ai
6198,1 1302,6
Registered Population
Huangpu
Adminstration and Population Floating Population
618,7
Factsheet 1.
6244,9 3685,3
Registered Population Floating Population
Shanghai totals
Registered Population Floating Population Employment
200000
150000
6198,1 1302,6
Registered Population Floating Population
100000
6244,9 3685,3
Registered Population Floating Population
Shanghai totals 9
7
50000
Registered Population Floating Population Employment
0
8
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
6 5 4
2
200000
1
Huangpu
3
150000
6244,9 3685,3
Registered Population Floating Population
100000
618,7
(5!.'05 ,57!. 85(5) #(!.'.).' *).' !. 0545/ :(!"%) (/.'+/5 9!.'05 Population Registered
6198,1 1302,6
DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES Floating Population
Registered Population Floating Population
50000
Employment
200000
9
7
8
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
5
150000
4
0
10km
20km
10km
20km
30km
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
KM
2
10km
6244,9 3685,3
Registered Population Floating Population
KM
Shanghai totals
1
100000
0
0
0
30km
3
50000
KM
3CHAAL
3CHAAL
6
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
KM
20km
30km
0
KM 0
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
KM 0
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
10km
20km
10km
20km
30km
Registered Population Floating Population Employment
(5!.'05 Paris,57!. 85(5) #(!.'.).' *).' !. 0545/ :(!"%) (/.'+/5 9!.'05
200000
Shanghai
150000
100000
50000
DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES
30km
3CHAAL
SHANGH
Source: Shanghai Statistics Year Book 2004
3CHAAL
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
KM
KM
0
9
ćľŚä¸œć–°ĺŒş 7
8
1952 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
6
5
4
2
1
3
(5!.'05 ,57!. 85(5) #(!.'.).' *).' !. 0545/ :(!"%) (/.'+/5 9!.'05
London
é™†ĺŽśĺ˜´é‡‘čž?č´¸ć˜“ä¸ĺżƒ
(5!.'05 Randstad ,57!. 85(5) #(!.'.).' *).' !. 0545/ :(!"%) (/.'+/5 9!.'05
DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES
DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES 0
10
20
30
40
50 km
januari 2005
FACTSHEET 1
Administration and population
City and province
‘Hu Kou’
Shanghai, the biggest city of China is as an administrative entity directly below the level of national government. It is given equal administrative power as a province, of which cities are normally part of.
Hu Kou is a resident permit that every Chinese should have. A Chinese citizen gets a Hu Kou when he/she is born, normally following the mother’s Hu Kou. In general there are two types of Hu Kou in China, urban and rural. With a rural Hu Kou you can’t legally work or live in the urban area, unless an employer applies for your urban Hu Kou.
The territory of Shanghai, 6219 km2 land, including 3 islands in the estuary of Yangtze River, is divided in a center city (9 districts) and outside counties (10 counties). In the year 2003, the population in Shanghai has reached 18 million, of which 13.7 million are registered residents (with a “Hu Kou”) and 5 million floating.
In the city of Shanghai, there are both urban and rural Hu Kou.
Pudong ‘Since its founding in 1992, the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones (SEZ,factsheet 2) for instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating customs duties and income tax, common to the economic and technological development zones and certain special economic zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions, and run tertiary industries. In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange, expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business (chinese currency)’. source: WIKIPEDIA
EMPLOYMENT IN SHANGHAI
employment
2000 7452
2001 7522
unit: 1000 2002 2003 7920 8130
FLOATING POPULATION IN SHANGHAI
total 9 center districts 10 counties
2000 3 871 1 300 2 570
unit: 1000 2003 4 987 1 302 3 685
Position of SH in east Asian network
Factsheet 2.
1979 China opened up
East Asian Delta
4/+9/ .!'/9! /3!+! +9/4/ +/"%
3%/5, 1984 Shanghai opened up
053!.
1985 Shanghai became special economic zone
4/+9/ .!'/9! /3!+! +9/4/ +/"% "%)*).'
3%/5, 3(!.'(!)
中国 CHINA
053!.
4/+9/ .!'/9! /3!+! +9/4/ +/"%
3%/5,
1990 decision of opening Pudong (county) to world
053!.
av
.ANJING
er
ag
1993 Denxiaoping’s speech in Shanghai; real start for Pudong
e
(!.'(!) 4!)0%)
2,
5
(ANGZHOU
av
er
ag
e
8)!-%. 3(!.4/5 3(%.:(%.
:(5(!)
= Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
HAINAN
.ANTONG
3UZHOU
3HANGHAI
陆家嘴金融贸易中心 (ANGZHOU a
er
4!)0%)
+!/3().'
浦东新区 .ANJING av
2 4!)0%) shanghai to main ,east 5 asian cities: average 2.5 hours h 2001 China into WTO
:HOUSHAN .INGBO
3(!.'(!) +!/3().'
3HANGHAI
3UZHOU
h
SHANG
.ANTONG
ge
2,
5
:HOUSHAN .INGBO
h
长江三角洲地区城镇发展示意图 Urban Development in Yangtze Delta Metropolitan Region
+!/3().'
(/.'+/.' 0
500
1000
1500 km
januari 2005
FACTSHEET 2
East Asian delta
Facing the world
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
Shanghai, a rising star in the east Asian delta, has a strong ambition to put itself on the international stage.
In the Special Economic Zones of China international companies are allowed by the Chinese government to produce export-oriented goods. For foreign investments there are special tax incentives.
One of the prominent objectives in the Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai is: ‘Serving the whole country and facing the world’. In accordance to establish this, the Plan distinguishes three relevant scales for interventions and effects: the Central City, the administrative region of Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta with Shanghai as it’s center.
In 1980 Shenzen (near Hong Kong) became one of five SEZ’s. It delivered milions of jobs and had an effect on the province of Guangdong as a whole. With this international expertise in production techniques, but also in for example managementskills China’s own industry could profit from the imported know how in order to modernize. Shanghai’s county Pudong has special preferential policies as a New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones (Factsheet 1).
400% 300%
population (mln)
general (ton)
container (TEU)
airport (mln pax)
Shanghai
18.4
186.0
5.9
24.8
Beijing
14.0
Tokyo
31.2
369.0
8.6
153.0
Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe
17.7
176.0
Seoul
20.2
120.0
Pusan
3.4
268.0
7.5
Hongkong
8.3
174.0
18.0
34.0
Taipei
7.9
1.9
19.0
Nagoya
200% 100%
*
*
90.0 1.9
21.0
Kaoshing
Taipei
Hongkong
Pusan
Seoul
Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe
Nagoya
Tokyo
Shanghai
*
Beijing
0
27.0
Sources: Population data: World Gazetteer 2003 General Bulk: Shipping Statistics Yearbook.
population
airport pax
general bulk
containers
Airport pax.: Airports International 2003. * Shanghai’s airportpax.: Shanghai International Airport official website. * Shanghai population: Shanghai Statistics Yearbook 2004.
Infrastructure
Factsheet 3.
A 30
A 20
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
0
10km
20km
30km
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
0
10km
20km
30km
3CHAAL
3CHAAL
KM
KM
Shanghai ringroadsystem for 2020
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
0
10km
0
10km
20km
30km
30km
3CHAAL
3CHAAL
SHANG
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
20km
KM
KM
Paris
Shanghai
ćľŚä¸œć–°ĺŒş é™†ĺŽśĺ˜´é‡‘čž?č´¸ć˜“ä¸ĺżƒ London
Randstad
highway new highway or in construction highway to be upgradeed national railway
YANGSHAN DEEP SEA HARBOR
express railway (comparable to RER-Paris) 0
10
20
30
40
50 km
januari 2005
FACTSHEET 3
Infrastructure
Shanghai’s giant leap in mobility
Hubs
Shanghai, the biggest city of China, grows rapidly.
To adapt Shanghai to it’s new central role in the global economy new ‘hubs’ for goods, people and money are under construction:
To overcome overpopulation and land use in the Central City one of the objectives of the plan is to guide people and jobs to suburbia. The network of infrastructure takes a giant leap to meet the demands for mobility which accompany this goal. Some of the most radical interventions: • Central City metrosystem expands with 8 new lines • A new radial commutertrainsystem (comparable with the RER in Paris) will be constructed with 4 lines in 8 directions towards new towns.
• The construction of Pudong International Airport marks the ambition of Shanghai to become an international tranfer hub in east Asia. • A new deep sea harbor represents Shanghai’s quick response to global competition between metropolitan regions. In turnover, Shanghai is now (2004) the world’s largest port. • The Central Business District (CBD) in Pudong (factsheet 1) across the Huangpu River offers wired office space to foreign parties.
60
In order to accomodate economic development, meet people’s living needs and improve the investment environment the ‘Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai (1999-2020)’ has been made.
• Highwayrings will be completed or upgraded.
40
Shanghai is embedded into the Yangtze River Delta Region with: • Two existing national railways to Nanjing and Hangzhou • New and existing national highways to the hinterland • A new magnetic highspeed train (Meglev) to Hangzhou regional high speed railways (commutertrains, RER-like)
‘Some’ public transport interventions: 4 new regional high speed railways 8 urban center metro lines 5 light rails Total length: 780 km
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
0
10km
20km
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
30km
0
10km
20km
30km
3CHAAL 3CHAAL
Rural Conditions
KM
KM
Factsheet 4.
-5 m
Agriculture product value and farmlands
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE
0
10km
0
10km
20km
30km
3CHAAL
3CHAAL
KM
,Ă?GENDES #ARTOGRAPHIE 30km
20km
KM
unit 100,000,000 
250
KM
200 Dongshawang nature preservation area
0m
150
SHANG
100
-5 m 50
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
0
unit:10,000 ha
Source: Shanghai Statistics Year Book 2004
-5 m
ćľŚä¸œć–°ĺŒş Sheshan national resort
Paris
tidal flats
-10 m
Shanghai
-5 m
é™†ĺŽśĺ˜´é‡‘čž?č´¸ć˜“ä¸ĺżƒ -5 m London
Randstad
builtup area ecology corridor
Dongshawang natu preservation area
green areas water All the occupations are according to the Shanghai master plan 2020. 0
10
20
30
40
50 km
januari 2005 Sheshan national resort
FACTSHEET 4
Rural conditions
Shanghai’s rural conditions
Green Belts
Shanghai is part of the warm humid Yangtze Delta. The city Shanghai has been built on the flat soil at the mouth of the river. The coastal waters are very shallow and at low tide tidal flats appear. It is no wonder that a deapsea harbour is being constructed some 30 km away, connected to the Shanghai mainland by a 30 km long bridge. The shallow sea is the result of the sediment of the Yangtze. By making dams and reservoirs inland the sedimentation process changes and could cause trouble in terms of coastal protection on the long term.
The ten counties outside the Central City of Shanghai are still largely rural. In the next 15 years most of the urbanization will take place in these remote area’s. The new regional highspeed railways will connect 11 New Towns to the Central City within an hour.
Modern agricultural parks
A green belt around the Center City is planned. Along the main watercourse-Huangpu river a green ecological corridor connects this belt to the Yangchen Lake and the hinterland.
In Shanghai a shift in the agriculture occurs. Intensive high value agriculture and horticulture is being developed. Twelve modern high tech parks are planned in Shanghai. Nine of them in nine counties. Three agriparks have so far been approved by the national committee. Chinese parties travelled to the Dutch Westland, a glass agriculture and horticulture area, for know how.
Millions of people and jobs will become the new suburban reality of Shanghai. The Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai provides the outlines for a green structure to be protected from agressive urban developments. The size is comparable with the Green Belt in London, Le Ceinture Vert in Paris or the Green Heart in the Randstad.
Along the coast line and nearby the Yangchen Lake, the aim is to establish zones for recreational use and national parks.
5 km 4 3
SHAN 2
SONGJIANG NEW TOWN
New Towns
Songjian- capacity of 1.000.0000 inhabitants within 10 years
Factsheet 5.
Dutch New Town
0
Sweden New Town
1
POSSIBLE CAPACITY AFTER 10 YEARS: 1,000,000 POPULATION
German New Town
SONGJIANG NEW TOWN
浦东新区
浦东新
陆家嘴金融贸易中心
陆家嘴
Zoetermeer- 115.000 inhabitants after 40 years
POSSIBLE CAPACITY AFTER 10 YEARS: 1,000,000 POPULATION
Historical style preservation
British Neighbourhood along Thames Spanish Style N American Style By NBA
Residential Administration Public facility Commercial Education Expansion Area Industry
Chinese typologies
center city new towns center towns towns
1,000,000 Industry + Residential Green environment Low density
0
10
20
30
40
50 km
Science, technology, light industry
Administration
Municipal utility
Public facility
Transport interchange
Commercial
Express rail
Education
National Rail
Expansion Area
Highway
Industry
YANGSHAN DEEP SEA HARBOR
villages
Residential
Science, technology, light industry Municipal utility Sweden New Town
Transport interchange
januari 2005
FACTSHEET 5
New Towns
Suburbanization
A planner’s dream?
To accomodate demographic and economic growth and to adapt to new living and working standards the Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai follows a strategy of suburbanization. Eleven New Towns in the counties around the City Center will occur in the next 15 years. Almost all are connected to the new high speed railways, like the RER in Paris.
The pace of urban development in Shanghai is for western planners almost incomprehensible. The economic growth of the last ten years has been the driver for this. But still the radical transition of the infrastructural network and built environment over such a short time would not have been possible in a democratic environment. The implementation of plans and the replacement of citizens out of their houses and neighbourhoods doesn’t cause too much time and trouble in a totalitarian environment.
New Towns The base of the new towns are new or existing industries and business sites. In this way the new towns can be self fullfilling satellites in job provision and demand. The industries and businesses itself are closely related to the new facilities the metropolitan area of Shanghai offers: the airport, the deap sea harbour and the new CBD in Pudong and of course: cheap labour. Every new town is planned to grow to one million inhabitants in ten years. The towns consist next to housing and industries out of a complete set of public, commercial and educational facilities for the new inhabitants. Compared to Shanghai’s new towns, Zoetermeer with 115.000 inhabitants after 40 years of development seems to be a village. Europe in Asia Some new towns have a very European character. Not only are they designed by European planners but some are literally ensembles of copied neighbourhoods, streets and pathways as seen in the Lonely Planet travel guides. The central industry of the German new town is Volkswagen.
Numbers and sources The data used for demography and economy of Shanghai in the five factsheets is provided by the Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. This is made by a governmental institute. The data is still difficult to verify. There is also the uncertainty of time. In Shanghai today’s data is already old tomorrow. But at least it could give a rough insight in the proportions of population and jobs. Beside the numbers there is until today not a real topographic map to be found of Shanghai. The maps which are available are schematic. The same counts for the maps in the Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai (1999-2020). Detailed land use information is probably still ‘too delicate’ to make public.