ORGANIZATION
Amor Fatma Athens_UrbanStrategies_Lapa2010 BenDi Capua Davide
Ferrari Marco Tan Christopher Vrang Gustav Ya n g S i z h o u
layered city
polarized city
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1st degree of divisions Uncoherent subdivisions
layered city undefined city kallikratis
www.comersis.com
polarized city
Mont Athos South Eagean North Eagean Ioninan Island Central Greece West Macedonia Epirus East Macedonia and Thrace Crete West Greece Peloponese Central Macedonia Thessaly Attica
2nd degree of devision
layered city polarized city undefined city
Anastasia Paschou, Urban block in post war Athens, 2008, ETHZ
kallikratis
West Attica East Attica Piraeus Athens
Intermediate degree between the periphery and the prefecture Intersection between two prefectures
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
Super-Prefecture of Athens-Piraeus Anastasia Paschou, Urban block in post war Athens, 2008, ETHZ
Urban foot print
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
Metropolitan Area of Athens Anastasia Paschou, Urban block in post war Athens, 2008, ETHZ
Third degree of devisions
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
Municipality of Athens Anastasia Paschou, Urban block in post war Athens, 2008, ETHZ
Informal neighbourhoods vs districts Boundaries according to people and administration
layered city polarized city
+
=
boundaries according to administration
undefined city
boundaries according to people
kallikratis
Overlapped layers
Attica VS. Unity
Prefectures VS. Super-Prefecture
Urban Footprint VS. Prefecture
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Municipality VS. Neighboroods
27 km
polarized city
t
Problematic layers
21 km
undefined city
151 km
kallikratis
lity ds
rou
e
tur
e
tur
ec
ref
bo
igh
Ne
t
fec
r-P
rin
otp
Fo
ipa
an
nic
Mu
Urb
e
pe
Pre
tur
fec
Pre Su
Greece from Greek “peripheria”: circumference, outer space
The official and the informal
Periphery Prefecture
layered city
“PROVINCES” in France abolished in 1790 in order to eradicate local loyalties and became “DEPARTEMENT”
Terminology
but some are also included into
SUPER-PREFECTURES polarized city
Municipality
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=periphery&searchmode=none
kallikratis
What is the “CITY OF ATHENS”?
VS. “NEIGHBORHOODS”
undefined city
District
Administrative layers
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Prefect Mayor
Mayor District chairman
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Secretary of Region Super-prefect Prefect
polarized city
Prime minister Secretary of Region
kallikratis
Political system
Hierarchy of decisions trough the greek political system
ICIPALIT
Y
S N IO NS IO
ICA T
APPL ICA T APPL
D EC ISI
NS
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O
T IC
D IS T R
polarized city
N U M
layered city
EECE OF GR T EN M RN E OF ATTICA OV Y R E G PH I RR E P CTURE OF ATH E F EN E R S P
CONSUL
APPLIC AT
IO AT
http://www.cityofathens.gr/en http://nom-athinas.gov.gr/main/
N
kallikratis
NS IO
Urban regulations
The urban regulations is one of the preocupation of the 1st level of governance
layered city
national level
- Plans for land use activity
Le droit de l'urbanisme en Grèce, Evangelia Koutoupa-Rgegakos, 2005 Projet urbain et Jeux olympiques :Le cas d’Athènes 2004, Adeline Henry, 2005
kallikratis
Ministry of Agricultural development Ministry of Industry Ministry of Culture
undefined city
- Urban planning schemes - Statutory town plans - Housing plans
polarized city
Ministry of Environment, Spatial Planning and Public Works
Urban regulations
The urban regulations is one of the preocupation of the 2nd level of governance
layered city
regional level
undefined city
- Execution of urban plans - Regulatory schemes - Urban planning (rules of occupations) - Try to be useful
polarized city
Region
kallikratis
Le droit de l'urbanisme en Grèce, Evangelia Koutoupa-Rgegakos, 2005 Projet urbain et Jeux olympiques :Le cas d’Athènes 2004, Adeline Henry, 2005
Urban regulations
The urban regulations is one of the preocupation of the 3nd level of governance
layered city
local level
Municipalities
Le droit de l'urbanisme en Grèce, Evangelia Koutoupa-Rgegakos, 2005 Projet urbain et Jeux olympiques :Le cas d’Athènes 2004, Adeline Henry, 2005
kallikratis
- Planning and urban studies - Consultative - Deliver construction permits
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- Plannning and urban studies - Specific mix planning schemes - Consultative - Deliver consruction permits
polarized city
Prefectures
Urban regulations
The urban regulations is planned on three different administrative level
layered city
3 layers
polarized city kallikratis
Le droit de l'urbanisme en Grèce, Evangelia Koutoupa-Rgegakos, 2005 Projet urbain et Jeux olympiques :Le cas d’Athènes 2004, Adeline Henry, 2005
undefined city
Who is in charge of what?
polarized city
karamanlis
Political families ruling Greece Papandreou & Karamanlis
layered city polarized city kallikratis
papandreou
undefined city
2010
2007
2004
1993
1990
1985
1981
1977
1974
Sources: Georges Prévélakis, Gèopolitique del la Grèce, Editions Complexe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Greece http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Greece
Electoral system for Greece Citizens of Greece pop. 11 000 000 Election Election
layered city
Municipalities
Election
Parliament polarized city
Prefectures
President
cityofathens.gr
Government
kallikratis
Peripheries
undefined city
Prime Minister
Local elections for metropolitan area Super-prefect
Metropolitan population pop. 4 015 000
unified association of municipalities of the Attica Region
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ESDKNA
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72 Committees 72 Mayors
layered city
Election
kallikratis
Sources
Local elections for Athens municipality Municipality of Athens layered city
pop. 745 000 Election
polarized city
Municipal Committee
7 District councils
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Mayor of Athens Deputy mayors Citizen service cityofathens.gr
Finance
Security Commercial establishment
Greenery
International relations
Urban Planning
Environment
kallikratis
Equality and social integration
Districts
Each City District is above all responsible for the management of all local matters and citizens may seek assistance from their City District Council on matters concerning :
Responsibilies
2 Permanent residence certificates
4 Management of voting rolls
http://www.cityofathens.gr/
3
7
1 2
kallikratis
6 Registration of children and Senior Citizens for City of Athens camp stays
4
undefined city
5 Citizens' written complaints and provision for cleanliness, greenery, road maintenance, lighting, town planning, schools, cultural environment etc.
6
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3 Verification of duplicates and certification of signatures
layered city
5
1 Municipal rolls (issuance of birth, marital status and naturalisation certificates)
Athens vs. Greek GDP
undefined city kallikratis
http://financial.kathimerini.gr/?page=news_home_details&new_id=13574
33.67% of Greek GDP
polarized city
Athens GDP : $133.809 Billion
Athens
layered city
Greece GDP: $355.88 Billion
State funded regions and municipalities
layered city
http://www.athensinfoguide.com/businesstaxationsystem.htmยง
kallikratis
15-40% INCOME TAXES
MUNICIPAL
undefined city
REGIONAL
polarized city
STATE
Polarization of the population Popilation density
Population of the Metropolitan Area of Athens
Population of Greece
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11 M
layered city
4M
undefined city
inhabitants per km2 inhabitants per km2 inhabitants per km2 inhabitants per km2 inhabitants per km2 inhabitants per km2
Michel Sivignon, Atlas de la Grèce, 2003
kallikratis
< 60 5234 10 468 15 702 20 936 26 170
Living density in the metropolitan area
layered city polarized city
100 < 150 inh/Ha
undefined city
D > 150 inh/Ha
50 < D < 100 inh/Ha
D < 20 inh/Ha
Sources: http: Anastasia Paschou, Urban block in post-war Athens, development, form and social context
kallikratis
20 < D < 50 inh/Ha
Municipalities in Athenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Prefecture 6.450 km2
10.050 km2
9.250 km2
8.517 km2
12.724 km2
4.831 km2
4.332 km2
25.937 km2
3.230 km2
3.906 km2
13.093 km2
0.800 km2
4.407km2
2.465 km2
2.850 km2
7.967 km2
4.749 km2
4.574 km2
3.524 km2
4.026 km2
7.127 km2
2.325 km2
8.228 km2
9.204 km2
7.841 km2
4.949 km2
2.301 km2
32.957 km2
1.000 km2
9.629 km2
3.950 km2
3.375 km2
29.498 km2
5.502 km2
5.950 km2
1.950 km2
2.176 km2
5.909 km2
2.125 km2
1.375 km2
3.856 km2
4.652 km2
22.655 km2
0.975 km2
polarized city
6.800 km2
layered city
38.964 km2
25.366 km2
undefined city kallikratis
1912
before Capodistria
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
Atlas de la Grèce, Michel Sivignon, éd. CNRS-Libergéo-La Documentation Francaise
1997
after Capodistria
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
Atlas de la Grèce, Michel Sivignon, éd. CNRS-Libergéo-La Documentation Francaise
National laws on the built environment
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
http://www.hri.org/MFA/syntagma/
Urban regulation
Urban plannning is governing by the 1st level of power
l representation a c i t i l o p
technical support
polarized city
strative support admini
financial suppor ORSA
Region
Prefecture
Municipatilty
kallikratis
Metropolitan Athens, Elias Beriatos, 40th IsoCarp Congress, 2004
undefined city
Government
layered city
Monopolisation of the gorvernment authority of urban regulation
Planning decisons The state rules urbanism
Prefectures District
undefined city
Municipality
polarized city
Region
layered city
State
kallikratis
undefined city
Athens multiple identities happy birthday gustav
layered city
1917-1944
1944-1975
1975-1995
polarized city
Jusquâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă 1917
undefined city kallikratis
Michel Sivignon, Atlas de la Grèce, 2003
Rapid growth
layered city
Metropolitan area 4 015 000
polarized city undefined city
1850
Beck, Leve. “L’interface entre terre et mer”. 2008. EPFL Sources
1900
1950
2000
kallikratis
City of Athens 745 000
Sprawling Athens Over-flowing City
layered city polarized city
undefined city
kallikratis
Sources
Athens beginning on the 20th century
Paschou Anastasia,â&#x20AC;&#x153;Urban Block in Post war Athensâ&#x20AC;?, 2008, ETHZ
layered city
Athens beginning of the 21st century
Paschou Anastasia,“Urban Block in Post war Athens”, 2008, ETHZ
layered city
Unlocalized building permits Building Permits alocated based upon building typology
airp ort
layered city
lan dm ark
>25 00 m続
polarized city
far m
undefined city kallikratis
Sources: http://www.poleodomia.gov.gr/
arc site haelo gic al
Lack of references
LEGAL
393 ILLEGAL
polarized city
of illegal constructions
undefined city kallikratis
11% “Urdan block in Post-War Athens development, from and social context”, thesis by Anastasia Paschou, p280
layered city
3’838
C onstruction 1991 - 2001
Lack of relations
R E G E C F E O T N E M N R Prime Minister E V O Cabinet of Greece
Department of planning and development Department of forestry
Regional general directorate Council of State
General secretary
Secretary of general logistics
A P L I I C T I Y N U M Mayor Department PSEA City Council
SI TRICT
General directorate for economic development
Department of Elementary and Historical Archives
KEP
OAKP
kallikratis
http://www.cityofathens.gr/
Department of immigration and immigration
General directorate of infrstructure and environmental protection
S
President
of life
D
Department PSEA
O E F R A U T T H C ENS E F E Secretary of quality
undefined city
Ministry for agricultural development and food
Department of civil protection
polarized city
Ministry of Environment, Spatial planning and Public works
T A H E F N O S Y R E H P I Election office R E PR
Ministry of national defence
P
Greek Parliament
LINKS ? layered city
G
Political levels relations
kallikrates
Decentralization and Kallikrates Kallikrates: the end of a political period?
METAPOLITEUSIS DECENTRALIZATION
PRIME MINISTER K.KARAMANLIS
layered city
2010 2009
2004
PAPANDREOU DIES KARAMANLIS QUITS POLITICS
1999
1997 1996
1994
1981
1974
MEMBER OF EU
END OF DICTATURE
PRIME MINISTER G. PAPANDREOU polarized city
DECENTRALIZATION
KALLIKRATES REFORM
undefined city
2010
2009
kallikratis
KAPODISTRIAS REFORM reduce administrative entities, eliminate clientelism municipalities: 441 900 communities: 5.382 132 small entities: less but larger
2004
Sources: Maria C. Kapsi, Recent administrative reforms in Greece: attempts towards decentralization, democratic consolidation and efficiency.
1999
1997
1996
1994
LAW 2218 PRESIDENTIAL Territory divided in 13 regions DECREES Creation of prefectures 250 competencies transferred from state towards prefectures
Kallikrates
The main changes of the system after Kallikrates reform
Simplification
New repartition
STATE
REGION & MUNICIPALITY
layered city
MUNICIPALITIES: 1.034 PREFECTURES: 57 REGIONS: 13 MEMBERS OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION: 60.000
Transfer of power
polarized city
www.enet.gr
STATE
REGION & MUNICIPALITY + committee along side the municipality (OMNUSBAN)
kallikratis
State Region/municipalites Administration
undefined city
MUNICIPALITIES: 325 REGIONS: 13 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES: 7 MEMBERS OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION: 20.000
New regional divisions Kallikratis reforme 2010
layered city polarized city undefined city kallikratis
http://oikoinfo.wordpress.com/2010/08/09/καλλικράτης-με-χρίσματα-γίνεται/
Strategy
delayer the city
depolarize the city
define the city
Issues
What should be considered for any political strategy
COUNTRY delayere the city
-Centralized power -Citizens are not represented at each political level (the don’t vote for the election at periphery level)
depolarize the city
METROPOLITAN AREA
Sources:
define the city
-Coexistence of regions with different identities and morphologies -The political structure doesn’t really recognize the metropolitan city as a unique entity -Lack of control on planning (from urban to metropolitan level) -To many small municipalities -Metropolitan citizens don’t have a real influence on metropolitan politics -People don’t accept politicians due to a lack of democratic legitimacy
Metropolitan Region of Athens
delayere the city
depolarize the city
define the city
New Municipalities
Taking in consideration the urban footprint and the topography
delayere the city
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define the city
$ #
Divisions of the municipality of Athens
delayere the city depolarize the city
100 < 150 inh/Ha 50 < D < 100 inh/Ha 20 < D < 50 inh/Ha D < 20 inh/Ha
Sources: http: Anastasia Paschou, Urban block in post-war Athens, development, form and social context
define the city
D > 150 inh/Ha
Athens Metropolitan Region compared Marseille Provence Metropole
delayere the city depolarize the city define the city
Sources:
Athens Metropolitan Region
Marseille Provence Metropole
Population: 4,013,368 Area: 2928.7 km2
Population: 4,013,368 Area: 607.45 km2
Athens Metropolitan Region compared Madrid Metropolitan Area
delayere the city depolarize the city define the city
Sources:
Athens Metropolitan Region
Madrid Metropolitan Area
Population: 4,013,368 Area: 2928.7 km2
Population: 5,843,031 Area: 4609.7 km2
Athens Metropolitan Region compared Berlin Metropolitan Area
delayere the city depolarize the city define the city
Sources:
Athens Metropolitan Region
Berlin Metropolitan Area
Population: 4,013,368 Area: 3808 km2
Population: 4,429,847 Area: 5,730 km2
delayere the city
depolarize the city
define the city
delayere the city
depolarize the city
define the city
depolarize the city
Creation of a metropolitan democracy
define the city
Sources
depolarize the city
A political entity with unquestionnable and citywide political legitimacy
delayere the city
Enlarge the electoral division to include all citizens
Municipality of Athens pop 745 000
Equality and social integration Citizen service
Sources
Finance
Security Commercial establishment
Greenery
ESDKNA
unified association of municipalities of the Attica Region International relations
Urban Planning
Environment
Super-prefect
define the city
Mayor of Athens Deputy mayors
72 Committees 72 Mayors
depolarize the city
7 District councils
pop 3 500 000
delayere the city
Municipal Committee
Electoral system of Metropolitan region Municipalities of Metro region
New electoral system of Athens Metropolitan region of Athens pop 4 015 000
International relations
+ Sources
Mayor of Athens
District mayor
- Handles local civil matters -Suggests and advises depart-
Departments
Equality and Citizen service Security Environment social integration metropolitan Immigration Infrastructure governance
Greenery
Commercial establishment
define the city
Finance
Urban Planning
District councils
depolarize the city
Gas, IT, Insurance, Sustainable development, Park maintenance, Tourism, Sport...
Commitee of Athens metropolitan region
delayere the city
Municipal enterprises
Seperated State and Regional taxes 9-24%
MUNICIPAL
depolarize the city
REGIONAL
delayere the city
6-16%
STATE
define the city
15-40% TAXES Sources:
delayere the city
depolarize the city
define the city
delayere the city
depolarize the city
define the city
define the city
Region dominating urban planning structure -Building permits -Housing
delayere the city
L A ON L A C
-General visions -National Transportation (Railways, Airports, National Highways) -International affairs - Borders
depolarize the city
LO
STA T REG I
E
define the city
Regional master plansZoning plans (Industrial, Commercial, Residential, Agriculture) Public transportation-
delayere the city
depolarize the city
define the city
Defining the roles
Deparments
Developping the policies
Municipal enterprise
Athenians Sources
define the city
Districts
Carrying them out
depolarize the city
Metropolitan council
Legitimizing them democratically
delayere the city
Tax (trust)
Shorter bureaucracy
Deparment for Urban Planning delayere the city
Directives
Decision Developper
define the city
Districts
depolarize the city
Metropolitan council
Application for building permit
Before and after
define the city
Extreme territorial fragmentation Unified metropolitan area > defined governance > birth of metropoltan politics
depolarize the city
Malfunctioning administration generates low public support â&#x20AC;&#x153;Shortâ&#x20AC;? system and clear roles > efficiancy > growing support
delayere the city
Much of corruption is caused by slow bureaucracy Clear directives > faster bureaucracy > less corruption
delayer the city
depolarize the city
define the city