INTEGRATIVE4-BIOLOGY

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEON Preparatoria no. 9

STAGE 4

INTEGRATIVE

ACTIVITY Biology II— group 220 Natalia Daenna González Viera

CONTENTS:

Luis Roberto González Guajardo

*REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS (MALE & FEMALE)

Andrés Eduardo Reyes Gómez Jorge Alberto Cantú Reyes Natividad Aron De León Ramírez

*CAUSES, RISKS FACTORS AND PREVENTION OF: -BREAST CANCER -CERVICAL CANCER -OUR PERSONAL CONCLUSION

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS The reproductive system is a collection of internal organs and external genitalia that work together to generate new life. The female reproductive system is made up of a number of different parts, most notably the vagina, uterus and egg-producing ovaries. The male reproductive system consists of the penis,

THE UTERUS IS ULTRAELASTIC When not in use, a healthy uterus is a small organ, measuring about 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) long and 2 inches (5 cm) wide.

During pregnancy, that changes — fast. By about 20 weeks into pregnancy, the expanding uterus reaches all the way to the navel. The outer edge of the uterus reaches the lower edge of the rib cage by about 36 weeks.

scrotum and testicles, as well as various internal accessory organs, such as the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles, which produce most of the fluid that makes up the ejaculate.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

THERE’S A RELATION BETWEEN THE VAGINA AND TOMATOES It's acidic down there

THE MAIN EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE: Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.

Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body).

The pH of the vagina is quite acidic, averaging around 4.5 on the pH scale (7 is neutral). That's about as acidic as beer or tomatoes. Busy microbe communities in the vagina maintain this acidity. For example, lactobacillus, a group of lactic acidproducing bacteria, dominates the ecosystem in many women's vaginas.

These beneficial bacteria and their acidic output likely keep nasty bugs from moving in and colonizing the place.

Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.

Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.

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DO YOU KNOW THAT‌?

There is No Body Part That Indicates Penis Size. Feet, hands, nose, whatever... none of them have anything to do with the size of your junk.

Sperm Show Up With a Backstage Pass.

Human sperm are made with a coating of glycoprotein molecules.

When they enter the woman's body, this glycoprotein acts as a chemical signal that the sperm are not to be attacked by the woman's immune system. Glycoprotein is sperm's way of saying "It's cool. We mean want to make you pregnant you no harm!

We just !"

Men with big feet wear big shoes-that's it.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The purpose of the organs of the male reproductive system is to perform the following functions: * To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen)

* To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex * To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male reproductive system Unlike the female reproductive system, most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the body. These external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.

YOUR SCROTUM HAS ITS OWN THERMOSTAT

THE MAIN EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE: Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root, which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin.

Semen, which contains sperm (reproductive cells), is expelled (ejaculated) through the end of the penis when the man reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes.

Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm cells.

The muscle that contracts the scrotum and draws the testis up to the body is called the Cremaster muscle.

Its main function is to raise and lower the testes to keep their temperature steady.

When you get scared and they shoot up inside you, that is a protective function.

CERVICAL CANCER CAN RUN IN FAMILIES! Your chances of developing cervical cancer are 2 to 3 times higher if your mother or sister had it. Some research suggests this may be due to an inherited condition that prevents some women from fighting off HPV infection compared to others. It could also relate to the tendency of family members to share one or more of the non-genetic risk factors.

CERVICAL CANCER Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain,

or pain during sexual intercourse.

While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.

The majority of women diagnosed with cervical cancer are under 50 years old. Around 20 percent of cervical cancers are found in women over 65, although these cancers are rare in women who get tested regularly throughout their lives.

Some additional risk factors for cervical cancer include: Smoking

* A diet low in fruits and vegetables * Long-term use of birth control pill (5 or more years) * Chlamydia infection * Having multiple full-term pregnancies * Being overweight

HPV VACCINES CAN HELP PREVENT CERVICAL CANCER HPV vaccines can help prevent cervical cancer.

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Vaccines are available that can protect against infection with the types of HPV most commonly linked to cancer, as well as some types that can cause anal and genital warts.

The vaccines can only prevent HPV infection. This means you need to get them before becoming exposed to HPV, such as through sexual activity. The American Cancer Society gives details about HPV vaccines and what age they recommend starting.

CERVICAL CANCER IS OFTEN CURABLE WHEN CAUGHT EARLY Cervical cancer is often curable when caught early.

The early stages of cervical cancer have a 5-year survival rate of 93 percent. This means that 93 out of 100 women will be alive 5 years after diagnosis.

Whereas, the advanced stages of cervical cancer only have a 16 percent survival rate after 5 years.

Treatment options for cervical cancer include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment typically depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not it has spread, and the size of any tumors.

Early cervical cancer has no symptoms!

You can have active cervical cancer and not even know it. And even if a cancer grows larger, the symptoms are not always obvious.

Check with your doctor!

CCINES CAN HELP PREVENT CERVICAL

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CHOOSE A HEALTY DIET There is some evidence that choosing a healthy diet that's low in fat and full of fruits and vegetables may contribute to a lower risk of prostate cancer, though this hasn't been proved concretely.

In studies that looked at fat consumption and prostate cancer risk, fats from animals were most likely to be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Animal products that contain fats include meat, lard and butter.

PROSTATE CANCER It is a disease in which cells in the prostate gland become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors.

RISK FACTORS The risk factors of the prostate cancer are: * AGE: Prostate cancer is rare in men younger than 40, but the chance of having prostate cancer rises rapidly after age 50. About 6 of 10 cases of this cancer are found in men older than 65. * Ethnicity: It I occurs more often in African- American men and Caribbean men of African ancestry than in men of other races. Prostate cancer occurs less often in Asian- American and Hispanic/Latino men than in non-Hispanic Whites * Geography: Prostate cancer is most common in North America, northwestern Europe, Australia, and on Caribbean islands. It is less common in Asia, Africa, Central America, and South Africa. * Inherited or genetic factors and inherited gene changes.

TREATMENT Depending on the case, * Vaccine treatment treatment options for men * Bone-directed treatment with prostate cancer might include: * Watchful waiting or active surveillance * Surgery * Radiation therapy * Cryotherapy (cryosurgery)

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* Hormone therapy * Chemotherapy

REDUCE THE RISK OF PROSTATE BY...

There is no proven prostate cancer prevention strategy. But you may reduce the risk of prostate cancer by: * Choosing a healthy diet: * Choosing a low-fat diet * Eating more fat from plants than from animals * Eating more fruits and vegetables * Eating fish *Reducing the amount of diary products, such as milk, cheese and yogurt * Maintaining a healthy weight * Doing exercise * Be in contact with a doctor

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BREAST CANCER IN MEN! One in every 100 cases of breast cancer occurs in a male. Although the frequency is lower than among women, men who suffer from breast cancer often have a worse prognosis of the disease. This difference is not due to the breast tumor in seafarers of a worse type, but simply to be diagnosed much later than among women, especially by disinformation.

BREAST CANCER The breast is composed of fat, connective tissue and glandular.

Each breast has between 10 and 20 sections known as lobes, which in turn are divided into smaller sections, lobules. The lobules contain the milk producing glands in lactation.

Through the ducts the milk reaches the nipple. The lobules and ducts are found in

the stroma, an adipose tissue in which blood vessels and lymphatics are also located, which go to the lymph nodes. These lymph

CAUSES * Age: It is the main risk factor.

As the woman gets older, she is more likely to have breast cancer.

* Genetics: Women with a family history of breast cancer are more at risk.

This increases if the relative is the mother, sister or daughter. * Reproductive factors: Those agents that increase exposure to endogenous estrogens, such as the early onset of the first menstrual period, late menopause or the use of hormone replacement therapy after menopause increase the risk of breast cancer. Not giving birth is also related to this cancer. * Previous breast cancer: Those patients who have had invasive breast cancer are at increased risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. * Breast density: If it is high, it is also related to this cancer.

* Ionizing Radiation: Exposure to this type of radiation, especially during puberty, increases the chance of getting breast cancer. * Obesity. * Alcohol consumption.

PREVENTION Self-examination and mammograms are the most useful tools for finding suspicious lumps in the breasts. In general, the technique of mammography facilitates the detection of small lumps, difficult to predict by the palpation of the chest. This type of test should be repeated annually from the age of 50, or from 45 in the event that a person has a family history of first-degree breast cancer.

TREATMENT The treatment of breast cancer is based on multiple factors and requires the collaboration of different specialists: surgeons, oncologists, etc. In the early stages, treatment usually begins with surgery and continues with radiation therapy. At present, in some cases it is possible to start earlier with neoadjuvant treatment that may facilitate the maintenance of the breast.

The therapy that is applied depends on many factors, including the stage or stage of the tumor, whether or not there is metastasis, the size of the cancer and also how cancer cells are. With the classification performed by doctors the size of the tumor, the lymph nodes affected and the degree of metastasis or spread to other organs, if any, are established.

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CONCLUSION What we can conclude about this activity is that all the information that we investigated always mentioned that carrying out a healthy life style is the main way to avoid the mentioned types of cancer and reduce the risks.

Both reproductive systems are pretty much important to carry out our lifes by a good way, so it’s too important for us to take care and know everything about them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.livescience.com/44076-reproductive-system-surprising-facts.html http://www.livescience.com/20046-10-odd-facts-female-reproductive-system.html http://www.rantnow.com/2015/06/19/15-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-female-reproductive -system/ http://acidcow.com/pics/71799-14-interesting-facts-about-the-male-reproductive-system-14pics.html http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/your-guide-female-reproductive-system#1 https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer.html http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prostate+cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/treating.html http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/in-depth/prostate-cancerprevention/art-20045641?pg=2