School Edition Nov 2016

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Edition NOV 2016

KINI DALAM BAHASA MALAYSIA - BERITA & KES KAJIAN - M/S 38-42

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FEATURES

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WONDERKID!

how things work

REDUCING OUR CARBON FOOTPRINT

Small steps taken can make a huge difference as a whole – and the common goal is protecting our environment. With strength in numbers, here’s how reducing our carbon footprints can work.

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KES KAJIAN - SEJARAH PILIHAN RAYA DI MALAYSia

Kenalilah proses pilihan raya, seperti yang termaktub dalam perlembagaan persekutuan dalam kes kajian ini.

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Case StudY – Science DIPHTHERIA: IS VACCINATION A CHOICE? Part 1

Fourteen cases of diphtheria with five fatalities have been recorded in Malaysia, triggering a public outrage.

How important is immunisation? Find out here in this case study.

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Case Study - Business

ROB’S ANIMATION STUDIO Part 2

Planning is the first step in any endeavor, especially starting a business. Learn more about it here.

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Case Study – English The English Language: How was it created?

The history of the English language began with the departure of the Romans from Britain. Find out about its evolution in this case study.

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Case Study – IT Ergonomics and Computers

Sufficient knowledge in ergonomics can play an important role in your health. Find out if your work station can adversely affect your wellbeing in this case study.

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Case Study – Global perspectiveS Mental Health

Various factors contribute to our mental wellbeing and being able to know when to ask for help is vital! Learn more about it here in this case study.

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CONTENTS

feature

Meet Manoj, a 17-year-old self-taught coder who hopes to someday build and programme a robot all by himself, and have it do his bidding.

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SE

SCHOOL ED

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COVER STORY

FANTASTIC PLACES AND WHERE TO FIND THEM

November is finally here and we have the holidays to look forward to as well as the release of the Harry Potter spin-off movie, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Here, we’ve listed some real life destinations that could have just popped out of the Harry Potter series for the hard-core fans out there.

SIGHTS & INSIGHTS FROM THE EDITOR

takenote

NOVEMBER 2016

FROM THE EDITOR

EDITORIAL

THE TEAM Mac Sivanesan

Publisher

MAC@CMR.MY

Editorial Director

Subashini Nair

Deputy Editor

Geetha Bai

Writers

Eusoff Andrei

SUBA@cMR.my

geetha@cMR.my

eusoff@cMR.my

Nur Amira Nazeha Abd Aziz

MIRA@cMR.my

Christopher Yee Seng Hong

chris@cMR.my

General

Editorial

CREATIVE

NEWSDESK@CMR.MY

Art Director

Suzanne Chuah

Senior Graphic Designer

Lam Jian Wei

Junior Graphic Designer

Ahmad Faidhi

Visual & DI

Kamil Haziq

ZANNE@CMR.MY

FAIDHI@CMR.MY

CORPORATE

HAZIQ@CMR.MY

Corporate Communications

Nancy P

Events Managers

Jeyasekhar M

Haziq Hilman

SPONSORS

nancy@CMR.MY

jeya@CMR.MY

HILMAN@CMR.MY

Marketing & B.D Manager

Arwin Muruga ARWIN@CMR.My

For sponsorships, please send proposals to events@cmr.my Published by: Campus Media Resources Sdn Bhd (810574-K) D2-02-01, Blk D2, Pusat Perdagangan Dana 1, Jalan PJU 1A/46, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor D.E. Tel: +603-78426688 Fax: +603-78426689 E-mail: mail@cmr.my

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SCHOOL ED

I can’t believe it’s already November (well technically, it’s still the beginning of Oct as I write this). Soon preparations for Christmas and New Year begin.

The year end, is always a time for reflection and celebration of the year’s successes. Despite being a challenging year, we at Campus Media Resources are proud of our successful introduction of the only monthly school magazine (School Edition) to 200 government, international and private schools in the Klang Valley. We are certainly looking forward to expanding to the rest of the cities soon.

We have come a long way to get to where we are today and plenty more to achieve to where we want to go but one thing is for sure, we will always stay connected with the youth.

Throughout the year, our writers engage in activities and interviews that enrich the publication. From featuring outstanding youth, meeting the who’s who from the industry to sharing some of the best anecdotes and tips, but most importantly having fun creating content and videos for our followers. This was the highlight of 2016! We’re looking forward to uncovering more on wellness, adventure and fun starting January, 2017. But first we have lists to make, schedules to keep to, spreadsheets to complete and most important, an acknowledgement to make:

jw@cMR.my

Follow us on: <Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/campusplus> <Twitter: http:// twitter.com/campusplustweet > <Instagram: http://instagram.com/campusplus> <www.campusplus.com.my>

Many thanks to you, our readers, for your support, suggestions and feedback. In the end, we measure our success by your loyalty.

If you think you have something interesting to share with us or have any topics which you would like to see in the magazine, please do drop me an email at suba@cmr.my

Here’s looking forward to 2017.

a

Sub

NEWS

NOV 2016

Curtin Sarawak opens the door for young innovators During Curtin Sarawak’s open day, a showcase of magnificent and innovative projects by students from local secondary schools will be seen decorating the halls of Curtin Sarawak. This was the result of the ‘Young Innovate Miri’ programme, formerly known as SAINS on wheels.

The project was done to encourage students to acquire skills in coding, 3D design, multimedia production and project management.

Featuring 24 teams from 12 secondary schools in Miri, as well as six teams from Curtin Sarawak competing in the Open Category, the top three projects picked by the panel of judges will be sent to the national competition held in KL during the annual KL Engineering Science Fair (KLESF) in November. In addition, the ‘Young Innovate Miri’ team has been running Arduino workshops for students in multiple secondary schools.

When MARVEL meets Cartoon Network Dubai is now the home to the world’s largest indoor theme park, the IMG Worlds of Adventure that offers visitors thrill and kiddie rides all year-round. Its opening also marked the first time that global brands, MARVEL and Cartoon Network joined hands under one project. Aside from ride attractions, IMG Worlds of Adventure also provides 28 original food and beverage outlets, retail outlets and a Novo Cinema multiplex with an IMAX screen. It is located 20 minutes from Dubai International Airport.

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Medical University Develops e-Library System for MGS KL International Medical University (IMU) and Senior Methodist Girls School (MGS) Kuala Lumpur, recently officiated the latter’s new computerised library system. This system was developed by a specialised team at IMU under the varsity’s IMU Cares initiative. The implementation of the new library system comes as part of IMU’s focus on making meaningful contributions to the community under its IMU Cares initiative to particularly inculcate a culture of life-long learning. Among past projects championed by the IMU cares initiatives include health education for schools and refugee camps, the annual Chariofare Run and Carnival to raise funds for deserving charitable organisations, and free health screenings for rural communities.

NEWS

Race their way to Melbourne Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an exciting year for Taylorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University racing team as they made history by becoming the first racing team from Malaysia to qualify for the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers Australasia (Formula SAE-A) competition for the second time in a row. Their Formula Student World Ranking for Combustion Car has taken a leap to 322 out of 528 teams worldwide, beating top universities including Cambridge. The competition will be held in Melbourne, Australia this coming December.

Uber Introduces Features for HearingImpaired Drivers In conjunction with International Week of the Deaf, Uber Malaysia introduced Projek: Bebas Bergerak. Working with the Malaysian Federation of the Deaf (MFD) through Projek: Bebas Bergerak, Uber hopes to reach out to those who might be interested in driving on the Uber platform by organising special training sessions specifically for deaf and hard of hearing partners once a month, at the Partner Support Centre. For these sessions, the MFD assisted in crafting a customised training deck for hard of hearing members. For the first batch of driver partners, the service fee will be waived in the first month as well to start them off on their journey on the Uber platform.

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New Zealand scholarship opportunity for young ASEAN leaders Victoria University of Wellington is pleased to announce that five undergraduate scholarships are available to students from the Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) region for study in 2017.

Ranked first by New Zealand’s Government for research quality, Victoria’s reputation attracts exceptional staff and students from around the world. In the 2016 QS World University Rankings, Victoria ranked in the top 100 universities in nine subjects including Accounting and Finance, Law, History, Linguistics and Psychology.

Victoria is also home to the Victoria Business School, one of an elite group of 73 business schools worldwide that holds the ‘Triple Crown’ of international accreditations of EQUIS, AACSB (Business), and AMBA. The ASEAN Undergraduate Tuition Fees scholarship is open to students from the ASEAN region and covers the tuition fees for the first year of study for an undergraduate degree commencing in 2017. Applicants must be under the age of 23 on 31 December 2016 and students must begin their study at Victoria in either Trimester 1 or Trimester 2, 2017.

Applications are now open and will be accepted until 31 October 2016. Further information, eligibility criteria and the application form can be found at: www.victoria.ac.nz/asean

FEATURE

NOV 2016 online into forums to seek those who are more experienced for advice on how to fix it.

What are your interests aside from coding?

Electronics, hardware, and mechanics.

For example, how a car is built. I am also interested in mechanical parts and I hope to build a robot by myself one day. I hope to programme it to teach it how to function and build the mechanical parts which will be combined together using knowledge in electronics.

WONDERKID!

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I think that many of them are interested but do not have a platform to learn or an instructor to teach them. In my case, I went online and taught myself but I do find that it takes a lot of time because it can be difficult to figure out where to start. SE

When and how did you get your start in coding?

BY: EUSOFF ANDREI

What is it about coding that interests you?

own gateway which can connect many nodes while functioning as well as the gateways that are out there right now. My aim is to make it more cost-effective so that more people can utilise it.

The fact that I can do anything that I want as long as I have the idea at which point it’s just a matter of going online and getting more information.

What are your plans after high school?

What project are you working on right now?

What’s your least favourite thing about coding?

I’m focusing more on projects concerning IoT (Internet of Things) which happens to be a trend at the moment. I’m trying to build my

The amount of time it takes to get started.

Sometimes you may not get the results which you expect and that’s when you’ll have to go

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I’d like to explore more on artificial intelligence and robots.

Why do you think many of those in your age group do not take up coding?

eet Manoj, a seventeen-year-old coder who has managed to hone his skills with the help of the Malaysian Raspberry Pi Club.

Some universities came to my school to do an exhibition on robots and that’s when the interest developed but I didn’t know where to begin. I started to purchase cheap microcontrollers online and other devices and taught myself about them at home. I made a few friends who shared this interest of mine and got more into it. This is when I realised that I needed better hardware as well as more advanced programming skills. I then started to look for sponsors online and that’s how I crossed paths with Mr. Ted of the Malaysia Raspberry Pi Club. Once I obtained the hardware, I learned more about electronics, C programming as well as Python from e-books and YouTube videos.

What are your plans moving forward?

I’m planning to pursue my tertiary education in Electric and Computer Engineering.

Manoj has been awarded a scholarship to study Electronics Engineering (Diploma) in UCSI University

WEIRDWACKYWORLD

www The banyan tree under arrest

NOV 2016

living in the here and the now How many times have you asked your friend for the time, only to be hit back with a one-word answer: “Now.”?

Well, now you can relive those frustrating memories with this newest timepiece created by Micah Davis. Unlike other conventional watches, there are no hands; short nor long, nor are there any numbers of any sort. What is there, instead, is a simple message, written on the clock face: NOW. Designed to be a reminder to enjoy life no matter how hectic our day gets, Davis laments that we should not forget to slow down, and live in the moment. While we agree with Davis, we’d still like to know the actual time when we wear a watch; but to each their own, we say.

Maybe in the near future, someone will draw a map that just says ‘Here’ as a reminder to appreciate our surroundings.

People get arrested all the time for a number of reasons – theft, assault, fraud, etc. in order to rehabilitate and reinstitutionalise them to rid them of their bad habit, or to keep them away from people they might harm.

But Banyan trees? You don’t often hear of them getting arrested. Not only are trees inanimate, but they are incapable of harming anyone (unless one of their branches breaks and lands on you, but we all know they can’t control that). But there is one poor Banyan tree in chains in Pakistan.

The story behind this absolutely futile act is similarly ridiculous. Back in the days of British occupation, there was a British officer who got so drunk that he began to hallucinate that the tree was moving menacingly towards him. He ordered the tree to be put under arrest, and that tree has stood there, imprisoned until today, remaining a monument to the officer’s intoxication.

The film no one will see in a hundred years If anyone thinks the waiting time for the next continuation in the Marvel franchise to be long, it is nothing compared to the waiting time for this movie. Appropriately titled 100 Years, the movie has been made in 2015, but is only set to be released in 2115, exactly a hundred years later along with a bottle of Louis XIII wine.

It is to be kept in a high-tech safe made of bulletproof glass until the 18th of November 2115, and no one aside from the people who created the film know what the film’s plot is.

This means that nobody alive now (except maybe babies born in 2015 who make very healthy life choices), not even the director, John Malkovich, and actors themselves, are going to be able to attend its premiere. The director and its actors, however, have invitations that are meant for their descendants to attend.

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Light spire of Stockholm

If literally painting the town red (or any other colour, for that matter) is one of your dreams, there is a 20-storey building in Stockholm that lets you do just that.

Installed in 2006, this multi-coloured spire uses windows in the upper portion to project the hue of whatever is ordered by the people. By using a smartphone app available to everyone, you can change the colours of the spire whenever you please, making it possible to form simple patterns using the limited number of windows.

The towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lights can be seen from all around southern Stockholm, and its creators hope that it will be a symbol of democracy, where everyone contributes a little bit to produce all sorts of wonderful things.

BOOK REVIEWS

NOV 2016

What Your Teacher Didn’t Tell You by Farish A. Noor

The Book Thief by Markus Zusak

Studying history during school days may have been boring for some, but do not allow the idea of history being a bore deter you from trying to get your hands on this book. Farish Noor presents a fresh and new perspective on certain things in South East Asian history that we may have never thought about researching ourselves. There’s so much more to Hang Tuah and the keris (among others) than meets the eye.

Highly recommended to anyone with an interest of history beyond the pages of the Sejarah text book.

Set during World War II in a fictional town in Germany, which claimed many lives, Death makes an appearance and narrates the story of Liesel Meminger, the book thief. Sent to live under the care of Hubermans after her brother’s death and her first stolen book, we get a glimpse of how words play a consequential role in her life and those around her during the bleak days of the war, from the reading lessons with her foster father, the development of unlikely and interesting friendships, and her own thoughts on Hitler.

Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J, Dubner

A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson

Around 10 years ago, this book took the world by storm due to the unique voice it used to talk about economics. Nevertheless, if you’re expecting to know exactly why markets crumble, this book doesn’t attempt to tell you why. What it gives you though, after you have given it some thought, is a process to help you look at data in interesting ways-out of the box, so to speak. It is entertaining for both people with or without a background in economics.

If you have always wanted to impress (or alternatively annoy) someone with a whole plethora of “did you know...” trivia, then this is the perfect book for you. In 570++ pages (depending on which edition) we seamlessly journey through the beginning of it all to where we are today stopping by the cosmos, natural history, strange stories of science’s famous names, etc. Fun, fun stuff because Bill Bryson writes it all in such an entertaining style.

FEATURE

NOV 2016

Tune Libra Scholarship A chance at British education

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etting an international level education comes with a jawdropping price tag and for the less fortunate students, they might have to sell their souls before being able to get the quality of education they deserve.

If you’re tossing and turning to figure out how to pay for college without burdening your parents, Epsom College in Malaysia (ECiM) is offering you the solution by giving out RM20 million worth of scholarships to high-achieving students across the country.

The motivation behind Epsom’s Board of Governors’ decision to open this door was to ensure that every student regardless of race or religion would be able to receive the best education so that they can inch

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a little closer to achieving their dreams.

There are two categories of scholarships to choose from and both will fund students throughout their entire A-Level studies. Seed Scholarship is a fully-funded scholarship dedicated to the brightest Malaysian students that do not have the financial means to further their A-Level studies.

However, Branch Scholarship recepients will receive a partial scholarship of up to 30% off published fees and will enrol in the 2-year IGCSE Programme commencing in Year 10 or the 18-month A-Level Programme.

Applicants are required to exhibit the levels of financial need and must have an outstanding academic as well as cocurricular achievements to qualify. It is also

stressed that personality plays an important role in landing the scholarship and excellent leadership skills will be an added advantage.

Aside from quality British education, the facilities offered to its students is also the selling point of Epsom where students will have access to a theatre, sports centre that accomodates games that range from squash and basketball to indoor hockey, a swimming pool, advanced labs and a recital hall. Not only focusing on academics, Epsom is shaping well-rounded individuals that will be high achievers in music, art, drama, dance and sports.

Looking to award the first round of Tune Libra Scholarships in January 2017, Epsom is ushering young students with big dreams to apply and grab their chance for a high-quality education that will be the first platform that leads them to their chosen University.

Recently established, Epsom College is the first college in Malaysia to put a spin on the standard of education by highlighting their British educational experience. Modelled after the original Epsom College in the UK, Mr. Martin George added that it is their goal to become one of the top colleges in the world that provides high-class facilities and teaching. Tan Sri Dr. Tony Fernandes, the Chairman of the Board of Governers of ECiM and also the Group CEO of AirAsia was an alumni of Epsom College UK and he wishes to bring the same level of education to Malaysia in hopes of creating future leaders that will able to improve our country. SE

For more information on the scholarships or applications, please visit www.epsomcollege.edu.my

CAREERCHAT

NOV 2016

Behind many grand voices, is a coach; guiding and steering the voice to greatness. It is up to these great guides to figure out the timbre, volume and quality of your voice, and open up the possibilities for them to be even greater. We sat down with one such vocal coach, the esteemed Prema Yin, to find out more about this job.

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each person’s strengths and weaknesses, and I get to concentrate on them and help them improve. For instance, if someone sings with a nasal tone, I will try to make it brighter while keeping the forward resonance.

How long have you been singing?

I’ve been singing since I was a kid, it’s been my dream since then. I’ve actually been singing at functions for free. At 16, I got paid for the first time. I was also offered to sing in some bars and hotels, but I was too young. I also entered a singing competition, and from there I started accepting gigs.

to understand the forward resonance, which is like a pressure in the front, kind of like when you lean forward and you feel your blood rush to the front of your face and head. It’s similar, but not the same. This helps you get across that bridge. Although, some people might find that difficult to do, and they might find tongue trills easier.

As a vocal coach, how would you describe your job?

As a coach, my job is to enhance the way they sing. Usually, people will come to me and say: “I have difficulty hitting certain notes.” So as a coach, it’s my job to hear what’s wrong and what they can adjust. I don’t change the way a person sings and take away their style completely. I try to improve their style to make it better.

How about for advanced singers?

For me, I think the basics are still important.

It doesn’t matter what level you’re at, if you don’t have your basics down, at the end you won’t be able to do it. It’s actually harder for advanced singers to learn because they already have their own experiences and habits.

So they’ll find it difficult to adjust the way they sing. This is why I prefer working with kids. They haven’t formed as much habits yet.

Even for myself, I have my old habits. I have to remind myself not to sing a certain way and correct it mid-song.

So, what kind of vocal exercises or practices would you recommend for beginners?

I would say, a lot of lip rolls. Lip rolls are really good as it helps you through the bridges; it helps you get over the ‘break’ you have when you switch from your natural voice to your head voice or falsetto. I find this to be effective to help beginners with the transition. It helps

Would you say different people have different styles of singing, and how do you deal with each individual?

That’s why I prefer to work one-on-one with my students. It makes it much easier to hear

What would you say is the most important technique involved in singing?

There are a few things that I feel are very important – one of it is the breathing technique. Many don’t realise it while they’re doing it, but when they sing, their breathing is very shallow. As a result, they don’t have support to hit the high notes, and they don’t have the power and the projection that comes along with it. What we usually do is you keep the shoulders down and the stomach expands when breathing in instead of the chest. When the stomach contracts, slowly release the air through the mouth. So you breathe in through your nose, belly out, and breathe out through your mouth. When hitting those high notes, you don’t want to stretch your head up. By keeping your chin down, you’re telling your brain to keep the pressure down without any strain. The same applies to singing low notes – never compress your neck while you do it.

What do you think about tone deafness?

So far I’ve had a few students who are tone deaf, but only kids. I haven’t had any adults who are tone deaf yet. But I believe that you can groom kids into getting better at hearing notes. It’s basically ear training. What I would usually do is, I would listen to them and from there I’ll slowly get them to get used to a scale and move up once they’re confident. You have to be very patient with them, but you can definitely train them. I’ve even seen people improve from being tone deaf to singing like a rock star. My brother is one of them. *laughs* What advice do you have for any aspiring singers?

If you decide to start now, you have to be sure that is what you want to do, because you’ll have a lot of people telling you “it’s not worth it to do this”, “why not do something more constructive”, etc. There will also be a lot of obstacles, and you’ll need to fight through it.

The worst part is maintaining your creativity and your passion. But if you’re truly passionate about it, you’ll need to power through all these obstacles. SE

BEAUTY

Fruits&Vegetables YourSkin Shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;tLiveWithout

NOV 2016

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Your skin would love this fruity and veggie-based goodness

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e all know that eating fruits and vegetables is good for health, but did you know that putting them on your skin is equally good? The natural fibre found in fruits acts as a scrubber, the oils they contain can moisten skin and the abundance of antioxidants they hold help to neutralise free radicals from the outside.

Avocado This is nature’s miracle skincare fruit. Just mash an avocado and use it as a facial mask to soothe and smooth tired skin. It can also be used as a scalp treatment by just mixing equal parts of mashed avocado with mayonnaise. Smooth the mixture over your hair, then wrap your head in plastic wrap and leave it on for 30 minutes before rinsing off with shampoo.

Citrus Fruits Act as a mild astringent and what’s more, they come with a cleansing bleaching action that kill off bacteria on the skin. The juice from the fruits can be used as a tonic after cleansing your face. A natural facial scrub can be formed by blending the peel with a little oil. Citrus-based essential oils from oranges, limes, grapefruits and tangerines act as a great energy booster too, while diluted lemon juice adds lustrous shine when used as a hair rinse.

Cucumber Contains excellent cooling properties. Blend a cucumber and strain the pulp and the juice can then be applied as a toner or mask. You can also keep leftovers in the fridge for a few days, or keep cucumber slices in ice water. Place a slice of cucumber over your eyes to reduce puffiness, swelling and redness.

“Citrus fruits act as a mild astringent and what’s more, they come with a cleansing bleaching action that kill off bacteria on the skin”

Olives We’re talking about olives in the form of olive oil.

Create your own natural body scrub by mixing equal parts olive oil with salt, and add a few drops of almond or peppermint extract. Plain olive oil can be applied on your scalp to alleviate dryness and itchiness. It can also be lightly dabbed on your eyelashes.

Oatmeal Technically, oatmeal is a form of grass seed, but can be classified as a vegetable. Oatmeal has soothing properties and stops itchiness. You can use it as a facial scrub by mixing it with water or oil and gently applying it over your face before rinsing it off with water.

HOW THINGS WORK

NOV 2016

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go, and need to get around quickly, we can think about killing two birds with one stone.

Being driven (until we earn our driving license) everywhere means we don’t exactly move much. Proposition? Save the world, save our tummies; walk or cycle! Stepping off the gas pedals and stepping on the ground helps to completely get rid of carbon emissions.

If it’s too far away? Carpooling and public transportation allow for emitted carbon dioxide to be spread equally between riders.

Vehicles have been adapted to be eco-friendlier, what with the electric cars, hybrids and high-mileage gas/diesel cars.

Chances are you may not be able to choose or determine the type of vehicle your family decides on. However, there are some things that you can do to influence their actions. For instance, we can drastically drop carbon emissions by avoiding unnecessary acceleration and speeding. The idea that this is able to increase your mileage by 33% sounds economically appealing! The trick is in leaving the house when Mom tells you to – leaving early always gives you more time to smell the roses along your journey.

This next one is more for your information because it is almost impossible to pull off: Avoid traffic jams. Hold that scoff!

Remember our dear friend, Waze? Instead of the conventional highways, let Waze introduce you to a more scenic route. You can also wait it out during peak traffic jam

periods - hang around in school, finish off that pending assignment or have lunch with your friends in the cafeteria before you decide to leave and contribute to your carbon footprint.

Transportation indirectly affects the food we should eat as well. Buying and consuming locally produced food drastically cuts contributions to the greenhouse gas emissions from the transportations and production of imported foods.

Be mindful of your purchases. You could be supporting the end of the world. Staying away from meat reduces the amount of resources set aside to raise the livestock required to sustain this need. Especially avoid the meat from cows that were raised in farms created from deforestation and land clearing – which is actually top reason for greenhouse gas emissions.

We are nothing but a drop in the ocean which is why Mother Nature needs us all to make a difference. The age-old advice we have taken for granted are the same ones we must practice to reduce the effects we ourselves create. The Circle of Events is our creation and our responsibility. Think of your grandmother’s useful nags as that excess food or water, when you throw away an old book that is still in good condition, when you forget to switch off the lights or the air conditioner.

The footprints you leave behind are the same ones your children will step in. SE

BY: EDITORIAL TEAM

C

arbon footprint - you may have heard of this term before, and somewhere in the back of our minds we are vaguely aware of what it has to do with the environment and how does any of it relate to us. To be exact, carbon footprint is the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, organisation or product.

In turn, we are indirectly responsible for hiking up the amount of toxic greenhouse gases produced when factories manufacture products in huge numbers to meet demand, or when high volumes of garbage are incinerated to eliminate them more quickly. That much toxicity poses a grave threat to the health of our earth, and more importantly, the air that we breathe.

As such, it’s mandatory, and no longer optional, to work on decreasing our carbon footprint by practicing the 3R’s - reduce, reuse and recycle - in all aspects of our lives. Sounds taxing and bothersome? Worry not. Small steps taken can make a huge difference as long as we all do it together. Ever heard of strength in numbers?

Now here’s how reducing our carbon footprint can work.

As students, we constantly rely on some form of motorised transportation to go everywhere: to school, tuition classes, swimming lessons and even to meet our family and friends. While we are always on the

WIREDUP

NOV 2016

Neffos X1 Max

The Neffos X1 Max is stylishly designed with premium materials – metal unibody exterior, 2.5D Corning Gorilla Glass, and even a screen with ‘touch and display driver integration’ (TDDI), which is light, thinner and provides high control precision in games and apps. The phone also fetures top-notch cameras – its 13 megapixel rear camera is backed by a Sony sensor with back illumination, 5P lens, and a fast PDAF (phase-detection auto-focus) of 0.2 seconds. It also includes ‘Real-time night shooting’, which helps with night time photography. It is powered by the Octa-core MediaTek Helio P10 chipset with up to 4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage, which can further be expanded to 128GB. Price: RM1150 http://www.neffos.com/

Beyerdynamic iDX 200 iE

The Beyerdynamic iDX 200 iE provides excellent sound through an extremely thin copper wire in the voice coil, which allows for lightning-fast responses to any changes in the voltage. As a result, it gives a transparent sound that is precise and graceful. Its high-quality microphone also supports telephone and Skype calls on all common smartphones, tablets and PCs. It comes with a 40cm cable, and can also be extended with a 90cm cable. Its cables can even be detached for a more flexible storage choice. Price: RM830 http://europe.beyerdynamic.com

ASUS VivoStick

Introducing the newest pocket PC from ASUS – it turns any HDMI display or TV into a Windows PC or a Smart TV for work or play. It is powered by an Intel Atom processor with 2GB RAM, and has 32 GB onboard storage space. Perfect for people on the go, it is no longer necessary for long and tedious setups, users can just plug it into a TV and start working. It has a 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.1, both USB 3.0 and 2.0, as well as an HDMI port, an audio jack, and a cooling fan. Users can also cast content onto the larger screen with ASUS HyStream, letting them watch HD movies, videos, and music all while controlling it on their phone. Price: RM699 https://www.asus.com/my/

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Huawei Honor 8

The Honor 8 really accentuates the unique personality and style of its owner – with its 2.5D glass body on both sides of the phone and diamond-cut aluminium alloy edges, it truly is a sight to behold. It comes with an innovative dual-lens 12MP camera, and world-class camera features that enable users to capture life in any occasion – especially with its dual ISP, F2.2 wide aperture that redefine the focal point even after the picture has been taken. The Honor 8 runs on the Kirin 950 processor, with an 8-core CPU up to 2.3HGz with 16nm FinFET architecture, providing an extremely smooth performance for users even for apps that require the most processing power. It also has a 3000mAH battery supported by Smart Power 4.0.

Price: RM1699 – RM1899 http://www.huawei.com/my/

Wiko UFeel

Giving the phrase ‘all there at your fingertips’ a whole new meaning, the Wiko UFeel’s fingerprint sensor is one of the most multi-purpose there is. The UFeel has a second-generation fingerprint sensor for better performance, speed and greater accuracy. It is located right below the display, and will unlock your phone in a mere 0.48 seconds. Furthermore, you can customise up to five fingerprints for the fingerprint sensor for five different usages! By assigning different functions to different fingers, you can access your apps with ease. The phone has a Quad-Core 1.3GHz, 64-bit processor, 4G LTE connectivity, 3GB RAM, 16GB ROM, and it all runs on Android Marshmallow, ensuring its responsiveness.

Price: RM699 http://my-en.wikomobile.com/

Lenovo Yoga Book 2-in-1

The Yoga Book is unconventionally slender, and is much lighter than the notebooks that one is used to. It is 405mm at its slimmest edge, and is just 9.6mm when it’s closed.

It weighs a mere 690 grams, making it extremely easy to carry around. Its instant Halo Keyboard is a full touch-screen backlit keyboard that combines both software and hardware into one fluid interface. It is made with glass that gives off a rough, matte feel and finish. It lacks any physical keys, and the keyboard only pops up when it is needed, and is a touch screen otherwise. Predictive typing patterns that adapt to the user is also available. It also comes with a real pen accessory.

One can continue to write and draw, as if on paper. Users can also write with the pen using real ink tips onto a piece of paper, as well as use it as a stylus.

Price: RM2310 for the Android version and RM2770 for Windows http://www.lenovo.com

MOVIE REVIEW

NOV 2016

Life is wonderful but it can also be cruel. You blink for a second and the world shifts beneath your feet, leaving you grasping for stability, but what you do moving forward will define your very existence.

F

irst of all, I have to say that watching a film that wasn’t born in Hollywood is like breathing fresh air.

Secondly, how is it that French can be so sexy? That was the realisation that hit me in the beginning of The Intouchables.

Don’t misunderstand me, the core of this comedy-drama film is far off from romance or love of some sort. It focuses on the unlikely friendship that the universe threw in to make life interesting.

Phillipe (François Cluzet) took the grief of losing his wife, up in the air through paragliding, but tragedy struck and he was left paralysed, unable to move his four limbs.

Driss (Omar Sy) however, is a delinquent

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from a broken home and collecting criminal records are his biggest achievement. So when Driss came storming in the middle of interviews for the position of Phillipe’s caretaker to get a signature for his welfare benefit claims, Phillipe was amused by how little Driss cared about his condition.

Needing a place to stay, Driss accepted Phillipe’s job offer. The Intouchables was inspired by the true story of Philippe Pozzo di Borgo and his French-Algerian caregiver Abdel Sellou.

You would think that Driss’s only motivation is to take advantage of Phillipe’s immense wealth but the story led us to a heart-warming direction where you’ll

see Driss being kind in his care-free way.

Phillipe’s willingness to trust Driss and how he responds to all of Driss’s absurd jokes makes them an unlikely great combo. He not only relies on Driss to care about his physical well-being but also other aspects of his life that he unintentionally neglected since the accident and that includes his only daughter.

The anchor of the entire film is how Phillipe and Driss support each other especially when it comes to Phillipe’s epistolary relationship with a woman named Eleonore and Driss’s family that he left behind. The script was written to avoid the typical, cliché reactions from the characters and the comedy elements are not as exaggerated as seen in

other comedy movies. The communication between characters seems natural and effortless. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pretty much like watching real people go about their lives rather than watching actors on screen.

The story is told in flashbacks starting from a scene where both main characters are involved in a police car chase. The anticipation and the character build-up is worth watching. The most important message one can learn from this film is to make the best out of life and to enjoy every moment without taking it too seriously. Even though the film does not lead to a fancy climax, the unruffled plot makes it a great movie for a light evening in bed.

MOVIES

NOV 2016

PREVIEWS

Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them STARRING: EDDIE REDMAYNE, KATHERINE WATERSTON, DAN FOGLER, ALISON SUDOL, COLIN FARRELL

RELEASE: 17th November 2016

Keeping Up with the Joneses

STARRING: Jon Hamm, Zach Galifianakis, Gal Gadot, Isla Fisher, Maribeth Monroe

RELEASE: 24th November 2016

Harry Potter fans will remember Newt Scamander as the author of the textbook Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them. The movie takes us back to 1926 when Newt Scamander arrives at the Magical Congress of the U.S.A for a meeting with his magical briefcase containing a number of dangerous creatures. When the creatures escape, the state of magical and non-magical relations strain even further and Newt is pursued by the American wizarding authorities.

Curiosity gets the better of Jeff and Karen Gaffney when Tim and Natalie Jones, a seemingly perfect couple, move into their neighbourhood. With time on her hands, Karen starts trailing Natalie and discovers that they are, in fact, secret agents working for the Government. Watch as this average suburban couple that is the Gaffneys get their lives turned upside down as they are embroiled in the fast paced world of the Joneses.

The Girl with All the Gifts

Moana

STARRING: SENNIA NANUA, GEMMA ARTERTON, GLENN CLOSE, PADDY CONSIDINE, DOMINIQUE TIPPER, ANAMARIA MARINCA, FISAYO AKINADE

STARRING: DWAYNE JOHNSON, AULI’I CRAVALHO

RELEASE: 17th November 2016

RELEASE: 24th November 2016

This post-apocalyptic horror film, adapted from the novel of the same name, is set in a dystopian future following a breakdown of society when most of humankind is wiped out by a zombie fungal infection. Join a scientist, a teacher, and two soldiers as they embark on a journey of survival with a special young girl named Melanie who is a hybrid: part “Hungry”, part human.

The latest offering from Disney comes in the story of Moana, a young woman who makes use of her navigational talents and sets sail for a fabled island. En route, she meets her hero, the legendary demigod Maui, who teams up with her on her quest to comedic and interesting effect. Mark your calendar, as it’s not to be missed.

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MUSIC

REVIEWS

HARD II LOVE | USHER

ILLUMINATE (DELUXE) | SHAWN MENDES

American R&B/Hip Hop Superstar Usher is back with his eighth studio album and it’s likely that it will appeal to you regardless whether you’re a fan or not - it just has a certain flow to it. For those of you who want some insight into the album before listening to it, think ‘Confessions’. Aside from the title track, don’t forget to check out ‘Downtime’ and ‘Stronger’.

Don’t miss out on this Canadian singer-songwriter’s second studio album which, quite frankly, shows that he’got much more than just the looks.

If you’re pretty much blown away by the lyrics on the tracks, it just might interest you to know that Mendes himself co-wrote all of them. Did we mention he’s only 18? Don’t forget to check out ‘Don’t Be A Fool’, ‘Lights On’, ‘Bad Reputation’ and ‘Roses’.

IDINA

NATURAL CAUSES

| IDINA MENZEL

Idina, who rose to fame via hit single ‘Let It Go’, is back with her fifth studio album. Coming from a fan who actually preferred Idina’s version of ‘Let It Go’, it’s safe to say that the expectations on this album were not low and disappoint, it certainly didn’t. In particular, check out ‘Small World’, ‘Queen of Swords’, and ‘I See You’.

| SKYLAR GREY

Skylar Grey, whom you may remember once featured on a track with Eminem and Dr. Dre, is back with her second studio album since she changed her stage name from Holly Brook. This nature-inspired album, features Grey on vocals and rapping as well. It also features Eminem.

Watch out for ‘Kill For You’, ‘Real World’, and ‘Moving Mountains’.

NOV 2016

WELLNESS

t h ig r y a d r u o START y

NOV 2016

A

good breakfast is the right way to start your day. Besides providing us with energy, it also restores glucose levels that aid cognitive function. Research has shown that a good breakfast can also improve memory, increase concentration levels, improve mood as well as lower stress levels. So as the school year comes to an end, students around the country would be rejoicing at the prospect of the long holidays. But sometimes too much of a good thing can be, well a little inconvenient. For instance, breakfasts and midmorning snacks may no longer be just a trip to the canteen. Yes, you’d actually have to put in a little more effort than you’re used to. However, fret not! Instead of reaching for unhealthy instant meals, cooking a healthy breakfast can be fun and really easy too. The idea is simple, throw in a bunch of readily available ingredients and create your own delectable breakfast. In that vein, here are some ideas that you could use to fix yourself some almost-fancy breakfast meals or snacks with a handful of ingredients and your new best friend, the good old microwave oven. SE

iffy J A n i Quiche

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Things you’ll need: 1 egg 2 tablespoons milk 1/2 cup cubed bread 1 tablespoon melted butter Salt Pepper A handful of cheese Optional ingredient: A few cherry tomatoes – halved (you can swap this with any vegetable of choice)

a.

b.

c.

d.

How it’s done: A.Place cubed bread in a bowl.

B.In a separate microwavable bowl, combine egg, milk, salt, butter and pepper.

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C. Add the halved cherry tomatoes, cubed bread, cheese or any optional

ingredient and gently mix.

D.Microwave on high for two minutes, or until completely cooked. Serve warm.

Bread P a Breez udding in e

t!

This desse rt is ideal for your in those late ner sweet night, “I’m tooth. Perf -binging-o ect for a chocolate n-tv” mom -y version ents. If you of this, sim prefer chocolate ply add ch syrup to re ocolate ch place the ra ip s or for one se isins. There rving here ’s more th , so do pas an enough that it goe s this arou s well with nd. Oh and ice cream w e’ ve Approxima heard too! te total cost : RM 7.20

Things you’ll need: 4 slices of bread 2 eggs 3 tablespoons of sugar 4 tablespoons of milk 2 tablespoon melted butter *Unsalted nuts/sunflower seeds *Raisins

a.

b.

How it’s done: A.Place cubed bread into a bowl B.Combine all the other ingredients in

a different bowl and stir.

C.Pour the mixture over the bread.

D.Add the raisins and nuts and mix.

E.Microwave on high for three minutes or until done. Serve it warm or cold.

c.

d.

e.

GAMING

NOV 2016

What’s coming up soon

looking into

2017

It’s a whole new year, and while another trip around the sun is definitely worth celebrating, there’s another reason for gamers to celebrate: A whole new collection of games to look forward to! Here’s some of the biggest titles teased by developers, all likely to arrive sometime in 2017.

DEATH STRANDING The most talked about game despite no one knowing anything about it (or perhaps because no one knows anything about it), the latest gem from video game mastermind Hideo Kojima has got gamers’ voices all abuzz.

Starring “The Walking Dead” star Norman Reedus, the trailer makes close to no sense at all. Gamers were introduced to a naked Norman Reedus lying on a beach, connected to a little baby with a USB-like umbilical cord, who then turns invisible and leaves print marks on Reedus’s body. Oh, there’re also a bunch of dead marine life, an incredibly oily sea, and.... five flying things in the sky? Wait, did Reedus have a C-section???... I don’t know, mate. I don’t know.

Release Date: As mysterious as the invisible baby.

Platforms: PS4, PC

STATE OF DECAY 2 In this post-apocalyptic game, players will be thrust back into an unforgiving zombie infested world to survive the zombie apocalypse by exploring, scavenging, and fighting in addition to forming a community and building rapport and trust with said people. Players would be able to attempt to survive by themselves throughout the campaign, but many would be extremely excited about the notion of multiplayer being introduced in the game. Up to four friends will be able to cooperate and play as a team, and the best of all is that the players do not even need an online connection to do so.

The online gameplay is also described to be “drop-in, drop-out”, meaning that players wouldn’t need a dedicated session to play; they can just login and join their friends.

Release Date: Sometime in 2017 Platforms: Microsoft Windows, Xbox One 36

SCHOOL ED

SPIDERMAN PS4 It has been years since a good Spider-Man game has come out, and with his recent role in Civil War, his presence in the gaming world is much applauded.

Spidey’s web swinging action and fighting seems incredibly smooth in the in-game trailer, and its fighting mechanics are shown to utilise his webs and super-strength with incredible creativity. However, not much of the game is known besides the fact that the Spider-man we are playing as is indeed Peter Parker, and that his suit was redesigned to include the mechanical eye squinty thing featured in the Civil War movie.

Release Date: Unknown Platforms: Judging by the name, I’d say just PS4

GOD OF WAR PS4

PREY (2017)

Originally intended to be a sequel to the 2006 game of the same name, the new Prey is a reimagining of the original, and plays like a “space horror version of Groundhog Day”, according to CNet’s Seamus Byrne. There will be no connection to the original Prey except for the fact that the player will be fighting aliens. The first-person shooter game will pit players against smoke-like aliens amongst other things, and an interesting narrative looks to be afoot, despite not much being revealed yet.

Release Date: 2017 Platforms: Microsoft Windows, PS4, Xbox One

DETROIT:BECOME HUMAN Many years after exacting his vengeance against the Olympian Gods and losing his signature chained blades, Kratos the bloodthirsty warrior many have come to know and revere has mellowed down and entered the stage most middle-aged men enter: fatherhood. Players will see a much more mellow version of Kratos as he tries to teach his son the basics of survival and growing strong.

The playstyle may be slightly different from past games in the franchise due to the fact that Kratos’s signature chained blade weapons have been taken away. Players will also be able to control Kratos’s son, with him aiding the player along with solving puzzles and fighting enemies.

A neo-noir thriller game, the story follows the stories and struggles of multiple characters, all of whom are androids. Two known characters are Kara, a freshly made android with artificial consciousness discovering what life is like amongst humans, and Connor, an advanced police model tasked with hunting androids that have deviated from their programmed behaviour. A heavily choice-based third-person narrative game, the player is given the option to let the story unfold based solely on their choices. Characters are susceptible to death, and when they do, it’s not the end of the story – it simply goes on. As a result, different players may experience wildly different stories than others.

Release Date: Unknown as of now Platforms: PS4

Release Date: Unknown Platforms: PS4

BERITA

NOV 2016

PRUDENTIAL DIIKTIRAF ATAS USAHA MEMPERKASAKAN KOMUNITI SETEMPAT Prudential Assurance Malaysia Berhad (PAMB) memenangi Anugerah Keusahawanan Bertanggungjawab Asia 2016 (Kategori Pemerkasaan Sosial) untuk program Cha-Ching, program pendidikan kewangan kanak-kanak anjurannya yang sangat berkesan. Anugerah Keusahawanan Bertanggungjawab Asia (AREA) 2016 mengiktiraf perniagaanperniagaan di Malaysia yang merintis usaha keusahawanan yang mapan dan bertanggungjawab.“Cha-Ching diiktiraf kerana sumbangannya ke atas aspek celik kewangan dan memupuk pemahaman mengenainya. Sehingga hari ini, kami telah membawakan Cha-Ching kepada lebih 7,335 orang murid dari 23 buah sekolah,

(Dari kiri ke kanan) Berdiri dengan bangga atas pencapaian jenama Prudential adalah Ketua Pegawai Jenama PAMB, Fiona Liao dan Ketua Pegawai Pemasaran PAMB, Khoo Ai Lin dengan Anugerah Jenama Terunggul Malaysia 2016 (Kategori Insurans); Nurzulfikar Ali, Ketua Bahagian Tanggungjawab Korporat memegang Anugerah Keusahawanan Bertanggungjawab Asia 2016 (Kategori Pemerkasaan Sosial).

organisasi-organisasi kebajikan sosial dan masyarakat setempat sejak tahun 2014,” kata Ketua Pegawai Pemasaran PAMB, Khoo Ai Lin. “Namun, pengiktirafan ini sememangnya ditujukan kepada para kakitangan dan agen kami yang komited untuk menjadi sukarelawan dan menggerakkan program berkenaan. Ia jelas mengukuhkan hasrat kami untuk memupuk aspek pengurusan kewangan pada usia muda. Di samping mengajar murid-murid ini cara membuat keputusan kewangan yang mampu mengubah kehidupan mereka dengan bijak, menggunakan empat konsep asas pengurusan kewangan iaitu Dapat, Simpan, Beli dan Derma.” Program ChaChing Live di Malaysia melibatkan murid-

murid sekolah dengan cara pembelajaran yang menyeronokkan di dalam kelas.

Mereka akan melaksanakan aktiviti-aktiviti secara amali untuk belajar empat konsep pengurusan wang – Dapat, Simpan, Beli dan Derma. Ia mengajar mereka bagaimana untuk membuat keputusan kewangan yang bijak. Pada masa yang sama belajar bahawa usaha keras mereka boleh membuahkan hasil. Selepas menerima maklum balas yang memberangsangkan daripada beberapa buah sekolah, PAMB kemudian menganjurkan Karnival Cha-Ching – program sama tetapi dalam versi lebih besar yang dijalankan dalam format karnival, biasanya mampu memuatkan di antara 200 hingga 500 orang murid pada setiap sesi.

Ketua Fakulti Pengajian Pra Universiti (SPUS) KDU College, Cik Sathyavathy Rasanayagam.

Fakulti ini dengan ahli-ahli jawatankuasa induk Persatuan Pra-Universiti KDU barubaru ini mengadakan satu majlis penyerahan dengan sejumlah wang kutipan sebanyak

RM13,151 kepada Tabung Kanser Kanakkanak PPUM. Majlis tersebut telah diadakan pada 16 Ogos di Wad Kanser Pediatrik PPUM, dengan Ketua Jabatan Pediatrik UMMC, Profesor Dr Muhammad Yazid sebagai pegawai yang menerima.

PELAJAR PRA-UNIVERSITI MELANCARKAN DANA BAGI PESAKIT KANSER KANAK-KANAK DALAM SUATU USAHA YANG BERLANJUTAN Sejak tahun 2010, Dana Kanser PPUM Kanakkanak telah dikenal pasti sebagai benefisiari tunggal aktiviti pengumpulan dana inisiatif Fakulti Pra-Universiti Kolej KDU. “Kami mula mengutip dana pada tahun 2010, dan berjaya mengutip sebanyak RM50,000 bagi dana ini. Ia merupakan satu pengalaman yang memberi inspirasi terutama sekali dengan mengetahui bahawa usaha kami akan menyumbang ke arah yang dapat menyelamatkan nyawa kanak-kanak.” jelas 38

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KIDZANIA CONGREZZ 2016 ANJURKAN PROGRAM PERKONGSIAN ILMU DENGAN KANAK-KANAK DARIPADA KOMUNITI ORANG ASLI DALAM PROGRAM AMAL ‘CARING PROJECT’ Sempena sambutan Hari Malaysia baru-baru ini, KidZania CongreZZ 2016 telah menjayakan program amal di Kampung Orang Asli Bukit Kepong hari ini. Inisiatif yang bertujuan untuk memupuk nilai hormat-menghormati dan kesefahaman di antara etnik-etnik berlainan ini melibatkan sesi perkongsian budaya dan pengetahuan di kalangan kanak-kanak yang mengambil bahagian.

Seramai 20 orang ahli KidZania CongreZZ yang berusia antara tujuh hingga 12 tahun telah mengambil masa selama dua bulan untuk merancang program amal ini. Mereka telah bekerjasama dengan Yayasan Kebajikan Budimas untuk merangka program, menguruskan logistik dan mengadakan kutipan barangan berupa pakaian, buku dan permainan untuk penduduk kampung. Datuk Bandar KidZania Kuala Lumpur, Shahrul Nizar Ahma berkata, “Kami ingin bekerjasama dengan ibu bapa untuk membentuk pembangunan holistik kanakkanak, ini termasuklah memupuk kesedaran sosial dan nilai murni. Program Caring Project merupakan platform untuk ahli CongreZZ Kid menanam nilai persefahaman kepada kanakkanak daripada latar belakang berbeza. Secara langsung, mereka akan menyedari yang setiap orang mempunyai keistimewaan tersendiri dan mampu menyumbang kepada masyarakat. Di samping itu, program ini turut memberi pendedahan kepada mereka untuk merancang dan menjayakan keseluruhan program amal ini dari permulaannya.”

“Program amal seumpama ini dapat meningkatkan perpaduan negara dan memupuk kesedaran di kalangan kanak-kanak sejak muda tentang pentingnya persefahaman dan perkongsian kepelbagaian budaya kerana ia merupakan asas yang membentuk negara kita hari ini. Kami sangat menghargai usaha KidZania Kuala Lumpur dalam menerajui inisiatif murni ini dan kami mengalu-alukan lebih banyak inisiatif seumpama ini pada masa akan datang,” kata Pemangku Batin dan Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Kemajuan dan Keselamatan Kampung Orang Asli, Omar bin Goming.

KES KAJIAN SEJARAH

NOV 2016

Malaysia Pilihan Raya

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M

alaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang mengamalkan sistem demokrasi berparlimen.

Ini bermaksud, pemerintahan dijalankan secara perwakilan dan kerajaan dibentuk melalui proses pilihan raya. Rakyat diberi mandat untuk memilih pemimpan yang akan mewakili mereka di Parlimen dan mandat ini sudahpun termaktub dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Demokrasi berparlimen menetapkan bahawa hanya wakil-wakil yang dipilih oleh rakyat menduduki kerusi parlimen dan seterusnya menjalankan pemerintahan melalui peruntukkan perlembagaan persekutuan. Pilihan raya merupakan proses

di mana rakyat mengundi untuk memilih wakil mereka. Pilihan raya umum diadakan lima tahun sekali dan parti-parti politik haruslah menyertainya supaya dapat dipilih sebagai kuasa pemerintahan negara. SE

Petikan-petikan berikut diambil daripada Perlembagaan Malaysia 1963: Perjalanan Pilihan Raya 113. (1) Maka hendaklah ada suatu Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya yang hendaklah ditubuhkan mengikut Perkara 114, yang, tertakluk kepada peruntukan undang-undang persekutuan, hendaklah menjalankan pilihan raya ke Dewan Rakyat dan Dewan-Dewan Undangan Negeri dan menyediakan dan menyemak daftar pemilih bagi pilihan raya itu.

(2) (i) Tertakluk kepada perenggan (ii), Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya hendaklah, dari masa ke semasa, sebagaimana yang difikirkannya perlu, mengkaji semula pembahagian Persekutuan dan Negeri-Negeri kepada bahagian pilihan raya dan mengesyorkan apa-apa perubahan mengenainya yang difikirkannya perlu supaya dipatuhi peruntukan yang terkandung dalam Jadual Ketiga Belas; dan kajian semula bahagianbahagian pilihan raya bagi maksud pilihan raya ke Dewan-Dewan Undangan hendaklah dijalankan pada masa yang sama dengan kajian semula bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya bagi maksud pilihan raya ke Dewan Rakyat. (ii) Maka hendaklah ada lat tempoh tidak kurang daripada lapan tahun antara tarikh siapnya satu kajian semula, dengan tarikh bermulanya kajian semula yang kemudiannya, di bawah Fasal ini. (iii) Kajian semula di bawah perenggan (i) hendaklah disiapkan dalam tempoh yang tidak melebihi dua tahun dari tarikh bermulanya kajian semula itu.

(3) Jika Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya berpendapat bahawa berikutan dengan suatu undang-undang yang dibuat di bawah Perkara 2 kajian semula yang disebut dalam Fasal (2) perlu dijalankan, maka Suruhanjaya itu hendaklah berbuat sedemikian sama ada atau tidak lapan tahun telah berlalu semenjak kajian semula yang terakhir dijalankan di bawah Fasal itu.

(3A) (i) Jika bilangan ahli dipilih bagi Dewan Rakyat diubah berikutan dengan apa-apa pindaan kepada Perkara 46, atau bilangan ahli dipilih bagi Dewan Undangan sesuatu Negeri diubah berikutan dengan suatu undang-undang yang diperbuat oleh Badan Perundangan sesuatu Negeri, Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya hendaklah, tertakluk kepada Fasal

(3B), menjalankan kajian 119 Undang-Undang Malaysia semula pembahagian kawasan yang tersentuh dengan pengubahan itu kepada bahagian pilihan raya persekutuan atau Negeri, mengikut mana-mana yang berkenaan, dan kajian semula itu hendaklah disiapkan dalam tempoh yang tidak melebihi dua tahun dari tarikh permulaan kuat kuasa undang-undang yang membuat pengubahan itu. (ii) Kajian semula di bawah perenggan (i) tidaklah menyentuh lat tempoh yang diperuntukkan di bawah perenggan (ii) Fasal (2) berkenaan dengan kajian semula di bawah perenggan (i) Fasal itu. (iii) Peruntukan Jadual Ketiga Belas hendaklah terpakai bagi kajian semula di bawah Fasal ini, tetapi tertakluk kepada apa-apa ubah suaian yang difikirkan perlu oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya.

(3B) Jika sesuatu pindaan kepada Perkara 46 atau suatu undangundang yang diperbuat oleh Dewan Undangan sesuatu Negeri yang disebut dalam perenggan (i) Fasal (3A) mula berkuat kuasa selepas lapan tahun berlalu dari tarikh siapnya kajian semula yang terakhir di bawah Fasal (2) dan Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya berpendapat bahawa perlu dijalankan suatu kajian semula di bawah Fasal (2), maka Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya tidak boleh menjalankan kajian semula di bawah perenggan (i) Fasal (3A) tetapi sebaliknya hendaklah menjalankan kajian semula di bawah Fasal (2) dan dalam mengendalikan kajian semula sedemikian hendaklah mengambil kira mana-mana kawasan yang tersentuh berikutan dengan pindaan atau undang-undang yang disebut dalam perenggan (i) Fasal (3A).

(4) Undang-undang persekutuan atau Negeri boleh memberi kuasa Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya untuk menjalankan pilihan raya selain pilihan raya yang disebut dalam Fasal (1).

(5) Setakat yang perlu bagi maksud fungsinya di bawah Perkara ini, Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya boleh membuat kaedah-kaedah, tetapi mana-mana kaedah yang sedemikian hendaklah berkuat kuasa tertakluk kepada peruntukan undang-undang persekutuan.

Keanggotaan Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya 114. (1) Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya hendaklah dilantik oleh Yang di-Pertuan Agong selepas berunding dengan Majlis Raja-Raja, dan hendaklah terdiri daripada seorang pengerusi, seorang timbalan pengerusi dan lima orang anggota lain.

(2) Pada melantik anggota Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya, Yang di-Pertuan Agong hendaklah mengambil perhatian tentang peri mustahaknya suatu Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya yang mendapat kepercayaan awam.

(3) Seseorang anggota Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya terhenti daripada memegang jawatan apabila mencapai umur enam puluh enam tahun atau apabila hilang kelayakan di bawah Fasal (4) dan boleh pada bila-bila masa meletakkan jawatannya melalui surat yang ditandatangani sendiri olehnya yang ditujukan kepada Yang di-Pertuan Agong, tetapi tidaklah boleh dipecat daripada jawatan 121 Undang-Undang Malaysia kecuali atau alasan dan mengikut cara yang sama seperti seorang hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan.

(4) Walau apa pun apa-apa jua dalam Fasal (3), Yang di-Pertuan Agong hendaklah melalui perintah memecat daripada jawatan mana-mana anggota Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya jika anggota itu— • (a) seorang bankrap belum lepas; atau • (b) melibatkan diri dalam apa-apa jawatan atau pekerjaan berbayar di luar tugas jawatannya; atau • (c) ahli mana-mana satu Majlis Parlimen atau Dewan Undangan sesuatu Negeri.

(7) Jika, dalam apa-apa tempoh, Pengerusi Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya telah diberi kebenaran bercuti oleh Yang di-Pertuan Agong atau tidak dapat menunaikan fungsinya kerana dia tidak ada di dalam Persekutuan, sakit atau apa-apa sebab lain, maka timbalan pengerusi hendaklah menunaikan fungsi pengerusi selama tempoh itu, dan jika timbalan pengerusi juga tidak ada atau tidak dapat menunaikan fungsi itu, maka seorang anggota Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya boleh dilantik oleh Yang di-Pertuan Agong untuk menunaikan fungsi pengerusi selama tempoh itu.

Bahagian pilihan raya persekutuan 116. (1) Bagi pemilihan ahli-ahli ke Dewan Rakyat, sesuatu unit kajian semula hendaklah dibahagikan kepada bahagian pilihan raya mengikut peruntukan yang terkandung dalam Jadual Ketiga Belas.

(2) Jumlah bilangan bahagian pilihan raya hendaklah sama dengan bilangan ahli supaya seorang ahli dipilih bagi setiap bahagian pilihan raya, dan daripada jumlah bilangan bahagian pilihan raya di dalam Negeri-Negeri Tanah Melayu itu suatu bilangan yang ditentukan mengikut peruntukan yang terkandung 123 UndangUndang Malaysia

Perbincangan Berdasarkan petikan tersebut dan dengan kajian lanjut, jawab soalan-soalan berikut: • Apakah tugas Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya (SPR)?

• Senaraikan keadaan-keadaan yang menyebabkan seseorang itu tidak layak menjadi calon untuk bertanding dalam pilihan raya.

• Nyatakan syarat-syarat yang perlu dipatuhi bagi membolehkan seseorang mengundi dalam pilihan raya.

Kelayakan pemilih 119. (1) Tiap-tiap warganegara yang— • (a) telah mencapai umur 21 tahun pada tarikh kelayakan; 124

Perlembagaan Persekutuan • (b) bermastautin di dalam sesuatu bahagian pilihan raya pada tarikh kelayakan yang sedemikian atau, jika tidak bermastautin sedemikian, ialah seorang pengundi tidak hadir; dan • (c) didaftarkan, di bawah peruntukan manamana undang-undang yang berhubungan dengan pilihan raya, dalam daftar pemilih sebagai pemilih dalam bahagian pilihan raya tempat dia bermastautin pada tarikh kelayakan, berhak mengundi di dalam bahagian pilihan raya itu dalam manamana pilihan raya ke Dewan Rakyat atau Dewan Undangan melainkan jika dia hilang kelayakan di bawah Fasal (3) atau di bawah mana-mana undang-undang yang berhubungan dengan kesalahan yang dilakukan berkaitan dengan pilihan raya; tetapi tiada seorang pun boleh mengundi dalam pilihan raya yang sama di dalam lebih daripada satu bahagian pilihan raya.

(2) Jika seseorang berada di dalam sesuatu bahagian pilihan raya semata-mata oleh sebab dia ialah seorang pesakit di suatu institusi yang disenggarakan keseluruhannya atau terutamanya untuk menerima dan merawat orang yang mengidap penyakit mental atau kecacatan mental atau semata-mata oleh

sebab dia ditahan dalam jagaan, maka dia hendaklah bagi maksud Fasal (1) disifatkan tidak bermastautin di dalam bahagian pilihan raya itu.

(3) Seseorang hilang kelayakan untuk menjadi pemilih dalam mana-mana pilihan raya ke Dewan Rakyat atau Dewan Undangan jika— • (a) pada tarikh kelayakan dia ditahan sebagai orang yang tidak sempurna akal atau sedang menjalani hukuman pemenjaraan; atau • (b) sebelum tarikh kelayakan dia telah disabitkan atas suatu kesalahan di dalam mana-mana bahagian Komanwel dan dihukum dengan hukuman mati atau pemenjaraan selama tempoh melebihi dua belas bulan dan pada tarikh kelayakan itu dia masih kena menjalani apa-apa hukuman bagi kesalahan itu.

(4) Dalam perkara ini— • (a) “pengundi tidak hadir” ertinya, berhubung dengan mana-mana bahagian pilihan raya, mana-mana warganegara yang berdaftar sebagai pengundi tidak hadir berkenaan dengan bahagian pilihan raya itu; 125 Undang-Undang Malaysia • (b) “tarikh kelayakan” ertinya tarikh seseorang memohon supaya didaftarkan sebagai pemilih dalam sesuatu bahagian pilihan raya, atau tarikh dia memohon untuk menukar pendaftarannya sebagai pemilih dalam suatu bahagian pilihan raya yang lain, mengikut peruntukan mana-mana undang-undang yang berhubungan dengan pilihan raya.

CASE STUDY SCIENCE

NOV 2016

PART 1

Contributed By: Nabilah Abdul Aleem Sidek & Ting Jen Ching (Grace) Lecturer, Centre of Foundation Studies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sg. Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

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s of July 4th this year, 14 cases

discovery of the modern anti-toxin treatment.

of diphtheria was recorded in

The first diphtheria vaccine was produced

Malaysia, with five fatalities

in the 1920s and following the universal

recorded in Kedah, Malacca

introduction of a diphtheria vaccination

and Sabah. The deaths, involving children

programme, a great decline in the incidence

How does the bacteria infect a patient and how does vaccination work?

between the age of two and seven, has

of the disease was reported. Despite this,

The most important contagious factor of

triggered a public outrage, especially from

outbreaks from this disease still occur

C. diphtheriae is the exotoxin. Exotoxin is

parents. In all the cases reported, none of

worldwide, including in developed nations,

a toxin that is released by the bacteria into

the patients have a history of immunisation

whenever there are significant drops in

its surroundings, causing damage to the

against the disease at all.

vaccination rates.

host by destroying its cells. In addition to

What is diphtheria and how does it spread?

Diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by the bacterium the bacteria produce potent toxins that affect the throat and upper respiratory airways, making it difficult for the patients, especially children, to breathe and swallow. In its early stages, diphtheria may be mistakenly treated for severe sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes and slight fever, which may lead to lethal complications such as suffocation, paralysis or even heart failure if the toxin spreads throughout the body.

Diphtheria can be transmitted by coughs and sneezes or by direct contact with the patients or items that are infected with the bacteria. Anyone who is not immunised against the disease is at risk of being infected. There is no specific age group that is immunised against the disease, but young children below the age of five are more prone towards the disease due to inadequate or ongoing vaccinations. According to the National Foundation of Infectious Disease (United States), nearly one out of every 10 people exposed to diphtheria die from the disease.

Once A Plague Among Children The first description of diphtheria was recorded by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC. The disease has been the main cause of deaths, especially among young children for centuries. Diphteria bacterium was first discovered by a German bacteriologist, Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, leading to the

Some important chronological events related to diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae. When infected,

1613

The year was known as “El Año de los Garrotillos” (The Year of Strangulations) in history of Spain as the country experienced an epidemic of diphtheria.

1735

A diphtheria epidemic swept through New England.

1856

An epidemic of diphtheria was recorded in California.

1884

The first strain of C. diphtheriae was cultivated by Friedrich Loeffler.

1890

Shibasaburo Kitasato and Emil von Behring immunised guinea pigs with heattreated diphtheria toxin. Von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in medicine in 1901 for his work.

1895

The first production and testing of diphtheria antitoxin in the United States starts. Serum from horses was used in diphtheria treatment.

1905

Franklin Royer, from Philadelphia’s Municipal Hospital, published a paper urging timely treatment for diphtheria and adequate doses of antitoxin.

1910 and 1911

A massive five-year campaign was coordinated by Dr. Bela Schick where millions of literature pieces were distributed with an urge for parents to “Save your child from diphtheria.” A vaccine was developed in the next decade, and the number of deaths began to markedly decline in 1924.

1919

10 children were killed and 60 others were seriously ill in Texas, United States, believed to be caused by a toxic antitoxin, forcing the manufacturers to pay the damages in every case.

1920s

There were an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 cases of diphtheria every year in the United States, causing 13,000 to 15,000 deaths each year. Children represented a large majority of these cases and fatalities.

1926

Alexander Thomas Glenny increased the effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid by treating it with aluminum salts.

1943

Diphtheria outbreaks accompanied war and disruption in Europe. There were 1 million cases in Europe recorded with 50,000 deaths.

1949

68 of 606 children died after diphtheria immunisation due to improper manufacture of aluminum phosphate toxoid.

1974

World Health Organization (WHO) included DTaP vaccine in their Expanded Program on Immunization for developing countries.

1975

An outbreak of cutaneous diphtheria in Seattle, Washington was reported.

1990

157,000 cases with 5,000 deaths were recorded in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

1994

The Russian Federation saw 39,703 diphtheria cases.

May 2010 2013

A case of diphtheria was diagnosed in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Three children died of diphtheria in Hyderabad, India.

A case of diphtheria was diagnosed at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital

June 2015 in Barcelona, Spain. The six-year-old child who died of the illness had not been previously vaccinated due to parental opposition to vaccination.

March 2016

A three-year-old girl died of diphtheria in the University Hospital of Antwerp, Belgium.

June 2016

Five deaths were recorded in Malaysia involving children below the age of seven.

this exotoxin, cell wall components of C. diphtheriae are another important component for its pathogenesis (spread). Humans are the only natural host for C. diphtheriae. Diphtheria vaccines are based on diphtheria toxoid, an inactivated toxin injected into the human body (the host), invoking the host’s cells to produce antibodies against them. Since the toxoid is an inactivated form of the toxin, it is not capable of causing the disease in the host cells.

How is the toxoid produced?

Toxin-producing C. diphtheriae is grown in liquid media and the toxin is then converted to the inactive toxoid by treatment with formalin.

This toxoid is adsorbed to aluminium salt as an adjuvant and thiomersal added as a preservative for multi-dose vials.

The vaccination

vaccines available. Individuals with an anti-

Before further treatment is conducted

diphtheria toxin antibody level of more than

on a suspected patient, doctors may first

0.1 IU/mL are considered fully protected

perform skin allergy tests to make sure that

from the disease. Currently, the Malaysian

the infected person does not have an allergy

EPI recommends three doses of DTaP for all

to the antitoxin. Diphtheria antitoxin will then

children at the ages of two, three and five

be administered through an injection via a vein

months, with a fourth dose at the age of 18

and this is called intravenous or IV injection.

months. A booster dose is given at the age

This will fight the diphtheria poison.

of seven. The vaccine lasts for 10 years at

Treatment aimed at countering the

As part of the WHO Expanded Programme

most, so children will need to be vaccinated

bacterial infection normally comes in two

on Immunisation (EPI), diphtheria toxoid

again around 12 years of age. For adults, it is

components: first is the antitoxin - also known

vaccine is normally given in a single shot

recommended to get a combined diphtheria

as anti-diphtheritic serum, used to neutralise

together with vaccines for tetanus (a bacterial

and tetanus booster shot. This is known as

the toxin released by the bacteria; and the

disease that affects the nervous system) and

the tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine. Taking

second is the antibiotics - erythromycin

pertussis (a highly contagious respiratory

these steps can help prevent the public from

or penicillin to eradicate the bacteria and

disease). The vaccines are collectively known

getting diphtheria in the future. According to

halt their spread. Early administration of

as DTaP vaccine, a name that comes from

a record by WHO, immunisation coverage for

diphtheria antitoxin neutralises the exotoxin

the initials of the three diseases. A reduced

the primary course of diphtheria vaccines in

before it is bound by the host cell. Once the

dose formulation is generally administered

Malaysia had been 90% or more since year

toxin infects a cell, cell death is imminent.

to individuals over the age of seven years

1980, and achieved coverage of 95-99% from

The disease is usually not contagious 48

old. Diphtheria toxoid is one of the safest

year 1990 to 2015, which was thought to be

hours after antibiotic therapy is instituted.

a good indication of how well protected the public are from this disease.

If a patient is infected with diphtheria before a proper vaccination is instituted, what treatment will be administered?

The patient has to be given immediate treatment once suspected of the disease.

If the infection is advanced, people with diphtheria may need a ventilator to help them breathe. In cases where the toxins may have spread to the heart, kidneys, or central nervous system, patients may need intravenous fluids, oxygen, or heart medications.

Immediate hospitalisation and early intervention allow most patients to recover from diphtheria without any problem. Last but not the least, strict bed rest for four to six weeks or until full recovery is recommended.

Those who have recovered should still

A delay in treatment can result in death or

receive a full course of the diphtheria vaccine to

long-term heart disease. In severe cases there

prevent a recurrence because contracting the

might be an obstruction of the throat, which

disease does not guarantee lifetime immunity.

may require intubation or a tracheostomy (an incision to the windpipe made to relief the patients of obstruction in breathing).

Look out for Part 2 in School Edition January 2017!

SE

CASE STUDY BUSINESS

ROBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ANIMa tion studio P

NOV 2016

ART 2

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ob has been planning to start a business that provides animation products and services for some time. Rob is well aware, from past experiences and from observing his competition, that there is more to business planning than simply the service, pricing and branding. He also knows that it would take a huge personal and financial commitment from him but he is not sure if he has the right information that would allow him to plan his business properly. Having a clear picture of what your goals are, and how to attain them make up the core of the business plan. Here are some of the parts you will need to include in the business plan.

The main sections are:

• • • • • • •

Executive Summary Company Overview Business Environment Company Description Company Strategy Financial Review Action Plan

In Part 2 of this case study, we look at company strategy, financial review and action plan sections as the other sections have been covered in Part 1 of this case study.

ROB’S ANIMATION STUDIO

5.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary This section allows Rob to establish and assert the competitive edge that his business has and how it will gain leverage over his competitors by focusing on the neglected sectors of the market. Once Rob identifies his competitive edge, he will also be able to work out a game plan for increasing their market share.

5.1 Marketing Strategy Here, Rob can elaborate more on the marketing strategy and how it will be accomplished. These include advertising and advertising campaign plans – where and when he would advertise his business to gain exposure on the right crowd. He can also justify the cost of each of these strategies.

5.2 Competitive Edge In this section, Rob can elaborate on how the competitive edge of Rob’s Animation Studio differentiates them from his other competitors, and how their approach to the market will allow them to gain a substantial slice of the market share.

5.3 Milestones Rob will establish the milestones he has set for Rob’s Animation Studio. It would be beneficial to him, the company and potential financers or investors to understand the goals he has set for the company. These milestones, along with working timelines would be a great tool in helping him keep track of the progress of the company.

5.4 Sales Strategy Rob’s Animation Studio will also have a sales strategy in place. These strategies can be elaborated on in this section. While this section will be for the benefit of investors, it gives Rob a chance to work out his thoughts and ideas on the strategies that will be employed by his business in order to succeed.

5.4.1 Sales Forecast This section enables Rob to predict how his sales would turn out on a monthly basis. This section is important as it will enable him to project income on a monthly basis, and subsequently on a yearly basis. This gives them a realistic view on sales and income, and encourages better overall planning.

7.0 Financial Plan

6.0 Management Summary This section is where Rob, as the owner of the business elaborates a little on the qualifications or experiences he possesses that enable him to lead Robâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Animation Studio.

Rob can also state all the other skills that he possesses, such as having attended symposiums and conferences that are beneficial to his personal as well as professional development.

6.1 PERSONNEL PLAN Besides Rob, this business organisation will also require certain personnel to be in place that will contribute to its development.

These could include art directors, animators, editors, flash animators and so on. In this section, Rob will plan the number of personnel required as well as their roles in the studio. This plan will also project personnel numbers into the subsequent years.

To conclude, the business plan that Rob comes up with should provide realistic and convincing answers to these key concerns: 1. Does the business plan succeed in clearly lining out and explaining the business idea or opportunity?

2. Does the business plan successfully showcase the uniqueness of the product or service that is provided? a) Does the business plan show that the business clearly understands the market, and does it identify the market segment that is targeted? b) Is there a clear understanding of the target market and its size? c) What are growth projections like for the target market?

3. Does the business plan indicate that there have been sufficient studies to identify potential competitors and understand their influence on the business idea? a) Does the business plan indicate the cost

that is required to provide as well as sell the service? b) Can the sale of the service provided be profitable to the business? c) In terms of cost, does the business plan indicate that the business has identified its customers as well as their buying power? d) Will the customers be willing to pay the price for the service that is offered by this business?

4. Does the business plan indicate the potential of the business in being able to be profitable?

This final section is an outline of important financial information.

7.1 Important Financial Assumptions This section enables Rob to list out the financial assumptions that can be made for the subsequent years.

These include interest and tax rates for the projected timeline. This section will enable Rob to work out his cash flow for at least the first year.

Other sections that he can include are: - break-even analysis - projected profit and loss - the projected balance sheets

a) Does it also indicate the stage at which the business is likely to break even? b) Does the business plan state the investments that are required to launch and establish the business? c) What are the sources and types of financing required by this business?

5. Does the business plan elaborate on potential risks as well as the plans or measures in place to address and minimise these risks? SE

Refer to Part 1 of this Case Study in SE Oct 2016

CASE STUDY ENGLISH

NOV 2016

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ong before the spoken or written word was invented, man simply communicated by non-verbal means.

While there are various theories to the exact form of non-verbal communication, it is said to include animal mimicry, gestures, grunts, smoke signals, drums, facial expressions and maybe even simply sketching out the pictures of objects.

How was English Invented?

The short answer to that would be that the English Language was never invented by one person - so to speak. In fact, the history of the language started with the departure of the Romans from Britain. According to the “Language Timeline”, by The British Library Board, many English words were derived from the Latin language spoken by Roman merchants and soldiers. These words include win (wine), candel (candle), belt, weall (wall).

However, not many Celtic words made it to the English language. Even if they did, they were mainly the names of places such as Kent, Dover, Avon, York and Severn.

The departure of the Romans led to the arrival of three Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes. These tribes invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These invading tribes came from “Englaland” and their language was called “Englisc”. The word Englaland gave England its name today, and the word “Englisc” is where the word “English” was first derived.

These tribes crossed the North Sea from what is now known as Denmark and northern Germany to arrive in Britain. Prior to this invasion, the inhabitants of Britain spoke a mixture of Latin and Celtic languages.

The original occupants of Britain (the Celtic speakers), were driven to areas which are now known as Wales, Scotland and Ireland by these invaders.

The Three Main Periods of the English Language There are three main periods of the English Language. These include the Old English Period (450-1100 AD), Middle English Period (1100-1500 AD) and Modern English Period (after 1500 AD).

Old English Period According to Merriam-Webster, the Old English Language was also called the AngloSaxon language. The Old English language is nothing like what it is today. In fact, the language has transformed so much since then that it’s barely recognisable today.

Here is a sample of Old English prose:

Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe hi of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi Angle genemnode wæron. Þa cwæð he, “Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað, and swilcum gedafenað þæt hi on heofonum engla geferan beon.

When translated for sense, this is how that passage will look in today’s English: Again he asked what might be the name of the people from which they came. It was answered to him that they were named Angles. Then he said, “Rightly are they called Angles because they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as they should be angels’ companions in heaven.”

While it may be barely recognisable, some words do have identical spellings to their modern successors. For instance, as you can see in the text, words like for, he, him, and,

on – all retain their original spelling. Some of the words such as nama is now name while common is come. Some of these words have gone through alterations from the past, they are axode for asked, hu for how, beon for be and so on. However, some words from Old English have been removed completely, they include geferan (companions), eft (again) and wlite (appearance). There are also other differences, such as the inversion of subject and verb following an adverb, and also nouns, adjectives and articles are inflected for gender, case and number.

The most famous written works have survived from the Old English period is a heroic epic poem called “Beowulf”. It is the oldest known English poem and it is notable for its length - 3,183 lines. Experts say “Beowulf” was written in Britain more than one thousand years ago although the author remains unknown.

Middle English Period During the Middle English period, the English language was heavily influenced

by French and Latin. The Oxford Dictionary of English characterises Middle English as radically different than Old English in terms of grammar. For example, the usage of grammatical gender was dropped and the range of inflections, in particular the noun, was reduced. The vocabulary not only saw the introduction of French words, but also the borrowing of Latin and Scandinavian words.

During this period, the Duke of Normandy (now known as France) conquered England.

This invasion saw the introduction of a

language that was similar to French, as was used widely among the ruling and business classes. In the 14th century, the English that was spoken (and written) had many new French words added to it. Some of these words include marble, mercy, prison, palfrey, to pay, poor, and rule. The long succession of Viking Age raids and conquests, as well as the establishment of Viking settlements resulted in the influence of early Scandinavian languages. Old English texts up to about the year 1100 are estimated to contain only about 100 Scandinavian loanwords. Most of these words come from the significant cultural influence from the Scandinavians.

Over a hundred words of possible Scandinavian origin were traced back to that period, including some of which are commonly used in modern day English such as to anger, to bait, bloom, boon, booth, bull, to die, to flit, ill, law, low, meek, to raise, root, to scare, skill, skin, to take, though, to thrive, wand, to want, wing and even wrong. Some of the more interesting borrowed words is the

pronoun; they, the related object form; them, and the possessive; their.

One of the most famous written works from the Middle English era is Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”, a collection of stories about a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury, England.

Modern English Period In the early modern period of the English Language, more Latin words were incorporated into the English Language.

By 1500, the English language had taken on many of the technical functions from Latin. However, it is impossible to make a clear distinction of the origin of words in the vocabulary of middle English and modern English, due to the lack of surviving texts from the middle English era. By Shakespeare’s era, the language had already evolved into what it is today. The development of printing press during this era also exacerbated its progress. During the industrial revolution, the British Empire expanded its influence around the world. As a result, the interaction with different parts of the world also led to the assimilation of words into the English language. These words include turban from India, and kangaroo from Australia.

The English language continues to change and evolve to this day, and new words are continuously added to the language. SE

DISCUSSION Shakespeare is said to have invented over 2000 words and phrases of the English language. Find out some of these words and the history behind them then share your discovery with your classmates.

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CASE STUDY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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hile ergonomics is often associated with office infrastructure and facilities, anyone who uses the computer, mouse and keyboard on a regular basis should also have sufficient knowledge on how ergonomics plays an important role in your health and wellbeing. Ergonomics has a lot to do with the correct work station set up (for work, school or for play) as well as the availability of facilities and tools that can help with avoiding injury and pain caused by poor work station set up.

Sitting at your work/ play station in relation to the screen An ideal seating position includes the correct seat height. Your feet should lay flat on the floor with your knees positioned slightly lower than your hips. Your hips should go as far back in as possible in

the chair. The back of the chair should be adjusted between 100° and 110° reclined angle. A good chair should support your upper and lower back adequately. You can also use inflatable cushions or small pillows if necessary. If you have an active back mechanism on your chair, use it to make frequent position changes. If you suffer of pains at your lower or upper back, it could be caused by a lack of lumbar support (supporting the lower part of the back) provided by your chair. If your chair has armrests, position them to allow your shoulders to relax. Sometimes the presence of armrests causes more damage when present. So if you’re unable to adjust them to suit your requirements, simply remove them altogether to protect your shoulders from being strained.

Pain in the upper back can be attributed to sitting with poor posture and twisting the body for long periods of time which usually

occurs from positioning your screen at an angle. Your screen should be placed directly in front of you, above your keyboard. The top of the screen should be approximately two to three inches above the seated eye level. Your sitting position should be at least an arm’s length away from the screen. Poor ergonomics in your workstations can result in one or several of these symptoms. For instance, if you are having pain at the back of your neck, it could be mainly caused by looking down at books or notes on the desk or even the keyboard that is placed on your desk. The sides of your neck will also suffer from pain if you constantly face your screen at an angle, instead of looking directly ahead - which is where your screen or books should be placed.

Using input devices that are suitable for you Sometimes, you may also experience pains in your shoulders-at the top, front, or back if your keyboard is placed too high, causing your arms to dangle down unsupported.

These situations can be remedied by using an articulating keyboard tray that can provide optimal positioning of input devices. However, it should accommodate the mouse, enable leg clearance, and have an adjustable height and tilt mechanism.

It should not get into the way of the other devices or tools on your desk, such as your phone for example. Ideally, you should be able to pull up close to the keyboard, and it should be right in front of your body. The keyboard should be set to an ideal height which does not cause your shoulders to be strained in an awkward position, as well as allows your hands and wrists to be constantly straight with slightly open elbows.

The poor positioning of these tools and input devices can cause discomfort and pain in the arms and wrists. Many people who click-a-mouse-for-a-living would experience some form of musculoskeletal (bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments) related problems. Some of these problems include bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, muscle strains as well as tendon injuries.

Wrist rests can provide some support to your wrists if you use the keyboard regularly.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends that wrists are kept in a neutral position all the time. Therefore, the wrist rest should allow your hands to move freely and the pad should contact the heel of your palm, and not your wrist. The wrist rest should also be soft, and rounded to minimise pressure on the wrist. They can help support your arms and reduce the strain when you take breaks from typing. Also the usage of a trackball or touch pad may help to alleviate some of the symptoms that people get from the

Incorrect mouse usage

repetitive motions from using a standard computer mouse.

Taking regular breaks and pauses A good workstation set-up, while helpful will not be able to circumvent the bad effects of working for prolonged periods of time. So before you pull an all-nighter to complete your assignments or to level up in that new game you’re obsessed about, think about the health implications it can cause you.

Prolonged static postures can cause an inhibition in blood circulation over time (by your 25th birthday) and all this abuse would take its toll and you’ll regret not having paid closer attention to your wellbeing earlier in life. So take note, and start focusing on living a healthy, balanced life. Take short breaks every half hour or so. Take a short walk to fetch yourself a glass of water, or even stretch your limbs at your desk. Don’t make it a habit of having your meals in front of the screen. Step out of your room and have a meal with your family. Prevent eye strain and eye fatigue by changing your eye focus regularly. Look away from your screens

every once in a while, and look out the window.

Breaks are good in improving your cognitive function as well as improve your overall mental alertness.

To keep your entire body (and mind) functioning efficiently into your golden years, take the necessary steps to ensure you use the right tools to protect yourselves from injury and damage. SE

DISCUSSION • •

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How has ergonomics changed since its conception?

State some specific examples where ergonomics is being used in real life and what is its importance.

When designing a light fitting on the ceiling in a computer lab, what factors should be considered?

Imagine that you have been assigned to design an internet café for your school. How can you use ergonomics when coming up with this design?

What improvements can you suggest for a small computer room that has the wires of its computers out in the open on top of workstations?

What are the requirements for health and safety in an ICT classroom?

CASE STUDY GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

NOV 2016

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ental health is an often overlooked area of general health. Besides physical wellbeing, mental health is also important as it plays a key role in influencing our thoughts, mood and behaviour. Mental health includes emotional, psychological as well as social well-being. These factors determine how we live our day-to-day lives and respond to the circumstances surrounding us.

Mental health plays a significant role in every stage of life, from childhood right up to adulthood. Various factors contribute to our mental wellbeing; they include genetics as well as the chemical imbalances in our brains.

The following case studies are samples that have been written for educational purposes.

They are not to be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. Mental health concerns are normal and help is available to those who suffer from mental health problems. Seek help from counsellors or your parents if you are experiencing any of these symptoms.

Case Study No 1 Michelle is a 20-year-old medical student.

She leads a very demanding lifestyle and is very active in college. Besides academics, she also leads the Photography Club and Life Sciences Club in college. Michelle has always been a high achiever. She graduated with top honours in high school and was also an active sportswoman, having represented her school in tennis as well as volleyball. She sets very high standards for herself and can be very self-critical when she fails to meet them. Lately, she has been struggling with significant feelings of worthlessness and shame due to her inability to perform as well as she always has in the past. For the past few weeks Michelle has felt unusually exhausted and lethargic. She also found it increasingly difficult to concentrate in class and on her studies. Her classmates have noticed that she is often irritable and withdrawn, which is quite different from her usually friendly and cheerful disposition. Michelle has also been

absent from class without an explanation on several occasions. On those days she stays in bed all day, watching TV or sleeping. Her friends find her behaviour to be completely abnormal, and completely unlike her. Michelle’s housemates have also noticed changes as well. She rarely leaves her room and sometimes spends all night in front of the TV, awake. They have also noticed her in tears on several occasions.

When her friends or housemates try to get her to open up about what’s bothering her, she simply replies them that everything is fine and that she just wants to be alone.

Although she has not considered suicide, Michelle has found herself increasingly dissatisfied with her life. She’s been having frequent thoughts of wishing she was dead.

She gets frustrated with herself because she feels like she has every reason to be happy, yet can’t seem to shake the sense of doom and gloom that has been clouding her each day, as of late.

Diagnosis: Major Depressive Disorder A major depressive disorder, according to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services is a depressive episode that causes significant distress or disability. The victim may not have a history of mania or hypomania and the condition is also not due to a medical or substance use disorder. In a typical depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy leading to diminished activity for at least two weeks. Many people with depression also suffer from anxiety symptoms and medically unexplained symptoms, such as pain and fatigue. A person with a moderate or severe major depressive disorder has difficulties carrying out his or her usual work, school, domestic or social activities due to the symptoms of depression.

Sometimes, when difficult situations present themselves, many people may develop depressive symptoms, but if these symptoms do not affect their usual activities - they would not be diagnosed as having a major depressive disorder. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires that the person not only has depressive symptoms, but also has difficulties in day-to-day functioning due to these symptoms.

In this case study, Michelle has seen to be experiencing fatigue, inability to sleep and experiences overall poor physical health that prevents her from performing her daily activities.

She also shows poor social function, and refuses to engage in conversations with her housemates or open up to them. She has also shown to be wallowing in a depressive mood and irritability, reducing her to tears in sudden bouts of negative emotions.

She also shows impairment in intellectual functioning, that causes her to neglect her commitment towards her studies, schedule and relationships. These are some of the

core features of a person who is suffering from a major depressive disorder. Some of the associated features that Michelle is also showing include agitation, problems keeping up with her studies and avoiding her role in college being unable to focus on the reality of life as a student. Michelle is also at risk of harming herself-which could lead to more dangerous consequences such as suicidal thoughts. SE

DISCUSSION 1. Read the case study below as well as the diagnosis that has been provided.

Conduct your own research and match the symptoms in the case study to the diagnosis:

Case Study 2 Kavin is a 15-year-old boy who recently moved to live with his grandparents after his parents were killed by a drunk driver four months ago. They were all walking across a busy intersection one evening while heading out for dinner together. He still vividly remembers the horrific scene as the drunk driver ran the red light, ploughing his parents down right before his eyes. He raced to their side, and they died in his arms in the middle of the crosswalk. No matter how hard he tries to forget, he frequently finds himself reliving the entire incident as if it was happening all over again. Since the accident, Kavin has been having nightmares about the accident almost every night. He has since been absent from school and refuses to go anywhere near the area where the accident happened. Kavin, normally an outgoing, fun-loving teenager has become increasingly withdrawn, “jumpy”, and irritable since he lost his parents. He’s stopped joining in school activities, playing in his band, or playing even futsal with his friends – all activities he once really enjoyed. His grandparents worry about how withdrawn and emotionally detached he has become since the accident.

Diagnosis: Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 2. Do you feel that people have easy and sufficient access to mental health facilities?

Explain your answers.

3. What are some ways we can promote mental health awareness as well as fight the stigma against it?

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