t u r e 49J Co . Mo s t s ur pr i s i ng l y ,f r o m a pr e s e r v a t i o n Co mp l e x . pe r s pe c t i v e ,wa st he ba s eo fa Tho ma s Ho us t o n i nc a nde s c e ntl i g htbul bwi t hmuc ho ft hef i l a me nt s t i l l i nt a c t( Fi g ur e524) .

OTHERI TEMS Al s or e c o v e r e dwe r eanumbe ro fa r t i f a c t st ha tdi dno tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft hea bo v ef unc t i o na l c a t e g o r i e s .No ti nc l ude dhe r ea r ea r t i f a c tf r a g me nt sc l a s s i f i e da s' Uni de nt i f i e d. ' Thema j o r i t yo fOt he rI t e ms we r eha r dwa r e r e l a t e d,i nc l udi ngt woc a s ti r o nc a r r i a g ebo l t swi t hs q ua r enut sa t t a c he d,ac a s ti r o nb o l to f unk no wnt y pe ,a2i nc ht r i a ng ul a ri r o nbr a c k e t ,f r a g me nt sf r o mt woj a c kc ha i ns( o nei r o n,o nebr a s s ) ,t hr e e c a s ti r o nr i ng s( 11/ 8 ,13/ 8,a nd21/ 4i nc ho ut e rdi a me t e r ) ,af r a g me nto fat r i a ng ul a rf i ni s hi ngo r j e we l e r ' sf i l e ,t wog i ml e t po i nt e dwo o ds c r e ws ,t hr e e11/ 2i nc hi r o nwi r es pr i ng s ,mul t i pl ewi dt hso fi r o n s t r a ppi ngma t e r i a l ,a85/ 8i nc hc a s ti r o nba r r e l r i ng ,a ndma nyf r a g me nt so fba i l i ngwi r e . No nha r dwa r ei t e msi nc l ude df r a g me nt so ft e r r a c o t t as e we rpi pe ,aS o ut he r nPa t t e r nho r s e s ho e ,13 bo t t l e st ha tc o ul dno tbea s s i g ne daf unc t i o na lc a t e g o r yno rde f i ne dmo r es pe c i f i c a l l yt ha n“ Co nt a i ne r , Bo t t l e ” ,a1/ 2i nc hdi a me t e rpa pe rdi s c ,af r a g me nto fg r a yr ubbe rwi t hapo s s i bl ef a br i ci mpr e s s i o n,a nd f r a g me nt so fami c a ba s e di ns ul a t i ngf i l m.

UNI T1 1 ,LEVEL4 At o t a lo f1, 048a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng269MNI )a nd133f r a g me nt so ff a una lma t e r i a lwe r e r e c o v e r e df r o m Uni t11 ,Le v e l4.Thef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o ni so r g a ni z e dbyf unc t i o na lt y pea ndpr o v i de s i nf o r ma t i o na sne e de di ni nt e r pr e t i ngpa t t e r ns ,s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o ro t he ra r c ha e o l o g i c a lphe no me na ,a s we l la shi g hl i g ht i nga r t i f a c t so fs pe c i a lno t e .Ta bl e525pr e s e nt st hes a meda t as umma r i z e di nt e r mso f Obj e c tNa me sa ndmi ni mum c o unt s .

PERSONALI TEMS I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a lo f39a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l4be l o ng i ngt ot he Pe r s o na lg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng28i ndi v i dua li t e ms .Obj e c t sno tb e l o ng i ngt oas ubc a t e g o r ywe r es t e m f r a g me nt sf r o mt wok a o l i n/ba l lc l a yt o ba c c opi pe s( o nepl a i n,o nemo l de dwi t h“ . . .MEI S… / /… ES. . . ” , a nuni de nt i f i a bl ema r k ) ,t wos ma l lf r a g me nt so fpe t r i f i e dwo o d,mi r r o rf r a g me nt s ,a ndaha r mo ni c ama r k e d “ S UPERI OR/BRAS SREEDS/1878”ma debyM.Ho hne r . 548

CLOTHI NG

Tabl e525. Summar yofAr t i f ac t sf r om St r a t um 11D,Lev el4 Sor t e dbyObj ec tNa mea ndMNI Obj e ctNa me

MNI

Ammu ni t i on ,Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 2 2Ca l i b e r

2

Ammu ni t i on ,Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 4 1Ca l i b e r

1

Ammu ni t i on ,Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 4 4Ca l i b e r

2

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Gl a s s , Wi nd ow

2

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l , Ti l e

1

Cl o t h i n g , Bu t t o n, 2Pi e c e

1

Cl o t h i n g , Bu t t o n, 4Hol e

5

Cl o t h i n g , Bu t t o n, Col l a r , Se p a r a bl e

1

Cl o t h i n g , Gr o mme t

2

Cl o t h i n g , St r a i g htPi n

1

Con t a i ne r ,Bo t t l e

8

Con t a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl os ur e , Cr o wnCa p

1

Con t a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Me d i c i na l /Pha r ma c e u t i c a l

1

Con t a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Wi n e

1 n / a

Fa u na l ,UI D Fu r ni t u r e ,Ta c k

4

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l

11 5

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l , Commo n

52

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l , Fi n i s hi ng

4

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l , Sp i ke

1

Ha r d wa r e ,S c r e w, Wood

1

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , Fl o we rPot

1

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y , UI D

1

Li g h t i ng ,La mp, Chi mn e y

2

Pe r s on a l ,Ch a mbe rPot

1

Pe r s on a l ,Cu r i o, Pe t r i f i e dWo od

2

Pe r s on a l ,Mi r r o r

1

Pe r s on a l ,Mu s i c ,Ha r mon i c a

1

St o ne ,Co bb l e

1

Ta bl e wa r e , Bowl

2

Ta bl e wa r e , Bowl ,S u g a r

1

Ta bl e wa r e , Cup

9

Ta bl e wa r e , Cup ,Te a

1

Ta bl e wa r e , Dr i nk i ngGl a s s ,Cu p Ta bl e wa r e , Fl a t wa r e Ta bl e wa r e , Ho l l o wwa r e Ta bl e wa r e , Pl a t e

1 2 4 9

Ta bl e wa r e , UI D

3

Tob a c c o, Pi p e Toy , Do l l Toy , Do l l , Ch i n aHe a d Toy , F i g ur i ne

2 0 2 1

Toy , Ma r b l e

3

UI D, Gl a s s UI D, Me t a l Ut i l i t a r i a n, Ho l l o wwa r e Ut i l i t a r i a n, J ug

1 3 9 1 Tot a l

27 0

Cl o t hi ng r e l a t e di t e msc o ns i s t e do fni nea r t i f a c t s r e pr e s e nt i ng ni ne i ndi v i dua li t e ms :t wo b r a s s g r o mme t s ,a2pi e c edo mec o ppe rbut t o n,a4ho l e di s cbo nebut t o n,a4ho l edi s cs he l lbut t o n,t hr e e4ho l edi s cpr o s s e rbut t o ns ,a nd ahi g hl y de c o r a t e d g o l dpl a t e dc o ppe rwo me n' ss e pa r a bl ec o l l a rbut t o n.

S EWI NG Ao ne i nc hc o ppe rs t r a i g htpi n wi t h ado me he a dma deupt hePe r s o na l S e wi ngs ubc a t e g o r y .

FI REARMS Fi v ea r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot he Pe r s o na l Fi r e a r msg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ngf i v ei ndi v i dua l i t e msa nd t hr e edi f f e r e ntc a l i be r so fa mmuni t i o n: t wo . 22 c a l i be rr i mf i r el o ng c a r t r i dg ec a s e s( o ne pr o duc e dbyUni o nMe t a l l i cCa r t r i dg eCo . ,t heo t he r by Pe t e r ' s Ca r t r i dg e Co . ) ,a . 41 c a l i be rr i mf i r e c a r t r i dg ec a s epr o duc e dbyUni o nMe t a l l i cCa r t r i dg e Co . ,a nd t wo unma r k e d. 44 c a l i be rc e nt e r f i r e c a r t r i dg ec a s e s .

HYGI ENE ThePe r s o na l Hy g i e nes ubg r o upwa sr e pr e s e nt e d bya1/ 2o unc eme di c i na l/pha r ma c e ut i c a lbo t t l ea nd a nunde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r ec ha mbe rpo twi t har i m di a me t e ro f11i nc he s .

ORNAMENTAL No a r t i f a c t s be l o ng i ng t o t he Pe r s o na l Or na me nt a l s ubg r o upwe r er e c o v e r e d.

TOYS A mi ni mum o fs i xt o y swe r er e c o v e r e d:t hr e e ung l a z e dt e r r a c o t t a ma r bl e s ,t wo c hi na he a ds t y l e do l l s( o ne pa r i a n,o ne o v e r g l a z e pa i nt e dr e f i ne d po r c e l a i n) ,a ndas ma l lunpa i nt e dc a s tl e a dc a r o us e l ho r s e( Fi g ur e525) ,l i k e l yb e l o ng i ngt oamus i cbo x .

549

Theho r s eha d aho l et hr o ug ht hec e nt e rf o rt he c a r o us e l po l e .

KI TCHEN I TEMS At o t a lo f239a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l4 be l o ng e dt ot he Ki t c he ng r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng 45 di s t i nc to bj e c t s .Ta bl e526s umma r i z e st heKi t c he n g r o up c e r a mi c da t a i n t e r ms o f de c o r a t i v e s t y l e / t e c hni q ue ,whi l et hef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o nf o c us e s o no bj e c tf o r m/ f unc t i o n. Fi g u r e525.Ca s tl e a dc a r o u s e lh o r s e( #11D94) ,l i k e l y p a r to famu s i cb o x ,r e c o v e r e df r o ms t r a t u m 11D ( Le v e l TABLEWARE 4) .

A mi ni mum o f31 o bj e c t sf e l lwi t hi nt he Ki t c he nTa bl e wa r es ubg r o up.El e v e ndr i nk i ngv e s s e l s o fg l a s sa nd c e r a mi cwe r er e c o v e r e d.Thea s s e mbl a g ei nc l ude d ni nec ups / mug s :o neo funde c o r a t e d g r a ni t e wa r e ,o neape a r l wa r ec upwi t hamo l de dba nda r o undt her i m,a nds e v e nwhi t e wa r ec upswi t h v a r i o usde c o r a t i v et e c hni q ue s .Twoo ft hewhi t e wa r ec upswe r ea nnul a r/ba nde ds l i pt r a i l e dwi t hc a t ' se y e de s i g ns ,t wowe r ea nnul a r/ba nde ds l i pt r a i l e dl i nede s i g ns ,o newa sunde c o r a t e d,o neha dabl a c ko pa q ue g l a z e ,o newa sunde r g l a z epa i nt e di nar e duni de nt i f i e dg e o me t r i cde s i g n,a ndt hel a s twa sunde r g l a z e t r a ns f e r pr i nt e di nar e df l o r a lde s i g n.No tr e l a t e dt ot hi sl a s tc upwa sat r a ns f e r pr i nt e dunde r g l a z ewhi t e wa r e t e ac upa l s owi t har e df l o r a lde s i g n.Thel a s tdr i nk i ngv e s s e l wa sa no c t a g o na lpr e s s e d, l e a de dg l a s sc up. Thr e ewhi t e wa r ebo wl swe r er e c o v e r e d.Oft het wot a bl ebo wl s ,o newa sbl ues pa t t e r wa r ea ndt he o t he runde r g l a z epa i nt e di na“ s t r e a k y ”de s i g na c c e nt ua t i ngt heb r us hs t r o k e s .Thet hi r dwa sas ug a rbo wl wi t hl a v e nde runde r g l a z et r a ns f e r pr i nt i ngi naf l o r a lde s i g n. Ni nepl a t e swe r er e c o v e r e d,s e v e no fwhi t e wa r e ,o ney e l l o wwa r e ,a ndo neo fs o f tpo r c e l a i n.The po r c e l a i npl a t ewa sde c o r a t e dwi t har e df l o we rpa i nt e do v e r g l a z e .Thef r a g me ntwa st o os ma l lt ome a s ur e t hedi a me t e r .They e l l o wwa r epl a t eha dac o l o r l e s sg l a z ea ndme a s ur e d7i nc he si ndi a me t e r .Oft he whi t e wa r epl a t e s ,t wowe r e10i nc h,t wowe r e8i nc h,a ndt hr e ewe r eo fi nde t e r mi na t es i z e .Thr e eo ft he s e pl a t e swe r eunde c o r a t e d,o newa sg r e e ne dg e wa r e ,a ndt hr e ewe r eunde r g l a z et r a ns f e r pr i nt e d,o nei nab r o wn f l o r a l de s i g na ndt woi ng e o me t r i cde s i g ns( o neg r e e n, o nebr o wn) . S i xt a bl e wa r ef r a g me nt sc o ul do nl ybei de nt i f i e da tt hef l a t wa r e / ho l l o wwa r el e v e l .Thet wof l a t wa r e i t e mswe r ebo t hunde r g l a z et r a ns f e r pr i nt e dwhi t e wa r e s .Oft hef o urho l l o wwa r ei t e ms ,o newa spr e s s e dg l a s s , o newa sapo l y c hr o meo v e r g l a z epa i nt e dr e f i ne dpo r c e l a i ni naf l o r a lde s i g n,o newa sunde r g l a z epa i nt e di n t he“ NCFl o we r s ”pa t t e r n,a ndt hel a s tabl ueunde r g l a z et r a ns f e r pr i nt e df l o r a l whi t e wa r e . Thr e ea ddi t i o na lt a bl e wa r e swe r er e c o v e r e d,butt hef r a g me nt swe r et o os ma l lt ode t e r mi nei ft he y we r ef l a t wa r eo rho l l o wwa r e .Ea c hha das ur f a c ede c o r a t i o nno tf o undo na nyo t he rt a bl e wa r ei t e msf r o m t hede po s i t .Thef i r s t ,awhi t e wa r e ,ha dapo l y c hr o meunde r g l a z epa i nt e df l o r a lde s i g n,t hes e c o nd,a l s oa whi t e wa r e , wa si de nt i f i e da sRo c k i ng ha m wa r e , a ndt het hi r dwa saf r a g me nto fChi ne s ee x po r tpo r c e l a i n.

UTI LI TARI AN Ami ni mum o f14i t e msf e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a ns ubg r o up.Bo t t l e si nc l ude dac y l i ndr i c a l o l i v e c o l o r e dbo t t l e ,ada r ko l i v e( “ bl a c kg l a s s ” )wi nebo t t l e ,a ndac r o wnc a pbo t t l ec l o s ur e .Thebuf f pa s t e 550

Ta bl e526. Summa r yofCe r a mi cKi t c he nGr oupAr t i f a c t sf r om St r a t um 11D,Le v e l4,Sor t e dbySur f a c eDe c or a t i v eSt y l e / Te c hni que MNI

De c or a t i v eSt y l e / Te c hni que Por c e l a i n Re f i n e d Pa i n t e d , Ov e r g l a z e , Po l y c h r o me

1

Pa i n t e d , Ov e r g l a z e , Po l y c h r o me

1

S o f t Ch i n e s eEx p o r t Co l o r l e s sGl a z e

2

St one wa r e Gr a n i t e wa r e

1

Al k a l i n eGl a z e d

5

Ea r t he nwa r e Pe a r l wa r e Mo l d e d

1

Wh i t e wa r e Ro c k i n g h a mWa r e

1

An n u l a r/Ba n d e d , S l i p p e d–Tr a i l e d

2

An n u l a r/Ba n d e d , S l i p p e d–Tr a i l e d–Ca t ' sEy e

2

Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e

4

S l i p p e d , Gl a z e d

1

S l i p p e d , Un g l a z e d

2

Mi n e r a l S l i p

1

Tr a n s f e rPr i n t e d , Un d e r g l a z e , Mo n o c h r o me

7

S p a t t e rWa r e

1

Pa i n t e d , Un d e r g l a z e , Po l y c h r o me

4

Ed g eDe c o r a t e d

1

Op a q u eGl a z e

1

UI D

1

Ye l l o wwa r e Pl a i n/Co l o r l e s sGl a z e

1 Tot a l

4 0

c o a r s ee a r t he nwa r ej ug wa ss l i p de c o r a t e di nr e ddi s ho r a ng e ,g r e e n, a ndwhi t ec o l o r swi t hpo s s i bl emi c a i nc l us i o ns i n t he g l a z e . The r e ma i ni ngni nei t e mswe r ec l a s s i f i e d a s ho l l o wwa r e . Fo ur o f t he ho l l o wwa r e swe r eo fa l k a l i ne g l a z e d s t o ne wa r e . The o t he r f i v e ho l l o wwa r e swe r ee a r t he nwa r e ,o ne t ur ne d wi t h ab r o wn mi ne r a ls l i p, t wowi t ho pa q ueg l a z e s( o neg r e e n, o ne l i g ht g r e e n) ,a nd t wo we r e ung l a z e dwi t hg r e e na ndy e l l o wi s hg r e e ns l i ps .

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a lo f368 a r t i f a c t s( 175 MNI )r e l a t e dt oa r c hi t e c t ur ewe r e r e c o v e r e d f r o m Le v e l 4, mo s t r e pr e s e nt i ngna i l s( 360a r t i f a c t s ,172 MNI ) .Bo t hc uta ndwi r ena i l swe r e r e c o v e r e d.Oft he c o mmo n na i l s , 115we r ewi r ea nd52we r ec ut .Fo ur c utf i ni s hi ngna i l swe r ef o und,a l o ng wi t hac uts pi k e .Twot hi c k ne s s e so f wi ndo wg l a s swe r er e c o v e r e d:o ne

f r a g me nto f1/ 8i nc hg l a s s , a ndt wof r a g me nt so f1/ 16i nc hg l a s s .

I NTERI OR Noa r c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hei nt e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e c o v e r e d.

EXTERI OR Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ec o ns i s t e do f f i v ef r a g me nt so fs l a t et i l e . Thet i l ec o ul dbee i t he rr o o f i ngo rpa v i ng .

DOMESTI CI TEMS At o t a lo f34Do me s t i cg r o upa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l4 ,r e pr e s e nt i ngami ni mum o f e i g hto bj e c t s .Twol a mpc hi mne y swe r ef o und,bo t hwi t hs c a l l o pe dr i ms .Al s of o undwa sabr a s sf ur ni t ur e t a c kwi t has q ua r es ha nk ,a nung l a z e dt e r r a c o t t af l o we r po t ,a nda nuni de nt i f i e df r a g me ntf r o m apa r i a n de c o r a t i v eo bj e c t .

551

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Noa r t i f a c t sa s s o c i a t e dwi t he l e c t r i c i t ywe r er e c o v e r e d.

OTHERI TEMS Al s or e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l4we r eanumb e ro fa r t i f a c t st ha tdono tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft hea bo v e f unc t i o na lc a t e g o r i e s .No ti nc l ude dhe r ea r ea r t i f a c t sc l a s s i f i e da s' Uni de nt i f i e d' —mo s t l ybi t so fme t a lt ha t ha v enodi s c e r ni bl ef o r m.S e v e ng l a s sbo t t l e sf a l lunde rt he“ Ot he rI t e ms ”he a di ng .Al lwe r et o ohi g hl y f r a g me nt e dt oa l l o wf ur t he ri de nt i f i c a t i o n.Onl yo neha r dwa r e r e l a t e di t e m wa sf o und—af r a g me nto fa1/ 8i nc hdi a me t e rwo o ds c r e w.Thel a s ti t e m wa saq ua r t zc o bbl e ,s pl i tc l e a nl yi nha l f .Thec o bbl ei sno t ne c e s s a r i l yc ul t ur a l l ys i g ni f i c a nt ,butdo e sr e pr e s e ntt heo nl yq ua r t zc o bbl ee nc o unt e r e da tt hes i t e .

UNI T1 1 ,LEVEL5 At o t a lo f206a r t i f a c t s( r e pr e s e nt i ng66MNI ) ,t wouni de nt i f i e ds e e ds ,a nd47f r a g me nt so ff a una l ma t e r i a lwe r er e c o v e r e df r o mt hel e v e l .Thef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o ni so r g a ni z e dbyf unc t i o na lt y pea nd pr o v i de si nf o r ma t i o na sne e de di ni nt e r pr e t i ngpa t t e r ns ,s e q ue nc e so fe v e nt s ,o ro t he ra r c ha e o l o g i c a l phe no me na ,a swe l la shi g hl i g ht i nga r t i f a c t so fs pe c i a lno t e .Ta bl e527pr e s e nt st hes a meda t as umma r i z e d i nt e r mso fObj e c tNa me sa ndmi ni mum c o unt s .

PERSONALI TEMS I nc l udi ngs ubc a t e g o r i e s ,at o t a lo f16a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l5be l o ng i ngt ot he Pe r s o na lg r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng13i ndi v i dua li t e ms .I t e msno tbe l o ng i ngt oas ubc a t e g o r yi nc l ude damo l de d Pa mpl i ns t y l et o ba c c opi pewi t har e do pa q ueg l a z e ,t wope nc i lho l de r s ,a nda n1863pe nny .Oneo ft he pe nc i lho l de r swa so fc o ppe r ,c o nt a i ni ngar o undwo o dpe nc i lwi t ha ne r a s e ro nt hee nd.Theo t he rho l de r wa sas pl i tc o ppe rt ub ei nar i bmo l de dr ubbe rs l e e v ec o nt a i ni ngar o undwo o dpe nc i l .Asme nt i o ne d pr e v i o us l y ,t hepe nnywa sf o unddi r e c t l yunde r ne a t ht heb r i c kf o unda t i o no nt hes o ut he a s tc o r ne ro ft he l unc hc o unt e r .

CLOTHI NG Thr e ec l o t hi ng r e l a t e di t e mswe r ef o und:a ni r o n4ho l edi s cbut t o n,a11/ 2i nc hdi a me t e rc a s t l e a ddr e s swe i g ht , a ndabr a s sg r o mme t .

S EWI NG Noa r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e dbe l o ng i ngt ot hePe r s o na l S e wi ngs ubc a t e g o r y .

FI REARMS Thr e e. 22c a l i be rr i mf i r ec a r t r i dg ec a s e sc o ns t i t ut e dt hePe r s o na l Fi r e a r msg r o up.Onec a r t r i dg ec a s e ha da nunr e a da bl ema r k ,o newa spr o duc e dbyt heUni o nMe t a l l i cCa r t r i dg eCo . ,a ndt hel a s tha dabi r d ma r kbe l o ng i ngt ot heBr a una ndBl o e m Co . o fDüs s e l do r f ,Ge r ma ny . 552

HYGI ENE

Tabl e527. Summa r yofAr t i f a ct sf r om St r at um 11J ,Lev e l5 Sor t e dbyObj e c tNa mea ndMNI Obj e ctNa me

MNI

Ammu ni t i on , Ca r t r i d g eCa s e , . 2 2Ca l i b e r

3

Ar c hi t e c t ur e , Gl a s s , Wi nd ow

3

Ar c hi t e c t ur e , Pl a s t e r

1

Cl o t h i n g , Bu t t o n, 4Hol e

1

Cl o t h i n g , Dr e s sWe i g ht

1

Cl o t h i n g , Gr o mme t

1

Commun i c a t i o n, Pe nc i l , Ho l de r

2

Con t a i ne r ,Bo t t l e

5

Con t a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Wi n e

1

Con t a i ne r ,Ca n, Cl o s u r e ,Li d ,No nS c r e w

1

Con t a i ne r ,Ca n, Sq ua r e/Re c t a n g u l a r

1

Fa u na l ,S he l l , Oy s t e r

1 n / a

Fa u na l ,UI D Fl or a ,S e e d ,UI D

2

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l

17

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l , Br a i d

2

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l , Commo n

4

Ha r d wa r e ,Na i l , Ta c k

1

Ha r d wa r e ,S t r a p

3

Ha r d wa r e ,Wa s he r

1

Li g h t i ng ,La mp, Chi mn e y

1

Pe r s on a l ,Co i n, Pe nn y

1

Ta bl e wa r e , Bowl

1

Ta bl e wa r e , Cup

2

Ta bl e wa r e , Ho l l o wwa r e

2

Ta bl e wa r e , UI D

1

Tob a c c o, Pi p e , Pa mp l i n St y l e

1

Toy , Ba l l ,Bo un c y , Ho l l o w

1

Toy , Do l l , Ch i n aHe a d

1

Toy , Ma r b l e

1

UI D, Compo s i t e

1

UI D, Me t a l

1

UI D, St o ne

1 Tot a l

No a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d be l o ng i ngt ot he Pe r s o na l Hy g i e nes ubg r o up.

ORNAMENTAL No a r t i f a c t swe r er e c o v e r e d be l o ng i ngt ot he Pe r s o na l Or na me nt a l s ubg r o up.

TOYS Thr e et o y swe r er e c o v e r e d:a nung l a z e dk a o l i n/ ba l lc l a yma r bl e ,af r a g me ntf r o m apa i nt e dpa r i a n c hi na he a ds t y l edo l l ,a ndaho l l o wr ubbe r“ bo unc y ” ba l l .The21/ 8i nc h di a me t e rba l lwa sc o mpo s i t e mo l de dt or e pr e s e nta r e da ndwhi t e numb e r11 bi l l i a r dba l l ( Fi g ur e526) .

KI TCHEN I TEMS At o t a lo f39a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l5 b e l o ng e dt ot he Ki t c he ng r o up,r e pr e s e nt i ng 11 di s t i nc to bj e c t s .Ta bl e54s umma r i z e st heKi t c he n g r o up c e r a mi c da t a i n t e r ms o f de c o r a t i v e s t y l e / t e c hni q ue ,whi l et hef o l l o wi ngdi s c us s i o nf o c us e s o no bj e c tf o r m/ f unc t i o n.

TABLEWARE

66

A mi ni mum o fs i xo bj e c t sf e l lwi t hi nt he Ki t c he nTa bl e wa r e s ubg r o up. The a s s e mbl a g e i nc l ude dt woc ups .Onec upwa sr e f i ne dpo r c e l a i nde c o r a t e dwi t ha no v e r g l a z epa i nt e dbl ueba nda r o und t heba s e .Theo t he rc upwa sr e dwa r ewi t ha ne x t e r i o rbr o wng l a z e ,a ni nt e r i o rwhi t eg l a z e ,a ndamo l de d ba ndo fs t i ppl e ddo t sa r o undt her i m.Thes i ng l ebo wl wa sunde c o r a t e dwhi t e wa r ewi t har i m di a me t e ro f7i nc he s .Thet woho l l o wwa r ev e s s e l swe r ewhi t e wa r e ,o nede c o r a t e dwi t haf l o wnbl uede s i g na ndt heo t he r wi t ha ne g g bl ueo pa q ueg l a z eo nt hee x t e r i o r .Thel a s ti t e msc o ul dno tbec l a s s i f i e da se i t he rho l l o wwa r eo r f l a t wa r e —af r a g me nto fbl ueunde r g l a z et r a ns f e r pr i nt e dpe a r l wa r e .

UTI LI TARI AN Ami ni mum o ff i v ei t e msf e l lwi t hi nt heKi t c he nUt i l i t a r i a ns ubg r o up.Al lwe r ehi g hl yf r a g me nt e d. Theut i l i t a r i a na s s e mbl a g ec o nt a i ne dt woc y l i ndr i c a lbo t t l e s ,apl a i no v a lbo t t l e ,ada r ko l i v e( “ bl a c kg l a s s ” ) wi nebo t t l e ,a ndf r a g me nt sf r o m as q ua r e / r e c t a ng ul a rc a n.

553

ARCHI TECTURALI TEMS At o t a lo f50 a r t i f a c t s( 27 MNI )r e l a t e dt o a r c hi t e c t ur e we r er e c o v e r e df r o m Le v e l5.Thr e e t hi c k ne s s e so fwi ndo wg l a s swe r ef o und:5/ 64i nc h ( o nef r a g me nt ) ,1/ 16i nc h( t wof r a g me nt s ) ,a nd1/ 32 i nc h( s i xf r a g me nt s ) .Al lna i l swe r ema c hi nec uta nd i nc l ude d21c o mmo na ndt wob r a i dna i l s .

I NTERI OR Fi g u r e526.Co mp o s i t e mo l d e d ,h o l l o wr u b b e r" b o u nc y " b a l l ( #11J 33)r e c o v e r e df r o ms t r a t u m11J( Le v e l 5) .

Ar c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e d a r t i f a c t s una mbi g uo us l y a s s o c i a t e d wi t ht he i nt e r i o ro fs t r uc t ur e s we r e r e pr e s e nt e dbyas i ng l ef r a g me nto fwhi t epl a s t e r .

EXTERI OR Noa r c hi t e c t ur e r e l a t e da r t i f a c t suna mbi g uo us l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hee x t e r i o ro fas t r uc t ur ewe r e r e c o v e r e d.

DOMESTI CI TEMS Theo nl yDo me s t i cg r o upa r t i f a c t swe r e22f r a g me nt so fal a mpc hi mne y .

ELECTRI CALI TEMS Ase x pe c t e df o rs uc ha ne a r l ys t r a t um, noa r t i f a c t sa s s o c i a t e dwi t he l e c t r i c i t ywe r er e c o v e r e d.

OTHERI TEMS Al s or e c o v e r e df r o mt heLo we rl e v e lwe r eanumb e ro fa r t i f a c t st ha tdono tf i tne a t l yi nt oa nyo ft he a bo v ef unc t i o na lc a t e g o r i e s .No ti nc l ude dhe r ea r ea r t i f a c t sc l a s s i f i e da s' Uni de nt i f i e d' —mo s t l ybi t so fme t a l t ha tha v enodi s c e r ni bl ef o r m.Twobo t t l e swe r ef o undo funi de nt i f i a bl ef o r m/ f unc t i o n,a swe l la sf r a g me nt s f r o m apr e s s f i tc a nl i d,a1/ 2i nc hl o ngwi r et a c k( no nf ur ni t ur e ) ,t hr e ewi dt hso fi r o npa c k a g i ngs t r a p ma t e r i a l ,a nd a 1/ 16i nc ht hi c k r o undi r o nwa s he rwi t ha nOD o f1Ta bl e528. Summa r yofCe r a mi cKi t c henGr oupAr t i f a ct sf r om 3 / 4 i n c h a n d a n I D o f 5 / 8 i n c h . St r a t um 11J ,Le v e l5,Sor t e dbySur f a c eDe c or a t i v eSt y l e / Te c hni que MNI

De cor a t i v eSt y l e / Tec hni que Por c e l a i n Re f i n e d Pa i nt e d , Ov e r g l a z e , Mo n oc h r o me

1

Ear t he nwa r e Wh i t e wa r e Op a q u eGl a z e

2

Pl a i n/Col o r l e s sGl a z e

1

F l o wTr a n s f e rPr i n t e d

1

Tr a n s f e rPr i n t e d ,Un d e r g l a z e , Mon o c h r o me

2 Tot al

554

7

* * *

Pr e s e nt e di nVo l umeI Ii st hef ul la r t i f a c tc a t a l o gr e c o r d.To g e t he rwi t ht hei nf o r ma t i o npr e s e nt e d i nVo l umeIa ndt hes uppl e me nt a li nf o r ma t i o no nCD ( a ddi t i o na lma ps ,dr a wi ng sa ndadi g i t a lc o pyo ft he a r t i f a c tc a t a l o g ) ,a l lda t ane e de df o rg e ne r a t i ngne wi nt e r pr e t a t i o nsi sma dea v a i l a bl e .

555

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Buc ha na n, Ge o r g eA. 1936 Go v e r nme nt .I nCo l u mb i a :Ca p i t a l Ci t yo fS o u t hCa r o l i na : 17861936, He l e nK.He nni ng , e di t o r ,pp. 5787 .Co l umbi aS e s q ui Ce nt e nni a l Co mmi s s i o n, S o ut hCa r o l i na . Bur r , J ul i aTa y l o r 1977 AnI nq u i r yi nt ot h eMa n nS i mo nsHo u s e . Unpubl i s he dM. A.The s i s ,Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut h Ca r o l i na ,De pa r t me nto fHi s t o r y . Ca na di a nCo ns e r v a t i o nI ns t i t ut e( CCI ) 1995 Ca r ea ndCl e a ni ngo fI r o n.CCINo t e s9/ 6, Ca na di a nCo ns e r v a t i o nI ns t i t ut e , Ot t a wa , Ont a r i o ,Ca na da . Che e k ,Cha r l e sD. a ndAmyFr i e dl a nde r 1990 Po t t e r ya ndPi g ’ sFe e t :S pa c ea ndEt hni c i t y , a ndNe i g hbo r ho o di nWa s hi ng t o n,D. C. , 18801940.Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y24( 1) : 3460 Cl a r dy , Ka t hl e e nA. 2008 Da t i nga ndI de nt i f i c a t i o no fAme r i c a nRi mf i r ea ndCe nt e r f i r eMe t a l l i cCa r t r i dg e s .S o u t h Ca r o l i naAnt i q u i t i e s40( 1) : 152158 . Cl e me n,Rudo l fAl e x a nde r 1923 Th eAme r i c a nLi v e s t o c ka n dMe a tI nd u s t r y .Ro na l dPr e s s , Ne wYo r k . Cl e me nt , Chr i s t o phe rO. ,Ra mo naM. Gr unde na ndJ o hnK. Pe t e r s o n 1999 Hi s t o r ya ndAr c h a e o l o g ya tt h eMa n nS i mo nsCo t t a g e :AFr e eBl a c kS i t ei nCo l u mb i a ,S o u t h Ca r o l i na . Cul t ur a l Re s o ur c e sCo ns ul t i ngDi v i s i o n, S o ut hCa r o l i naI ns t i t ut eo fAr c ha e o l o g y a ndAnt hr o po l o g y ,Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na ,Co l umbi a . Co c l a ni s , Pe t e rA. 1985 Bi t t e rHa r v e s t : TheS o ut hCa r o l i naLo wCo unt yi nHi s t o r i c a l Pe r s pe c t i v e .Th eJ o u r na l o f Ec o no mi cHi s t o r y45( 2) : 251259 . Co l umbi a , Ci t yo f 18751930Co l u mb i aCi t yDi r e c t o r y . S o ut hCa r o l i ni a naLi b r a r y , Co l umbi a . Cr a de r ,D.C. 1990 S l a v eDi e ta tMo nt i c e l l o .Ame r i c a nAnt i q u i t y .55( 4) : 690717 . Cr o c k e t t ,J a k o bD. 2005 Co ns umpt i o na ndI de nt i t y : TheAr c ha e o l o g yo faNi ne t e e nt h– Twe nt i e t hCe nt ur yUr ba n Af r i c a nAme r i c a nNe i g hbo r ho o d( 38RD1083)i nCo l umbi a , S o ut hCa r o l i na .Vo l u me si n Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y , v o l u me48, S t a nl e yS o ut h, s e r i e se di t o r , S CI ns t i t ut eo fAr c ha e o l o g y a ndAnt hr o po l o g y ,Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na ,Co l umbi a . 2007 Ma nnS i mo nsAf r i c a nAme r i c a nAr c h a e o l o g yPr o j e c t : Fi e l da n dLa b o r a t o r yMa nua l ,3 r d e di t i o n.Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na , De pa r t me nto fAnt hr o po l o g y . 2011 “ ADe mo c r a c yo fGo o d s ” : AnAr c h a e o l o g yo fCo mmo d i t yLa n d s c a p e si nCo l u mb i a , S o u t h Ca r o l i na ,1870–1930. Unpubl i s he dPhD di s s e r t a t i o n,Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na , De pa r t me nto fAnt hr o po l o g y .

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2012

Hi s t o r ya ndAr c h e o l o g ya tt h eMa n nS i mo nsS i t e . Hi s t o r i cCo l umbi aFo unda t i o n,S o ut h Ca r o l i na .

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Co l umbi a ’ sEa r l yBl a c kCa pi t a l i s t s :TheOt he rS i deo fAf r i c a nAme r i c a nHi s t o r y . Unpubl i s he dma nus c r i pt ,Hi s t o r i cCo l umbi aFo unda t i o n, Co l umbi a .

Re i t za ndWi ng 2000 Zo o a r c h a e o l o g y .Ca mb r i dg eUni v e r s i t yPr e s s . Ro t hs c hi l d,Na nA. a ndDa r l e neBa l k wi l l 1993 TheMe a ni ngo fCha ng ei nUr ba nFa una l De po s i t s .Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y27( 2) : 7189. S a l l e y ,A. S . 1936

Phy s i c a l Gr o wt h.I nCo l u mb i a : Ca p i t a l Ci t yo fS o u t hCa r o l i na :17861936, He l e nK. He nni ng , e di t o r ,pp. 363372. Co l umbi aS e s q ui Ce nt e nni a l Co mmi s s i o n, Co l umbi a , S o ut hCa r o l i na .

S a mf o r d,Pa t r i c i aM. 1997 Re s po ns et oaMa r k e t : Da t i ngEng l i s hUnde r g l a z eTr a ns f e r Pr i nt e dWa r e s .Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y31( 2) : 130 . S a mo l i s , J o s e phJ e r e my 2005 Publ i cEng a g e me nta tt heS e i be l sHo us e : Appl i e dAr c ha e o l o g i c a l Me t ho do l o g i e sa nd Te c hni q ue si nCo l umbi a , S o ut hCa r o l i na . Unpubl i s he dM. A. t he s i s , De pa r t me nto f Ant hr o po l o g y , Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na ,Co l umbi a . S a nbo r nMa pCo mpa ny 1904 I ns u r a nc eMa p so fCo l u mb i a , S o u t hCa r o l i na . S a nbo r nMa pCo mpa ny ,Ne wYo r k . 1910 I ns u r a nc eMa p so fCo l u mb i a , S o u t hCa r o l i na . S a nbo r nMa pCo mpa ny ,Ne wYo r k . 1919 I ns u r a nc eMa p so fCo l u mb i a , S o u t hCa r o l i na . S a nbo r nMa pCo mpa ny ,Ne wYo r k . S c hue r e n, Ar no l dC. 1927 Me a tRe t a i l i ng .Va ug ha nCo mpa ny , Ne wYo r k . S c hmi t t , Da v eN. a ndLupo , Ka r e nD. 1995 OnMa mma l i a nTa pho no my , Ta x o no mi cDi v e r s i t y , a ndMe a s ur i ngS ubs i s t e nc eDa t ai n Zo o a r c he a o l o g y .Ame r i c a nAnt i q u i t y60( 3) : 496514. S c hul z ,Pe t e rD. a ndS he r r iM.Gus t 1983 Fa una l Re ma i nsa ndS o c i a l S t a t usi n19t hCe nt ur yS a c r a me nt o .Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y 17( 1) :4453 .

R-7

S e l by ,J ul i a nA. 1905 Me mo r a b i l i aa ndAne c d o t a l Re mi n i s c e nc e so fCo l u mb i a , S . C. ,a ndI nc i d e nt sCo nne c t e d Th e r e wi t h . Co l umbi a : R. L. Br y a nCo . S i l v e r , I . A. 1963

TheAg e i ngo fDo me s t i cAni ma l s .I nS c i e nc ei nAr c h a e o l o g y ,1s te d. , e di t e d byD.Br o t hwe l l a ndE.Hi a s ,pp. 283302. Tha me sa ndHuds o n, Lo ndo n.

S i s s o n,S e pt i mus 1953 Th eAn a t o myo ft h eDo me s t i cAni ma l s .Phi l a de l phi a :W. B. S a unde r s Co mpa ny . S k a g g s , J i mmyM. 1986 Pr i meCu t :Li v e s t o c kRa i s i nga n dMe a t p a c k i ngi nt h eUni t e dS t a t e s ,16071983. Te x a sA&M Uni v e r s i t yPr e s s ,Co l l e g eS t a t i o n. S o c i e t yf o rHi s t o r i c a l Ar c ha e o l o g y 1993 S t a nda r dsa ndGui de l i ne sf o rt heCur a t i o no fAr c ha e o l o g i c a l Co l l e c t i o ns . ht t p: / / www. s ha . o r g / r e s e a r c h/ c ur a t i o n_s t a nda r ds . c f m. La s ta c c e s s e d:28Ma r c h2013 . S o ut hCa r o l i naDe pa r t me nto fTr a ns po r t a t i o n( S CDOT) 2007 Ge o t e c h ni c a l De s i g nMa n u a l . S o ut hCa r o l i naDe pa r t me nto fTr a ns po r t a t i o n,Co l umbi a . S o ut hCa r o l i naS t a t eDe pa r t me nto fAg r i c ul t ur e ,Co mme r c ea ndI mmi g r a t i o n. 1907 Ha nd b o o ko fS o u t hCa r o l i na :Re s o u r c e s ,I ns t i t u t i o nsa ndI nd u s t r i e so ft h eS t a t e . TheS t a t e Co mpa ny ,Co l umbi a . S o ut h, S t a nl e y 1978 Ev o l ut i o na ndHo r i z o na sRe v e a l e di nCe r a mi cAna l y s i si nHi s t o r i c a l Ar c ha e o l o g y .I n Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y :AGu i d et oS u b s t a n t i v ea n dTh e o r e t i c a l Co nt r i b u t i o ns , Ro be r tL. S c huy l e r ,e di t o r ,pp. 6882. Fa r mi ng da l e , Ne wYo r k : Ba y wo o dPubl i s hi ng . S pe nc e r Wo o d,S uz a nneM. 1987a Co ns u me rCh o i c ei nHi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y , S uz a nneM. S pe nc e r Wo o d,e di t o r . Pl e num Pr e s s ,Ne wYo r k . 1987b Mi l l e r ’ sI ndi c e sa ndCo ns ume r Cho i c ePr o f i l e s :S t a t us Re l a t e dBe ha v i o r sa ndWhi t e Ce r a mi c s .I nCo ns u me rCh o i c ei nHi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y , S uz a nneM. S pe nc e r Wo o d, e di t o r ,pp. 321358 .Pl e num Pr e s s , Ne wYo r k . S pr a g ue ,Ro de r i c k 2002 Chi nao rPr o s s e rBut t o nI de nt i f i c a t i o na ndDa t i ng .Hi s t o r i c a l Ar c h a e o l o g y36( 2) : 111127. S pude ,Ca t he r i neH. ,Ka r l Gur c k e ,Gwe nHur s ta ndDa v i dHue l s be c k 2006 Th eMa s c o tS a l o o n: Ar c h a e o l o g i c a l I nv e s t i g a t i o nsi nS k a g wa y ,Al a s k a , Vo l ume10. Na t i o na l Pa r kS e r v i c e , U. S .De pa r t me nto ft heI nt e r i o r .

R-8

S t r a s s e r ,S us a n 1989 S a t i s f a c t i o nGu a r a n t e e d : Th eMa k i ngo ft h eAme r i c a nMa s sMa r k e t . S mi t hs o ni a nI ns t i t ut i o n Pr e s s ,Wa s hi ng t o n, D. C. Tho ma s ,D. H. 1969 Gr e a tBa s i nHunt i ngPa t t e r ns :AQua nt i t a t i v eMe t ho df o rTr e a t i ngFa una l Re ma i ns . Ame r i c a nAnt i q u i t y34 : 392401. To d, J a c kH. 1977 AHi s t o r yo ft h eEl e c t r i c a l Po r c e l a i nI nd u s t r yi nt h eUni t e dS t a t e s . S e l fpubl i s he d,Pho e ni x , Ar i z o na . To ul o us e ,J ul i a nHa r r i s o n 1969 Fr u i tJ a r s :ACo l l e c t o r ' sMa n u a l . Tho ma sNe l s o n& S o ns , Ca mde n, Ne wJ e r s e y . 1971 Bo t t l eMa k e r sa ndThe i rMa r k s . Tho ma sNe l s o n,I nc . , Ca mde n, Ne wJ e r s e y . Vo g ht ,Ma r yCa r o l y n 2001 APu b l i cHi s t o r yAp p r o a c ht oUnd e r s t a n d i ngt h eMa n nS i mo nsCo t t a g ea ndI t sHi s t o r i c a l S i g n i f i c a nc e . Ma s t e r ’ sThe s i s , De pa r t me nto fHi s t o r y ,Uni v e r s i t yo fS o ut hCa r o l i na , Co l umbi a . Wa l l ma n, Di a ne 2010 Fa una l Re po r tf o rMa nnS i mo ns .Unpubl i s he dma nus c r i pto nf i l ewi t ht hea ut ho r . We e ms , Ro be r tE. ,J r . 1998 De s e g r e g a t i ngt h eDo l l a r :Af r i c a nAme r i c a nCo ns u me r i s mi nt h eTwe nt i e t hCe nt u r y . Ne w Yo r kUni v e r s i t yPr e s s , Ne wYo r k . We i k ,Te r r a nc eM. 2008 Pr e s e nc i ngAf r i c a nAme r i c a nsa tt heS e i be l sHo us e .S o u t hCa r o l i naAnt i q u i t i e s40( 1) : 107128. We s t e r n,A. C. 1972 TheCo ns e r v a t i o no fEx c a v a t e dI r o nObj e c t s .S t u d i e si nCo ns e r v a t i o n17: 8387 .

R-9

APPENDI XA

n

MNI

0

0

6U23

339

91

1870

6W9

29

10

Tr a s hPi t

1905

8E32

577

56

Pi peTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

1892

8F22

83

49

N450E570

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1870

8H17

83

33

N450E570

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

n/ a

0

0

8L

N450E570

Mo t t l e dDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

1870

8L21

78

37

8N

N450E570

La r g eS e mi Ci r c l e

UI D

8P

N450E570

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

9B

N465E565

Li ne a rTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

Po s t 1970

9G

N465E565

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1872

9G9

72

22

9J Co mpl e x

N465E565

Ci r c ul a rPi t

Tr a s hPi t

1892

9J 68

1009

283

9P

N465E565

I r r e g ul a rS ha l l o wPi t

Tr a s hPi t

1872

9P1

227

51

9S

N465E565

Ro unde dDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

1870

9S 1

28

20

9T

N465E565

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Tr a s hPi t

1870

9T13

156

17

10D

N445E580

Pi peTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

Po s t 1970 n/ a

10G

N445E580

Cl a yCo nc e nt r a t i o n

Po s tHo l e

n/ a

0

0

10H

N445E580

Cha r c o a l S me a r

UI D

n/ a

0

0

10J

N445E580

Fo unda t i o nTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

n/ a

0

0

10K

N445E580

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

1

1

10L

N445E580

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

UI D

n/ a

0

0

10M

N445E580

S ma l l Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

11D

N428. 5E512. 4

Le v e l 4

S t r a t um

1892

1048

269

11E

N428. 5E512. 4

Br i c kFo unda t i o n

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

0

0

11F

N428. 5E512. 4

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

11G

N428. 5E512. 4

Bui l de r ' sTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

n/ a

2

2

11H

N428. 5E512. 4

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

11J

N428. 5E512. 4

Le v e l 5

S t r a t um

1880

11J 45

206

66

11K

N428. 5E512. 4

S ma l l Tr e nc h

Tr e nc h

c .1870s

11K2

8

2

12J

N445E502

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1842

12J 4

8

8

12L

N445E502

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1903

12L13

33

15

12M

N445E502

Po s tMo l d

Pl a nt i ng

n/ a

0

0

12PCo mpl e x N445E502

De br i sPi t ,Uppe r

Tr a s hPi t

1901

12P83

425

78

12TCo mpl e x N445E502

De br i sPi t ,Lo we r

Tr a s hPi t

1908

12T339 3748 1062

12W

N445E502

S q ua r ePo s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1805

12W6

12X

N445E502

S q ua r eDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

n/ a

12Y

N445E502

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

UI D

1820

13C

N442. 66E500. 35 Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

13D

N442. 66E500. 35 Wo o de nPo s t

Po s t

13E

N442. 66E500. 35 I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

TPQ

5C

N427E540

Br i c kRo w

La nds c a pi ng n/ a

6U

N430E575

Ci r c ul a rPi t

Tr a s hPi t

1870

6W

N430E575

Re c t a ng ul a rPi t

Po s tHo l e

8E

N450E570

Cha r c o a l Co nc e nt r a t i o n

8F

N450E570

8H 8K

( f r om)

NDA

11D66

NDA

35

6

0

0

23

5

n/ a

0

0

n/ a

1

1

12Y2

A-1

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

13F

Type

TPQ

n

MNI

N442. 66E500. 35 S o ut hPo s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

1

1

13G

N442. 66E500. 35 S o ut hPo s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

14G

N485E510

Ci r c ul a rPi t

UI D

1891

14G7

20

13

14J

N485E510

Le v e l 4,Bl a c kLe ns

S t a i n

1820

14J 10

20

15

14N

N485E510

Fo unda t i o nRubbl e

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

NDA

10

1

14P

N485E510

14S

N485E510

Pi peTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

1899

14P12

49

26

Bui l de r ' sTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

n/ a

0

0

14T

N485E510

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1820

14T2

25

9

14W

N485E510

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1820

14W1

2

2

15F

N485E520

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

0

0

15L

N485E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

15M

N485E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

15N

N485E520

Da r kS t a i n

UI D

n/ a

0

0

15R

N485E520

Fo unda t i o nTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

15U

N485E520

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

17H

N490E535

Co r ne rS t a i n

Tr e nc h

17K

N490E535

Po s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

17L

N490E535

S ma l l Tr e nc h

Tr e nc h

1870

404

106

17N

N490E535

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

17P

N490E535

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

17R

N490E535

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

17S

N490E535

Co r ne rMo l d

Po s tHo l e

n/ a

0

0

18E

N490E520

Br i c kFo unda t i o n

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

0

0

18H

N490E520

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

18J

N490E520

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

18L

N490E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

18M

N490E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

18N

N490E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

18P

N490E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

18S

N490E520

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

18W

N490E520

S q ua r eS t a i n

Po s tHo l e

18X

N490E520

I r r e g ul a rS t a i n

UI D

18Y

N490E520

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

19C

N485E560

Co a l Pi t

Tr a s hPi t

1897

41

17

19E

N485E560

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

19F

N485E560

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1870

19F3

73

28

19H

N485E560

I r r e g ul a rCl a yS t a i n

UI D

1892

19H28

173

66

19J

N485E560

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

UI D

1907

19J 15

78

22

19L

N485E560

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1870

19L10

19

15

19M

N485E560

S ma l l Po s tHo l e

Po s tMo l d

n/ a

0

0

19N

N485E560

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1880

40

13

A-2

Shor tTi t l e

( f r om)

17L55

19C1

19N9

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

TPQ

19R

N485E510

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

n/ a

19T

N485E560

Re c t a ng ul a rS t a i n

S t a i n

1820

20C

N480E575

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

20E

N480E575

De br i sPi t

20G

N480E575

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

20H

N480E575

21C

N520E575

21D

( f r om)

n

MNI

0

0

19T7

18

11

1870

20C28

237

74

Tr a s hPi t

1907

20E20

98

32

UI D

1870

20G4

47

7

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1847

20H1

2

2

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

N520E575

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

21E

N520E575

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

21F

N520E575

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

21H

N520E575

Li ne a rS t a i n

S t a i n

22C

N520E565

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

22D

N520E565

Po s t

Po s t

n/ a

1

1

22E

N520E565

Po s t

Po s t

n/ a

1

1

22F

N520E565

S ma l l Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Tr a s hPi t

1820

30

8

22G

N520E656

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

23E

N515E530

Fo unda t i o nPi e rTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

23F

N515E530

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

0

0

23G

N515E530

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

23H

N515E530

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

24D

N515E535

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

24E

N515E535

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

25C

N515E540

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

25D

N515E540

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

25E

N515E540

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

0

0

26C

N515E545

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

26D

N515E545

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

26E

N515E545

Ov a l De pr e s s i o n

UI D

27C

N510E530

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

29C

N510E540

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

29D

N510E540

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

n/ a

0

0

29E

N510E540

Cha r c o a l S t a i n

S t a i n

1870

29E25

160

44

30C

N510E545

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

31C

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 1 Tr a s hPi t

1892

31C73

506

99

31D

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 2 Tr a s hPi t

1870

31D17

181

65

31E

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 3 Tr a s hPi t

1888

31E1

672

171

31F

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 4 Tr a s hPi t

1874

31F14

59

20

31H

N505E530

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

0

0

31J

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 5 Tr a s hPi t

1885

31J 42

224

68

31K

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 6 Tr a s hPi t

c . 1890

31K30

1532

205

31L

N505E530

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n,E1/ 2,Le v e l 7 Tr a s hPi t

1882

31L30

807

168

22F1

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

A-3

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

TPQ

32D

N505E530

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

32E

N505E530

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

33D

N505E540

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

33E

N505E540

33F 33G

( f r om)

n

MNI

n/ a

0

0

n/ a

0

0

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

N505E540

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

0

0

N505E540

3595

494

0

0

270

59

2

2

0

0

0

0

Li ne a rS t a i n

S t a i n

34CCo mpl e x N505E545

S mudg ePi t ,I nne r

Tr a s hPi t

34E

N505E545

S mudg ePi t ,Out e r

Tr a s hPi t

34F

N505E545

Re c t a ng ul a rS t a i n

Po s tHo l e

34G

N505E545

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

34H

N505E545

Po s tMo l d

UI D

34J

N505E545

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

34K

N505E545

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

34L

N505E545

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

34M

N505E545

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

34N

N505E545

Po s tMo l d,S ma l l

Po s tMo l d

35E

N500E530

Fo unda t i o nDe pr e s s i o n

Tr e nc h

35F

N500E530

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

36C

N500E535

Pi peTr e nc h,La r g e

Tr e nc h

36D

N500E535

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

36E

N500E535

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

36F

N500E535

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

36G

N500E535

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

36H

N500E535

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

36J

N500E535

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

37C

N500E540

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

37D

N500E540

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

37E

N500E540

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

37F

N500E540

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

37H

N500E540

Li ne a rS t a i n

S t a i n

38C

N500E545

Pi peTr e nc h,Te r r a c o t t a

Tr e nc h

38D

N500E545

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

38E

N500E545

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

39C

N515E560

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pr i v y

39D

N515E560

S q ua r eDe pr e s s i o n

Pr i v y

39E

N515E560

S ma l l Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pr i v y

39F

N515E560

Br i c kFo unda t i o n

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

39G

N515E560

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1870

39G8

22

13

39H

N515E560

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1820

39H7

72

27

39J

N515E560

Pr i v y ,Le v e l 3

Pr i v y

1915

39J 13

1661

238

39K

N515E560

Pr i v y ,Le v e l 4

Pr i v y

1918

39K18

595

124

A-4

1907

34C78

1907

36C35

n/ a

NDA

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

TPQ

( f r om)

n

MNI

39L

N515E560

Pr i v y ,Le v e l 5

Pr i v y

1860

39L9

207

49

39M

N515E560

Pr i v y ,Le v e l 6

Pr i v y

1885

39M7

14

7

40C

N515E565

S q ua r ePo s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

41C

N515E570

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

41D

N515E570

Pl a ntBe d

Pl a ntBe d

41E

N515E570

S ma l l Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

n/ a

NDA

41F

N515E570

1

1

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

1830

41F6

17

10

42C

N515E575

Po s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

42D

N515E575

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

42D

N510E560

Po s tHo l e

UI D

43E

N510E560

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1870

43E8

10

9

43F

N510E560

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

1870

43F7

24

9

43G

N510E560

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

Po s tHo l e

43H

N510E560

Da r kS t a i n

Po s tHo l e

43J

N510E560

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

1820

43J 2

8

4

44C

N510E565

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

44E

N510E565

I r r e g ul a rS t a i n

Po s tHo l e

45C

N510E570

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a ntBe d

47E

N505E560

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

47G

N505E560

S q ua r eDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

47H

N505E560

I r r e g ul a rS t a i n

Po s tHo l e

47K

N505E560

S ma l l Po s tHo l e

Po s tMo l d

48C

N505E565

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a ntBe d

48D

N505E565

S q ua r ePo s t ,Wo o d

Po s t

n/ a

1

1

48E

N505E565

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

48F

N505E565

Po s t

Po s t

n/ a

1

1

48G

N505E565

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

48H

N505E565

Po s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

48J

N505E565

S q ua r ePo s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

48K

N505E565

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a ntBe d

48L/ M

N505E565

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a ntBe d

48N

N505E565

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

1892

48N11

1153

243

49J Co mpl e x N505E570

Tr a s hPi t

Tr a s hPi t

1905

49J 176

66 61

821

50G

N505E575

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

51C

N500E560

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

1872

51C58

782

68

51D

N500E560

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

51K

N500E560

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

1881

51K1

11

9

52C

N500E565

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

52D

N500E565

Mo t t l e dDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a ntBe d

52F

N500E565

Da r kS t a i n

UI D

52H

N500E565

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

Po s tMo l d

A-5

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

52J

N500E565

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

53C

N500E570

Le v e l 3

Pl a ntBe d

53F

N500E570

Po s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

53G

N500E570

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

UI D

53H

N500E570

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

54E

N500E575

Po s tMo l d

UI D

54F

N500E575

Pl a ntBe d

Pl a ntBe d

54J

N500E575

I r r e g ul a rS t a i n

Pl a ntBe d

54K

N500E575

S q ua r eDe pr e s s i o n

Pe tBur i a l

54L

N500E575

S q ua r eDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

54M

N500E575

Bur i a l

Pe tBur i a l

55C

N520E570

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

55D

N520E570

Po s t

Po s t

n/ a

55E

N520E570

S q ua r ePo s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

1872

55E34

55F

N520E570

Po s t

Po s t

n/ a

55G

N520E570

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

55H

N520E570

Po s t

Po s t

55I

N520E570

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

55J

N520E570

Po s t

Po s t

55K

N520E570

Tr a s hDe po s i t

Tr a s hPi t

55L

N520E570

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

56C

N515E520

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

56F

N515E520

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

56G

N515E520

Fo unda t i o nPi e rTr e nc h

Fo unda t i o n

56H

N515E520

Fo unda t i o nPi e r

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

58C

N515E525

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tMo l d

58G

N515E525

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tMo l d

59C

N495E535

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

59D

N495E535

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

59E

N495E535

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

59F

N495E535

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

59H

N495E535

Pi peTr e nc h,S ma l l

Tr e nc h

61C

N455E504

Re c t a ng ul a rS t a i n

Bur i a l

63C

N450E504

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

63D

N450E504

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

63E

N450E504

Ov a l Pi t

Pi t

64D

N450E507

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

UI D

65C

N445E498

Po s tMo l d

Po s tHo l e

65D

N445E498

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

65E

N445E498

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

65H

N445E498

Li ne a rTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

A-6

TPQ

n

MNI

1

1

311

62

NDA

1

1

n/ a

NDA

1

1

n/ a

NDA

1

1

0

0

1

1

n/ a

( f r om)

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

TPQ

65J

N445E498

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

65K

N445E498

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

66C

N445E507

Tr a s hPi t ,E½,Uppe r

Tr a s hPi t

66D

N445E507

Tr a s hPi t ,E½,Lo we r

Tr a s hPi t

66F

N445E507

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

67C

N440E498

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

67D

N440E498

Pi peTr e nc h

Tr e nc h

68C

N440E502

Br i c kDr a i n

Dr a i n

68D

N440E502

Ci nde rBl o c k s

Fo unda t i o n n/ a

68E

N440E502

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

UI D

69C

N440E507

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

70C

N435E498

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

70D

N435E498

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

70E

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

70F

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

70G

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

70H

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

70J

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

70K

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

70L

N435E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71C

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71D

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71E

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71F

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71G

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71H

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71J

N435E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

71N

N435E502

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

71P

N435E502

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a nt i ng

71Q

N435E502

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

71T

N435E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

71W

N435E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

72C

N430E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

72D

N430E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

72E

N430E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

72F

N430E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

73C

N430E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

73D

N430E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

73E

N430E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

73F

N430E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

73J

N430E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

( f r om)

n

MNI

n/ a

A-7

Fe a t ur e

Uni t

Shor tTi t l e

Type

73L

N430E502

S q ua r eDe pr e s s i o n

Po s tHo l e

74C

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74D

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74E

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74F

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74G

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74H

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74J

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74K

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74L

N430E508

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

74P

N430E508

Tr a s hPi t

Tr a s hPi t

74T

N430E508

S ma l l De pr e s s i o n

UI D

74U

N430E508

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

75C

N430E512

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

75H

N430E512

Tr a s hPi t

Tr a s hPi t

76C

N426E498

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

76D

N426E498

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

76E

N426E498

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

76F

N426E498

Po s tMo l d

UI D

76G

N426E498

Re c t a ng ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

76H

N426E498

Re c t a ng ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

UI D

77C

N426E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

77D

N426E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tMo l d

77E

N426E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

77F

N426E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

77G

N426E502

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

77H

N426E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

77J

N426E502

Po s tMo l d

Po s tMo l d

77K

N426E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

77W

N426E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

77X

N426E502

I r r e g ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Pl a nt i ng

78G

N426E508

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

78H

N426E508

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

78J

N426E508

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

79K

N426E512

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

80C

N435E507

Pl a nt i ng

Pl a nt i ng

81G

N421E502

Po s tHo l e

Po s tHo l e

F1

Bl o c k2

S pr i nk l e rTr e nc h–Ea s tHa l f

Tr e nc h

Po s t 197 0

F2

Bl o c k1

S pr i nk l e rTr e nc h–We s tHa l f

Tr e nc h

Po s t 197 0

F3

Bl o c k1

S pr i nk l e rTr e nc h–S uppl yLi ne

Tr e nc h

Po s t 1 970

Tot a lFe a t ur e s :327

A-8

TPQ

( f r om)

Tot a lAr t i f a c t sPr oc e s s e d:

n

MNI

29172

5750

APPENDI XB

THEf o l l o wi ngi saf ul l l i s to ff i e l dsa ndv a l ue sus e df o rc a t a l o g i nga r t i f a c t sf r o mt heMa nnS i mo nss i t e . De t a i l sa r ef o undi nCha pt e r2 .

CLASS

PART ( c ont ' )

COLOR ( c ont ' )

Bo ne

Li nk s

I v o r y

Ce r a mi c

Li p

La v e nde r

Co mpo s i t e

Ne c k

Me di um S a pphi r eBl ue

Gl a s s

Pr o f i l e

Mo t t l e d

Me t a l

Ri m

Mul b e r r y

Mi ne r a l

S e a m

Mul t i pl e

Or g a ni c

S ha nk

Ol i v e

S he l l

S he l l

Ol i v e( ' Bl a c k ' )

S o i l

S o l e

Ol i v e ,Da r k

S t o ne

S pi neCa t c h

Ol i v e ,Li g ht

S y nt he t i c

S pi neTi p

Or a ng e

Wo o d

S pr i ngGua r d

Pi nk

To o t h

Po l y c hr o me

PART

To p

Re d

Ba c kPl a t e

Re ddi s hBr o wn

Ba s e Ba t

COLOR

Re ddi s hOr a ng e

Amb e r

S i l v e r

Bl a de

Ame t hy s t

Tr a ns l uc e ntWhi t e

Bo dy

Aq ua( Bl ue )

Tur q uo i s e

Bo wl

Aq ua( Gr e e n)

Whi t e

Br a c k e t

Bl a c k

Ye l l o w

Ca p

Bl ue

Ye l l o w/Cr e a m

Cl a s p

Bl ue ,Da r k

Ye l l o w/ Br o wn

Co mpl e t e

Bl ue ,Li g ht

Co r e

Br o wn

Cup

Br o wn,Da r k

FUNCTI ONALCAT.

End

Buf f

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l Ex t e r i o r

Ewe r

Cl e a rGr e e n

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l I nt e r i o r

Fa c e

Co ba l tBl ue

Do me s t i c

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l

Fi ni s h

Co l o r l e s s

El e c t r i c a l

Fo o t r i ng

Co ppe r

Ki t c he n

Fr a g me nt

Cr e a m

Ki t c he nTa bl e wa r e

Ha ndl e

Go l d

Ki t c he nUt i l i t a r i a n

He a d

Gr a y

Pe r s o na l

He e l

Gr e e n

Pe r s o na l Cl o t hi ng

Ki c k Up

Gr e e n,' Bl a c k '

Pe r s o na l Fi r e a r ms

Le a d

Gr e e n,Da r k

Pe r s o na l Hy g i e ne

Le g

Gr e e n,Li g ht

Pe r s o na l Or na me nt a l

Le nsRi ng

Gr e e n,Li me

Pe r s o na l S e wi ng

Li d

Gr e y

Pe r s o na l To y

B1

MATERI AL Bo ne

DEC.ELEMENT 12 S i de d

Br a s s

Ba nk

Annul a r

Br i c k

Bo he mi a n

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l

Ca r bo n

Ci r c l e ( s )

Ba l l

Ca s tI r o n

Di a mo nd

Ba nd

Ce me nt / Co nc r e t e

Di a mo nd( s )

Ba r& Anv i l Pr i me r

Co mpo s i t e

Do t ( s )

Ba r r e l

Co ppe r

Eng l i s hHo bna i l

Ba r r e l De s i g n

Cupr i cAl l o y

Ex c e l s i o rPa t t e r n

BBCa p

Ea r t he nwa r e

Ey e l e t s

b e a de dEdg e

Fe r r o usAl l o y

Fe a t he r

Be r da nPr i me r

Gl a s s

Fe ma l e

Buc k s ho t

Gl a s s ,Co ba l t

Fl o we r ( s )

Bul l ' sEy e& Fl ut e d

Gl a s s ,Fr o s t e d

Fl o we r ( s )

Ca bl e

Gl a s s ,Le a de d

Ha t c hMa r k s

Ci r c ul a r

Gl a s s ,Ma ng a ne s e

Ho l e

Ci r c ul a rHe a d

Gl a s s ,Mi l k

I nt e r i o r

Co nc a v e

Gl a s s ,S o da

Le a v e s

Co ne

Gl a s s ,S o l a r i z e d

Le t t e r ( s )

Co ni c a l

Gl a s s ,Ur a ni um

Li ne ( s )

Co ni c a l

Gr a phi t e

l i ne ( s )( t r a i l e d)

Co nt i nuo usThr e a ds

Le a d

Lo o p

Co r kLi ne d

Le a t he r

Lo o p( s )

Cy l i ndr i c a l

Ma r b l e

' L' S ha pe

De ndr i di c

Mo r t a r

NCFl o we r s

Di a mo ndPo i nt

Nut

numb e r ( s )

Di s c

Or g a ni c

Pe r s o n

Di s hS ha pe

Pa pe r

Pl a nt ( s )

Do me

Pe wt e r

Pr i s ma ndFl ut e

Do meHe a d

Pl a s t e r

Ri b( s )

Do meHe a d/S q ua r eS ha nk

Po r c e l a i n

Ri bs

Do meS ha pe

Rubbe r

Ro pe

Do ug hnut S ha pe d

Rubbe r ,Gut t a Pe r c ha

S CDi s pe ns a r y

DumbBe l l S ha pe

Rubbe r ,Ha r d

S CS t a t eS e a l

El i x i r/Ha ndy

S he l l

S he e p

Fe a t he rEdg e

S l a t e

S l o t

Fi g ur e ( s )

S o i l

S o l i d

Fi s hS c a l e

S t e e l

ThumbPr i nt

Fl a tHe a d

S t o ne wa r e

Ti c kMa r k s

Fl a tRi m

S y nt he t i c

Tr e e ( s )

Fl o r a l

Te r ne pl a t e

We a v i ng

Fl ut e d

Te r r aCo t t a

Wi l l o w

Fl ut e dDi a mo nd

Ti n

Fl ut e dObl o ng

Uni de nt i f i e dMa t e r i a l

B2

DEC.DESI GN ( c ont ' ) Ani ma l

DEC.DESI GN

Fr e nc hS q ua r e

Uni de nt i f i e dMe t a l

1l b

Fr i c t i o nRi ngGr o o v e

Wo o d

2 Wi r e

Fr o z e nCha r l o t t e

Zi nc

3 Ho l e

Ge o me t r i c

DEC.DESI GN ( c ont ' ) Ge r ma nCo l o g neS t y l e

DEC.DESI GN ( c ont ' ) S mo o t hBa c k

MAN.TECH.( c ont ' ) Ca s t ,Two Pi e c e

Gl a s sLi ne r

S mo o t hEdg e

Ce nt e r f i r e d

Go l de nGa t eOv a l

S mo o t hRi m

Cha mpa g neFi ni s h

Go t hi cRe v i v a l

S phe r e

Chi ne s eEx po r tPo r c e l a i n

Gr a pe

S q ua r e

Co a r s e

He x

S q ua r eEnde d

Co ddS t o ppe rFi ni s h

He x a g o na l

S t a r bur s t

Co l l a r e dRi ngFi ni s h

HumpS t y l e

S t i ppl i ng

Co mbi na t i o n

I ns i g ni a

S t r a i g ht

Co nt i nuo usThr e a ds

I nt e r i o r

S t udde d

Cr i mpe d

I nt e r i o r

S unbur s t

Cr o wnCa pFi ni s h

J o J oFl a s k

Ta bl e ,Me di um

CupBo t t o m Mo l d

Lo c k i ng

Ta pe r e dEnd

CupS e a tMo l d

Lo ng

Twi s t e d

Cut

LS ha pe dHe a d

Two Wi r e

Di eCut

Mi l l v i l l eRo und

Di pBo dyMo l d

Mus hr o o m

MAN.TECH.

Do ubl eRi ngFi ni s h

Ne c k a ndEy e

1 Pi e c eBut t o n

Dr i l l e d

Oc t a g o na l

2 Pi e c eBut t o n

Ex t e r i o r( g l a z e d)

Oc t a g o na l ( I r r e g ul a r )

Ex t r ude d

Ope ne d

3 Pa r tBl o wMo l d 3 Pa r tBl o wMo l dw/ Di pBo dy Mo l d

Or i e nt a l

3 Pa r tPr e s sMo l d

Fi r e dLi p

Ov a l o i dHe a d

Ag a t e wa r e

Fl a r e dRi ngFi ni s h

Pa ne l

Al ba nyTy peS l i pGl a z e d

Fl a tGl a s s

Pa ne l ,2x 2

Al k a l i neGl a z e d

Fo l de d

Fi ni s hi ngTo o l

Pa ne l ,S q ua r e

Appl i e dLi p

Fo l de dLi pFi ni s h

Phi l a de l phi aOv a l

Aut o ma t i cMa c hi ne ,Bo t t l e

Fo r g e d

Pl a i n

Ba c kPl a t e d

Gi ml e tPo i nt

Po l y g o n

Be a dFi ni s h

Gr a ni t e wa r e

Pr e s s e dPo wde rCa k e

Be a de dFi ni s h

Gr a yPa s t eS t o ne wa r e

Pr i s m

Gr o o v e dRi ngFi ni s h

Re c t a ng ul a r

Bl o b To pFi ni s h Bl o b To p,Li g ht ni ngS t o ppe r Fi ni s h

Re c t a ng ul a r / S q ua r e

Bl o wOv e rFi ni s h

Gr o undLi p

Gr o und

Ri bbe d

Bl o wni nt heMo l d

Gr o undLi p,S ho ul de rS e a l

Ro s e t t e

Bo t t o mHi ng e dMo l d( 2Pi e c e )

Gr o undOf fPo nt i l

Ro und

Br a ndyFi ni s h

Ha ndMa de

Ro undBa s e ,S q ua r eS ho ul de r

Br a ndyFi ni s h,S t r a i g ht

Ha ndPr e s s e d

Ro undCo r ne r e dBl a k e

Br a z e d

Ha ndS o l de r e d

Ro undHe a d

Br i s t o l Gl a z e d

Ha ndWr o ug ht

Ro unde dCo r ne r s

Br o wnPa s t eS t o ne wa r e

Ho t e l Wa r ePo r c e l a i n

Ro unde dHe a d

Buf fPa s t eEa r t he nwa r e

Hut c hi ns o nS t o ppe rFi ni s h

' S '

Buf fPa s t eS t o ne wa r e

I ndus t r i a l Po r c e l a i n

S a l a ma nde rOv a l

Bur ne d

I nf o l de dLi p

S a uc eS t y l e

By Pr o duc t

I ns ul a t e d

S c a l l o pe dEdg e

Ca pS e a tFi ni s h

I nt e r i o r( g l a z e d)

S c r o l l

Ca r v e d

I r o nOx i deGl a z e d

S e e d

Ca s t

I r o ns t o ne

S Fo r m

Ca s t ,One Pi e c e

Ka o l i n/Ba l l

B3

MAN.TECH.( c ont ' )

B4

MAN.TECH.( c ont ' )

MAN.TECH.( c ont ' )

Ke y Wi nd

S a wn

Ye l l o wwa r e

Knur l e d

S c r e wBa nd

Ye l l o wwa r e ,Ut i l i t a r i a n

La i dOnRi ng

S e wThr o ug h

Li g ht ni ngS t o ppe rFi ni s h

S ha nkMo l de d1Pi e c e

Li ppi ngTo o l

S he a r e dRi ngFi ni s h

Ammuni t i o n,Bul l e t ,. 22Ca l i b e r

Lo ng

S he a r e dTo p

Ammuni t i o n,Bul l e t ,. 32Ca l i b e r

Ma c hi neCut

S ho r t

Ammuni t i o n,Bul l e t ,. 45Ca l i b e r

Ma c hi neMa de

S ho ul de rS e a l

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 22Ca l i b e r

Ma c hi nePr e s s e d

S i deS e a m,Do ubl e ,La p

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 25Ca l i b e r

Ma c hi neS o l de r e d

S i deS e a m,S i ng l e ,La p

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 32Ca l i b e r

Me l t e d

S i l v e r e d( mi r r o r )

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 38Ca l i b e r

Mi ne r a l Fi ni s h

S l i pGl a z e d

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 40Ca l i b e r

Mi x e d

S ma l l Mo ut hEx t .Thr e a dFi ni s h

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 45Ca l i b e r

Mo l de d

S na pCa s e

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 4570Ca l i be r

Mo l di ngTe c hni q ueUnk no wn

S o l de r e d

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,Uni de nt i f i e d

OBJ ECT NAMES

Ne c kLug s

S o l i d

Ammuni t i o n,S ho t ,Le a d

Ne c kWi r e

S o l i dCo r e

Ammuni t i o n,S ho t ,S t e e l

Ot he rGl a z e d

S po tCr o wn

Ammuni t i o n,S ho t g unS he l l ,10Ga ug e

Pa c k e rFi ni s h

S t a c k e dRi ngFi ni s h

Ammuni t i o n,S ho t g unS he l l ,12Ga ug e

Pa r i a n

S t a mpe d

Ammuni t i o n,S ho t g unS he l l ,14Ga ug e

Pa t e ntFi ni s h

S t a mpe dEnd

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Do o rS t o p

Pe a r l wa r e

S t r a nde d

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Br i c k

Pe g g e d( na i l )

S t r a nde dCo r e

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ce me nt/Co nc r e t e

Pe g g e d( wo o d)

S upe r S ho r t

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Gl a s s ,Bl o c k

Pl a t e d

Thr e a de dFi ni s h

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Gl a s s ,Wi ndo w

Po nt i l Ro d

Thr e a de dFi ni s h( e x t e r na l )

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Mo r t a r

Po s t Bo t t o m Mo l d

Thr e a de dFi ni s h( i nt e r na l )

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Pl a s t e r

Pr e s c r i pt i o nLi pFi ni s h

Thr e e Pi e c eMo l d

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Po s t

Pr e s s a ndBl o wMa c hi ne

To r pe doBa s e

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,S he e tMe t a l

Pr e s sCa pFi ni s h

Tur nMo l d

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,S he e tMe t a l ,Co r r ug a t e dI r o n

Pr e s s e d

Two Pi e c eMo l d

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,Fl o o r/Wa l l

Pr e s s e dPo wde r

Ung l a z e d

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,Fl o o r i ng

Pr e s s e d,Ha nd

Uni de nt i f i e d( UI D)

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e , Ro o f i ng

Pr e s s e d,Ma c hi ne

UI D Ce r a mi c

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,Ro o f i ng ,As pha l t

Pr o s s e r

UI D Co l o rPa s t eEa r t he nwa r e

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,Ro o f i ng ,Ti n

Punc he d

UI D Fi ni s h

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,S i di ng ,As b e s t o s

Qua r r i e d

UI D Ma nuf a c t ur i ngTe c hni q ue

Ar c hi t e c t ur a l ,Ti l e ,S i di ng ,As pha l t

Re dPa s t eEa r t he nwa r e

UI DS t o ne wa r e

By Pr o duc t ,Cl i nk e r/S l a g

Re dPa s t eS t o ne wa r e

UI D Whi t ePa s t eEa r t he nwa r e

Cl o t h i ng ,Bl ue i ngAg e nt

Re f i ne dPo r c e l a i n

Uni ns ul a t e d

Cl o t hi ng ,Buc k l e

Re i nf o r c e dEx t r a c tFi ni s h

Unmo di f i e dNa t ur a l Ma t e r i a l

Cl o t hi ng ,Buc k l e ,Be l t

Ri mf i r e

Whi t eS a l t g l a z e d

Cl o t hi ng ,Buc k l e ,S us pe nde r

Ri ngFi ni s h

Whi t e wa r e

Cl o t hi ng ,Buc k l e ,S us pe nde r

Ri v e t e d

Wi deMo ut hEx t .Thr e a dFi ni s h

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n

Ro c k i ng ha m /Be nni ng t o n

Wi deMo ut h,Appl i e dLi p

Cl o t h i ng ,But t o n,2 Ho l e

Ro l l e d

Wi dePr e s c r i pt i o nFi ni s h

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,2 Pi e c e

Ro l l e dRi m

Wi dePr e s c r i pt i o nFi ni s h

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n, 4 Ho l e

S a l tGl a z e d

Wi r e

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,5 Ho l e

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' )

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' )

Ammuni t i o n,Ca r t r i dg eCa s e ,. 45 70Ca l i b e r

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co ndi me nt ,Mus t a r d

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,Co l l a r

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co ndi me nt ,S pi c e/Ex t r a c t

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,Co l l a rS na p

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co s me t i c

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,Dr i l l e dEy eS ha nk

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co s me t i c ,Pe r f ume / Co l o g ne

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,Lo o pS ha nk

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co s me t i c ,S k i nLi g ht e ne r

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,Mi l i t a r y

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Fo o d

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,S ha nkMo l de d

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Fo o d,Ol i v e s

Cl o t hi ng ,But t o n,S t a f f Ty pe

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Fo o d,Pi c k l e s

Cl o t hi ng ,Cl i p

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Fo o d,Pi c k l e s / Ol i v e s

Cl o t hi ng ,Cl i p,Cuf f Ho l de r

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Ho us e ho l dCl e a ne r

Cl o t hi ng ,Cuf fLi nk

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,I nk

Cl o t hi ng ,Fa s t e ne r ,Ho o k a ndEy e

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e , Li q uo r/Whi s k y

Cl o t hi ng ,Fa s t e ne r ,Ho o k a ndEy e ,Ey e

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Me di c i na l /Pha r ma c e ut i c a l

Cl o t hi ng ,Fa s t e ne r ,Ho o k a ndEy e ,Ho o k

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Mi l k

Cl o t hi ng ,Gr o mme t

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Ot he r

Cl o t hi ng ,Ha tPi n

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,S o daPo p/Wa t e r

Cl o t hi ng ,Ri v e t

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Wi ne

Cl o t hi ng ,S a f e t yPi n

Co nt a i ne r ,Buc k e t

Cl o t hi ng ,S ho e

Co nt a i ne r ,Buc k e t ,Le a d/ S o l de rPo t

Cl o t hi ng ,S ho eHo r n

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n

Cl o t hi ng ,S ho e ,Gr o mme t

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca nTo ba c c o ,S nuf f

Cl o t hi ng ,S ho e ,S o l e

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl o s ur e

Cl o t hi ng ,S na p

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl o s ur e ,Re mo v a bl eLi d( no ns c r e w)

Cl o t hi ng ,S t r a i g htPi n

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl o s ur e ,Re mo v a bl eLi d,S c r e w

Cl o t hi ng ,Zi ppe r

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl o s ur e ,Re mo v a bl eLi pLi d

Co mmuni c a t i o n,Ho l de r ,Pe nc i l

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Cl o s ur e ,Wi ndS t r i p

Co mmuni c a t i o n,Pe n,Ba l l Po i nt

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ho l e i nCa p

Co mmuni c a t i o n,Pe n,Fo unt a i n

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ho l e i nCa p,Ha ndS o l de r e d

Co mmuni c a t i o n,Pe nc i l ,Gr a phi t e

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ho l e i nCa p,Ma c hi ne S o l de r e d

Co mmuni c a t i o n,Pe nc i l ,S l a t e

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ho l e i nTo p

Co mmuni c a t i o n,Te l e pho ne ,Re c e i v e rHo o k

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ke y

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ke y Wi nd

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Al c o ho l

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ro l l e dS e a m

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Be e r

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,S a ni t a r y

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Be v e r a g e

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,S i de S e a m,Do ubl e

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Bi t t e r s

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,S i de S e a m,S i ng l e ,La p

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,S i de S e a m,S i ng l e ,S o l de r e d

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Co r k

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,S q ua r e/Re c t a ng ul a r

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Cr o wnCa p

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,Ta pe r e d

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Le a dS e a l

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,To ba c c o

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Li g ht i ngS t o ppe r

Co nt a i ne r ,Ca n,To ba c c o ,S nuf f

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Pe gS t o ppe r

Co nt a i ne r ,J a r

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,Pr e s s Fi tCa p

Co nt a i ne r ,J a r ,Li d

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Cl o s ur e ,S c r e wCa p

Co nt a i ne r ,J a r ,Li dLi ne r

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co ndi me nt

Co nt a i ne r ,J a r ,Li d,Pr e s e r v i ng

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co ndi me nt ,I c e dTe aTumbl e r

Co nt a i ne r ,J a r ,Pr e s e r v i ng

Co nt a i ne r ,Bo t t l e ,Co ndi me nt ,J e l l y / Mus t a r dTumb l e r

Co nt a i ne r ,Pe r s o na l

B5

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' )

B6

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' )

Co nt a i ne r ,Pe r s o na l ,Co s me t i c/Hy g i e ne

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e

Co nt a i ne r ,Vi a l

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,Bl i ndHi ng eHo o k

El e c t r i c a l ,Ba t t e r y ,Ca r bo nRo d

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,But t

El e c t r i c a l ,Co nne c t o r

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,But t ,S hut t e r

El e c t r i c a l ,I ns ul a t o r ,Cl e a t

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,Ro l l e dPl a t eHi ng e

El e c t r i c a l ,I ns ul a t o r ,S pl i tKno b

Ha r dwa r e ,Hi ng e ,S t r a p

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r eCo nne c t o r ,Mo l di ng

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,Bo xLa t c h

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e ,Do ubl eCo nduc t o r

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,Bo xLa t c h

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e ,Qua dr upl eCo nduc t o r

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,Co a t a ndHa t

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e ,S i ng l eCo nduc t o r

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,CupHo o k

El e c t r i c a l ,Wi r e ,Tr i pl eCo nduc t o r

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,Ey eHo o k& S t a pl e

Fa una

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,Pl a i n

Fa una ,Cl a mS he l l

Ha r dwa r e ,Ho o k ,S c r e wHo o k

Fa una ,Eg gS he l l

Ha r dwa r e ,La t c h,Ba r nDo o r

Fa una ,Oy s t e rS he l l

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Bo l t

Fa una ,S he l l

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ca s eLo c k

Fl o r a

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ke y

Fl o r a ,Nut ,Pe c a n

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ke y ,Ca s eLo c k

Fo o dPr e pa r a t i o n,Ba k i ngDi s h

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ke y ,Le v e rTumbl e r

Fo o dPr e pa r a t i o n,Co o k i ngPo t

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ke y ,Pi nTumbl e r

Fo o dPr e pa r a t i o n,Co o k i ngPo t ,Li d

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ke y ,Ri m Lo c k

Fur ni t ur e

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ke y ,Wa f e rTumbl e r

Fur ni t ur e ,Ca s t e r

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Le v e rTumb l e r

Fur ni t ur e ,S pr i ng

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Pa dl o c k

Fur ni t ur e ,Ta c k

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Pi nTumbl e r

Ha r dwa r e ,Ba r

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Ri m Lo c k

Ha r dwa r e ,Ba r be dWi r e

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ha r dwa r e ,Ba r r e l S t r a p

Ha r dwa r e ,Lo c k ,Wa f e rTumb l e r

Ha r dwa r e ,Bo l t

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Br a i d

Ha r dwa r e ,Bo l t ,Ca r r i a g e

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Co mmo n

Ha r dwa r e ,Bo l t ,Co unt e r S unkCa r r i a g e

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Es c ut c he o nPi n

Ha r dwa r e ,Bo l t ,Ey e

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Fi ni s hi ng

Ha r dwa r e ,Bo l t ,S a w

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Ro o f i ng

Ha r dwa r e ,Br a c k e t

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,S pi k e

Ha r dwa r e ,Br a c k e t ,Ang l e

Ha r dwa r e ,Na i l ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ha r dwa r e ,Cha i n

Ha r dwa r e ,Nut

Ha r dwa r e ,Cha i n,La pLi nk

Ha r dwa r e ,Pul l Cha i n

Ha r dwa r e ,Cha i n,Li nk

Ha r dwa r e ,Ri ng

Ha r dwa r e ,Co l l a r

Ha r dwa r e ,Ro d

Ha r dwa r e ,Co t t e rPi n

Ha r dwa r e ,S c i s s o r s

Ha r dwa r e ,Do o rKno b

Ha r dwa r e ,S c r e w,Ey e S c r e w

Ha r dwa r e ,Ey e

Ha r dwa r e ,S c r e w,Me t a l

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,Do o rPul l

Ha r dwa r e ,S c r e w,Wo o d

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,Do o rRi ng

Ha r dwa r e ,S pi k e

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,Dr a we r

Ha r dwa r e ,S pr i ng

Ha r dwa r e ,Ha ndl e ,Dr a we rPul l

Ha r dwa r e ,S t a pl e

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' ) Ha r dwa r e ,S t a pl e ,Fe nc e

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' ) Pe r s o na l ,Pi nBa c k

Ha r dwa r e ,S t o c k ,Ba r

Pe r s o na l ,Po c k e tKni f e

Ha r dwa r e ,S t r a p

Pe r s o na l ,Po c k e tKni f e ,2 Bl a de s

Ha r dwa r e ,Ta c k

Pe r s o na l ,Po c k e tKni f e ,3 Bl a de s

Ha r dwa r e ,Tub e

Pe r s o na l ,S c i s s o r s

Ha r dwa r e ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Pe r s o na l ,Umbr e l l a

Ha r dwa r e ,Wa s he r

Pe r s o na l ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ha r dwa r e ,Wi ndo w,S hut t e rDo g

Pe r s o na l ,Wa t c h,Po c k e t

Ha r dwa r e ,Wi r e

Pe r s o na l ,Wa t e rPi t c he r/Ewe r

Ha r dwa r e ,Wi r e ,Ba i l i ng

Pl umbi ng ,Pi pe

Ha r ne s sHa r dwa r e ,Ho r s e s ho e

Pl umbi ng ,Pi pe ,Fi t t i ng

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,Ca ndl eS t i c kHo l de r

Pl umbi ng ,Pi pe ,Fi t t i ng ,EndCa p

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,Fi g ur i ne

Pl umbi ng ,Pi pe ,Fi t t i ng ,Ga s

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,Fi r e pl a c eTo o l S t a nd

Pl umbi ng , Pi pe ,Fi t t i ng ,Ga sS t o v e

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,Fl o we r po t

Pl umbi ng ,Pi pe ,S e we r

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,Le t t e r i ng

Re l i g i o usI t e m

Ho us e ho l dAc c e s s o r y ,Uni de nt i f i e d

S o i l S a mpl e

Li g ht i ng ,Ar c ,Ca r bo nRo d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Bo wl

Li g ht i ng ,Bul b

Ta bl e wa r e ,Bo wl ,Fo o t e dS a l t

Li g ht i ng ,Bul b,I nc a nde s c e nt

Ta bl e wa r e ,Bo wl ,S a l t/S ug a r

Li g ht i ng ,La mp

Ta bl e wa r e ,Bo wl ,S e r v i ng

Li g ht i ng ,La mp,Chi mne y

Ta bl e wa r e ,Bo wl ,Te a Wa s t e r

Li g ht i ng ,La mp,Gl o be

Ta bl e wa r e ,Cup

Li g ht i ng ,La mp,S ha de

Ta bl e wa r e ,Cup,Te a

Li g ht i ng ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Dr i nk i ngGl a s s

Ma c hi ne r y ,Ga s k e t

Ta bl e wa r e ,Dr i nk i ngGl a s s ,Go bl e t

Ma c hi ne r y ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Dr i nk i ngGl a s s ,S t e mwa r e

Mi ne r a l ,Co a l

Ta bl e wa r e ,Dr i nk i ngGl a s s ,Tumb l e r

Mi ne r a l ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Fl a t wa r e

Pa pe r

Ta bl e wa r e ,Fo r k

Pa pe r ,Ne ws pa pe r

Ta bl e wa r e ,Fo r k ,2 Pr o ng

Pe r s o na l ,Be a d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Fo r k ,3 Pr o ng

Pe r s o na l ,Be a d,Ro und

Ta bl e wa r e ,Fo r k ,S e r v i ng

Pe r s o na l ,Be a d,S e e d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Ho l l o wwa r e

Pe r s o na l ,Be a d,Tube

Ta bl e wa r e ,Kni f e

Pe r s o na l ,Co i n

Ta bl e wa r e ,Pi t c he r

Pe r s o na l ,Co mb

Ta bl e wa r e ,Pl a t e

Pe r s o na l ,Ha ndba g

Ta bl e wa r e ,Pl a t e ,Lunc h

Pe r s o na l ,Ha ndba g ,Cl a s p

Ta bl e wa r e ,Pl a t e ,S e r v i ng

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Br o a c h

Ta bl e wa r e ,S a uc e r

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Ea r r i ng

Ta bl e wa r e ,S po o n

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Ne c k l a c e

Ta bl e wa r e ,S po o n,S e r v i ng

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Pe nde nt

Ta bl e wa r e ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Pe nde nt / Ea r r i ng

Ta bl e wa r e ,Ut e ns i l

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Uni de nt i f i e d

Ta bl e wa r e ,Ve s s e l

Pe r s o na l ,J e we l r y ,Wi r e

To ba c c o ,As ht r a y

Pe r s o na l ,Mi r r o r

To ba c c o ,Pi pe To ba c c o ,Pi pe ,Pa mpl i nS t y l e

B7

OBJ ECT NAMES( c ont ' ) To o l ,Pl i e r s To o l ,S c a l e ,Ba l a nc eWe i g ht To o l ,S c r e wdr i v e r To y ,Ba l l To y ,Co i nBa nk To y ,Do l l To y ,Do l l ,Chi naHe a d To y ,Fi g ur i ne To y ,Ma r bl e To y ,Te aS e t To y ,Uni de nt i f i e d Uni de nt i f i e d,Ar c hi t e c t ur a l Uni de nt i f i e d,Ce r a mi c Uni de nt i f i e d,Fl a tGl a s s Uni de nt i f i e d,Gl a s s Uni de nt i f i e d,Me t a l Uni de nt i f i e d,Me t a l ,Di s c Uni de nt i f i e d,Me t a l ,Pl a t e Uni de nt i f i e d,Obj e c t Uni de nt i f i e d,S he e tMe t a l Uni de nt i f i e d,S l a t e Uni de nt i f i e d,Ve s s e l Uni de nt i f i e d,Wo o d Ut i l i t a r i a n,Bo t t l e/J ug Ut i l i t a r i a n,Bo wl Ut i l i t a r i a n,Cr o c k Ut i l i t a r i a n,Ho l l o wwa r e Ut i l i t a r i a n,J a r Ut i l i t a r i a n,J a r/Bo t t l e Ut i l i t a r i a n,J a r/Cr o c k Ut i l i t a r i a n,Ve s s e l

B8

APPENDI XC

CONTRI BUTORSTO F I ELD AND LABORATORYWORK

VOLUNTEERSFROM ANTHROPOLOGY 101, US C—COLUMBI A 2006

THEf o l l o wi ngi sal i s to fi ndi v i dua l swhowo r k e di n t hef i e l da nd/ o rl a bo r a t o r ybe t we e n2005a nd2012a s pa r to ft heMa nnS i mo nsAr c ha e o l o g yPr o j e c t .Iha v e ma dee v e r ye f f o r tt ok e e pt r a c ko fe v e r y bo dy ' sna me s o v e rt hepa s ts e v e ny e a r s ,butt he r ei ss t i l lac ha nc e t ha tImi s s e ds o me bo dy .I fy o uc o nt r i but e dt ot he pr o j e c tbutdono tf i ndy o urna mel i s t e dhe r e —I a po l o g i z eg r e a t l y .Wi t ho utt het i me ,e f f o r ta nds k i l l s o fa l lo ft he s ei ndi v i dua l s ,t hi spr o j e c two ul dno tha v e be e npo s s i bl e .Tha nky o ua l l .

PAI D WORK J o s e phM. Cr o c k e t t He l é naL.Fe r g us o n Ke l s e yB. Ha nr a ha n Be nj a mi nP.J o hns o n J o s e phJ o hns o n La ur a nL. Ri s e r

LONGTERM VOLUNTEERS Ka t hr i neAr no l d Ada m But l e r J a yCo x Ka t hl e e nCl a r dy J a me sS t e wa r t

S HORTTERM VOLUNTEERS Edwa r dCa r r Chr i sJ udg e Mi c ha e l Whi t e l e y Ke l l iHa y ne s Andr e wFo r r e s t e r J i l l Da w Kr i s t e nHudg i ns Do nRo s i c k Me g a nMo nt s Aa r o nBur ne t t e Emi l yDa l e Me a g a nMo r r i s

S t e phe nWi l l i a ms Aus t i nPa t e r e k Ka c iHe nde r s o n J a me sBo nd Me g a nMo nt s Ka y l aHa r wa r d Er i c aRa he j a J o eMa g ni Pa t r i c kBr o we t t Li s aRa ndl e Al a nS a nde r s El i z a be t hTe v e pa ug h Ka t i eMc Wi l l i a ms La Qui s haChe s t e r Ki m La ng e Ka r i nS a l mo n

2007 La ur e nCr o s by Ri l e yWo o ds La ur aYba r r a Da nWi l e y Ze k ha r y a hWa r dl a w Pe t e rVo s o Tr e v o rVa l e nt i Ka t hl e e nS ha nk S t e pha ni eNe l s o n AbbyLa v e l l e Er i cJ o ne s J a yHut c hi s o n Ki m Ha i r e Ry a nDe nni s Ro bCo r ne y Phi l But t s Ni c o l aBr o wn Da ni e l l eAnde r s o n Dr e wAl l e n

2008 Ry a nWa de Br e ndaMa r t i n

C-1

Mi t c hAnde r s o n Br i a nHa r l e y E.S t o neMi l l e r Ky l eChr i s t e ns e n Mi c ha e l Be c k e r Ka t eS mi t he r s La ur e nHa y ne s Ti m Ak e s o n Ma r yJ a neMo r r i s Da v eHut t o n J o c i éMi g a na Ka t he r i neKus z ma ul J a k eGo s s AnneTho ma s Tr a c yPa ul Ma t t he wKi bbe y J o s e phJ o hns o n S a r a hS k i nne r S t e v e nRa t ug o n La ur e nDi c k e r s o n Ma x we l l Cl a y t o n Ri c kNi c ho l s Me g ha nFi e l ds AnneBo na v e nt e Za cFr y Br i a nBo o mho we r J o hnMa z z o c hi J o hnGo t t s ha l k

2009 Mi c ha e l Wo l v e r t o n Co no rFr i c k e l Ada mS t e wa r t Er i c kS ha w Co dyS e nt o Chr i sS c hl a f f J o r da nRe y no l ds Ro z a l y nnePa t e Ke i t hMi no r Br a ndo nMc Abe e Re ne eMa t he ws J o na t ha nJ o ne s Ry a nGa do w He a t he rDupr e El i s eBur nha mFa y Be nBe l l Ya s mi neEl r a he b Al i s o nCo nni ng t o n

C-2

Mi c ha e l Cr y e r Ry a nQui nn Er i c aHuf f

FI ELD S CHOOL–MAY2 006 He l é naL.Fe r g us o n Me gGa i l l a r d S e a nHa l l Dwi g htJ o ne s Do nRo s i c k Ka r i nS a l mo n J a me sS t e wa r t Ke l s e yHa nr a ha n S ha nno nKi c z a Al i t aHuf fMi k i t e n De ni s eDuno v a nt Be nJ o hns o n J a c k i ePi t t s Ki mbe r l yCa v a na g h( Te a c hi ngAs s i s t a nt )

FI ELD S CHOOL–F ALL2 006 Ai l e e nAhe a r n Ada m But l e r He l é naL.Fe r g us o n Ta ma r aLo o ne y Er i k aHe i mbr o o k S ho f ne r Aus t i nPa t e r e k J ul i aFr o z z a S i l v a J e a nS c hwa b Me g a nMo nt s Ro bi nVi l l e r e a l Bl a k eMo ns o n Cha r l e sBr o o k s Mi c ha lWi g a l( Te a c hi ngAs s i s t a nt )

FI ELD S CHOOL–MAY2 007 Za c ha r yBuf f i ng t o n Ka t hl e e nCl a r dy S t e pha ni eJ o ne s Ma r g a r e tMc Who r t e r Li s aRa ndl e Ca s e yRi g by S a r a hS wa ns o n He l é naL.Fe r g us o n( Te a c hi ngAs s i s t a nt )

APPENDI XD

Ea s tYa r dAr e a Uni t s5–10 Pr ove ni e nc e :

5A

Uni t :

N427E540

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Br o wn( 10YR4/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Da r kGr a y i s hBr o wn ( 10YR4/ 2)s a ndys i l ta nd20% Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)s a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 101. 73

101. 21

NE 101. 65

101. 31

NW 101. 65

101. 28

SW 101. 75

101. 19

C

101. 71

101. 19

Da t eExc a va t e d:

15Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C,J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970di s t ur ba nc e .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

5B

Uni t :

N427E540

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l twi t h4 0% whi t emo r t a ra nd 30% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR5/ 8)mo r t a r .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

5Ca tt o po f5B Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 101. 21

n/ a

NE 101. 31

n/ a

NW 101. 28

n/ a

SW 101. 19

n/ a

C

101. 19

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

30Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

n/ a

Re c or de dBy:

J C

D-1

Not e s :

Ex c a v a t i o nha l t e da tt o po f5Bduet ot i mec o ns t r a i nt s .Noa r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

5C

Uni t :

N427E540

Shor tTi t l e :

Br i c kRo w

Type :

Fe a t ur e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Nos o i l ma t r i x

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

5Ca tt o po f5B

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

101. 01

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

30Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

n/ a

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Fe a t ur e5Cwa sar o wo fbr i c k s / l a r g ebr i c kba t sde l i ne a t i ngpl a nts pa c e ( no r t h)a ndf r o nty a r ds pa c e( s o ut h) .No t et ha tt he s ebr i c k sa r epa r to fpo s t 1909( po s t l unc hc o unt e r )l a nds c a pi ngunc o v e r e di nBl o c k3.Thebr i c k s we r el e f ti ns i t u.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6A

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Br o wn( 10YR4/ 3)v e r yl o o s es a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h<5% Ve r yDa r k Br o wn( 7. 5YR2. 5/ 3)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 101. 29

100. 79

NE 101. 20

100. 80

NW 101. 28

100. 67

SW 101. 41

100. 01

C

101. 27

100. 67

Da t eExc a va t e d:

15Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6B

Uni t :

N430E575

D-2

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h5% S t r o ngBr o wn ( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a yl o a m,<1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

No ne Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 79

100. 61

NE 100. 80

100. 48

NW 100. 67

100. 53

SW 101. 01

100. 80

C

100. 67

100. 58

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6C

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Re d( 2. 5YR4/ 6)v e r yc o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Da r kYe l l o wi s h Br o wn( 10YR4/ 4)s a ndyl o a m,5% Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 61

100. 27

NE 100. 48

100. 33

NW 100. 53

100. 25

SW 100. 80

100. 46

C

100. 58

100. 43

Da t eExc a va t e d:

18Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6E

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4

Type :

S t r a t um

D-3

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

I nS Wq ua dr a nt :Da r kRe ddi s hBr o wn( 5YR3/ 3)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y .Ot he r q ua dr a nt s :Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)c o mpa c ts a ndys i l tl o a m, mo t t l e dwi t h30% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyl o a m,wi t h30% de c a y e d mo r t a ra nd<1% br i c k .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 27

100. 24

NE 100. 33

100. 23

NW 100. 25

100. 23

SW 100. 46

100. 35

C

100. 43

100. 22

Da t eExc a va t e d:

19Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6F

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 5

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h5% Da r kRe ddi s hBr o wn ( 5YR3/ 3)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a ya nd1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 24

99. 66

NE 100. 23

99. 36

NW 100. 23

99. 58

SW 100. 35

99. 66

C

100. 22

99. 62

Da t eExc a va t e d:

8Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6T

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 6

Type :

S t r a t um

D-4

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Da r kBr o wn ( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l ta nd20% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a yl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

6U

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 66

99. 16

NE 99. 36

99. 19

NW 99. 58

99. 27

SW 99. 66

99. 24

C

99. 62

99. 28

Da t eExc a va t e d:

13Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

6Twa st heuppe r mo s ti nt a c ts t r a t um.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6U

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Ci r c ul a rPi t

Type :

Tr a s hPi t

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)l o o s es a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h<1% S t r o ng Br o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a ya nd5% c ha r c o a l .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

6Ua tt o po f6T

TPQ Da t e :

1870

Ba s e dUpon:6U23

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 49

98. 97

Da t eExc a va t e d:

13Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

6Uwa sac i r c ul a rt r a s hpi tf e a t ur e( di a me t e r=2. 2f e e t ) .La r g ec o nc e nt r a t i o n o ft i nc a ns( ma nyi nt a c t ) .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6V

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 7

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

6W

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 16

n/ a

D-5

NE 99. 19

n/ a

NW 99. 27

n/ a

SW 99. 24

n/ a

C

99. 28

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

6Vwa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

6W

Uni t :

N430E575

Shor tTi t l e :

Re c t a ng ul a rPi t

Type :

UI D

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

50% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a yl o a ma nd50% Da r k Br o wn( 10YR3/ 3)l o o s es a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

6W a tt o po f6V

TPQ Da t e :

1870

Ba s e dUpon:6W9

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 25

98. 63

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

6W wa sar e c t a ng ul a rf e a t ur ea tt hes ur f a c eo f6V( Le v e l 7)me a s ur i ng2. 7 f e e te a s t we s ta nd1. 9f e e tno r t hs o ut h( ma x i mum e x t e nt ) .Upo ne x c a v a t i o n, 6W a ppe a r e dt obet wopo s tho l e s ,o nea ppa r e nt l yar e pl a c e me ntpo s t ,e a c h t r unc a t e dbyt hes o ut hwa l l o ft heuni t .Bo t hpo s tho l e swe r es q ua r e ,t he e a s t e r npo s t( o r i g i na l )me a s ur i ng2f e e te a s t we s t ,t hewe s t e r npo s tme a s ur i ng 1. 6f e e te a s t we s t .Noe v i de nc eo fpo s t / po s tmo l d. Po s tho l e sno t pr o v e ni e nc e ds e pa r a t e l y .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8A

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 50

n/ a

NE 100. 34

n/ a

NW 100. 50

n/ a

SW 100. 66

n/ a

D-6

No ne Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

C

n/ a

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

2Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .Noc l o s i nge l e v a t i o ns .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8B

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h15% Re d ( 2. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y( e a s tha l f )a nd10% Bl a c k( 10 YR2/ 1)s a ndys i l t( we s t s i de ) .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE n/ a

100. 16

NE n/ a

100. 08

NW n/ a

100. 16

SW n/ a

100. 24

C

n/ a

100. 16

Da t eExc a va t e d:

2Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J MC,MW

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .Ev i de nc eo fe r o s i o n.Ope ni nge l e v a t i o nsno ta v a i l a bl e .No t s c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8C

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o o s es a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 16

99. 45

NE 100. 08

99. 34

NW 100. 16

99. 37

SW 100. 24

99. 41

C

100. 16

99. 38

Da t eExc a va t e d:

3Aug us t2005

D-7

Exc a va t e dBy:

J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8D

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h<5% S t r o ng Br o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l ta ndYe l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y ,wi t h 5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

8E,8F,8H

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 45

99. 13

NE 99. 34

99. 15

NW 99. 37

n/ a

SW 99. 41

99. 19

C

99. 38

99. 16

Da t eExc a va t e d:

11Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C,J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8D wa st heuppe r mo s tundi s t ur be ds t r a t um.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8E

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Cha r c o a l Co nc e nt r a t i o n

Type :

Tr a s hPi t

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o o s es a ndys i l twi t h50% c ha r c o a l i nc l us i o ns .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

8Ea tt o po f8D;i nt r ude dupo nbyFe a t ur e8F.

TPQ Da t e :

1905

Ba s e dUpon:8E32

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 37

98. 63

Da t eExc a va t e d:

11Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8Ewa sas ma l l t r a s hpi tf e a t ur ei nt hef r o nt s i des i dey a r da r e ai nt r ude dupo n byFe a t ur e8F,ag a sl i net r e nc hr unni ngi nt ot heho us ea t1403Ri c hl a nd S t r e e t .Thedi me ns i o nso f8Ec ha ng e ddr a ma t i c a l l yupo ne x c a v a t i o n( s e e ma ps ) .

D-8

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8F

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Pi peTr e nc h

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Br o wn( 10YR4/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6) s a ndyc l a yl o a m,<5% Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)S a ndyCl a y ,a nd<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s . 8Fa tt o po f8D;i nt r ude supo nFe a t ur e8E.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

1892

Ba s e dUpon:8F22

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 39

99. 30

Da t eExc a va t e d:

11Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J MC,J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8Fwa saha nddugt r e nc hf e a t ur ef o rag a sl i ner unni nga l o ngc e nt e ro f t r e nc hi nt oe a s ts i deo f1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .No t et ha t8Fi nt r ude dupo na t r a s hpi tf e a t ur e8E,whi c hha daTPQ da t eo f1905, s ug g e s t i ngt ha tt heg a s l i nea s s o c i a t e dwi t h8Fpo s t da t e s1905.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8H

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a yl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h<50% Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,wi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

1870

8H a tt o po f8D Ba s e dUpon:8H17

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 30

97. 98

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8H a ppe a r e da samo t t l e dc l a ys me a ra tt het o po f8 D.Af t e rr e mo v i ng<0. 1f e e to f8D,8H be c a mec l e a r l yde f i ne da sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d,10i nc h di a me t e r ,wi t hv e r t i c a l wa l l si ndi c a t i v eo fapo s t ho l edi g g e r .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8J

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 5

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Da r kBr o wn ( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l ta nd20% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a yl o a m.

D-9

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

8K,8L Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 13

98. 99

NE 99. 15

98. 96

NW n/ a

n/ a

SW 99. 19

98. 99

C

99. 16

99. 07

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8Jwa sat r a ns i t i o ns t r a t um be t we e n8D a nd8M ( s ubs o i l ) .Noa r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8K

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h1% Ye l l o wi s h Re d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

8Ka tt o po f8J ;a s s o c i a t e dwi t h8L( po s tho l e )

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 17

97. 57

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8Kwa st hepo s tmo l df o rpo s tho l ef e a t ur e8L.Di a me t e ro ft hepo s tmo l d wa s~10i nc he sa nda ppe a r e dt oha v ebe e nha nddug . Noa r t i f a c t s .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8L

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Mo t t l e dDe pr e s s i o n

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

1870

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

D-10

99. 17

97. 57

8La tt o po f8J ;a s s o c i a t e dwi t h8K( po s tmo l d) Ba s e dUpon:8L21

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8Lwa st hepo s tho l ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hepo s tmo l d8K,me a s ur i ng0. 9f e e t e a s t we s t ,t r unc a t e dbyt hes o ut hwa l l o ft heuni t .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8M

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 6( S ubs o i l )

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

8N,8P Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 99

n/ a

NE 98. 96

n/ a

NW n/ a

n/ a

SW 98. 99

n/ a

C

99. 07

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

13Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8M wa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l .Uni t8wa sl i ne dwi t hbl a c kpl a s t i ca tt hes ur f a c eo f 8M a st i mec o ns t r a i nt spr e v e nt e de x c a v a t i o no fFe a t ur e s8N a nd8P.No a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8N

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

La r g eS e mi Ci r c l e

Type :

UI D

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h1% Ye l l o wi s h Re d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a ya nd<5% Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2) s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

8N a tt o po f8M

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 95

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

13Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

D-11

Not e s :

8N wa sal a r g e ,o v a l s ha pe df e a t ur ea tt hes ur f a c eo f8M ( Le v e l 6)o f unk no wnf unc t i o n.Fe wt onoa r t i f a c t swe r eo bs e r v e da tt hes ur f a c eo ft he f e a t ur e .Duet ot i mec o ns t r a i nt s ,8N wa sno te x c a v a t e d.Uni t8wa sl i ne d wi t hbl a c kpl a s t i ca tt het o po f8M.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

8P

Uni t :

N450E570

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 6)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h5% Ye l l o wi s h Re d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

8Pa tt o po f8M

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 97

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

13Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

8Pwa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d( di a me t e r=0. 25f e e to r3i nc he s ) .Duet ot i me c o ns t r a i nt s ,8Pwa sno te x c a v a t e d.Uni t8wa sl i ne dwi t hbl a c kpl a s t i ca tt he t o po f8M.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9A

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o o s es a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9B

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 31

99. 79

NE 100. 37

99. 82

NW 100. 53

99. 68

SW 100. 54

99. 91

C

n/ a

99. 88

Da t eExc a va t e d:

27J ul y2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9B

D-12

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Li ne a rTr e nc h

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y ,wi t h5% bui l de r ' sde br i s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9Ba tt o po f9A

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

100. 33

98. 83

Da t eExc a va t e d:

2Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

9Bwa sabui l de r ' st r e nc ha s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hec o ns t r uc t i o no ft hepo s t 1970 wa l k wa ywa l l .9Be x t e nde dbe l o ws ubs o i l ( 9U) ,butwa sno te x c a v a t e dt o bo t t o m.No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9G

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9Ga tt o po f9H

TPQ Da t e :

1872

Ba s e dUpon:9G9

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 79

98. 48

Da t eExc a va t e d:

2Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

9Gwa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l dwi t hadi a me t e ro f0. 85f e e t .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9H

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% S t r o ng Br o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l ta nd10% Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y , wi t h5% c ha r c o a l a nd<1% mo r t a r . 9G,9J / K,9L,9P

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 79

99. 06

D-13

NE 99. 82

99. 12

NW 99. 68

98. 95

SW 99. 91

99. 04

C

99. 88

99. 01

Da t eExc a va t e d:

2Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

9H wa st heuppe r mo s tundi s t ur be ds t r a t um.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9J

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Ci r c ul a rPi t

Type :

Tr a s hPi t

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o o s es a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h<1% S t r o ngBr o wn ( 7. 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a yl o a m,wi t hma nys ma l l ( <1” )s i z e dr o o t s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9Ja tt o po f9H;a s s o c i a t e dwi t h9L

TPQ Da t e :

1892

Ba s e dUpon:9J 68

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 69

99. 09

Da t eExc a va t e d:

3Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

9Jwa sane a r c i r c ul a rt r a s hpi tf e a t ur ewi t hadi a me t e ro f2. 0f e e t .9J( e a s t½) a nd9K( we s t½)r e pr e s e nt e dt hebi s e c t i o no ff e a t ur edur i nge x c a v a t i o n.The t woha l v e swe r ec o mbi ne di nt oFe a t ur e9Ji nt hel a b.Thet r a s hpi twa s c o mpo s e do ft wol e v e l s :t heuppe r mo s tl e v e l i s9J ;t hel o we r mo s tl e v e l wa s de s i g na t e d9L.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9L

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Ci r c ul a rPi t ,Lo we r

Type :

Tr a s hPi t

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)l o o s es a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h<5% S t r o ngBr o wn ( 7. 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a yl o a m,wi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9J / K

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 09

98. 13

Da t eExc a va t e d:

4Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

D-14

Not e s :

9Lwa st hel o we r mo s tl e v e l o fat wo l e v e l t r a s hpi t .Fe a t ur e9Jwa st he uppe r mo s tl e v e l .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9P

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

I r r e g ul a rS ha l l o wPi t

Type :

Tr a s hPi t

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)v e r yl o o s es a ndys i l twi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9Pa tt o po f9H

TPQ Da t e :

1872

Ba s e dUpon:9P1

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 12

98. 37

Da t eExc a va t e d:

6Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

9Pwa sas ha l l o w,c i r c ul a rt r a s hpi twi t hadi a me t e ro f1. 92f e e t .9Bi nt r ude d upo n9Pt ot heno r t h,o bs c ur i ngt hepr o f i l eo f9Pi nt heno r t hwa l l o ft he uni t .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9R

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndys i l t , mo t t l e dwi t h50% Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3) ,wi t h1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

9S ,9T Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 06

98. 69

NE 99. 12

98. 89

NW 98. 95

98. 92

SW 99. 04

98. 88

C

99. 01

98. 81

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

9Rwa sa ni nt a c ts t r a t um a bo v es ubs o i l .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9S

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Ro unde dDe pr e s s i o n

D-15

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h5% S t r o ng Br o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l ta nd5% Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t , wi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k sa ndmo r t a r .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

9Sa tt o po f9R

TPQ Da t e :

1870

Ba s e dUpon:9S 1

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 06

98. 67

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

9Swa sas q ua r i s hpo s tmo l d/ ho l e ,me a s ur i ng0. 85f e e ts q ua r e .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9T

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Ci r c ul a rDe pr e s s i o n

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h5% S t r o ng Br o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l ta nd5% Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t , wi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k sa ndmo r t a r .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

1870

9Ta tt o po f9R Ba s e dUpon:9T13

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 01

98. 18

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

9Twa sac i r c ul a rpo s tho l ewi t hadi a me t e ro f1. 2f e e t .Noe v i de nc eo fa po s t / po s tmo l d.S e v e r a l l a r g ebr i c kba t swe r ef o undwi t hi nt hepo s tho l ef i l l , po s s i bl yus e dt oa dds uppo r tf o rt hepo s t .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

9U

Uni t :

N465E565

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4( S ubs o i l )

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 69

D-16

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

NE 98. 89

n/ a

NW 98. 92

n/ a

SW 98. 88

n/ a

C

98. 81

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

9Uwa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l ;no te x c a v a t e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10A

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o o s es a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 77

99. 43

NE 100. 42

99. 14

NW 100. 37

99. 34

SW 100. 67

99. 59

C

100. 52

99. 20

Da t eExc a va t e d:

10Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .De e pe rt o pl a y e rt ha na l l o t he runi t s ,muc hhi g he rnumbe ro f g r a v e l ,mo r t a r ,br i c kf r a g me nt s ,e t c .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10B

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2,Out s i deS t r uc t ur e

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo de r a t e l yc o mpa c t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10D,10E,10G,10H,10J ,10K,10L,10M

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: NW 99. 34

99. 09

SW 99. 59

99. 28

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

D-17

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

10Bwa st heuppe r mo s ti nt a c ts t r a t um.10Bwa swha two ul dha v ebe e nt he we s t( o ut s i de )s i deo f1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .S a mes t r a t i g r a phi cl e v e l a s10C, butpr o v e ni e nc e ds e pa r a t e l ys oa st oi de nt i f ypo s s i bl es o i l ma t r i xdi f f e r e nc e s . Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10C

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2,I ns i deS t r uc t ur e

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 4)mo de r a t e l yc o mpa c ts a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10J ,10L,10M

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 43

98. 78

NE 99. 14

98. 92

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

10Cwa st heuppe r mo s ti nt a c ts t r a t um.10Cwa swha two ul dha v ebe e nt he i ns i deo f1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .S a mel e v e l a s10B,butpr o v e ni e nc e d s e pa r a t e l ys oa st oi de nt i f ypo s s i bl es o i l ma t r i xdi f f e r e nc e s .Noa r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10D

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Pi peTr e nc h

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10Y2/ 2)l o o s es a ndys i l tl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10D a tt o po f10B;i nt r ude supo nFe a t ur e10J

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 21

98. 37

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

10D wa sapo s t 1970g a spi pet r e nc h( wi t hi nt a c tpi pe )c r o s s c ut t i ngUni t10 a ndmul t i pl ef e a t ur e swi t hi nt heuni t .Thet r e nc hwa sc utwi t hadi t c hwi t c h, r e s ul t i ngi nc l e a ns e pa r a t i o no fa r t i f a c t ua l a ndc o nt e x t ua l ma t e r i a l s .No t s c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10G

D-18

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Cl a yCo nc e nt r a t i o n

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a yl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Ve r y Da r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

10Ga tt o po f10B;a s s o c i a t e dwi t h10Ja nd10K Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 26

96. 75

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C/ J MC

Not e s :

10Gwa sa no v a l po s tho l ewi t har e c t a ng ul a rpo s tmo l d( Fe a t ur e10K)o n t hewe s ts i deo f1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t ,di r e c t l yo nt hewe s t e r nbo unda r yl i ne o ft hef o unda t i o nt r e nc h/ s t a i n( Fe a t ur e10J ) .Att het i meo fe x c a v a t i o n,t hi s po s tho l e / mo l dwa st ho ug htt ober e pl a c e me nt( o ra ddi t i o na l )po s ta dde dt o t hewe s twa l l o ft hes t r uc t ur e .Al t e r na t i v e l y ,t hepo s tma ybea s s o c i a t e dwi t h t hee x pa ns i o no ft hes t r uc t ur ebe t we e n1904a nd1910( s e e1910S a nbo r n Fi r eI ns ur a nc ema p) .Thepo s tho l eme a s ur e d1. 6f e e te a s t we s ta nd1. 18f e e t no r t hs o ut h.Thepo s tmo l d( Fe a t ur e10K)me a s ur e d0. 93f e e te a s t we s ta nd 1. 12f e e tno r t hs o ut h.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10H

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Cha r c o a l S me a r

Type :

UI D

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,wi t h50% c ha r c o a l .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10H a tt o po f10B;i nt r ude dupo nby10G

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 29

99. 14

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

10H wa sav e r ys ha l l o wc ha r c o a l s me a ra tt hes ur f a c eo f10B( Le v e l 2) .No pr o f i l edr a wi ng .Pr e da t e sFe a t ur e10G.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10J

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Fo unda t i o nTr e nc h

Type :

Fo unda t i o n

D-19

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Bl a c k ( 10YR2/ 1)a nd<5% S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10Ja tt o po f10B/ 10C;i nt r ude dupo nby10G,10K,1 0L,10M

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 20

99. 10

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Aug us t2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ J MC

Re c or de dBy:

J MC

Not e s :

10Jwa sav e r ys ha l l o wf o unda t i o ns t a i n/ t r e nc ha s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hewe s twa l l o f1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t .Thewe s t e r ne dg eo ff e a t ur ewa sv e r yc l e a r l y de f i ne d;t hee a s t e r ne dg ewa spo o r l yde f i ne d,bl e ndi ngi nt os t r a t um 10C. Thewe s t e r ne dg eo ft hef e a t ur el i k e l yr e pr e s e nt e dt hea c t ua l wa l l o ft he s t r uc t ur e .Ane l e c t r i c a l g r o undi ngr o dwi t huni ns ul a t e dc o ppe rwi r ea dhe r i ng i nt r ude dupo nt hef e a t ur e .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10K

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)v e r yl o o s es a ndys i l tl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10Ka tt o po f10B/ 10C;i nt r ude supo n10G( po s tho l e )

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 10

96. 57

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17S e pt e mbe r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

10Kwa sapo s tmo l da s s o c i a t e dwi t hpo s tho l e10G,t ha tme a s ur e d0. 93f e e t e a s t we s ta nd1. 12f e e tno r t hs o ut h.Ao ne f o o tl e ng t ho fpo s twa sr e c o v e r e d wi t hi nt hemo l d( wo o dt y peunk no wn) .Att het i meo fe x c a v a t i o n,t hi spo s t ho l e / mo l dwa st ho ug htt ober e pl a c e me nt( o ra ddi t i o na l )po s ta dde dt ot he we s twa l l o ft hes t r uc t ur e .Al t e r na t i v e l y ,t hepo s tma ybea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht he e x pa ns i o no ft hes t r uc t ur ebe t we e n1904a nd1910.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10L

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

Type :

UI D

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)s a ndys i l twi t h5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10Lunde r10J

TPQ Da t e :

D-20

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 40

98. 89

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17S e pt e mbe r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

10Lwa sac i r c ul a rf e a t ur e ,1. 1f e e ti ndi a me t e r ,di s c o v e r e ddi r e c t l y unde r ne a t hFe a t ur e10J( f o unda t i o nt r e nc h/ s t a i n) ,c e nt e r e de a s t / we s t . Func t i o ni sunk no wn,butwa spo s s i bl yt her e ma i nso fapo s tho l e / mo l dt ha t e x i s t e dpr i o rt ot he1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e ts t r uc t ur e ,o rwa sa s s o c i a t e dwi t h 1407Ri c hl a ndS t r e e tbutr e pr e s e nt sa ne a r l i e rpha s eo fc o ns t r uc t i o n.No wo o df r a g me nt swe r ee v i de nc e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10M

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Ci r c ul a rS t a i n

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)s a ndys i l twi t h5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

10M unde r10J

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 22

98. 31

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17S e pt e mbe r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Fe a t ur e10M wa sf i r s ti de nt i f i e da tt het o po fs t r a t um 10Ba sas ma l l c i r c ul a r s t a i n,di a me t e r0. 45f e e t( r o ug hl y5. 5i nc he s ) ,i nt r udi ngupo nFe a t ur e10J ( f o unda t i o nt r e nc h/ s t a i n) .Upo ne x c a v a t i o no f10J ,10M e x pa nde di nt oa r e c t a ng l e0. 95e a s t we s ta nd0. 75f e e tno r t hs o ut h.Li k e l yt her e c t a ng l ewa sa po s tho l ea ndt heo r i g i na l l y i de nt i f i e dc i r c l ewi t hi nt her e c t a ng l ewa sapo s t mo l d.Gi v e nt ha tt hepo s tho l ewa sunde r ne a t h10Ja ndt hepo s tmo l da bo v e , t hepo s te x i s t e dpr i o rt ot hec r e a t i o no ft hef o unda t i o nt r e nc h/ s t a i n( 10J )but c o nt i nue dt oe x i s ta f t e r10Jc a mei nt obe i ng .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

10N

Uni t :

N445E580

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

No ne Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng:

D-21

SE 98. 78

n/ a

NE 98. 92

n/ a

NW 99. 09

n/ a

SW 99. 28

n/ a

C

n/ a

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

1Oc t o be r2005

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

10N wa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l .

D-22

D-23

Ne a rBa c kya r dAr e a Uni t s14–20 Pr ove ni e nc e :

14A

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Da r kRe ddi s h Br o wn( 5YR3/ 3)s a ndyc l a yl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 100. 09

99. 88

NE 99. 93

99. 83

NW 99. 89

99. 79

SW 100. 08

99. 91

C

100. 01

99. 87

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

AHM,DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

AHM

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14E

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h10% Da r kRe ddi s h Br o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 3)s a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

No ne Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 88

99. 86

NE 99. 83

99. 74

NW 99. 79

99. 74

SW 99. 91

99. 83

C

99. 87

99. 74

Da t eExc a va t e d:

10Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

AHM,DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

AHM

D-24

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14G

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Ci r c ul a rPi t

Type :

UI D

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 2)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h10% Br o wn( 7. 5YR5/ 4) a nd10% Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14Ga tt o po f14H

TPQ Da t e :

1891

Ba s e dUpon:14G7

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

99. 59

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

AHM

Not e s :

14Ga ppe a r e da sal o o s es a ndyc o mbi na t i o no fs o i l si nar o ug ho v a l s ha pe wi t hi r r e g ul a re dg e s .Po s s i bl epl a nt i ng r e l a t e d,po s t 1970.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14H

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kRe ddi s hBr o wn( 5YR3/ 4)s a ndyc l a yl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14G

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 86

99. 65

NE 99. 74

99. 45

NW 99. 74

99. 56

SW 99. 83

99. 52

C

99. 74

99. 46

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

AHM,DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

CJ C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14J

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4,Bl a c kLe ns

Type :

S t r a t um

D-25

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR2. 5/ 2)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h5% Br o wn ( 7. 5YR4/ 3)s a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14Ja tt o po f14H ( Le v e l 3)

TPQ Da t e :

1820

Ba s e dUpon:14J 10

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: E 99. 51

99. 32

W

99. 47

99. 47

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

AHM,DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

CJ C

Not e s :

14Jwa sav e r yt hi nl e nsi nt heno r t hwe s tq ua dr a nto fUni t14.Unk no wni f i t sde po s i t i o nr e l a t e st opr e -o rpo s t 1970a c t i v i t i e s .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14K

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 5,Ar bi t r a r y

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kRe ddi s hBr o wn( 2. 5YR3/ 4)c l a yl o a m wi t hv a r y i nga mo unt so fs a nd a nd10% br i c kf r a g me nt s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 65

n/ a

NE 99. 51

n/ a

NW 99. 56

n/ a

SW 99. 52

n/ a

C

99. 46

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

CJ C,DCR,AHM

Re c or de dBy:

AHM,DCR

Not e s :

14Kwa sf o r me r l ypa r to ra l l o f14H ( Le v e l 3) .Thel a y e rwa sr e pr o v e ni e nc e d a s14Kwhe ni twa sno t i c e dt ha tt heno r t hha l fo ft heuni tha dav e r yt hi n l a y e ro f14H whi c ho v e r l a yada r kbr o wnl a y e r( 14L) ,whe r e a st hes o ut hha l f r e ma i ne dc o ns i s t e ntwi t h14H s o i l ma t r i x .14Kwa spo s t 1970f i l l a l s os e e n i nuni t s15,16,a nd17.Ex c a v a t i o nha l t e di nt he1 4Ks e c t i o no ft heuni t . No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14L

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 6

Type :

S t r a t um

D-26

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

S t r o ngBr o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 3)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h20 % Da r kRe ddi s h Br o wn( 5YR3/ 4)s a ndyc l a yl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14N

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 47

98. 80

NE 99. 45

98. 71

NW 99. 56

98. 75

SW 99. 41

98. 73

C

99. 48

98. 66

Da t eExc a va t e d:

17Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

AHM,DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

AHM

Not e s :

14Lwa st het o pmo s ti nt a c tl a y e r .Thet o po fFe a t ur e14N ( Fo unda t i o n Rubbl e )wa sa tt het o po f14L.El e c t r i c a l g r o undi ngr o da ndc a ppe dg a sl i ne we r ef i r s te nc o unt e r e dwi t hi nt hi sl a y e r .No t e ,i nt hef i e l dt he r ewa sa n a ddi t i o na l s t r a t um ( 14M,Le v e l 7) ,butde t e r mi ne dt obet hes a mel a y e ra s 14L,a nds owa si nc l ude dwi t h14L.No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14N

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Fo unda t i o nRubbl e

Type :

Fo unda t i o n

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Nos o i l ma t r i x

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14N a tt o po f14L;bo t t o mo f14N r e s t i ngo n14R

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:Noa r t i f a c t s

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 20

n/ a

NE 99. 03

n/ a

NW 99. 04

n/ a

SW 99. 29

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

23Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

AHM,DCR,CJ C

Re c or de dBy:

AHM

Not e s :

14N wa st her e ma i nso ft hes o ut hwe s tc o r ne rf o unda t i o npi e rf o rt he s t r uc t ur ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .El e v a t i o nst a k e na tt het o po fbr i c k s . He a v i l ydi s t ur be d,l i k e l yf r o mc o mpr e s s i o ns t r e s sa s s o c i a t e dwi t hpo s t 1970 he a v ye q ui pme nta c t i v i t i e s .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14P

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Pi peTr e nc h

D-27

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Ve r yDa r k Gr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndyl o a ma nd5% Gr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR5/ 2) l o o s es a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14Pa tt o po f14R

TPQ Da t e :

1899

Ba s e dUpon:14P12

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 66

96. 52

Da t eExc a va t e d:

30J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

14Pwa sahe a v i l ymo t t l e d,i r r e g ul a rf e a t ur ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hel a y i ngo fa1i nc hdi a me t e rg a spi pef o rt he1904Ma r i o nS t r e e ts t r uc t ur e .Pi pe( c o ppe r ) a ndf e a t ur er unspa r a l l e l wi t ht hes o ut hwa l l o f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Pi pe l i k e l yt i e si nt oma i ng a sl i neunde rMa r i o nS t r e e t .Thepi pe“ T” s1. 4f e e t f r o mt hewe s twa l l o ft heuni t .The“ T”r unsdi r e c t l ys o ut ha tado wns l o pe i nt ot hedi s t ur be da r e as ur r o undi ngt heba c ko ft hema i nho us e( 14K) .The c o ppe rl i nec o nt i nue se a s t ,i nt oabr a s suni o n,t he ni nt oac a s ti r o n“ T” , whi c hi sc a ppe do nt hee a s te nd,t he ” T”r unsdi r e c t l yno r t h,t ur ns90de g r e e s v e r t i c a l ,a ndi sc a ppe d.Thev e r t i c a l s e g me ntwo ul dha v er unj us to nt he o ut s i dee dg eo ft hes o ut hwa l l o f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Thet r e nc hwi t ht he c o ppe rl i nei so r i g i na l ,wi t hwha ta ppe a r st obeal a t e rpi t / ho l edugt o f a c i l i t a t et her e pa i ro ra ddi t i o no ft hec a s ti r o ns e g me nt .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14R

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 8

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 6)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14P,14S ,14T,14W

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

TPQ Da t e : El e va t i ons :

Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 80

97. 22

NE 98. 71

97. 14

NW 98. 75

97. 20

SW 98. 73

97. 19

C

98. 66

97. 06

Da t eExc a va t e d:

30J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

D-28

Not e s :

Nodi f f e r e nc ede t e c t e dbe t we e nt hei ns i dea ndo ut s i deo f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t s t r uc t ur ewi t hi n14R.Pr e s e nc eo fFe a t ur e s14N,14T,14W we r et heo nl y i ndi c a t i o nso fs pa t i a l s e g r e g a t i o n/ di f f e r e nt i a t i o n.Theba s eo fFe a t ur e14N ( br i c kpi e r )wa sr e s t i ngo nt hes ur f a c eo f14R.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14S

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Bui l de r ' sTr e nc h

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Li g htYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR6/ 4)l o o s es a nd

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14Sa tt o po f14R( Le v e l 8)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:Noa r t i f a c t s

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: E 98. 73

98. 67

W

98. 75

98. 60

C

98. 71

98. 57

Da t eExc a va t e d:

30J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

HLF

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

14Swa sat r e nc hf i l l e dwi t hbui l de r ' ss a ndr unni ngpa r a l l e l t ot hes o ut hwa l l o f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t ,a l o ngt hei ns i deo ft hes t r uc t ur e ' sf o unda t i o n( wa l l ) l i ne .Noa r t i f a c t swi t hi nf e a t ur e .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14T

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tHo l e

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 4)l o o s es a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

1820

14Ta tt o po f14R( Le v e l 8) Ba s e dUpon:14T2

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 66

96. 36

Da t eExc a va t e d:

19Aug us t2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

D-29

Not e s :

14Twa sa s s o c i a t e dwi t h14R( Le v e l 8) ,butdi dno tbe c o mef ul l yde f i ne d unt i l s ubs o i l ( 14X,Le v e l 9) ,a twhi c ht i mei twa sf ul l ye x c a v a t e d.Fe a t ur e14P ( pi pet r e nc h)i nt r ude dupo nFe a t ur e14To nt hes o ut hs i de .Po s tho l ei s ne a r l ys q ua r ewi t has q ua r epo s tmo l di nt hec e nt e r( po s tmo l dme a s ur e d0. 3 f e e te a s t we s ta nd0. 25f e e tno r t hs o ut h) .Thepo s tmo l ds ho we dno i ndi c a t i o nunt i l r e a c hi ngt hebo t t o mo ft hepo s tho l e ,a twhi c ht i met he s q ua r es ha peo ft hemo l dwa sv i s i bl ea spa r to ft hef l o o r .Thepo s tho l e / mo l d i sdi r e c t l yi nl i newi t ht hebr i c kf o unda t i o npi e r s( 14N & 15F) ,a ndhe nc e t hes o ut hwa l l o f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Uns ur ei ft hepo s ti sr e l a t e dt ot he 1904Ma r i o ns t r uc t ur e ,g i v e nt ha ti tr e s t e do nbr i c kpi e r s ,wa sr e l a t e dt oa n e a r l i e rs t r uc t ur eo nt hes a mes i t e .14Twa si nl i newi t hpo s tf e a t ur e14W.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14W

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tHo l e

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 4)l o o s es a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

14W a tt o po f14R( Le v e l 8) ;a s s o c i a t e dwi t hpo s tho l e14T

TPQ Da t e :

1820

Ba s e dUpon:14W1

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 66

96. 61

Da t eExc a va t e d:

19Aug us t2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

14W wa sar e c t a ng ul a rpo s tho l et r unc a t e dbyt hee a s twa l l o ft heuni t . No r t hs o ut hdi me ns i o nwa sr o ug hl y1. 3f e e t .14W wa si nl i newi t hpo s t f e a t ur e14T.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

14X

Uni t :

N485E510

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 9

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 97. 22

n/ a

NE 97. 14

n/ a

NW 97. 20

n/ a

SW 97. 19

n/ a

C

97. 06

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

D-30

19Aug us t2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

14Xwa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l .Noa s s o c i a t e df e a t ur e s .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15A

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h10% Ye l l o wi s hRe d ( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 90

99. 67

NE 99. 78

99. 65

NW 99. 83

99. 74

SW 99. 88

99. 75

C

99. 89

99. 70

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Re c or de dBy:

S PK

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15B

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h40% Da r k Re ddi s hBr o wn( 5YR3/ 4)s i l t yc l a yl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 67

99. 34

NE 99. 65

99. 38

NW 99. 74

99. 28

SW 99. 75

99. 47

C

99. 70

99. 49

Da t eExc a va t e d:

10Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Re c or de dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

D-31

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15C

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 2)s i l t yl o a m,wi t h<2% mo r t a r ,<2% br i c k , a nd<1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15F

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 34

n/ a

NE 99. 38

98. 88

NW 99. 74

99. 01

SW 99. 47

n/ a

C

99. 49

98. 99

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Re c or de dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Not e s :

S o ut he a s tc l o s i nge l e v a t i o nuna v a i l a bl eduet ol o c a t i o no fFe a t ur e15F.15C ( Le v e l 3)wa st heno r t hha l fo ft heuni t .S o i l ma t r i xdi f f e r e nc e swe r e unc o v e r e dupo ne x c a v a t i o no f15B( Le v e l 2) .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15D

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4,Ar bi t r a r y

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Da r k Re ddi s hBr o wn( 5YR3/ 3)s a ndyc l a yl o a m

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 34

99. 05

SW 99. 47

99. 13

C

99. 49

99. 03

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Re c or de dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Not e s :

15D wa st hes o ut hha l fo ft heuni t ,pr o v e ni e nc e ds e pa r a t e l yf r o m 15C( Le v e l 3)duet os o i l ma t r i xdi f f e r e nc e sunc o v e r e dupo ne x c a v a t i o no f15B( Le v e l 2) . 15D r e pr e s e nt spo s t 1970a c t i v i t i e sr e l a t e dt ouni t s14,16,a nd17.No t s c r e e ne d.

D-32

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15F

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Fo unda t i o n

Type :

Fo unda t i o n

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Nos o i l ma t r i x

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15Fa tt o po f15C( Le v e l 3)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:Noa r t i f a c t s

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 98

n/ a

NE 99. 03

n/ a

NW 99. 06

n/ a

SW 99. 14

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

22Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

BPJ ,S PK

Re c or de dBy:

S PK

Not e s :

15Fwa sabr i c kf o unda t i o npi e ra s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hes t r uc t ur ea t1904Ma r i o n S t r e e t .Whe nt heho us ewa so r i g i na l l ybui l t ,t hi spi e rwo ul dha v ebe e nt he s o ut he a s tc o r ne r .Br i c k swe r eno tdi s t ur be da swa st hec a s ewi t hFe a t ur e 14N.Mo r t a ri nt a c t .S e v e r a l br i c k sha di mpr e s s e df i ng e rpr i nt s .Onebr i c k ha da1/ 2i nc hdr i l l ho l e .Br i c kf o unda t i o nl e f tundi s t ur be d.Bl a c kpl a s t i c wa sputdo wno v e ri t suppe rs ur f a c ebe f o r eba c k f i l l i ngt heuni t .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15J

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 5

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 4)l o a mys a nd,wi t hl e s st ha n5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15L,15M,15N,15P,15R

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 95

98. 74

NE 98. 83

98. 57

NW 98. 71

98. 62

SW 99. 98

98. 78

C

98. 89

98. 52

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

D-33

Not e s :

15Ja ppe a r e dt ober e mna nt so ft hey a r ds ur f a c ea s s o c i a t e dwi t ha ne a r l i e r o c c upa t i o no ft hes i t e( pr e 1870s ;pr e 1904Ma r i o nS t r e e tc o ns t r uc t i o n) . Theba s eo fFe a t ur e15F( br i c kf o unda t i o npi e r )r e s t sdi r e c t l yo nt hes ur f a c e o f15J .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15L

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15La tt o po f15J

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:Noa r t i f a c t s

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 93

97. 59

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

15La ppe a r e da sane a r c i r c l eo nt hes ur f a c eo f15Jwi t hadi a me t e ro f0. 2f e e t ( ~2. 5i nc he s ) ,butupo ne x c a v a t i o n,15Lbe c a memo r eo v a l s ha pe d( l o nga x i s =e a s t we s t ) .Po s s i bl epo s tmo l d,butunc l e a r .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15M

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15M a tt o po f15J

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 92

97. 76

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

15M a ppe a r e da sane a r c i r c l eo nt hes ur f a c eo f15Jwi t hadi a me t e ro f0. 15 f e e t( ~2i nc he s ) ,butupo ne x c a v a t i o n,15M be c a memo r eo v a l s ha pe d( l o ng a x i s=e a s t we s t ) .Po s s i bl epo s tmo l d,butunc l e a r . Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15N

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Da r kS t a i n

Type :

UI D

D-34

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)l o a mys a nd,mo t t l e dwi t h1% Da r k Ye l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 4)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15N a tt o po f15J

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 90

97. 70

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C/ HLF

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

15N,upo ne x c a v a t i o n,ha dav e r yi r r e g ul a rs ha pe( ~0. 55f e e te a s t we s t ,0. 40 f e e tno r t hs o ut h) .Gi v e ni t sl o c a t i o ndi r e c t l yo ut s i det hef o unda t i o nl i neo f t he1904Ma r i o nS t r e e ts t r uc t ur e ,15N mi g htber e l a t e dt oa ne a r l ypl a nt i ng . Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15R

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Fo unda t i o nTr e nc h

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn ( 10YR4/ 4) ,wi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15Ra tt o po f15J

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: W

98. 78

98. 39

C

98. 78

98. 37

E 98. 78

98. 29

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

15Rwa sauni f o r mt r e nc hr unni nge a s t we s tbe l o wt hel e v e l o ft he f o unda t i o npi e r( Fe a t ur e15F)wi t ha na v e r a g ewi dt ho f0. 85f e e t .15Rmi g ht beabui l de r ' st r e nc ha s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hec o ns t r uc t i o no fas t r uc t ur ea tt ha t l o c a t i o nt ha tpr e da t e dt hec o ns t r uc t i o no f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t( pr e1870s ) , a l t ho ug hi tc a nno tber ul e do utt ha tt het r e nc hwa sno ta s s o c i a t e dwi t ht he 1904Ma r i o ns t r uc t ur e ,de s pi t et het wov e r ydi f f e r e ntt y pe so fbui l di ng t e c hni q ue s .15Rr a ns l i g ht l yt ot heno r t hi nawe s t e r l ydi r e c t i o n.Ass uc h,i t s e e msl i k e l yt ha t15Rwa spa r to f14S( bui l de r ' st r e nc h) .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15T

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 6

Type :

S t r a t um

D-35

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h<5% Br o wn ( 10YR4/ 3)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15U

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 74

n/ a

NE 98. 57

n/ a

NW 98. 62

n/ a

SW 98. 78

n/ a

C

98. 52

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

5Oc t o be r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

15Uwa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l .Mul t i pl er o o tmo l dst hr o ug ho ut .S i ng l epo s tmo l d f e a t ur e( 15U)a s s o c i a t e dwi t hs t r a t um.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

15U

Uni t :

N485E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

15Ua tt o po f15T( Le v e l 6)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 61

97. 98

Da t eExc a va t e d:

5Oc t o be r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

15Uwa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d( di a me t e r=0. 3f e e to r~3. 5i nc he s )t ha twa s i nl i newi t ht hes o ut hwa l l o f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t , buta s s o c i a t e dwi t hal e v e l be l o wt heba s eo ft hef o unda t i o npi e r s .Po s tno tv i s i bl ea thi g he rl e v e l s . As s o c i a t e dwi t ha ne a r l i e rs t r uc t ur e ?Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

16( a l l )

Uni t :

N480E530

Shor tTi t l e :

n/ a

Type :

n/ a

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

n/ a

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

n/ a

TPQ Da t e : El e va t i ons :

D-36

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 98

n/ a

NE 99. 68

n/ a

NW 99. 91

n/ a

SW 99. 95

n/ a

C

99. 85

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9–22Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J AS ,KBH,KMS

Re c or de dBy:

J AS ,KBH,KMS

Not e s :

Uni t16wa se x c a v a t e dt oade pt ho f96. 09( c e nt e rpo i nt ,3. 76f e e tbe l o w s ur f a c e ) . Thee nt i r euni twa sdi s t ur be da sar e s ul to fpo s t 1970a c t i v i t i e s . Dr a wi ngo ne x c a v a t i o nsi nuni t s14,15a nd17,i ta ppe a r st ha tdur i ngwo r k o nt heho us ea t1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t ,wo r k e r se x c a v a t e dc o mpl e t e l yt o s ubs o i l 10f e e to utf r o mt her e a ro ft heho us e( br i c kwa l k wa y )a c r o s st hef ul l wi dt ho ft heho us e .Asar e s ul t ,a l l a r c ha e o l o g i c a l da t af r o mt hi sa r e awa s de s t r o y e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17A

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR2. 5/ 2)l o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 49

n/ a

NE 99. 49

n/ a

NW 99. 49

n/ a

SW 99. 57

n/ a

C

99. 49

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Re c or de dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .Cl o s i nge l e v a t i o nsno ta v a i l a bl e .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17B

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

D-37

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE n/ a

99. 16

NE n/ a

98. 93

NW n/ a

98. 90

SW n/ a

99. 34

C

n/ a

98. 92

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Re c or de dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .Ope ni nge l e v a t i o nsno ta v a i l a bl e .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17C

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndyl o a m,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Ye l l o wi s hRe d ( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y ,wi t h2% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 16

98. 89

NE 98. 93

98. 84

NW 98. 90

98. 79

SW 99. 34

98. 96

C

98. 92

98. 83

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Re c or de dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17D

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4( Re dCl a yLe ns )

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Ve r yDa r k Gr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 16

D-38

99. 17

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

NE 99. 26

99. 22

NW 99. 50

99. 32

SW 99. 34

99. 28

C

99. 34

99. 21

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Re c or de dBy:

MCG

Not e s :

Re mo v a l o f17C( Le v e l 3)unc o v e r e dar e dc l a y( s ubs o i l )l a y e ri nt hes o ut h ha l fo ft heuni t ,whi l et heno r t hha l fc o nt i nue ddo wnwi t hnoc ha ng ei ns o i l ma t r i x .Thi sr e dc l a yl e nswa spr o v e ni e nc e da s17D. Po s t e x c a v a t i o na na l y s i s o ft heuni ta nds i t es ho we dt hi st obepo s t 1970di s t ur ba nc ea s s o c i a t e dwi t h t her e mo v a l o fs o i l sa r o undt heba c ko ft heho us ea t1403Ri c hl a ndS t r e e t . S e e' No t e s ' f o rUni t16.No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17E

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 5

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Bl a c k( 10YR2/ 1)l o a mys a nd

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 17

99. 23

NE 99. 22

99. 17

NW 99. 32

99. 21

SW 99. 28

99. 25

C

99. 21

99. 15

Da t eExc a va t e d:

16Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Re c or de dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Not e s :

17Ewa se nc o unt e r e ddi r e c t l yunde r ne a t h17D ( Le v e l 4) ,whi l e17Ct ot he no r t hc o nt i nue ddo wnunc ha ng e d.Po s t e x c a v a t i o na na l y s i ss ho we dt ha t s t r a t a17A,17B,17C,17D,a nd17Ewe r ea l l a s s o c i a t e dwi t hpo s t 1970 a c t i v i t i e s .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17G

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 6

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR4/ 3)s a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17H,17K

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons :

D-39

Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 89

98. 42

NE 98. 84

98. 39

NW 98. 79

98. 40

SW 98. 96

98. 42

C

98. 83

98. 26

Da t eExc a va t e d:

22Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,MCG,J MP

Re c or de dBy:

MCG

Not e s :

17Gwa st heuppe r mo s ti nt a c ts t r a t um.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17H

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Co r ne rS t a i n

Type :

Tr e nc h

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)s a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17H a tt o po f17G( Le v e l 6) ;i nt r ude supo n17L

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 71

97. 96

Da t eExc a va t e d:

22Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD

Re c or de dBy:

MCG,DLD

Not e s :

17H wa spa r to fat r e nc hf e a t ur ef o ra5i nc hdi a me t e rc e r a mi cwa s t ewa t e r pi pe .Thet r e nc hr a nt hr o ug ht hes o ut he a s tc o r ne ro ft heuni ta ta45de g r e e a ng l e( no r t he a s t t o s o ut hwe s t ) .Thes e c t i o no ft hepi pet r e nc he x c a v a t e d e x po s e dt heo r i g i na l t r e nc h,i ns i t uc e r a mi cpi pe ,a ndapo r t i o no fha nddug t r e nc ha s s o c i a t e dwi t hapi per e pa i r( ac o nc r e t epa t c h) .Thepi pea nd a s s o c i a t e dt r e nc hi nt r ude dupo nt het o ps o ut hpo r t i o no fat r a s hpi tf e a t ur e ( 17L) .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17K

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17Ka tt o po f17G( Le v e l 6)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 76

97. 51

Da t eExc a va t e d:

D-40

23Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

MCG

Re c or de dBy:

MCG

Not e s :

17Kwa sas q ua r epo s tho l ef e a t ur et r unc a t e dbyt hewe s twa l l o ft heuni tt ha t me a s ur e d0. 85f e e tno r t hs o ut h.Att hes ur f a c eo f1 7G,17Ka ppe a r e da sa n i r r e g ul a rs ha pe .Upo ne x c a v a t i o n,17Kg r a dua l l yna r r o we dt ot hes o ut h, de f i ni ngi t s e l fa sas q ua r epo s tho l ewi t ha s s o c i a t e dc i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d( po s t mo l ddi a me t e r=0. 45f e e t ) .Ar t i f a c t sf r o mt heho l ea ndmo l dwe r eno tk e pt s e pa r a t ei nt hef i e l d.Mo l d/ ho l ebi s e c t e dbywe s twa l l o funi t .Po s t e x c a v a t i o n a na l y s i ss ho wst ha tt hi spo s twa smo s tl i k e l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht hee a s twa l l o f t hef i r s ta ddi t i o nt ot heho us ea t1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17L

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Tr e nc h

Type :

Tr a s hPi t

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)l o o s es a ndyl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17La tt o po f17G( Le v e l 6) ;i nt r ude dupo nbyFe a t ur e17H

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 78

97. 11

Da t eExc a va t e d:

25Ma y2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

DLD,J C

Re c or de dBy:

DLD,J C

Not e s :

17Lwa sas e mi c i r c ul a rt r a s hde po s i t ,r o ug hl y4f e e tno r t hs o ut h,t r unc a t e d byt hee a s twa l l o ft heuni t .Thede po s i tha dav e r yhi g hc o nc e nt r a t i o no f l a r g e( ~½ t o1i nc h)c ha r c o a l f r a g me nt sa ndl a r g ea r t i f a c t s .Thet o po f17L ha dbe e ndi s t ur be dbyt hedi g g i ngo fapi pet r e nc h( Fe a t ur e17K)a s s o c i a t e d wi t hac e r a mi cwa s t ewa t e rpi pe .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17M

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 7

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)l o a mys a nd,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Da r kGr a y i s h Br o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l ta nd<5% Da r kRe ddi s hBr o wn( 5YR3/ 2)s a ndy c l a y . 17N,17P,17R

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 42

98. 00

NE 98. 39

98. 01

NW 98. 40

98. 01

SW 98. 42

98. 02

D-41

C

98. 26

98. 00

Da t eExc a va t e d:

1J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

17M ( Le v e l 7)wa sas t e r i l es t r a t um.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17N

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

n/ a

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17N a tt o po f17M ( Le v e l 7)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 16

98. 09

Da t eExc a va t e d:

1J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

17N wa sas ma l l di a me t e r( 0. 25f e e t/3i nc he s ) .S ha l l o w,bo wl s ha pe dba s e . Li k e l yapo s tmo l da s s o c i a t e dwi t hl a nds c a pi nga c t i v i t i e spr e da t i ngt he f o r ma t i o no fLe v e l 6( 17G) .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17P

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

n/ a

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17Pa tt o po f17M ( Le v e l 7)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 16

98. 09

Da t eExc a va t e d:

1J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

17Pwa sas ma l l di a me t e r( 0. 25f e e t/3i nc he s ) .S ha l l o w,bo wl s ha pe dba s e . Li k e l yapo s tmo l da s s o c i a t e dwi t hl a nds c a pi nga c t i v i t i e spr e da t i ngt he f o r ma t i o no fLe v e l 6( 17G) .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17R

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

D-42

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

n/ a

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

17Ra tt o po f17M ( Le v e l 7)

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:Noa r t i f a c t s

TPQ Da t e : El e va t i ons :

Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 21

97. 33

Da t eExc a va t e d:

3J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

17Ra ppe a r e do nt hes ur f a c eo f17M ( Le v e l 7)a sa ni r r e g ul a r ,de f us ea r e a . Upo ne x c a v a t i o n,17Rbe c a meac l e a r l y de f i ne d51/ 2i nc hs q ua r epo s tmo l d. Theba s eo f17Rc o nt a i ne dat hi nl e nso fc o mpa c tg r a y i s hc l a yc o v e r i ng~ 50% o ft hebo t t o ms ur f a c e .Noa r t i f a c t s ,o t he rt ha napo s tf r a g me nta nd s o mec ha r c o a l f l e c k s / f r a g me nt swe r ee nc o unt e r e d.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17S

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Co r ne rMo l d

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

n/ a

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

17Sa tt o po f17G( Le v e l 6) Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 76

97. 78

Da t eExc a va t e d:

3J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

17Swa sas ma l l s e c t i o no fac i r c ul a rpo s tho l e( di a me t e r=0. 7f e e t ) e nc o unt e r e dt ot heuni tno r t ha ndde s i g na t e d59D.1 7Swa sno tv i s i bl eo n t hes ur f a c eo fe i t he r17G( Le v e l 6)o r17M ( Le v e l 7 ) .S t r a t i g r a phi c a s s o c i a t i o na nde l e v a t i o nso bt a i ne dt hr o ug hpo s tho l epr o f i l eo nt heno r t h wa l l o ft heuni t .Aswi t hFe a t ur e17K,17Si smo s tl i k e l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t ht he e a s twa l l o ft hef i r s ta ddi t i o nt ot heho us ea t190 4Ma r i o nS t r e e t .Noa r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

17T

Uni t :

N490E535

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 8

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

No ne Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons :

D-43

Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 00

n/ a

NE 98. 01

n/ a

NW 98. 01

n/ a

SW 98. 02

n/ a

C

98. 00

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

3J une2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

17Twa ss t e r i l es ubs o i l .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18A

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y( 10YR3/ 1)s a ndys i l tl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 80

n/ a

NE 99. 65

n/ a

NW 99. 72

n/ a

SW 99. 84

n/ a

C

99. 73

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

11S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C,BPJ

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .Cl o s i nge l e v a t i o nsno ta v a i l a bl e .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18B

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y ,mo t t l e dwi t h30% Ve r yDa r k Gr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l tl o a m.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE n/ a

n/ a

NE n/ a

n/ a

D-44

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

NW n/ a

n/ a

SW n/ a

n/ a

C

n/ a

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .El e v a t i o nsno tt a k e n.No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18C

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 3

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR2/ 2)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h<5% Ye l l o wi s hRe d ( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y ,wi t h<1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k sa nd<1% pa v e rs t o ne s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE n/ a

99. 08

NE n/ a

98. 82

NW n/ a

98. 94

SW n/ a

99. 23

C

n/ a

99. 05

Da t eExc a va t e d:

12S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .Ope ni nge l e v a t i o nsno ta v a i l a bl e .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18D

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 4

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,wi t h1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s ,<1% mo r t a r , a nd<1% br i c kf r a g me nt s

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18E

TPQ Da t e :

Ba s e dUpon:

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 08

98. 71

NE 98. 82

98. 69

NW 98. 94

98. 70

SW 99. 23

98. 69

C

99. 05

98. 71

D-45

Da t eExc a va t e d:

14S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

18D wa st het o pmo s ti nt a c ts t r a t um.Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18E

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Br i c kFo unda t i o n

Type :

Fo unda t i o n

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Nos o i l ma t r i x

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18Ea tt o po f18D ( Le v e l 4)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 81

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

14S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C

Not e s :

Fe a t ur e18Ewa sabr i c kf o unda t i o npi e rdi r e c t l yi nl i ne( 5f e e tno r t h,c e nt e r t o c e nt e r )o fFe a t ur e15F,t hes o ut he a s tc o r ne ro f1904Ma r i o nS t r e e ta s o r i g i na l l ybui l t .18Ewo ul dha v ehe l pe ds uppo r tt hee a s twa l l o ft hes t r uc t ur e . Mo r t a rbe t we e nbr i c k s .Fo unda t i o nwa sl e f ti npl a c ea f t e re x c a v a t i o n.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18F

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 5

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kYe l l o wi s hBr o wn( 10YR4/ 4)l o a mys a nd,mo t t l e dwi t h20% Ye l l o wi s h Br o wn( 10YR5/ 4)s a ndyl o a ma nd<5% Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5 YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y , wi t h<5% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

18H,18J ,18L,18M,18N,18P,18S Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 71

98. 61

NE 98. 69

98. 59

NW 98. 70

98. 56

SW 98. 69

98. 63

C

98. 71

98. 63

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

D-46

Not e s :

18Fwa smo s tl i k e l yt heo r i g i na l g r o unds ur f a c eunde r ne a t ht he1904Ma r i o n S t r e e ts t r uc t ur e .Le v e l c o r r e l a t e swi t hs ur f a c eo fBl o c k s1& 2.Noa r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18H

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h<5% Ye l l o wi s hRe d ( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y ,wi t h<1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18H a tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 74

98. 60

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18H wa sas q ua r epo s tmo l d( o rho l e ,wi t ht hemo l dbe y o ndt hewe s twa l l o f t heuni t ) .Gi v e ni t sl o c a t i o nunde r ne a t ht hes t r uc t ur e1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t , t hepo s tr e l a t e dt oe i t he ra ne a r l i e rs t r uc t ur eo ns i t e( o rf e nc e ,e t c . )o rwa s pa r to ft hec o ns t r uc t i o na c t i v i t i e sf o r1904Ma r i o n.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18J

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)s a ndys i l t ,mo t t l e dwi t h1% Ye l l o wi s hRe d ( 5YR4/ 6)s a ndyc l a y ,wi t h<1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18Ja tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 68

98. 10

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18Jwa sai ni t i a l l yt ho ug ht obeas q ua r epo s tmo l d.Upo ne x c a v a t i o n,18J wa sde t e r mi ne dt obeapo s tho l e ,wi t har e c t a ng ul a rpo s tmo l dv i s i bl ea sa s ha l l o wi nde nt a t i o no nt hef l o o rs ur f a c e .Po s tho l eme a s ur e dr o ug hl y9i nc he ss q ua r e ;po s tmo l dme a s ur e d5x7i nc he s ) .Aswi t hFe a t ur e18H,g i v e n i t sl o c a t i o nunde r ne a t ht hes t r uc t ur e1904Ma r i o nS t r e e t ,t hepo s tr e l a t e st o e i t he ra ne a r l i e rs t r uc t ur eo ns i t e( o rf e nc e ,e t c . )o rwa spa r to ft he c o ns t r uc t i o na c t i v i t i e sf o r1904Ma r i o n.

D-47

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18L

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Gr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR5/ 2)s a ndys i l t

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18La tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 70

98. 65

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18Lwa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d,di a me t e r=0. 1f e e t( ~1. 5i nc he s ) ,c o nt a i ni nga hi g hc o nc e nt r a t i o no fwhi t e / g r a ya s h.Ve r ys ha l l o w. Di r e c t l yi nl i newi t h po s tmo l ds18M,18N a nd18P,r unni ngno r t hwe s ta ta na ppr o x i ma t e l y45de g r e ea ng l e .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18M

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Br o wn( 10YR4/ 3)s a ndys i l t

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18M a tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 62

98. 57

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18M wa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d,di a me t e r=0. 1f e e t( ~1. 5i nc he s ) ,c o nt a i ni nga hi g hc o nc e nt r a t i o no fwhi t e / g r a ya s h.Ve r ys ha l l o w. Di r e c t l yi nl i newi t h po s tmo l ds18L,18N a nd18P,r unni ngno r t hwe s ta ta na ppr o x i ma t e l y45de g r e ea ng l e .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18N

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Br o wn( 10YR4/ 3)s a ndys i l t

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18N a tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5)

TPQ Da t e :

D-48

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 72

98. 67

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18N wa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d,di a me t e r=0. 1f e e t( ~1. 5i nc he s ) ,c o nt a i ni nga hi g hc o nc e nt r a t i o no fwhi t e / g r a ya s h.Ve r ys ha l l o w. Di r e c t l yi nl i newi t h po s tmo l ds18L,18M a nd18P,r unni ngno r t hwe s ta ta na ppr o x i ma t e l y45de g r e ea ng l e .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18P

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Br o wn( 10YR4/ 3)s a ndys i l t

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

18Pa tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5) Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 77

98. 72

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18Pwa sac i r c ul a rpo s tmo l d,di a me t e r=0. 1f e e t( ~1. 5i nc he s ) ,c o nt a i ni nga hi g hc o nc e nt r a t i o no fwhi t e / g r a ya s h.Ve r ys ha l l o w. Di r e c t l yi nl i newi t h po s tmo l ds18L,18M a nd18N,r unni ngno r t hwe s ta ta na ppr o x i ma t e l y45de g r e ea ng l e .Noa r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18S

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S q ua r ePo s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndyl o a m,wi t h<1% c ha r c o a l f l e c k s

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on: TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

18Sa tt o po f18F( Le v e l 5) Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 67

98. 57

Da t eExc a va t e d:

26S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

J C,HLF

Not e s :

18Swa sav e r ys ha l l o ws q ua r ede pr e s s i o n,mo s tl i k e l yapo s tho l e .No i ndi c a t i o no fpo s tmo l d.

D-49

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18T

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 6

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ye l l o wi s hRe d( 5YR4/ 6)c o mpa c ts a ndyc l a y

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18X,18W,18Y

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 98. 61

n/ a

NE 98. 59

n/ a

NW 98. 56

n/ a

SW 98. 63

n/ a

C

98. 63

n/ a

Da t eExc a va t e d:

7Oc t o be r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

S t e r i l eS ubs o i l .

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18W

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S q ua r eS t a i n

Type :

Po s tHo l e

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 4)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18W a tt o po f18T( Le v e l 6)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 64

97. 31

Da t eExc a va t e d:

7Oc t o be r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

18W a ppe a r e da sas q ua r i s hs t a i na tt hes ur f a c eo f18T( Le v e l 6) .Upo n e x c a v a t i o n,po s tho l ef unc t i o nwa sc l e a r .Ana s s o c i a t e dc i r c ul a rpo s tmo l dwa s no tv i s i bl eunt i l t heba s eo f18W wa sr e a c he d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18X

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

I r r e g ul a rS t a i n

Type :

UI D

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 7. 5YR3/ 4)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18Xa tt o po f18T( Le v e l 6)

D-50

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 61

98. 28

Da t eExc a va t e d:

7Oc t o be r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

HLF,J C

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

18Xwa sa ni r r e g ul a r l y s ha pe ds ha l l o wf e a t ur ewi t hi r r e g ul a rwa l l s ur f a c e s . Unk no wnf unc t i o n.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

18Y

Uni t :

N490E520

Shor tTi t l e :

S ma l l Po s tMo l d

Type :

Po s tMo l d

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Da r kBr o wn( 10YR3/ 3)l o a mys a nd.

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

18Ya tt o po f18T( Le v e l 6)

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: C

98. 64

98. 60

Da t eExc a va t e d:

7Oc t o be r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

J C

Re c or de dBy:

HLF

Not e s :

18Ywa sav e r ys ha l l o wpo s tmo l d,di a me t e r=0. 13f e e t( 1. 5i nc he s ) .No a r t i f a c t sr e c o v e r e d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

19A

Uni t :

N485E560

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 1

Type :

S t r a t um

St r a t i gr a phi cDe f i ni t i on:

Ve r yDa r kGr a y i s hBr o wn( 10YR3/ 2)s a ndys i l t .

Fe a t ur eAs s oc i a t i on:

No ne

TPQ Da t e :

n/ a

Ba s e dUpon:n/ a

El e va t i ons : Ope ni ng: Cl os i ng: SE 99. 62

98. 92

NE 99. 32

98. 75

NW 99. 47

98. 86

SW 99. 60

98. 79

C

n/ a

98. 81

Da t eExc a va t e d:

9S e pt e mbe r2006

Exc a va t e dBy:

TEL,J CS ,ABB

Re c or de dBy:

TEL

D-51

Not e s :

Po s t 1970f i l l .No ts c r e e ne d.

Pr ove ni e nc e :

19B

Uni t :

N485E560

Shor tTi t l e :

Le v e l 2

Type :