This booklet is the second in a series of studies on metropolitan areas. It focusses on the spatial development of the Parisian region in general and on the most recent regional plan specifically. In this series spatial policies, instruments and local phenomena are investigated in order to get a grip on metropolitan development and to assemble a tool box for the twenty first century urban planner. This research has been conducted by Zandbelt&vandenBerg and was commissioned by the Provincie Zuid-Holland.
Paris L'histoire se rÊpète Zandbelt&vandenBerg
Zandbelt&vandenBerg
spatial engineering and consultancy
spatial engineering and consultancy
ISBN 90-809293-1-X
Paris L'histoire se rÊpète
Zandbelt&vandenBerg
spatial engineering and consultancy
commissioned by: Provincie Zuid-Holland October 2004
Index Paris Will
1989 - 2015
7
Paris Is
1960 - 2000
37
Paris Was
1850 - 1976
69
Sources
85
Colophon
88
This booklet focuses on Paris’ spatial planning policy for the future and how it has become the metropolis as we know it. Divided into three parts, the most recent regional plan -Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Région Ile-de-France (SDAU, pronounced as zdough)– is the point of departure in Paris WILL. An era of post-war optimism is visited in Paris IS. Finally the course of Paris’ spatial history since Haussmann is touched upon in Paris WAS. >> 3
Axe Line of development
P么les Urban centers
Rocade Ring or belt that bypasses the center and often increases central territory
4
L'histoire se répète
axe
pôle
axe
rocade
The history of Paris’ spatial development repeats itself constantly. In every direction an axe is made, with at the end a new pôle, a center. Followed by the extension of all axes. Finally all new centers are bound together by a ring (road), a rocade. And then it starts all over again. >> 5
Authority
Infrastructure
Urban Program
Bassin Parisien
1989 - 2015
RĂŠgion Ile-de-France
Proche Couronne
Paris will
7
Autoroutes and TGV made Paris even bigger. Amiens
Lille
A16
A1
60 min.
60 min. Amiens Beauvais
Rouen
Reims
Compiegne
A13
Epernay
A4
Cergy Pontoise 15 km
Mantes Rouen
Marne-la-Vallée St. Quentin -en-Yvellines
Evry
TGV East
Sénart
Chartres A11
A5
Le Mans
Troyes
Montbard A10
Tours Orléans
A6
60 min.
Bassin Parisien Travel time from Paris Cities
TGV or train* time
Compiègne Châlons-sur-Marne Epernay Reims Troyes Orléans Blois Tours Le Mans Rouen Le Havre Caen Amiens
8
0’40” 1’39” 1’23” 2’11” 1’24” 1’03” 1’29” 1’07” 0’54” 1’06” 1’50” 1’45” 1’06”
Autoroutes° #
distance in km
A1 A4 A4 A4 A5 A10 A10 A10 A10/11 A13 A13 A13 A16
58 170 109 136 141 123 171 229 194 111 175 221 127
Infrastructure
time
0’31” 1’27” 0’57” 1’10” 1’13” 1’04” 1’27” 1’57” 1’39” 0’57” 1’29” 1’53” 1’06”
*) Fastest connection from a Paris station °) Travel time and distance on highways only Source: Michelin , TGV / SNCF
Bassin Parisien Bassin Parisien
Amiens
Rouen
Le Havre
Compiègne
Reims Caen Epernay
Châlonssur-Marne
Troyes Orléans
Le Mans
Tours
Blois
Region Department Main Cities Towns Highway TGV rail Other national rail
Today, this sequence has evolved to the scale of the Bassin Parisien. An area defined by the travelling time of one hour by TGV or Autoroute with a radius of over 150 km. >> 0
250 km
9
Ring of gothic cathedrals
*
*) The kings of France used to be crowned here. 10
Infrastructure
Urban Program
Bassin Parisien Bassin Parisien
80 Somme 76 Seine-Maritime
50 Manche
02 Aisne 60 Oise
HauteNormandie
14 Calvados
Picardie
51 Marne
27 Eure
BasseNormandie
08 Ardennes
61 Orne
Champagne Ardenne
Ile-de-France
10 Aube
28 Eure-et-Loire 72 Sarthe
89 Yonne
28 Loiret
Pays de la Loire
Center 41 Loire-et-Cher
52 Haute Marne
Bourgogne 18 Cher
37 Indre-et-Loire
36 Indre
Gothic Cathedrals Regions Departments
These extensions now connect Paris with its basin in which gothic cathedrals are the remains of centuries old p么les, central in their mediaeval bishopric. >> 0
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11
Center of the world
Ile-de-la-Cité 1st ring of Arrondissements 1 - 8 2nd ring of Arrondissements 9 - 20 Petite Couronne Grande Couronne / Région Ile-de-France Bassin Parisien France Europe Le Monde
Ile-de-France 75 77 78 91 92 93 94 95
Ville-de-Paris Seine-et-Marne Yvelines Esonne Hauts-de-Seine Seine-St-Denis Val-de-Marne Val-d’Oise
Authority
Center Ville Grande Couronne Grande Couronne Grande Couronne Petite Couronne Petite Couronne Petite Couronne Grande Couronne
France France
Autoroute Route National TGV line Planned TGV line National rail used by TGV
The French credo since the 1960s is decentralization. Paradoxically this has led Paris to spread out further and further. Paris is still the heart of the nation, the focal point of international investments in France. Now SDAU has the ambition to reinforce the role of Paris in the European network and easily extends the deďŹ nition of Paris to the Bassin Parisien. >> 0
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13
Administration French division Régions Départements Communes Population
France 22 96 36.678 59,8 mil.
Ile-de-France 1 8 1.300 11,0 mil.
Nord-Pasde-Calais
Picardie HauteNormandie
BasseNormandie
Ile-de-France
Bretagne
Pays de la Loire
ChampagneArdenne
Center Bourgogne
PoitouCharentes
Lorraine
Alsace
FrancheComté
Limousin Auvergne
Rhône-Alpes
Aquitaine Communes Départements
Midi-Pyrénées
Régions
Languedoc-
Provence-AlpesCôte d’Azur
Roussillon Source: Corse
Planning Partners DATAR Le Délégation à l’Aménagement du Territoire et l’Action Régionale. Mediates between regions and the state in the process of decentralization. Is in fact an atypical authority with cross sectoral ministerial policies. 0
DREIF Direction Régionale de l’équipement de Ile-de-France. Board for land use in Ile-de-France. Consists of a statistical cell and a monitoring board. Issues building permits and publishes surveys in the fields of construction,
Authority
50
housing and town planning. DREIF works in close cooperation with IAURIF and STIF. 100
150 km
IAURIF Institut d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Région Ile-deFrance. Institute for spatial planning and urbanism of Ile-de-France. Works as an international consultancy, too. INSEE Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economique. The national French bureau of Statistics.
Préfecture de la Région Ile-de-France One of the planning partners of SDAU. STIF Syndicat des Transports d’Ile-de-France. SNCF Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français. The national French railways. RATP Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens. The Paris Public Transport Authority. Part of its system are the metro, the RER, an extensive bus network and two lite rail lines.
Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Région Ile-de-France France
DATAR
Spatial planning DREIF Urbanism
STIF IAURIF
RATP Ville-de-Paris Préfets de Paris SNCF
Ile-de-France
Préfets de la Région Ile-de-France
France
Transport
l’État Administrative
On top of this European ambition the objectives of the SDAU, published in 1994 with a planning horizon of 2015, are threefold: 1. Respect rural areas and use them as a guideline to organize Paris. 2. Reinforce social and geographical solidarity. 3. Facilitate exchanges between people. >> 15
1
3
2
Authority
Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Région Ile-de-France
SCHEMA DIRECTEUR DE L DOCUMENTAT
1
217970
FONDS 510E
000001
Prix Ed teur
60,98 €
400 00
E
Région Ile-de-France
The SDAU describes in 207 A3-format-pages, together with a 1:150.000 map, the way these objectives should be established for the region of Ile-de-France. Aside of spatial legislation, making infrastructure is the only real powerful tool for the regional authority to guide the metropolis. >> 17
Route Francilienne (RN 104)
Spider in the web
New rings A86 Route Francilienne Orbitale / Le tramway TGV bypass
18
New Axes A5 A16 TGV East
Infrastructure
Highway network A1 A16
A4 A13
RN 104
A86 RN 104
B.P.
Région Ile-de-France
B.P. A86 RN 104 RN 104
RN 104
A11
A5
Autoroutes, highways Highways under construction A10
B.P. = Boulevard Périphérique RN 104 = Francilienne
A6
To see the continuation of the history of ‘axes, pôles et rocades’, take a look at the spatial plans at four scale levels: Bassin Parisien -BP-, Région Ile-de-France -RIF-, Proche Couronne, and City of Paris. At the BP level the axes are extended, by constructing new autoroutes and TGV lines. On the RIF level several concentric rings are introduced. The ring road A86 and the Route Francilienne will be closed to overcome the complete lock of the Route Périphérique. >> 0
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19
Short circuit
Europe Within Ile-de-France five areas are appointed to be developed as a European center. These centers should have easy access to international airports and TGV. An international business (friendly) climate and facilities such as convention centers (congrexpo’s) are other essentials. La Défense Paris’ Central Business District will have a TGV station by 2007 as the heart of international business. Not only will La Défense develop its international business climate. It will balance its program to become a regional (facilities) center as well.
20
Massy-Saclay Orly The area around Massy-Saclay numbers many research institutes and higher education centers. It benefits from a TGV station, proximity to Orly airport and RER connections to downtown Paris. Marne-la-Vallée Marne-la-Vallée stretches out from the Boulevard Périphérique to well beyond the Route Francilienne, some 30 km eastwards. Its diverse environments consists of three pôles, an office center Porte-de-Paris, scientific quarter Cité Descartes and touristic hot spot Val d’Europe, with a
Infrastructure
TGV station and EuroDisney theme park. Roissy Featured by the Charles de Gaulle airport and the Villepinte convention center (congrexpo park), Roissy’s main attraction is the good connection with other large cities in France and (the rest of ) Europe, either by plane or TGV.
European centers
Roissy Charles de Gaulle
Région Ile-de-France
La Défense
Paris Marne-la-Vallée
Massy Orly
Sénart
European Centers TGV station TGV line Planned TGV line National rail used by TGV
Bypassing the dead-end TGV stations in Paris makes it possible for a ring of European centers to flourish. A new extension of TGV Nord to La Défense connects Paris’ central business district directly to Frankfurt, London City and Amsterdam Zuidas. >> 0
50
100 km
21
Rings
Boulevard Périphérique Le Tramway A86 Route Francilienne TGV ‘ring’
Spatial French for dummies Rurbain Couronne Crown or ring. See Rocade. Couronne is The word rurbain, imported from the also used for administrative territories. other side of the Atlantic, refers to the inhabitants of the périurbain territory, and the ‘rurbanization’ with the Périurbain migration process towards the rural Adjective and noun. In the literal sense, the area that is ‘around’ the city, communes close to the large cities. but which belongs to the city by the Radiales activities and the ways of life of its Transportation routes giving direct inhabitants. access to the central areas , like the The périurbain includes recent peripheral urbanization by allotments spokes of a bicycle wheel. or scattered individual constructions, Radioconcentrique beyond the agglomeration. Consisting of concentric rings and radiant roads leading to the city Plan d’aménagement center, the radioconcentric plan often Urban development plan. is the successor of the walled cities in Europe. Its disadvantage is that it Plan d’équipement increases the effects of centrality, in Land use plan. particular congestion; a difference with the grid plans of American cities.
22
Infrastructure
Rocade Bypass. Transportation route being used to sidestep an agglomeration. The beltways (like the Boulevard Périphérique) are large by-passes connected by junctions to a series of penetrating radials. ZAC Zone d’Aménagement Concerté. The Organized Development Zone was placed under responsibility of the commune in 1985 and created by the land use act of 1967 which also gave rise to the POS (Land Use Plan) and to the SDAU (Main Scheme for Planning and Urbanism). The ZAC is the most common used procedure in the practice of urbanism, today.
Source: CNDP -SCEREN
Rail network
Proche Couronne
Tramway ring RER line / terminal station Metro line / terminal or transfer station
The banlieu of Paris is being redefined by the introduction of a tramway ring situated between the Route Périphérique and the A86. The new public transport ring connects RER lines and -extended- radial metro lines without having to pass Châtelet-les-Halles. >> 0
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23
Unbalanced reality
London
Paris
Randstad
Prosperous Less prosperous
Brown fields Zones of transformation A number of large scale brown fields in the Proche Couronne are vacant for redevelopment since heavy industries left central Paris for more accessible, larger and cheaper sites. They offer a chance for a vital and urban renaissance. SDAU made these areas one of their spearheads for several reasons: To rebalance prosperity between east and west, center and periphery. To slow down the consumption of green fields -undeveloped areas- for new urban development. To make use of the new accessibility through the concentric infrastructure developments, such as the tramway and A86. Last but not least to set a new use for these large vacant / deprived areas. La Plaine Saint-Denis The connections with the urban tissue of this large scale brown field, north of Paris’ center, have been improved with the Orbitale tramway and the extension of metro 12. Making use of the assets of its
24
surroundings -including Cité de la Musique, two universities and St-Denis’ gothic cathedral- is one of the key issues in this transformation process. Public parties show their commitment by implementing institutes for education and ministries. One of the anchors of development in this area is the Stade de France. A gigantic stadium along the northern highway entrance of the city -A1- built for the ‘98 world football championships. Ever since it hosted all kinds of big sport and cultural events, such as the athletic world championships and pop concerts, making it a well known place for the Franciliennes. Gennevilliers At the left bank of the Seine, Gennevilliers faces St-Denis. Le Bourget Paris’ former airport site became vacant. La Seine-Aumont The confluence of the Seine and Marne offers plenty of space to
accommodate the growth of nearby Bercy-Tolbiac, Créteil-Bonneuil and Orly-Rungis. It will consist of both residential and commercial development. Anchors avant la lettre are the Bibliothèque National de France and the Ministry of Finance. Les usines Renault Billancourt At one of the most stunningly beautiful curves of the Seine, where Renault’s cars used to be assembled for decades, an area is being developed predominantly focussed on R&D and hi-tech industries with public space and river views. As a cultural attractor a museum is planned at Ile Seguin with the art collection of François Pinault -former CEO of Pinault Printemps Redoute, owner of the department store and among others FNAC and Gucci-. La Défense The odd one out on this list is La Défense. It is not in need of a big revitalisation. No, it’s too monofuntcional. The brief here is making Paris’ CBD a regional center for consumption, too.
Urban Program
Regeneration areas
Le Bourget Gennevilliers Plaine St-Denis
Nanterre La Défense
Bois de Boulogne
Proche Couronne
Bois de Vincennes
Billancourt Confluent Marne Seine Amont Regeneration area Tramway ring, type 1 Tramway ring, type 2 Other rail extensions Metro line / terminal or transfer station
These investments in infrastructure set up a framework for the redevelopment of a ring of existing brown fields around the city of Paris: Plaine St-Denis-le-Bourget, Seine-Amont and the former Renault factory site at Billancourt. These three sites could be developed as urban, economic zones. Counterparts of the successful La Défense. >> 0
5
10 km
25
26
Urban Program
Nanterre-la-DĂŠfense will be diversiďŹ ed and upgraded to a regional center next to it’s role as an international business center. >>
Proche Couronne 27
Key ďŹ gures
2.000 Paris 11 million
5 million
Inhabitants
Jobs
Petite Couronne Grande Couronne
1.500
1.000
75
92
93
94
91
78
95
77
Val-deMarne
Esonne
Yvelines
Vald'Oise
Seine-etMarne
500
0 x 1.000
Paris
Hauts-de- SeineSeine St-Denis
Source: SDAU
Petite Couronne
Grande Couronne
Source: INSEE
28
Urban Program
Urban extensions
Magny -en-Vexin
Persan Beaumont Dammartin -en-Goële
Mantes
Meaux
Région Ile-de-France
Coulommiers
Houdan
Rambouillet
Nangis Dourdan
Provins
Melun
Fontainebleau
Montereau
Nemours
Urban area To be urbanized To be urbanized partially Regional Centers Villes traits d’union Connecting Towns towards Paris Basin
The housing program until 2015 is a result of three processes: • demographic growth • urban renewal • smaller household size and a quest for comfort To ‘feed’ the metropolis and answer the quest for living until 2015, production is estimated at 53.000 houses a year: 34.000 in the existing urban tissue. 19.000 in new areas, partially in a ring of connecting towns, as stepping stones to the Bassin Parisien. >> 0
50
100 km
29
Growth
Paris 300
1,1 million
700 thousand
Inhabitants
Jobs
Petite Couronne Grande Couronne
200
100
0 x 1.000
75 Paris
92
93
Hauts-de- SeineSeine St-Denis
94
91
78
95
77
Val-deMarne
Esonne
Yvelines
Vald'Oise
Seine-etMarne Source: SDAU
Petite Couronne
Grande Couronne
Job program Ile-de-France has to facilitate two million jobs between 1990 and 2015, of which a third for net growth, a third for regeneration and a third for more convenient work environments. This all comes down to a production of 4 million m² a year: 2,3 million m² a year in existing urban tissue, 1,7 million m² a year in new urban areas.
30
Urban Program
Ag am 30
Fr RĂŠgion Ile-de-France
The core of the metropolis has a natural attraction to jobs, especially services. As a result of this the periphery consists mostly of monofunctional residential areas. This is counteracted by the SDAU. A polynuclear strategy should contribute to a new equilibrium between core and periphery and should offer job opportunities throughout Ile-de-France. >> 31
Di em
Of -C -E
R C L
L
Spread the knowledge Universities SDAU plans universities or branches of them in Cergy-Pointoise, Marnela-Vallée, St-Quentin-en-Yvelines en Evry/Sénart ; all the new towns of the first Schéma Directeur from 1965.
32
Together with the reservation for R&D institutions and business parks SDAU seems to spread out the brainpower of the metropolis to create a diversion for businesses which used to be focused on the center.
Public programs SDAU focuses too on the strategic location of other public services like hospitals, congress centers, cultural and recreational programs to guarantee a ‘quality of life’ throughout the metropolis.
Urban Program
Planning public programs Academic field
Amiens
Rouen Caen Le Havre
Reims
Cergy-Pontoise Villetaneuse St- Denis
Mantes
Nanterre La Défense Versailles
Bobigny Plaine St- Denis Cité Descartes
Creteil
Paris*
St-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Région Ile-de-France
Les Mureaux
Porte de Paris
Seine Amont
Orsay Plateau de Limours
Rambouillet
Evry / Sénart Melun
Le Mans
Universities
Troyes
New Universities R&D centers New R&D centers Urban Area Villes Nouvelles Teamwork with other Bassin Parisien universities
Orléans
*) Sorbonne, Jussieu, ...
Knowledge based companies tend to cluster and are intimately connected with education. This means that next to the provision of infrastructure, public authority has another incentive to direct jobs to the banlieu and the Grande Couronne: publicly financed programmes, universities for example. >> 0
50
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33
Landscape 200 km
100
Green network Ceinture Verte or Green Belt Couronne Jaune or Yellow Ring
0
PNR Du Vexin Français
PNR De la Haute Vallée de Chevreuse
PNR Du Gâtinais Français
Parc Naturel Régional Regional Park Forests
Agriculture The yellow success The plain of the Bassin Parisien has always been suitable for agriculture. It’s one of the most important agricultural areas of France. Although it seems a contradiction, Paris as a city has been an important driver for the success of the agricultural firms in the region. Institutions and rich Parisians buy farmland as an investment. This land is being leased out. Because the soil of Bassin Parisien has the same quality everywhere, land consolidation has been possible.
34
These conditions and economy of scale resulted in very big modern agricultural firms. Of all firms in Ile-deFrance 62% is over 100 ha. compared to 20 to 30 ha. in The Netherlands. Agriculture employs 30.000 people in Ile-de-France. Three steps to save the green The rural framework to embed the urban program is defined for three different scale levels: 1. Reinforce the green network -trame verte- with a radius of approximately
10 km. It contains boulevards, city parks and canals. 2. Save and develop the green belt -ceinture verte- with a radius of approximately 30 km. This green zone separates the Ville Nouvelles from the banlieu. 3. Preserve and upgrade the green and yellow corona -couronne verte et jaune- at the level of Ile-de-France. This level contains the big agriculture firms and regional parks.
Green
Paris’ Green Belt
Cergy-Pontoise
Marne-la-Vallée
St-Quentin-enYvelines
Proche Couronne
Evry
Sénart
Public green space Planned public green space Non public open space Agriculture Villes Nouvelles Green Belt or Ceinture Verte
The introduction of another ring, a green belt, is a proven tool that suits its goals: • support the still very important agriculture. • provide accessible green public space in proximity of urban areas. • protect the famous bois -woods- surrounding Paris. >> 0
25 km
35
Authority
Infrastructure
Urban Program
Bassin Parisien
1960 - 2000
RĂŠgion Ile-de-France
Proche Couronne
Paris is
37
0
10
30 km
Légendes Cartographie Schaal 1:1.000.000
0
10
20 km
Think tank
Metropolitan statistics GEMACA II Group for European Metropolitan Areas Comparative Analysis, second project.
2. Definition of the economic sphere of influence of an urban region: it takes in all the municipalities located outside the core economic area that have in common the fact that over FUR 10% of their economically active Functional Urban Region. population work on a daily basis Method: The scope of the territories in the economic core of the urban called FUR’s was defined in two stages. region of which the municipality 1. Definition of the economic core of forms part. These definitions were an urban region: it encompasses all produced using the data from the the adjacent municipalities whose latest census material available when employment density exceeds seven the study was launched, that is, in jobs per hectare. early 2000.
Authority
FUR core Core of the Functional Urban Region. Defined as all the adjacent municipalities whose employment density exceeds seven jobs per hectare, with a total minimum of 20.000 jobs. Source: IAURIF, 2002
The size of the metropolis
Région Ile-de-France
FUR core FUR Région Ile-de-France Departments
According to what is called the Functional Urban Region -FUR-, Paris became bigger than the administrative boundaries of Ile-de-France. The FUR is defined as the area of which at least 10% of the labor force works in the economic core area(s). >> 0
50
100 km
39
Authority
Three powerhouses Europe
This research for making metropolises comparable is done by a study group -GEMACA II- of the European Union. If it is truth that the metropolises work as the engines of national economies, the impartial comparativeness of these engines in Europe is essential for decision makers. >>
FUR core FUR Administrative boundary 0
250 km
41
Build up areas
Administrative divisions
London
counties* & regions Greater London
Paris
communes, départements & régions Région Ile-de-France
Randstad
gemeenten & provinciën Provincie Zuid-Holand FUR FUR core Build up area Administrative entity Buffer zone
Authority
*) Boroughs inside Greater London.
Relative Main infrastructure
Buffers
Europe
Green Belt
Ceinture Verte
Groene Hart
In general, metropolitan areas are coherent systems, featured by core(s) and periphery, a commuter network and large scale landscape entities. And they will always cross administrative boundaries. >> 43
Paul Delouvrier’s sketches
Source: IAURIF
Authority
Geology
se
Keeping the valleys clear
L' O
La
S e in
i
e
La
Région Ile-de-France
L a M a rn e
Se
e in L' Y on n
e
> 200 m. 150 - 200 m. 100 - 150 m. 50 - 100 m. 0 - 50 m.
The immense ground scraping metropolis of Paris may seem uncontrollable, but it is not. The first Schéma Directeur -SDAURP from 1965- was responsible for a large part of contemporary metropolitan Paris. Paul Délouvrier was the man behind the plan. He decided “to accept urban sprawl and try to steer it in the right direction”. The plan was an answer to the alarming growth of Paris, the terrible condition of the outer districts and the congestion of the historic center. >> Source: Mastering the City 0
50
100 km
45
Mass Rapid Transport Amsterdam
Haarlem
Cergy Pontoise
Almere
Airport CdG Amersfoort Schiphol
La Défense
EuroDisney Leiden Marne-la-Vallée
St-Quentin en - Yvelines
Utrecht
Den Haag
Sénart Rotterdam Evry Dordrecht
Paris
Randstad RER Metro
46
Stoptreinen “Metro”: A’dam and R’dam metro, Zoetermeerstadslijn, Randstadrail and RijnGouweLijn Zuidtangent and other highend bus lines
Infrastructure
Villes Nouvelles CergyPontoise
Région Ile-de-France
Marne-la-Vallée
St-Quentinen-Yvelines
Proche Couronne
Evry
Sénart
Villes Nouvelles RER terminal station RER line
One of the key inventions to scale up the city of Paris was the RER -Regional Express Network- which interconnects with the metro system. Paris became more than a city: something between a city and the nation. It’s not a surprise that the RER is run jointly by the RATP -the body that runs most public transport in Paris including the buses and the metro- and SNCF -French national railways- . >> 0
25 km
47
Marne-la-Vallée
Steady going Growth pattern of the five Ville Nouvelles
250
‘99 ‘82
200 ‘68 150
100
50
0 x 1.000
48
CergyPontoise
Évry
St.Quentinen-Yvelines
Marnela-Vallée
Sénart
Urban Program
Source: IAURIF
Infrastructure makes urban development possible
EuroDisney Val de Bussy
Val d’Europe
Porte de Paris
Région Ile-de-France
Val Maubuée
Marne-la-Vallée: four zones of development
The RER fertilized grounds for five Villes Nouvelles -new towns- and interconnected them with the existing metro system of Paris. Cergy-Pointoise, Evry, St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Marne-la-Vallée and Melun-Sénart were intended to be self fulfilling urban centers with commercial, recreational and cultural functions. >> 49
New urban centers? All hypermarchĂŠs in the parisian metropolitan area.
50
Urban Program
Freedom of choice
Proche Couronne
But along the main arteries hypermarchĂŠs -the European version of a shopping mallmushroomed. Luring in French husbands in their cars with cheap gas and their spouses with a myriad of products. >> 51
52
Urban Program
Bonjour tristesse
Proche Couronne
The explosive development of the hypermarchĂŠs has killed early life in the centers of the Villes Nouvelles. >> 53
There are more popular places to go than centre-ville 23,7 million daily trips
The Franciliennes love their cars Paris’ modal split
Source: IAURIF
54
Infrastructure
Current road network
Proche Couronne
Villes Nouvelles Airports Autoroutes National roads National rail
The economic growth of the ‘60s and early ‘70s together with the central role national government played in Ile-de-France made possible public investments. The improved and extended infrastructure by Délouvrier served rising peripheral stars: La Défense and Charles de Gaulle airport. >> 55
56
Infrastructure
Paris
The Route Périphérique and it’s radial roads were improved and augmented to make this next step in the evolution of the metropolis possible. Today the Périphérique has to be redefined. It already reached its limits: more than 1 million vehicles a day, with an average distance of 7 km and an average speed of 43 km/hour. This Parisian identity cannot full fill anymore the central role it used to play. >> 57
58
Urban Program
La DĂŠfense used to be a deteriorated zone at the edge of town. Within 30 years it became an integrated whole with the historic, economic axis of Paris. Stretching from arc to arc, the axis is economically speaking the heart of Paris. >>
Paris 59
Global Headquarters of FT 500 companies
London (34) company
Abbey National Anglo American AstraZeneca Aviva BAA Barclays BG Group BHP Billiton BP British American Tobacco British Sky Broadcasting BT Group Cadbury Schweppes Centrica Compass Group Diageo GlaxoSmithKline GUS HSBC Kingfisher Legal & General Group Lloyds TSB Marks and Spencer National Grid Transco Group Orange Prudential Reckitt Benckiser Reed Elsevier Rio Tinto Shell Standard Chartered Tesco Unilever Vodafone
60
Paris (22) FT500 rank
451 153 43 246 463 73 245 88 9 159 166 140 312 361 373 90 16 466 23 370 487 104 317 174 71 335 277 33 124 8 266 157 41 13
company
Air Liquide Alcatel AXA BNP Paribas Credit Agricole Carrefour Credit Lyonnais Danone (Groupe) France Telecom L’Oreal Lafarge LVMH Peugeot Renault Saint Gobain Sanofi Synthelabo Schneider Electric Societe Generale Suez Total Vivendi Wanadoo
Randstad (11) FT500 rank
249 404 142 78 223 108 158 915 132 62 173 162 345 354 374 72 308 137 274 25 222 439
company
ABN AMRO Aegon Gucci Heineken ING KPN Philips Reed Elsevier Shell TPG Post Unilever
FT500 rank
129 293 369 234 128 215 152 182 8 485 41
Source: Financial Times 500
Urban Program
Inequality
Région Ile-de-France Paris
Multinationals have their headquarters along this axis and their economic spin-off helps other businesses flourish in the western part of Paris. As much as the RER was an important driver for the success of La Défense, it also made possible the economic disparity between the east and the west. Less educated members of the labor force were able to work in the west and live in the east . >> 61
62
Urban Program
Thus, like all metropolises, Paris is asymmetrical, in economic terms. The second objective of the SDAU: ‘reinforce social and geographical solidarity’ is concerned with solving this heritage from Paul Délouvrier. >>
Paris 63
64
Urban Program
Equal distribution of jobs over the metropolis by specializing the different ‘European centers’ is the main tool. >>
Paris 65
Authority
RĂŠgion Ile-de-France
Ile-de-France: 1300 Communes to cooperate with. No wonder the French prefer a more (in)direct form of democracy. >>
67
Authority
Infrastructure
Urban Program
RĂŠgion Ile-de-France
Proche Couronne
69
Bassin Parisien
Paris was
1850 - 1990
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III
Baron Eugène Haussmann
Napoleon III of France
Baron Haussmann
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (1808 - 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the Kingdom of Holland. He was the nephew of the Emperor Napoleon I of France. He was elected President (1848-1852) of the Second Republic of France and subsequently Emperor (1852-1870), reigning as Napoleon III. [ ... ] An important change during his reign was the rebuilding of Paris. Part of the design decisions were taken in order to reduce the ability of future revolutionaries to challenge the government. Large sections of the city were razed and the old convoluted streets were replaced with many broad avenues, with the intent of allowing cannon to be used easily within the city. The rebuilding of Paris was directed by Baron Haussmann. He also directed the building of the French railway network. The design was very inefficient, however, as all routes lead to Paris. There were lines between Paris and Lyon, Caen, and Marseilles, but no lines connecting the latter cities to each other. Thus to travel from Marseilles to Bordeaux one needed to go via Paris, a great inefficiency. This was economically inefficient, and also militarily made the French far slower to organize than the more rationally organized Prussians.
Georges-Eugène, Baron Haussmann (1809 - 1891) was a French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. [ ... ] Commissioned by Napoleon III to instigate a program of planning reforms in Paris, Haussmann laid out the Bois de Boulogne, and made extensive improvements in the smaller parks. The gardens of the Luxembourg Palace (Luxembourg Garden) were cut down to allow of the formation of new streets, and the Boulevard de Sebastopol, the southern half of which is now the Boulevard St Michel, was driven through a populous district. Additional, sweeping changes made wide “boulevards” of hitherto narrow streets. A new water supply, a gigantic system of sewers, new bridges, the opera, and other public buildings, the inclusion of outlying districts - these were among the new prefect’s achievements, accomplished by the aid of a bold handling of the public funds [.... ]. A loan of 250 million francs was sanctioned for the city of Paris in 1865, and another of 260 million in 1869. These sums represented only part of his financial schemes, which led to his dismissal by the government of Émile Ollivier. [ ... ] His work had destroyed much of the medieval city. It is estimated that he transformed 60% of Paris’ buildings. Notably, he redesigned the Place de l’Etoile, and created long avenues giving perspectives on monuments such as the Arc de Triomphe and the Opera Garnier.
Authority
Plan Haussmann
Paris
In a time of prosperity and evolution the Plan Haussmann restructured the mediaeval condition and brought the city to maturity by introducing a new scale in Paris, that of boulevards and large urban parks. >> 0
5 km
71
Infrastructure
Metro
Paris
Almost forty years later than the ďŹ rst subway in London, >> 73
Infrastructure
Metro
Paris
the ďŹ rst Chemin de Fer MĂŠtropolitain line in Paris arrived in 1900. >>
75
Raymond Poincaré
Henri Prost
Raymond Poincaré
Henri Prost
Source: Mastering the City
Source: Mastering the City
One Sunday in 1928, as French president Raymond Poincaré (1860 – 1934) was returning by car from his country house in the Lorraine, a detour near Chelles took him straight through the banlieu (outskirts) of Paris. Driving for the most part on unpaved streets, he saw an area in which more than two million people had been living for the past twenty years in temporary housing, without electricity, sewerage, and running water. The president was deeply shocked by the miserable living conditions and the traffic congestion in these slums, which had been spreading unchecked in all directions. The uncurbed expansion was caused by land speculators, who -in absence of statutory regulations- had seized their opportunity. Poincaré immediately established a body to deal with this problem: the Comité Supérieur d’Aménagement et d’Organisation de la Région Parisienne. The Plan d’Aménagement de la Région Parisienne (PARP), which was presented by this committee in 1934, was the first comprehensive plan for the Paris region. It was to call a halt to the chaotic use of land and to congestion in the region. Commendable though the president’s initiative was, however, it should have been launched sooner.
Urban planner Henri Prost (1874 - 1959) was appointed head of physical planning section, which was to make an inventory of all previous expansion plans for Paris. Prost was an experienced planner; from 1910 to 1913 he had worked on an expansion plan for Paris with Hénard in the Musée Social, and from 1913 to 1924 he has won his spurs in Morocco, where he had drafted expansion plans for such cities as Rabat, Fez and Casablanca. He became the driving force behind the PARP. [ ... ] Following the reorganization of the Comité Supérieur, Prost was named to the position of urban planner responsible for preparing a regional plan covering four départements. The proverbial Chinese Wall that made four separate administrative districts of these urban areas was to be broken down by a comprehensive system of urban-planning measures. Prost drew two conclusions from the research: a network of main traffic arteries was needed to lend access to both city and region, and a division of land into separate areas for industry, housing, and public open space should be used as a basis for redesigning the region. Prost, who had been advocating the use of the zoning principle in urban planning for some time, denounced the negligent urban planning policy of his country: ‘France is a half century behind other large countries.’
Authority
PARP
Petite Couronne
The PARP is the ďŹ rst regional plan for Paris. Tragically its ambitious goals, to free Paris from its slums and severe congestion, were never accomplished. Actually no more than one main axis was realized, due to difďŹ cult circumstances, among others the 2nd World War. >> Source: IAURIF 77
Général Charles de Gaulle
Paul Délouvrier
Charles de Gaulle
Paul Délouvrier
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Source: Mastering the City
Charles de Gaulle (1890 - 1970), in France commonly referred to as général de Gaulle, was a French general and politician. Prior to the Second World War, he was mostly known as a tactician of tank battles. He was the leader of the Free French Forces in World War II and head of the provisional government in 1944-46. Called to form a government in 1958, he inspired a new constitution and was the Fifth Republic’s first president from 1958 to 1969. [ ...] Though controversial throughout his political career, not least among ideological opponents on the left and among overseas strategic partners, de Gaulle continues to command enormous respect within France, where his presidency is seen as a return to political stability and strength on the international stage. Domestically, for all its flaws, his regime presided over a return to economic prosperity after an initially sluggish postwar performance, while maintaining much of the social contract evolved in previous decades between employers and labour. The associated dirigisme (state economic interventionism) of the Fifth Republic’s early decades remains at odds with the trend of western economic orthodoxy, though French living standards remain among the highest in Europe.
In 1961 Paul Délouvrier was appointed Délégué général au District de la région de Paris. After meeting General de Gaulle during World War II [....]. Délouvrier was given a fiat to make changes at administrative and institutional level. Initially Délouvrier was going to implement the brandnew PADOG, but he soon developed an entirely different concept of physical planning. In 1963 he explained his views in a book known popularly as Livre Blanc. Délouvrier admitted that the projected growth of Paris alarmed him as well: twelve to sixteen million inhabitants were predicted for the year 2000, while many of the city’s outer districts were still in terrible condition. The historic city center was becoming more and more congested as a result of an increasing number of cars. Délouvrier saw no solution, however, in the policy being pursued in the PADOG: ‘Denying reality, which has been going on too long, can end only in the situation we are facing now: living in a capital with a lower degree of livability.’ A better idea was to accept urban sprawl in Paris and try to steer it in the right direction. Ideas found in Livre Blanc were developed within the Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de la Région de Paris (SDAURP), a structure scheme for the Paris region. [ ... ] The result would be a single polycentric urban region.
Authority
SDAURP
Région Ile-de-France
Source: IAURIF
The SDAURP was the most influential plan on the Parisian region. It was responsible for the planning of the five Villes Nouvelles and the construction of both central business district La Défense and Charles de Gaulle Airport. >> 79
François Mitterrand
Bernard Tschumi Dominique Perrault
François Mitterrand
Grands Projets
Ieoh Ming Pei Jean Nouvel
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
François Mitterrand (1916 - 1996) was a French politician and President of France from May 1981, re-elected in 1988, until 1995. In the Fifth Republic he stood in the Presidential elections against Charles de Gaulle in 1965 but was defeated. [ ... ] Under De Gaulle’s successors, Georges Pompidou and Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, Paris underwent major physical development. The radical Center Pompidou was built [ ... ]. Less positively and very controversially, the ancient market at Les Halles was demolished and replaced with a notoriously ugly underground shopping mall, and the 209 m Tour Montparnasse skyscraper was built leading to fears that Paris would become overrun with American-style skyscrapers (a move strongly resisted ever since). The election of François Mitterrand in 1981 saw further major changes to the city’s appearance and politics. The socialist Mitterrand frequently clashed with the powerful and abrasive Jacques Chirac, mayor of the city since 1977. Mitterrand undertook a number of grandiose grands projets to stamp his mark on the city. The Louvre was redeveloped and acquired its spectacular glass pyramid, while [the Grande Arche] was constructed just outside the city limits at La Défense. The Opéra Bastille and Bibliothèque Nationale de France François Mitterrand proved less successful, experiencing big cost overruns and a series of technical problems.
Authority
1 Cité des Sciences et de l’industrie Architects: Adrien Fainsilber, Peter Rice and Ian Ritchie Opening: 1986 2 Institut du Monde Arab (IMA) Architect: Jean Nouvel Opening: 1987 3 Parc La Villette Architect: Bernard Tschumi Opening: 1987 4 Ministère des Finances à Bercy Architects: Paul Chemetov and Borja Huidobro Opening: 1987 5 Grande Arche à La Défense Architects: Otto von Spreckelsen and Paul Andreu Opening: 1989 6 Opéra Bastille Architect: Carlos Ott Opening: 1989 7 Grand Louvre et sa piramide Architect: Ieoh Ming Pei Opening: 1989 8 Cité de la Musique Architect: Christian de Portzamparc Opening: 1995 9 Bibliothèque Nationale de France François Mitterrand Architect: Dominique Perrault Opening: 1995
Grands projets / travaux
Paris
Mitterand’s Grands Projets -major works- redefined the area of Haussmann´s interventions as the center of Paris -and the rest of the world-. And in itself they were an act of rebalancing Ville-de-Paris. >> 81
Anonymous commissioners Anonymous planners
Authority
Le futur RĂŠgion Ile-de-France
In the future the expansion of Paris will continue. Before 1994 this has been centrally organized by one planner with a vision, backed up by a powerful politician. Nowadays and in the future that job will probably be done by an anonymous group of planners that are hidden behind an abreviation. 83
84
Sources
Bibliography
appendix
Colophon
85
Sources
Schéma Directeur de l’Ile-de-France Préfecture de la Région d’Ile-de-France and Direction régionale de l’Equipement April 1994
CNDP-SCÉRÉN Center National de Documentation Pédagogique Services Culture, Éditions, Ressources pour l’Éducation Nationale www.cndp.fr July 2004
Mastering the City North-European City Planning 1900 - 2000 Koos Bosma and Helma Hellinga (editors) NAi publishers, Rotterdam ISBN 90-5662-063-0 1997
PDUIF Plan de Déplacements Urbains de la Région Ile-de-France DREIF, RATP, SNCF and CEPAS Paris December 2000
DATAR Délégation à l’Aménagement du Territoire et l’Action Régionale www.datar.gouv.fr July 2004
GEMACA Economic performance of the European regions Les Cahiers, nr. 135 IAURIF ISSN 0153-6184 4th quarter 2002
Ile-de-France Région Ile-de-France www.iledefrance.fr July 2004
INSEE Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economique www.insee.fr July 2004
86
Rationele Stad Van bouwblok tot wooneenheid J. Castex, J.-Ch. Depaule and Ph. Panerai SUN, Nijmegen ISBN 90-6168-202-9 1984
STIF Syndicat des Transports d’Ile-de-France www.stif-idf.fr July 2004
Wikipedia The free encyclopedia fr.wikipedia.org July 2004
Bibliography
The 100 Mile City Deyan Sudjic New York ISBN 0-15-642357-X november 1993
Atlas 2000, la France et le monde Nathan, Paris ISBN 2-09188-150-8 1990
Cities in Civilisation Culture, innovation and urban order Peter Hall London ISBN 0-297-84219-6 september 1999
87
Colophon Image credits All illustrations, images, photos and text are a product of Zandbelt&vandenBerg, except for those listed below: IAURIF: Rationele Stad:
p. 44, 77, 79 p. 71
Project team Daan Zandbelt and Rogier van den Berg with Bart Witteman, Danli Sheng and Jeannette de Waard. Special thanks to Anne-Véronique Vernadet, Joost Schrijnen and Katy Gerstner. Published in the same series London GLA´s spatial development strategy July 2003
This product is made by: Zandbelt&vandenBerg spatial engineering and consultancy Westblaak 37 3012 KD Rotterdam t +31 (0)10 - 270 92 16 f +31 (0)10 - 270 92 17 e info@zandbeltvandenberg.nl i www.zandbeltvandenberg.nl commissioned by Provincie Zuid-Holland ISBN 90-809293-1-X 1st print, 500 copies © 2004 Zandbelt&vandenBerg, Rotterdam All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in The Netherlands. 88
This booklet is the second in a series of studies on metropolitan areas. It focusses on the spatial development of the Parisian region in general and on the most recent regional plan specifically. In this series spatial policies, instruments and local phenomena are investigated in order to get a grip on metropolitan development and to assemble a tool box for the twenty first century urban planner. This research has been conducted by Zandbelt&vandenBerg and was commissioned by the Provincie Zuid-Holland.
Paris L'histoire se rÊpète Zandbelt&vandenBerg
Zandbelt&vandenBerg
spatial engineering and consultancy
spatial engineering and consultancy
ISBN 90-809293-1-X