Flooring Vol. 2 by DETAIL

∂ Practice

Flooring Volume 2 Design Life cycle Examples of projects José Luis Moro

Author José Luis Moro, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Architekt University of Stuttgart, Institute for Design and Construction – IEK Assistant: Julia López Hidalgo

Publisher Editorial services and editorial assistants: Steffi Lenzen (Project Manager) Jana Rackwitz Editorial staff: Carola Jacob-Ritz, Sophie Karst, Heike Messemer Drawings: Ralph Donhauser, Simon Kramer; Alexander Araj, Martin Hämmel, Kwami Tendar Translation into English: Übersetzungsbüro I Translation Agency Antoinette Aichele-Platen, Munich www.antoinetteaichele.com Übersetzungen Gründing I Gruending Translations Dr. Yasmin Gründing (Univ. Lond.) www.gruending-translations.de Copy Editor: Übersetzungsbüro I Translation Agency Antoinette Aichele-Platen, Munich Proofreading: Stefan Widdess, Berlin © 2016 Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munich An Edition DETAIL book ISBN 978-3-95553-313-7 (Print) ISBN 978-3-95553-314-4 (E-Book) ISBN 978-3-95553-315-1 (Bundle) Printed on acid-free paper made from cellulose bleached without the use of chlorine. This book is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved, specifically all rights to the translation, reprinting, citation, re-use of illustrations and tables, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other ways and storage of material from the book in databases, in whole or in part. Any reproduction of this book or parts of this book is permissible only within the limits imposed by current valid copyright law and shall be subject to charges. Violations of these rights shall be subject to the penalties imposed by copyright law. This textbook uses terms applicable at the time of writing and is based on the current state of art, to the best of the author’s and editor’s knowledge and belief. All drawings in this book were made specifically by the publisher. No legal claims can be derived from the contents of this book. Typesetting & production: Simone Soesters Printed by: Grafisches Centrum Cuno GmbH & Co. KG, Calbe 1st edition, 2016 This book is also available in a German language edition (ISBN 978-3-95553-282-6). Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG Hackerbrücke 6, 80335 Munich, Germany Tel: +49 89 381620-0 www.detail.de

Contents

5 8

Preface

Flooring as an architectural design element

Sustainability of flooring

Flooring in renovation and modernisation

Examples of projects

Historical development of flooring

Appendix 116 Author, literature, standards 118 Image credits 119 Index

∂ Practice Flooring is published in two volumes. Volume 1 is primarily concerned with function and technical construction. It serves as a planning aid for designing flooring con structions and coverings. In addition to sound basic theoretical principles, it provides background information and decision-making aids for v arious flooring types, materials as well as constructive connections and transitions. Volume 2 is dedicated to historical development, architectural effect and life cycle – including renovation or modernisation – and the ecological balance of flooring. It contains a comprehensive project part with successful execution examples. Volume 1 – Function and Technology Volume 2 – Architecture and Design

Preface

Flooring plays an important part in the overall architectural impression of a place – in particular of interior spaces – which is significantly influenced by its materiality and appearance. The aesthetic potential is however often underestimated, assuming a subordinate ranking in the design process. This is partly due to the fact that flooring generally has to fulfil particularly tight functional constraints that do not immediately seem to allow any major creative leeway. Users are in constant physical contact with the floor and reliant on free and safe accessibility within the construction as well as strict fulfilment of the associated functions. Flooring has to meet the demands on a building component subjected to extreme use. To allow unrestricted usability, flooring should be flat, even and – as far as possible – free of excessive inclines, steps or other interruptions. As far as shape is concerned, the scope of design is therefore relatively restricted. Irrespective of this, flooring constitutes an essential element of architectural design and can have a strong visual impact. By making up a relatively high proportion of the visible surfaces, the influence on how interior spaces are perceived is significant. Flooring can contribute consider ably to the architectural appearance of a building through its material, colour and ornamental design. Graphical treatment of the flooring surface can set visual accents in a room and – by reflecting the rhythm of the building structure – powerfully support the effect of architectural composition. The substantial impact of flooring is also attributable to its physical proximity to the perceiver. As opposed to walls and ceilings, users are in direct contact with the surface, and therefore immediately exposed to a constant haptic

impression of the nature of the material making up the floor, its texture as well as its warmth or coldness. The aim of this two-volume publication is to give an overview of flooring with regard to aesthetics, function and construction. Due to the broadness and complexity of the topic, which is increasing on account of the constantly rising requirements in the building industry, this publication focusses exclusively on interior flooring. Volume 1 is primarily concerned with function and technical construction. It serves as a planning aid for designing flooring constructions and coverings. In addition to sound theoretical principles, it provides background information and decision-making aids for various flooring types, materials as well as constructive connections and transitions. Volume 2 is dedicated to historical development, architectural effect and life cycle – including renovation or modernisation – and the ecological balance of flooring. It contains a comprehensive project part with successful execution examples offering inspiration for individual application in practice. José Luis Moro

Historical development of flooring 8 Terrazzo floors and lime-bound screeds 9 Mosaic flooring 9 Stone plate coverings 10 Flooring made of ceramic stones and plates 10 Wood flooring 11 Elastic floor coverings 12 Textile floor coverings Flooring as an architectural design element 14 Physical proximity to flooring 14 Sensory perception of flooring 15 Visual impression and spatial aesthetics 15 Relation between flooring and ceiling 17 Colour design 18 Graphic design 18 Texture and formal design

Historical development of flooring

Although a full reconstruction of the origins of flooring in permanent housing in terms of archaeology is not possible, various findings dating back to the Stone Age indicate that floorings of houses already had different types of coverings even then. These included flat wooden planks laid parallel to each other directly on the floor [1], flat fieldstones or pebbles as well as bonded screed coverings made in various ways [2] using diverse binding agents. Waterbound coverings were fashioned as compacted loam floors much like some still found in old farmhouses today. This

was achieved using wooden sticks to beat the surface, which could be made firmer by addition of straw or chaff as well as various organic substances such as ox blood or urine. Such loam floors presumably represent the oldest flooring execution method. Corresponding findings from prehistoric caves date back to around 20 000 BC [3]. Gypsum is one of the oldest binding agents used in flooring. The oldest gypsum screeds made in the 14th century BC were found in Egypt [4]. Even though gypsum flooring is very sensitive to abrasion and mechanical damage, it

was used for a relatively long period of time. Reasons for this include an appearance that is not unlike natural stone, the fact that gypsum floors feel warmer to the feet and are cheaper than stone floors, and that they can be painted and decorated with inlay work. The Italian scagliola technique [5] developed in the Baroque period is considered to be the peak of craftsmanship and artistic finish of gypsum flooring. This high-quality decorative marbleimitation flooring is made using gypsum material with different colours. Terrazzo floors and lime-bound screeds In addition to gypsum, burnt lime was also used as a binding agent to make lime-bound screed flooring. This mater ial (calcium oxide) was already found at the building site as quicklime or air lime for making lime mortar. Terrazzo is the most well-known version of lime screed floors. The lime screed is finished by special means in this originally Italian method. Aggregates consisting of small crushed stones – or alternatively hydraulic aggregates – are embedded in the lime-mortar matrix. This serves to create a continuously flat surface of great durability and strength. Terrazzolike lime screeds dating back to the Neolithic Age have been found [6]. Various mixing ratios for making lime-bound screeds are quoted by Vitruvius in the 1st century BC [7]. The ultimate perfection of terrazzo floors with regard to craftsmanship and artistic design took place during the Italian Renaissance, particularly in Venice (Fig. 1). Craftsmen and architects explored the design options arising from selection, arrangement and distribution of the aggregates as well as from modification of the proportion of mortar contained in the mixture.

Historical development of flooring

A wide range of surfaces could be created in this way, either of a single colour, shimmering tone-on-tone or richly ornamented decorative designs with geometric or floral patterns. Terrazzo floors were – the simpler versions at least – relatively economical, easy to clean and durable. Even though excellent craftsmanship could be demonstrated in these floors, they could be made out of simple basic materials, such as lime, sand and crushed stone or brick, avail able at every building site. Terrazzo floors experienced a revival in the 19th century thanks to the new binding agent cement. This permitted a significant decrease in the curing time coupled with a further increase in strength and durability.

dences can still be admired today (Fig. 2). In later antiquity, mosaics were also used in early Christian churches [10], although this declined significantly with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Mosaics played an important role in art and religion in 5th and 6th- century Byzantine architecture, though located on walls and ceilings rather than flooring. Using the same original design principle, a completely new visual language emerged for the design and content of these (e.g. vault mosaics of early Christian churches in Ravenna). This flooring technique is currently ex periencing a sort of revival in the shape of prefabricated industrial dry-fit mosaic sheets. Stone plate coverings

Mosaic flooring Ornamental terrazzo floors represent a kind of transition to mosaic floors. The latter are composed of small studs, stones or plates of approximately the same size embedded in the mortar. In terrazzo flooring, the irregular crushed stones are strewn more or less randomly across the surface, while in mosaic flooring differently coloured material is installed in the shape of regular ornaments or figures. This artistic sculptural component is already expressed by the name “mosaic”, originating etymologically from the Latin “musaicum” describing a work of the Muses [8]. Mosaic floors may have originated as simple pebble floors. Mosaics became very widespread and experienced a remarkable technical development in Greek and particularly Roman antiquity, when they were referred to by the most commonly used mosaic technique “opus tesselatum” [9]. Many remnants of complicated and grand antique mosaic flooring from represen tative buildings as well as private resi-

Plate coverings were initially made of natural stone, later of artificial stone such as ceramic. The oldest flooring of this type consisted of flat irregular polygonal stone plates (flagstones) as obtained by cleaving rocks in quarries. Normally left uneven at the edges and with a rear split-face finish, the upper side was often worked slightly for more evenness (Fig. 3). Such coverings proved to exist in Ancient Egypt at around 2500 BC [11] and simple versions can still be found in old farmhouses today. Considerable quarrying skill was required for cleaving the material to obtain relatively thick regular cuboid plates for high-grade antique stone coverings (Fig. 4). Stricter laying patterns consisted of regular rectangular or square shapes, while a less labourintensive design was composed of rows of different widths, allowing installation of plate material with minimal waste. An important further technical development of these floors was achieved with the invention of stone-sawing technology that permitted fabrication of plane-parallel

slabs with a thickness of only a few centimetres. Roman sources date the occurrence of this technology to the 4th century BC [12]. The basic geometry of the material – the square, rectangular or polygonal plate – led to the typically “tiled” look of stone-covered surfaces. Impressive geometric patterns could now also be created by using natural stone with different colours [13]. Such plate coverings are still relevant today. Ornamental stone floors with intarsia work represent the most artistic level of this flooring type [14] (Fig. 5). Cosmati floors

Although the basic technology required for stone plate coverings remained extensively unchanged in the period after antiquity, a significant development with regard to craftsmanship and artistic quality can be observed for platecovered floors over time. One milestone in this development are the Medieval Cosmati (or cosmatesque) floors made using elaborate mosaic or inlay work [14] (Fig. 6). They are a derivation of orna mental Byzantine stone coverings that featured round porphyry discs. Their basic pattern consists of framed square fields containing a large main circle bordered by diagonally arranged smaller circles. The earliest example of this intricate mosaic work found in the abbey church of Monte Cassino south-east of Rome dates back to the 11th century. From there, Cosmati floors spread all the way to Rome [15].

1 2 3 4

enetian terrazzo floor, Sala del Senato in the V Doge's Palace in Venice (I), 14th century Late Roman floor mosaic in the Villa La Olmeda, Palencia (E) Coarse, irregular stone slab covering Heavy, worked stone panel covering with rectangular formats, Forum Romanum, Rome (I)

Flooring as an architectural design element

by most physiologists, because “of the one-sided strain on the retina by such colour fields, which is manifested in the generation of after-images” [7]. There is also an extensive consensus on the psychological effect of colours, which may have an impact on the general mood of the observer. This should not be ignored in the process of colour selection. An illustration of the general effects is provided in Fig. 14. Luminous flooring represents a special case: the accustomed direction of illu mination from the top (as prescribed by nature outdoors) or the side (as in cover ed free spaces or through windows in closed rooms) is replaced by a strange and unusual source of lighting emanating from below. This is generally found to be unsettling and disturbing.

in formally aligned suites of rooms – socalled enfilades – parqueted throughout in Baroque palaces [8]. On the other hand, there are floors with clearly visible structuring based on colour or graphic design. This may or may not harmonise with the architectural structure of the building [9]. Graphic design of flooring therefore makes it possible to visualise the architectural structure of a room (Fig. 17 a), to formulate a room or an area in conjunction with the other enveloping wall and ceiling areas (Fig. 17 b), or to reflect and support the basic geometrical structure of a room (Fig. 18 a). Certain areas can also be emphasised (Fig. 16 a) or zoned (Fig. 16 b) by the floor surface design, which is often associated with a change in material. Floors can furthermore serve for orientation in a building, in which case wayfinding elements dominate the design of the floor surface (Fig. 21).

Graphic design As in the colour design of flooring, the extent to which flooring is intended to represent an integrating moment or to purposely contrast the surroundings also plays a role in its graphic design. The floor surface can either have a neutral texture and contribute to a continuous unsegmented spatial impression, such as

Texture and formal design The aesthetic effect of a room not only develops through the space-defining and -forming interaction of floor and ceiling, or through room-segmenting height offsets, or the colour and graphic design – the

texture and formal design of the flooring itself also play an important role. A particularly strong influence on the appearance of the room is attributed to the texture of the surfaces enclosing the room, especially the flooring. Mater ials such as textile wall or ceiling hangings or textile floor coverings feel warm to the touch while at the same time offering thermal insulation and sound-absorbing effects. Adolf Loos recognised a fundamental principle of architecture in this type of covering: “Even if all materials are of equal value to the artist, they are not equally suited to all his purposes. The requisite durability, the necessary construction often demand materials that are not in harmony with the true purpose of the building. The architect’s general task is to provide a warm and liveable space. Carpets are warm and liveable. He decides for this reason to spread out one carpet on the floor and to hang up four to form the four walls. […] In the beginning was cladding. Man sought shelter from inclement weather and protection and warmth while he slept.” [10]. Extreme examples of the way soft materials influence the character of a room are the – again cave-like – spatial concepts of the 1960s. The

9 U niform design of space-enclosing surfaces. Tiled interior in shop, Berlin (D) 2013, Weiss-– heiten Design 10 Parquet floor with dominant colour a opposed to walls and ceiling. Green corner cabinet, New Palace, Potsdam (D) 1763 –1769 11 Platonic parqueting of surface with a equilateral triangles b squares c regular hexagons 12 Archimedean parqueting with two regular basic elements of equal sides: regular octagon and square. This pattern with plate and filling element is frequently found in ceramic flooring. 13 Rectangular pattern with cross joints 14 Psychological effect of different colours, according to Grandjean 1973 15 Permissible contrast of surface brightness in field of vision, according to Grandjean 1973

Flooring as an architectural design element

odern wall-to-wall carpeting made of m synthetic material that was new on the market at the time played a major role in these. Continuous composition of a surface Apart from jointless poured flooring, floor areas are normally composed of individual parts, e.g. plates, tiles, panels or boards. For reasons of functionality, the covering elements must fill the entire plane of the surface without any gaps. Deviations from this general rule are rare, but include, for example, penny round mosaics in which the remaining gaps are filled with material such as mortar. Laying a surface with as few as possible identically shaped elements – ideally of only one shape – is furthermore advantageous for manufacturing and practical reasons. The associated geometric distribution, which is more complicated than apparent at first glance, is mathematically analysed within the scope of the so-called tessellation of the area (also referred to as tiling or paving). Tessellation in a strictly mathematical sense (regular tessellation) involves identical regular polygons as basic elements. Only equilateral triangles, squares and regular hexagons come into consider

ation for this (Fig. 11). Triangles are rather rare in flooring (probably because of the pointed tips that break off easily especially when panels are thin), while squares are the most common formats, with hexagons also used occasionally. Less restrictive interpretations of tessellation allow combinations of two or more regular polygons with equal edge lengths (semi-regular or Archimedean tessellation, Fig. 12) or even patterns composed of non-polygonal shapes or free shapes (e.g. by M. C. Escher). An important irregular polygonal shape is the rectangle. With its different edge lengths – either compact and almost square or long strip-like plates – this element can also fill a plane without any gaps (Fig. 13).

ically charged element of expression. Significant examples include the mosaic floors of classical antiquity with their icono graphic representations of mythology and everyday life as well as the sacred buildings of medieval Christianity [11]. Graphically and pictorially, flooring was regarded as an open book, with the reader moving from image to image while walking (Fig. 19), which is in turn a consequence of the relative proximity of the eye to the floor. Full pictorial treatment was however reserved for the ceilings. Their relative distance from the eye of the observer offers the necessary visual angle for effective illusionary spatial representations such as of the heavens. Floors on the other hand often feature a carpet-like ornamental design with a constantly repeating pattern. Pictorial representations, especially of figures, must be restricted to the closer environment of the observer, perceivable with little perspective distortion and not obstructed by items of furniture. Interesting examples of a combination of ornamental and spatial graphic effects are decorative floorings with a so-called trompe-l’∞il effect creating the optical illusion of three-dimensionality (Fig. 20). The close proximity of floors to the observer makes them ideal

Ornament As already described in the context of the historical development of floors (p. 8ff.), the assembly of a floor surface using individual components almost necessarily led to the manifestation of different structures. Emergence of a variety of techniques such as mosaic, inlay (intarsia) and parquetry permitted the development of sophisticated ornamentation in flooring, making it a visual and symbol

Colour

Distance effect

Temperature effect

Mental effect

Blue

Further away

Cold

Restful

Green

Further away

Very cold to neutral

Very restful

Red

Closer

Warm

Very stimulating and not restful

Orange

Much closer

Very warm

Exciting

Yellow

Closer

Very warm

Exciting

Brown

Much closer, confining

Neutral

Exciting

Violet

Much closer

Cold

Aggressive, unrestful, tiring

3:1

1 : 10

11 a

1 : 10

Flooring life-cycle â&#x20AC;&#x201A;â&#x20AC;&#x201A; 24 29 35 37 45 46 48

Sustainability of flooring Ecological consideration Economic consideration (life-cycle costs) Consideration of sociocultural impact Flooring life-cycle assessment data Recycling and disposal Summary assessment of sustainability Overall assessment according to certification systems

Flooring in renovation and modernisation 50 Construction measures in building stock 50 Renovation of old buildings compared to new constructions 51 Active protection of building stock 51 Status analysis 52 Energy-efficient and thermal protection renovation 54 Damage in old buildings 54 Renovation measures with regard to various functions 68 Renewal of subfloors 69 Material-specific characteristics of floor coverings in renovation

Sustainability of flooring

Recycling and disposal The recycling potential of flooring varies significantly depending on the type of floor covering. Practices with regard to recycling or definitive disposal at the end of the service life of various floor coverings are considered below [39]. Natural stone, artificial stone and ceramic coverings

It is rarely possible to remove plate coverings composed of natural and arti ficial stone or ceramic material without destroying them in the process, which means that these can only rarely be reused in new coverings. Downcycling is more common, i.e. the plate material is crushed and used as aggregate, normally as a substitute for gravel or sand. Final disposal involves dumping on a building debris tip. Wood coverings

Wood coverings, especially glued strip or multilayer parquets, are not normally reused. Final disposal is often in the form of utilisation of the calorific value of the wood by burning the old material in special firing systems. Such com bined heat and power generation sys tems permit efficient energetic utilisa tion. Most wooden coverings are dis posed of in this way. Dumping is also possible. The natural material is fully compostable and does not give rise to any pollution of the landfill soil. The expenditure required for deconstruction of wood coverings at the end of the ser vice life is high when these are installed by full-face adhesion. It is much less for floating installations and least for flooring fitted with spring clips or click systems.

Linoleum is primarily composed of n atural raw materials, which means that disposal at the end of the service life is unproblem atic. The material is compostable, decom poses at the dumping site and has no negative effects on the environment. Thermal utilisation by combustion makes use of the calorific value of the material. No environmentally harmful emissions, apart from CO2, are generated in the pro cess. Although linoleum coverings can in principle be reused, this is currently not common practice because of the high transportation costs [40].

glue residues in a hammer mill. These are then separated from usable material in a sieving machine. This is followed by fine grinding. The material has to be embrittled for this, which takes place by cooling to -40 °C with liquid nitrogen. The particles of the resulting milled material have a maximum diameter of 0.4 mm (Fig. 28, p. 46f.). This is used for produc tion of new PVC floor coverings at the end of the recycling process. The back ing of some older coverings (CV cover ings) contains asbestos, which means that these have to be disposed of separ ately [43].

Rubber coverings

Textile floor coverings

Elastomer or rubber coverings have a high recycling potential. After removal of most adhesions consisting of filler, glue or screed, old coverings are com bined with scrap obtained from new installations and crushed. The resulting granulate is processed into impact pro tection, industrial or sport coverings. Thermal utilisation in waste incineration plants is also possible, where the calor ific value of the material is made use of. Filler materials in the coverings are further used as aggregates in cement clinker. Modern rubber coverings do not contain any plasticisers (phthalates) or halogens (chlorine). Old coverings therefore do not represent a groundwater hazard and can be landfilled without any problems [41].

Recycling textile floor coverings requires correct sorting of old material. For this, remnants are placed on a conveyor belt manually and the wear layer mater ial is determined using a quick identifi cation system based on infrared spec troscopy. This is followed by sorting the pieces in separate containers. Separ ation is according to the materials poly amide-6 (PA-6), polyamide 6.6 (PA-6.6), wool /propylene, blended fabric and polyester. The polyamide material PA-6 and PA-6.6 can be converted back to its chemical constituents followed by depolymerisation. The result is identical to the primary material of new products. Wool fibre can be processed to ecologic ally compatible insulation panels with a yield between 30 and 60 % and is consid ered as an alternative to foam materials and mineral wool. In combination with polypropylene fibres, wool fibre can alter

Linoleum

PVC coverings

PVC coverings have a high recycling potential. The proportion of recycling material contained in new material today is as high as 35 % [42]. Old cover ings are collected at special collection points (Fig. 27), sorted and cut into small pieces (chips < 30 mm). After separation of metals, the chips are freed from any remaining screed or

26 L ife-cycle assessment parameters over 50 years for a various screeds b various floor coverings 27 PVC covering remnants for recycling

Sustainability of flooring

natively be processed into firm mats by thermobonding. The calorific value of fibre mixtures and polypropylene can also be utilised by use as a surrogate fuel in the cement industry. The chalk proportion contained may be used as aggregate for cement clinker. About 95 % of the textile floor coverings are recycled and about 5 % are dumped or incinerated. The deconstruction effort at the end of the service life of a covering is high when this is glued full face. It is less if an easily detachable glue or adhe sive tape is used and least when installed loosely as a fitted carpet [44]. Summary assessment of sustainability Analogous to the recycling potential, there are also large differences between various flooring types with regard to their sustainability. Natural/artificial stone and ceramic coverings

Since most basic mineral raw materials of natural/artificial stone and ceramic coverings are generally adequately available locally or regionally, long trans port routes are not necessary. An excep tion are rare rocks (e.g. special marble 28 S chematic representation of the recycling process of old PVC coverings

Manual sorting

types) that are needed for specific appli cations. Processes such as sawing, cutting and drilling rock are associated with an increased requirement of nonrenewable primary energy (PE). This may be particularly high for hard rocks. The same goes for firing of ceramic material (particularly high temperature processes) and cement. A certain quantity of harmful substances is emitted when processing mineral material, e.g. dust during sawing and drilling or fluorosilicates during treatment of synthetic surfaces with such solutions. Once installed, no harmful substances are practically emitted, although minor radioactive radiation may be detectable for granite or ceramic tiles. Stone or ceramic coverings do not generally require any special surface treatment that could result in emission of harmful substances. The current standard instal lation method involving solvent-free thinbed mortar or adhesive is not associated with any further emissions during the service life of the material. The lifetime of floor coverings made of mineral materials is normally over 50 years (Fig. 20 –22, p. 37f.), which often corresponds to the life time of the build ing – a big advantage of this type of covering in terms of lifetime assessment. Worn or scratched surfaces can be

Shredder

Metal separator

renewed by grinding, while damaged or fractured plates can only be replaced [45]. Wood coverings

As a natural material, wood is fully com postable in landfills without giving rise to any pollution of the soil of the landfill. Thermal utilisation alternatively makes use of the calorific value of wood. The CO2 released in the process – as in composting – has already been bound from the atmosphere in the growing phase of the wood and hence does not represent an additional environmental burden. The otherwise negative global warming potential of wood is therefore effectively set to zero. Since it is a renew able material, the availability of wood is sufficient, while that of some of the chemical substances used for installa tion and surface treatment is limited, since their manufacture is based on petroleum. Processing steps such as sawing, milling, grinding and planing give rise to a moderate consumption of renewable primary energy, which increases with the hardness of the type of wood processed. Harmful substances are created in the form of wood dust in the course of processing. Beech and oak wood dusts are considered carcino genic and dusts of other wood types are also rightfully suspected to have this

Foreign material screening

Dos

Hammer mill

Intermediate silo

Air separatio

Flooring in renovation and modernisation

The building stock of a country uses up a large proportion of primary energy and material resources for maintenance, oper ation, development and deconstruction. At the same time, it represents an enor mous storage capacity of these energy and material assets accumulated in the building fabric over generations. Utilisation of this building stock therefore represents a significant saving potential in the fulfilment of current demands on buildings. Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings can furthermore make a significant contribution to reduc ing greenhouse gases. A prerequisite for this is an effective modification of the existing fabric, i.e. renovation or modern isation. Any old construction renovated according to current standards saves considerable resources, making both its own deconstruction and an equivalent new construction unnecessary. Germany has a stock of about 18 million residential buildings and 1.5 million nonresidential buildings. Two thirds of these were built before the first Heat Insulation Ordinance issued in 1977. Most were not subjected to energy-efficient refurbish ment, which means that they only partly comply with current building standards [1]. Their refurbishment and lifetime extension can hence be considered to represent a major ecological value wait ing to be harnessed. Apart from that, old buildings and the established city districts they are often located in have an important identity- creating effect. This concerns both the external appearance (e.g. facades) and the interior spatial design, on which flooring has an impact that is not to be underestimated. This cultural value may at times be in conflict with adequate modernisation, since some renovation measures can alter the appearance of old buildings significantly. This applies in particular to energy-efficient retrofitting 50

of facades, but also to old flooring with a historical value, when considerable modi fications are required to meet current standards. Listed buildings represent a particularly critical issue in this context. In these cases, cultural values have to be carefully weighed up against costs, limita tions in functionality or safety. Since a major aim of the renovation of old buildings is to achieve the greatest possible adaptation of the building fabric to current standards, the same principles of sustainability – according to the model based on the pillars environment, econ omy, society – must be applied as for new constructions (see “Sustainability of flooring”, p. 24ff.). Construction measures in building stock Construction measures in existing build ings range from renovation of the whole building to individual interventions such as grinding down a parquet floor or replacing an elastic floor covering. The following measures can generally be differentiated [2]: • Renovation measures: for rectification of considerable structural deficiencies; normally more far-reaching than mod ernisation; often take place within the scope of a general urban redevelop ment or rehabilitation plan [3] • Repair measures: for restoration of the target condition required for use • Modernisation measures: for sustain able increase of the utilisation value of an object, insofar as these are not classified as extensions, conversions or repairs • Conversion measures: for redesign of stock with interventions in the construc tion, especially changes in the spatial structure • Interior space measures: redesign of interior spaces without significant

intervention in the existing structure • Extension measures: for addition to an existing building, increasing the extent of use (addition of structure or storey etc.) • Change-of-use measures: an alteration of the type of use; these generally involve conversion and modernisation measures Measures for retaining a target condition (repair, maintenance or inspection) are not part of the renovation of old buildings (see “Phase 2: Use”, p. 30f.). With regard to the building fabric in the renovation of old constructions, a differ entiation is made between [4]: • Old fabric, in turn divided into old fabric that is: - used further (e.g. renovated flooring) - reused (recycling of components or materials on the building site, e.g. demounted wooden floorboards used for other purposes) - deconstructed (disposal, utilisation or landfilling) • New fabric installed in the existing structure Renovation of old buildings compared to new constructions Although the general aim of renovation is to refurbish the old building fabric to an extent allowing it to fulfil the same requirements and performance standards as new constructions, this can sometimes not be realised or only by means of dis proportionate expenditure. This applies in particular to energy-efficient retrofitting of the facades of old buildings. Flooring is normally not subject to such limita tions. Exceptions are particularly valu able decorative floors that can either not be replaced because they must be retained for heritage protection reasons, or because renewal would be associated

Flooring in renovation and modernisation

with unacceptable costs, or because the original condition cannot be suitably restored due to lacking necessary crafts manship. It is for instance quite out of the question to renew the floor of the Bib lioteca Laurenziana in Florence (Fig. 7, p. 10) in any way. The replacement cycles of conventional flooring are generally between 10 and 50 years, which is, compared to that of the primary structure of the building, rather short (Fig. 19 – 22, p. 37f.). If no major changes are made in the geometry of the load-carrying structure and the util isation of the building, flooring can often be replaced or renewed with reasonable expenditure in the course of renovation of an old building, much like during con tinuous maintenance of buildings. This is particularly the case when the surface of the load-carrying construction of the ceiling or floor is adequately even and horizontal. Difficulties may however arise when a technical improvement of the flooring requires an increase in the struc tural height (e.g. for necessary sound, fire or thermal protection measures). Exten sive geometric deviations of the bearing construction from the desired state (e.g. skew position or warping of floor-ceiling constructions) may also necessitate add ition of significant heights to create even and functionally compliant flooring. An increase in the height of a flooring surface on account of such constructive require ments often creates further problems, particularly with regard to adjoining com ponents such as doors (may need short ening) or stairs (may be difficult to main tain a uniform ascending gradient without an abruptly different riser height). Similar to flooring design in new building measures, the tasks to be fulfilled by flooring in the renovation of old buildings can only be defined in the context of the complete ceiling or floor construction (see Volume 1, “Flooring in a constructive

I dentification of listed buildings in most German federal states

context”). It should therefore be carefully considered whether tasks associated with a considerably higher structural height of the flooring should rather be assigned to other parts of the ceiling or floor construction. A good example of this is thermal protection: installation in or even under a load-carrying beam floor-ceiling construction rather than in the flooring may be more expedient. Active protection of building stock Clear limitations in the renovation of floor ing in existing buildings may result from building stock protection requirements. In terms of the building regulations, passive protection guarantees the building owner defensive rights against state interference in the owner’s property. Yet active protec tion restricts the rights of the owner to interventions in the existing building. The law generally allows such interventions in order to safeguard adequate conserva tion of the building fabric as well as to adapt the building to new requirements. These interventions have to however take place within the scope of statutory regu lations, which, for example, also include measures for the protection of listed buildings. In practice, these are realised through heritage protection and preser vation. Heritage protection includes all mandatory measures prescribed by the heritage protection authorities with the aim of long-term conservation of monu ments. Heritage preservation is con cerned with maintenance and repair of monuments [5]. The objectives of heri tage protection are obviously often in con flict with functional and technical refur bishment measures, yet it is generally in the interest of heritage protection to not only permit, but also promote use-related further development of a building. Longterm conservation of a building can only be safeguarded in this way.

Status analysis Adequate status analysis is an important prerequisite for proper renovation of an old building [6]. This involves an initial survey of the following characteristics: • Geometry: current planning documents (floor plans, sections) • Building construction and materials: sequences of construction layers in ceiling and floor constructions; building diagnosis test results; review of obser vation / feasibility of building regulations and legal requirements • Building equipment: heating, ventila tion, air conditioning and refrigeration, sanitary, electrical installations etc. • History of construction and use: pro vides information on the influence of the building use phase with demon strable effects on the existing building, the building period (e.g. economic boom periods such as the “Gründer zeit” in the mid-19th century, or the 1950s), with characteristic technical, economic and political conditions as well as the original usage; includes documentation of any previous con version, repair or extensions measures as well as a survey of the building his tory, which makes it easier to identify potential problems or risks (e.g. pollu tant risks typical for a specific building period) • Exposure: degree of exposure to exter nal influences such as climate or inter nal effects due to use (e.g. residential, industrial) The general state of a construction and its components can furthermore be evaluated within the scope of a build ing diagnosis based on the following criteria: • Energy-related quality: where flooring is part of the building envelope, i.e. floors in contact with soil 51

Flooring in renovation and modernisation

1 2 3 4 5 6

18 Steel fibre 13 Boards (existing) concrete 14 Existing beam 19 Wood screw 15 Planking made of with spacer ring wood-based material thk = 7.5 mm thk ≥ 24 mm or boards 22 33 11 55 2066 Push-in dowel with special design 16 Elastic material 21 Wood screw 17 Laminated wood 16 /160 mm board 2 77 3 6 1 5

of laminated wood Floating dry screed 7 Height compensation Impact sound 8 Stop end panel insulation 9 Polymer concrete Planking 10 Optional flooring Added supplemen structure tary beam 11 22 33 44 55 11 Veneer layer Under-dimensioned 12 W ood screws of existing beam glued-in rods Support panel made 1

27 3

Improvement of load-bearing capacity of floor-

ceiling construction

b 11

88 99 55

377 8 9 5

37 8 9 5

10 10 11 11

12 12 14 14 13 13

10 11

12 14 13

10 11

12 14 13

10 10 15 15 16 16 12 12 14 14 17 17

10 15 16 12 14 17

7 c

10 10 18 18 13 13 19 19 14 14

10 10 13 13 20 20 21 21 14 14 18 18

10 10 15 15

16 16 17 17

12 12

10 18 13 19 14

10 13 20 21 14 18

10 15

16 17

10 18 13 19 14

10 13 20 21 14 18

10 15

16 17

8 e

heads (after removal of the upper plank ing) which essentially serve as an add itional compression flange for the beam. Solutions with full-wood sections (Fig. 8 a), wood-based material panels (Fig. 8 b, d, f) or polymer concrete (Fig. 8 c) are possible. Height adjustment of these added elements above the upper edge of the beams allows creation of a levelled surface or a dimensionally accurate sub strate ready for coverage with planking.

20 20

A full-face height compensation in com bination with structural reinforcement can also be realised by addition of a layer of concrete on top of an existing floorceiling construction, resulting in a woodconcrete composite floor-ceiling con struction (Fig. 8 e). Structural bonding between wood and concrete is normally achieved with dowel-like metal parts (screws, bolts or pins) which are intro duced to the existing wood construction and cast in the topping concrete. An adequately even and horizontal surface 8 Reinforcement of a weak existing beam a of wood with additional beams placed on either side b of wood with laminated wood support panels on either side. Height compensation (7) and levelling of the flooring can be achieved by adjustment of the upper edge of the support panels. c of wood with an additional compression flange made of polymer concrete. The joint load- carrying action of wood beam and compression flange ensures bonding connection. Height compensation (7) is possible. d with attached wood-based material panels, full face on existing boarding on left (13), in strips as additional compression flange on right (17). The shear connection between beam and wood-based material panel is created by a screw or dowel connection (12). e with cast-on steel fibre concrete slab. A com posite wood-concrete slab is created. The additional stiffness gained reduces deflection, improves vibration behaviour as well as sound and fire protection from above. The connection between concrete and wood is achieved with wood screws (19, 21). The solution on the right

Stone coal slag

0.19 8.0 – 20.0

Sleepers

0.13

8.0

Segmented barrel vaults

0.96

12.0

Steel girders I180

18.0

Element

0.13

5.0

Peat panels

0.047

3.0

Reinforced concrete slab

2.10

16.0

0.87

1.5

0.81

Element

0.47

2.0

Wood-wool lightweight 0.09 construction panel

2.5

Steel stone slab

0.04 a 0.79 b 0.87 c 0.86 2.10

0.30

Renovated

1 12 13 3 14 15 1 12 13 3 14 15 1 12 13 3 14 15

6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11

0.24

Renovated

Layer thickness [cm]

6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11

16 17 18 19 20

1.0

a 0.63 b 0.54

16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20

6 7 8 9 10 11

a 0.81 b 0.84 0.30 19.0 c 0.83 22.5 24.0 16.0

includes the action of an additional specially designed dowel (20). c Lime gypsum plaster f with support panels (6). Height compensation (7) is possible. The increased resistance to bending of the floor-ceiling construction redu ces both its deflection and vibration behaviour. 9 Renovation of a cellar floor-ceiling construction (U-values of old and renovated floor-ceiling construction, with two alternative insulation layer thicknesses on the left of the table): a from before 1918, composed of masoned seg mented barrel vaults on steel girders (insulating layer thicknesses 8 and 12 cm) b from before 1918, composed of a reinforced Element concrete slab with thermal insulation structure (insulating layer thicknesses 8 and 12 cm) Hardwood parquet 0.47 2.0 c from between 1920 and 1950, composed of a 0.09 2.5 Wood boarding steel stone slab with thermal insulation structure 0.04 1.0 Air layer (three types of steel stone floor-ceiling con structions a, b and c with different thicknesses; a 0.06 4.0 Mineral fibre insulating layer thicknesses 8 and 12 cm). b 0.06 6.0 insulation board d from between 1920 and 1950, consisting of a 0.13 2.4 Timber formwork wooden beam floor-ceiling construction with Beams of floorinterior thermal insulation (two types of inter0.13 24.0 ceiling construcbeam space a and b with different thicknesses; insulating layer thicknesses 6 and 8 cm) 9 d tion (proportional) λ [W/mK]

6 7 8 9 10 11

Existing

Xylolite

Mineral fibre insulation board

3 4 5

1 12 13 3 14 15

Layer thickness [cm]

b Lime plaster

U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 12 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

Sleepers

1 2

6 7 8 9 10 11

0.24

Renovated

Existing U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 12 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

2.0

U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 8 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

2.5

0.70

U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 8 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 12 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

0.13

Sand

λ [W/mK]

Flooring-relevant measures for improve ment of the thermal protection of a floorceiling construction concern construc tions above unheated rooms (e.g. floorceilings constructions in cellars, open crawl spaces) or floor slabs in contact with soil. These may include installation of a thermal insulation layer in the flooring structure that is in turn covered with a load-distributing screed. An alternative execution involves installation of a wood floor directly on the bearing floor-ceiling construction and filling of the hollow spaces with thermal insulation material (Fig. 9). Thickness and thermal conduct ivity of the additional thermal insulation layer in the flooring have to take into account the heat insulation capacity of the existing floor-ceiling construction. In terms of building physics, a thermal insulation layer located on top of an exist ing bearing floor-ceiling construction is

3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11

0.24

U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 8 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

Layer thickness [cm]

Planed boards

Improvement of thermal protection

0.30

1 2 1 2 1 2

Existing

U-value (existing) [W/m2K]

λ [W/mK]

is created for the further flooring struc ture. The associated increase in height must naturally be taken into account.

0.75

U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 12 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

2.5

U-value with additional insulating layer thk = 8 cm λ = 0.035 W/mK

0.13

U-value (existing) [W/m2K]

Planed boards

Element

U-value (existing) [W/m2K]

15 Lime cement plaster (existing) 16 Stone wood covering (existing) 17 Wood-wool light weight construction slab (existing) 18 Mineral fibre insula tion mat (existing) 19 Steel stone slab (existing) 20 Lime gypsum plaster (existing) 21 Hardwood parquet 22 Beam (existing) a 23 Air layer 24 Timber formwork

U-value (existing) [W/m2K]

Boards (existing) Stone coal slag fill Sleeper (existing) Steel girder Masoned solid-brick segmented barrel vaults 6 Upper covering 7 Wood board or woodbased material panel 8 Vapour barrier 9 Mineral wool insulation 10 Sleeper 11 Resilient underlay 12 Sand layer (existing) 13 Peat panel (existing) 14 Reinforced concrete board (existing)

Layer thickness [cm]

1 2 3 4 5

λ [W/mK]

Flooring in renovation and modernisation

0.30

0.24

21 1 21 1 21 1

22 23 18 24 22 23 18 24 22 23 18 24

21 1

22 23 18 24

6 7 8 10 11 9 6 7 8 10 11 9 6 7 8 10 11 9

6 7 8 10 11 9

Existing

Renovated

Examples of projects

Kindergarten in Bizau (A) Bernardo Bader, Dornbirn

Research and development building “adidas Laces” in Herzogenaurach (D) kadawittfeldarchitektur, Aachen

Residential buildings in Bullas (E) blancafort-reus arquitectura, Barcelona

Research and development centre in Dogern (D) ludloff + ludloff Architekten, Berlin

Residential building of IBA in Hamburg (D) Adjaye Associates, London / Berlin (competition design) Planpark Architekten, Hamburg (from design plan)

Residential building in Munich (D) leonardhautum, Munich / Berlin

Extension and conversion of Luther’s Death House Museum in Eisleben (D) VON M, Stuttgart neo.studio – neumann schneider architekten, Berlin (exhibition design)

New reading room in Berlin State Library (D) hg merz architekten museumsgestalter, Berlin

Kindergarten in Chróścice (PL) PORT, Wroclaw

Extension of a farm business in Shanghai (CHN) playze, Shanghai

Apartment conversion in Madrid (E) TallerDE2, Madrid

Residential building in Stuttgart (D) MBA/S Matthias Bauer Associates, Stuttgart

Residential building in Munich (D) Sauerbruch Hutton, Berlin

100

Student residence in Sant Cugat del Vallès (E) dataAE, Barcelona

102 Restoration and change of use of the pressurised waterworks in Frankfurt am Main (D) LV Architekten, Bad Homburg Natalie Hett, Kronberg (interior designer) 104

Fashion store in Frankfurt am Main (D) DESIGN IN ARCHITEKTUR, Darmstadt

106

Rolex Learning Centre in Lausanne (CH) SANAA, Tokyo

108

Parliament of the German-speaking Community in Eupen (B) Atelier Kempe Thill architects and planners

110

Triple-function sports hall in Ingolstadt (D) Diözesanbauamt (Diocesan Building Authority) Eichstätt, Karl Frey

112

Office building in Amsterdam (NL) Claus en Kaan Architecten, Amsterdam /Rotterdam

114

Company kindergarten in Innsbruck (A) ATP architekten ingenieure, Innsbruck 73

Restoration and change of use of the pressurised waterworks in Frankfurt am Main (D)

Architects:

LV Architekten, Bad Homburg Martin Vetter, Volker Lausch Interior design: Natalie Hett, Kronberg Structural engineering: Stephan Krück, Bad Homburg

The original purpose of the Druckwasserwerk in Frankfurt’s Westhafen area was to supply the hydraulic drive systems of the port facilities with pressurised water. The Neo-Renaissance brick building with two flanking towers was built in 1886 –1888. The machine house was closed down in 1960 and eventually restored in the course of rehabilitation of the former port area to a new commercial and residential district in 2008. Since that time, it has accommodated a res taurant. The forward-looking entrepreneur who bought the listed industrial building

102

attached great value to a historically authentic restoration of the construction. Bricked-up windows reinstated and fitted with new lattice windows, the roof structure and the wooden roof were renewed true to the original design. Visitors entering the Druckwasserwerk find themselves immediately inside the approximately 13-metre-high former machine hall. Two new stairs located in the towers on either side lead to a gallery offering a free view of the generous restaurant area with inserted ceilings and wooden truss joists. An unobtru-

sive white-plastered building added to the rear of the historical building contains the restaurant kitchen and storage spaces. The original floor tiles play a major role in the general impression of the hall. Since these were only partly intact, the client ordered a replication of the histor ical tile design consisting of cream-coloured grooved cement mosaic tiles with matching dark-red inserts. The floor areas are framed by an enclosure of special dark-red tiles, which also mark the step leading down from the entrance area.

Section • Floor plan Scale 1:250 1 2 3 4 5 6

Main entrance Pedestal Stairwell Dining area Kitchen Dish-washing area

Detail of floor structure /pedestal Scale 1:10 aa

6 3 6 3

a 5

a 1

7 Cement mosaic tile, grooved, octagonal 170/170/16 mm with cement mosaic insert grooved, square, dark red Flowing bed mortar 6 –10 mm Screed 60 mm Thermal insulation with integrated underfloor heating system 50 mm Floor slab (existing) bearing steel structure with concrete bracing 210 mm (composite girder) 8 Floor edging composed of dark-red tiles 18 mm 9 Steel profile ∑ 10 Visible edge of pedestal, tile 16 mm Tile adhesive 11 Cement mosaic tile, grooved, octagonal 170/170/16 mm with cement mosaic insert grooved, square, dark red Flowing bed mortar 6 –10 mm Screed 60 mm Thermal insulation with integrated underfloor heating system 90 mm Reinforced concrete floor slab (existing)

8 9

10 8

103

Appendix

DIN EN ISO 13 791 Wärmetechnisches Verhalten von Gebäuden – sommerliche Raumtemperaturen bei Gebäuden ohne Anlagentechnik – Allgemeine Kriterien und Validierungsverfahren (Thermal per formance of buildings – Calculation of internal temperatures of a room in summer without mechanical cooling – General criteria and validation procedures) DIN EN ISO 14 683 Wärmebrücken im Hochbau – Längenbezogener Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient – vereinfachte Verfahren und Anhaltswerte (Thermal bridges in building construction – Linear thermal transmittance – Simplified methods and default values) (draft) DIN V 4108 Wärmeschutz und Energie-Einsparung in Gebäuden (Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings) Teil 4: Wärme- und feuchteschutztechnische Bemessungswerte (Part 4: Hygrothermal design values) Teil 10: Anwendungsbezogene Anforderungen an Wärmedämmstoffe – Werkmäßig hergestellte Wärmedämmstoffe (Part 10: Application-related requirements for thermal insulation materials – Factory made products) (prestandard) DIN 4109 Schallschutz im Hochbau – Anforderungen und Nachweise (Sound insulation in buildings; requirements and testing) Teil 1: Anforderungen (Part 1: Requirements) (draft) Teil 2: rechnerische Nachweise der Erfüllung der Anforderungen (Part 2: Verification of compliance with the requirements by calculation) (draft) DIN EN 12 354 Bauakustik – Berechnung der akus tischen Eigenschaften von Gebäuden aus den Bauteileigenschaften (Building acoustics – Estima tion of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of products) Teil 1: Luftschalldämmung zwischen Räumen (Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms) Teil 2: Trittschalldämmung zwischen Räumen (Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms) Teil 3: Luftschalldämmung gegen Außenlärm (Part 3: Airborne sound insulation against outdoor sound) VDI 4100 Schallschutz von Wohnungen – Kriterien für Planung und Beurteilung (Sound insulation of apartments – Criteria for planning and assessment) DIN 18 195 Bauwerksabdichtungen (Waterproofing of buildings) Teil 1: Grundsätze, Definitionen, Zuordnung der Abdichtungsarten (Part 1: Principles, definitions, attribution of waterproofing types) Teil 2: Stoffe (Part 2: Materials) Teil 4: Abdichtungen gegen Bodenfeuchte (Kapillarwasser, Haftwasser) und nichtstauendes Sicker wasser an Bodenplatten und Wänden, Bemessung und Ausführung (Part 4: Waterproofing against ground moisture (capillary water, retained water) and non-accumulating seepage water under floor slabs on walls, design and execution) Teil 5: Abdichtungen gegen nichtdrückendes Wasser auf Deckenflächen und in Nassräumen, Bemessung und Ausführung (Part 5: Waterproofing against non-pressing water on floors and in wet areas, design and execution) Teil 6: Abdichtungen gegen von außen drückendes Wasser und aufstauendes Sickerwasser, Bemessung und Ausführung (Part 6: Waterproofing against outside pressing water and accumulating seepage water, design and execution) Teil 10: Schutzschichten und Schutzmaßnahmen (Part 10: Protective layers and protective measures) Teil 100: Vorgesehene Änderungen zu den Normen DIN 18 195 Teil 1 bis 6 (Part 100: Proposed amendment to the Standards DIN 18195 Part 1 to 6) (draft) Teil 101: Vorgesehene Änderungen zu den Normen DIN 18 195-2 bis DIN 18 195-5 (Part 101: Proposed amendment to the Standards DIN 18195-2 to DIN 18195-5) (draft) DIN 18 195 Beiblatt 1 (Supplement 1) Bauwerksabdichtungen (Water-proofing of buildings) – Beiblatt 1: Beispiele für die Anordnung der Abdichtung (Supplement 1: Examples of positioning of sealants) DIN 4095 Dränung zum Schutz baulicher Anlagen – Planung, Bemessung und Ausführung (Planning, design and installation of drainage systems protecting structures against water in the ground)

118

DIN 4102 Brandverhalten von Baustoffen und Bau teilen (Fire behaviour of building materials and building components) Teil 1: Baustoffe – Begriffe, Anforderungen und Prüfungen (Part 1: Building materials; concepts, requirements and tests) Teil 2: Bauteile – Begriffe, Anforderungen und Prüfungen (Part 2: Building Components; Definitions, Requirements and Tests) Teil 3: Brandwände und nichttragende Außenwände – Begriffe, Anforderungen und Prüfungen (Part 3: Fire Walls and Non-load-bearing External Walls; Defin itions, Requirements and Tests) Teil 4: Zusammenstellung und Anwendung klassifizierter Baustoffe, Bauteile und Sonderbauteile (Part 4: Synopsis and application of classified building materials, components and special components) Teil 4: Zusammenstellung und Anwendung klassifizierter Baustoffe, Bauteile und Sonderbauteile (Part 4: Synopsis and application of classified building materials, components and special components) (draft and amendment A1) Teil 7: Bedachungen – Begriffe, Anforderungen und Prüfungen (Part 7: Roofing; definitions, requirements and testing) Teil 14: Bodenbeläge und Bodenbeschichtungen – Bestimmung der Flammenausbreitung bei Beanspruchung mit einem Wärmestrahler (Part 14: Determination of the burning behaviour of floor covering systems using a radiant heat source) DIN EN 13 501 Klassifizierung von Bauprodukten und Bauarten zu ihrem Brandverhalten (Fire classification of construction products and building elements) Teil 1: Klassifizierung mit den Ergebnissen aus den Prüfungen zum Brandverhalten von Bauprodukten (Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests) Teil 2: Klassifizierung mit den Ergebnissen aus den Feuerwiderstandsprüfungen, mit Ausnahme von Lüftungsanlagen (Part 2: Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services) DIN EN ISO 9239-1 Prüfungen zum Brandverhalten von Bodenbelägen (Reaction to fire tests for floor ings) – Teil 1: Bestimmung des Brandverhaltens bei Beanspruchung mit einem Wärmestrahler (Part 1: Determination of the burning behaviour using a radiant heat source) DIN 18 040 Barrierefreies Bauen – Planungsgrund lagen (Construction of accessible buildings – Design principles) Teil 1: Öffentlich zugängliche Gebäude (Part 1: Publicly accessible buildings) Teil 2: Wohnungen (Part 2: Dwellings) VDI 6008 Barrierefreie Lebensräume (Barrier-free buildings) Blatt 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen und Planungsgrundlagen (Sheet 1: Requirements and fundamentals) Blatt 2: Möglichkeiten der Sanitärtechnik (Sheet 2: Aspects of sanitary installation) Costs DIN 276-1 Kosten im Bauwesen (Building costs) – Teil 1: Hochbau (Part 1: Building construction) DIN 18 960 Nutzungskosten im Hochbau (User costs of buildings)

Further guidelines and work aids BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung – Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development): Use periods of building components for life cycle analyses according to the Assessment System for Sustain able Building (Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen – BNB). 2011 BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raum forschung – Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development): Update of the BBSR table on use periods of build ing components for life cycle analyses according to the Assessment System for Sustainable Building (Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen – BNB) dated 3.11.2011 BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raum

forschung – Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development): Explanations regarding the BBSR table on use periods of building components for life cycle analyses according to the Assessment System for Sustainable Building (Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen – BNB) 2011 Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS – Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development); Bundesministe rium der Verteidigung (BMVG – Federal Ministry of Defence) (pub.): Work aids for handling building and demolition waste as well as for use of recycled building material on federal property (Arbeitshilfen Recycling – Recycling Work Aids). 2008 Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS – Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development); Bundesministe rium der Verteidigung (BMVG – Federal Ministry of Defence) (pub.): Arbeitshilfen Recycling (Recycling Work Aids) – Appendix. 2008 [1] Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit – BMUB (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety) (pub.): Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen. (Sustainable Building Guideline.) 2014 [1] Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit – BMUB (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Build ing and Nuclear Safety) (pub.): Leitfaden Nach haltiges Bauen (Sustainable Building Guideline) – Annexes. 2014 Umweltbundesamt (UBA – Federal Environment Agency) (pub.): Leitfaden zur umweltfreundlichen Beschaffung von elastischen Fußbodenbelägen. (Guideline on environmentally friendly procurement of elastic flooring coverings.) 2012 Zentralverband Deutsches Baugewerbe (German Construction Confederation) (pub.): Verbundabdichtungen – Hinweise für die Ausführung von flüssig zu verarbeitenden Verbundabdichtungen mit Bekleidungen und Belägen aus Fliesen und Platten für den Innen- und Außenbereich. (Composite waterproofing – Information regarding execution of composite waterproofing processed as liquids with cladding and coating composed of tiles and plates indoors and outdoors.) 2012

Databases ÖKOBAUDAT (www.oekobaudat.de) Institut für Bauen und Umwelt – IBU (Institute for Building and Environment) (www.bau-umwelt.de) WECOBIS (www.wecobis.de) GaBi (www.gabi-software.com)

Regulations EnEV Energieeinsparverordnung (Energy Saving Ordinance) 2014 (version dated 18 November 2013) Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Direct ive 89/106/EEC (Construction Products Regulation)

Certificates RAL-UZ 38 Der Blaue Engel (The Blue Angel) (www.blauer-engel.de) Öko-Test (Oeko Test) (www.oekotest.de)

Certification systems DGNB Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (German Sustainable Building Council) (www.dgnb-system.com) LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (www.usgbc.org) BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (www.breeam.com)

Appendix

Image credits Sincere thanks to all those involved in the production of the book by letting us have their original images, by granting permission for reproduction and by providing information. All drawings in this publication were created specially. Photographs without credits originate either from the archives of the architects or from the archives of the magazine Detail. Despite intensive efforts, it was not possible to determine the originators of some photographs and images; copyrights of the holders are however retained. Information in this regard is welcome. Title left: VIA GmbH Title middle: tretford Teppich Title right: DESIGN IN ARCHITEKTUR, Darmstadt Historical development of flooring 1 Maurice Babey, akg-images 2 Valdavia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Ancient_Roman_Mosaics_Villa_Romana_La_ Olmeda_000_Pedrosa_De_La_Vega_-_Salda% C3%B1a_%28Palencia%29.JPG?uselang=de) 3, 4 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 5 Rufus46 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:San_Miniato_al_Monte_Fussboden_ Florenz-02.jpg) 6, 7, 8, 9 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 10 Lionel Allorge (https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Chateau_de_Versailles_2011_Galerie_ des_Glaces.jpg) 11 Benedikt Hotze for DLW Flooring, D – Berlin 12 Public domain (https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Pazyryk_carpet.jpg?uselang=de) Flooring as an architectural design element 1 From: Michaelsen, Hans (author): Königliches Parkett in preußischen Schlössern. (Royal parquet in Prussian palaces.) Petersberg 2010, p. 97 2 FG + SG Fotografía de Arquitectura, Lissabon 3 From: Boesiger, W. (author): Le Corbusier et son atelier rue de Sèvres. Œuvre complète 1952 – 1957 (Vol. 6). Zurich 1957, p. 144ff. (Fig. p. 150) 4 From: Lambot, Ian (ed.): Norman Foster – Buildings and Projects of Foster Associates, Vol. 3, 1978 –1985, Berlin 1989, p. 233 5 Hisao Suzuki, Barcelona 6 Georgethefourth/istockphoto.com 7 Skydeck Chicago at Willis Tower 8 From Hausladen, Gerhard; Tichelmann, Karsten: Ausbau Atlas. (Interiors Construction Manual.) Munich 2009, p. 17 9 VIA GmbH 10 As Fig. 1, p. 193 14 From: Grandjean, Etienne: Grundlagen gesunden Wohnens. (Ergonomics of the Home.) Zurich 15 As 14, p. 244 16 a Ian Scott (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_ Sophia#/media/File:Crowning_point_in_Hagia_ Sophia.jpg) 16 b VIA GmbH 17 a José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 17 b Nacása & Partners Inc., Tokyo 18 a As Fig. 1, p. 129 18 b Roland Halbe, Stuttgart 19 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 20 As Fig. 1, p. 291 21 As Fig. 17b 22 VIA GmbH Sustainability of flooring 1 According to Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB – Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety) (pub.): Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen (Sustainable Building Guideline), Berlin 2014, p. 22 2 According to König, Holger i.a.: Lebenszyklus analyse in der Gebäudeplanung: Grundlagen, Berechnung, Planungswerkzeuge. (Life-cycle analysis in building planning: Fundamentals, calculation, planning tools.) Munich 2009, p. 40 3 As Fig. 2, p. 39 4 According to DIN EN 15 804, Tab. 4, p. 35; Tab. 6, p. 36 5 According to DIN EN 15 804, Tab. 3, p. 34

6 According to DIN EN ISO 14 004, image 3, p. 36 7 According to DIN EN ISO 14 004, Tab. 1, p. 37 8 According to Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit – BMUB (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety) (pub.): Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen (Sustain able Building Guideline), p. 29 9 According to DIN EN 15 804, image A.1 and A.2, p. 47 10 As Fig. 8, p. 24 11 According to DIN 31 051:2010-09, 3. 12 According to DIN EN 13 306:2010-09, Annex A, p. 38 13 According to DIN 31 051:2012-09, 4.3.2 14 According to DIN EN 15 643-4, image 3, p. 20 15 According to Lutz, Martin: FIGR Report No. 2 – Lebenszykluskosten von Fußbodenbelägen (Lifecycle costs of flooring coverings.) Metzingen 2010, p. 7 and 8 16 As Fig. 15, p. 19 17 According to DIN EN 15 643-3, Annex B, p. 26 18 According to DIN EN 15 643-3, 1. and DIN EN 16 309, 7. 19 According to König, Holger i. a.: Lebenszyklus analyse in der Gebäudeplanung: Grundlagen, Berechnung, Planungswerkzeuge. (Life-cycle analysis in building planning: Fundamentals, calculation, planning tools.) Munich 2009, p. 86 20 According to Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung – BBSR (Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development) (pub.): Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen (BNB – Assessment System for Sustainable Building). Berlin 2011 21 According to Bund Technischer Experten e. V. (BTE – Association of Technical Experts): Lebensdauer von Bauteilen, Zeitwerte. (Lifetime of building components, time values) Worksheet by BTE working group. Essen 2008, p. 4/9 22 As Fig. 15, p. 10 23 a According to University of Hamburg, University of Stuttgart, Knauf Consulting, PE International, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF – Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Ökopot (pub.): Detailanalyse für Her steller – Ökologischer Vergleich verschiedener Fußbodenbeläge (Detailed analysis for manufacturers – Ecological comparison of different flooring coverings), p. 2 projekt.knauf-consulting.de/files/handreichung_ fussboden.pdf (accessed: 24.2.2016) 23 b As Fig. 23 a, p. 3 24 Junckers Parkett GmbH 25 According to ÖKOBAUDAT (www.oekobaudat.de) 26 El khouli, Sebastian; John, Viola; Zeumer, Martin: Nachhaltig konstruieren (Sustainable construction techniques). Munich 2014, p. 101 27 Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC-Bodenbelag Recycling (AgPR – Association for the Recycling of PVC Floor-Coverings) 28 According to Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC-Boden belag Recycling (AgPR – Association for the Recycling of PVC Floor-Coverings): PVC-Bodenbelag Recycling (Recycling of PVC Floor-Coverings). Information brochure, p. 2f. 29 According to Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (German Sustainable Building Council) (pub.): DGNB-Systembroschüre – Ausgezeichnet. Nachhaltig Bauen mit System. (DGNB System brochure: Excellence defined. Sustainable building with a systems approach) Berlin 2014, p. 15 Flooring in renovation and modernisation 1 From Giebeler, Georg i.a.: Atlas Sanierung. Instandhaltung, Umbau, Ergänzung. (Renovation atlas. Maintenance, conversion, supplementation.) Munich 2008, p. 78 2 According to Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety) (pub.): Arbeits hilfen Recycling. (Recycling Work Aids) Berlin 2008, p. 26, Tab. 4-2 3 According to EnEV (Energy Saving Ordinance) 2014 Annexes, Annex 3: Anforderungen Bau bestand (existing buildings requirements), regarding § 8, § 9, para. 7

4 According to DIN 4102-4:2014-06, Tab. 3 5, 6, 7, 8 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 9 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart und Institut für Bauforschung e.V. (Institute for Building Research): U-Werte alter Bauteile. (U-values of old building components.) Hanover 2010 a) p. 197; b) p. 198; c) p. 202; d) p. 208 10, 11, 12 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 13 According to Balkowski, Michael: Handbuch der Bauerneuerung – Angewandte Bauphysik für die Modernisierung von Wohngebäuden. (Building renovation handbook. Applied building physics for modernisation of residential buildings.) Cologne 2008, p. 269 14 According to DIN 4109 Supplement 1:1989 -11, Tab. 17, p. 19 15 According to DIN 4109 Supplement 1:1989 -11 16 According to Informationsdienst Holz (Wood information service.) (pub.): Holzbau Handbuch. (Timber Construction Handbook.) Series 1, Part 14, Episode 1: Modernisierung von Altbau ten. (Modernisation of old buildings.) Munich 2001. Cited in: Balkowski, Michael: Handbuch der Bauerneuerung – Angewandte Bauphysik für die Modernisierung von Wohngebäuden. (Building renovation handbook. Applied building physics for modernisation of residential buildings.) Cologne 2008, p. 272 17 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 18 According to DIN 18 195 -1, Tab. 1, p. 12 19, 20, 21 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 22 According to DIN 4102-4, Tab. 9, p. 18 23 According to DIN 4102-4, image 14 and 15 24 According to DIN 4102-4, Tab. 13, p. 24 25 As Fig. 16 26 According to DIN 4102-4, Tab. 27, p. 37 27 According to DIN 4102-4, Tab. 62, p. 85 28 According to DIN 4102-4, Tab. 63, p. 86 29 According to DIN 4102-4, Tab. 64, p. 87 30 Empur 31 Heide Wessely, Munich 32 José Luis Moro, Stuttgart 33 VRD / fotolia Examples of projects Page 74, 75: Adolf Bereuter, Lauterbach Page 76: Werner Huthmacher, Berlin Page 77 top: OBJECT CARPET GmbH, Denkendorf Page 77 bottom: Werner Huthmacher, Berlin Page 78, 79: David Frutos / Bis Images, Murcia Page 80, 81: Jan Bitter, Berlin Page 82 top: Jochen Stüber, Hamburg Page 82 bottom, 83: Christian Lohfink, Hamburg Page 84, 85: Yatri Niehaus, Berlin Page 86, 87: Zooey Braun, Stuttgart Page 88: Udo Meinel, Berlin Page 89: bpk Jörg F. Müller Page 90 – 92: Stanisław Zajączkowski, Breslau Page 93: Bartosz Kolonko, Hongkong Page 94, 95: Miguel de Guzmán, Madrid Page 96: Roland Halbe, Stuttgart Page 98: noshe, Berlin Page 99: Stefan Müller-Naumann, Munich Page 100, 101: Adrià Goula, Barcelona Page 102 top: Christoph Tempes, Friedrichsdorf Page 102 bottom, 103 bottom: VIA GmbH Page 103 top: Natalie Hett, Kronberg Page 104: Artur Lik, Koblenz Page 105: DESIGN IN ARCHITEKTUR; Darmstadt Page 106: Frank Kaltenbach, Munich Page 107: Robert Mehl, Aachen Page 108, 109: Ulrich Schwarz, Berlin Page 110, 111: Magenta 4, Eichstätt Page 112: Christian Richters, Münster Page 113: Luuk Kramer, Amsterdam Page 114, 115: ATP/Aleksander Dyja Photographs introducing sections Page 4: Office and commercial building, Shanghai (CHN) 2006, A-ASTERISK and A-I-SHA architects Photograph: Nacása & Partners Inc., Tokyo Page 6: Flooring of Lateran Basilica, Rome (I) Photograph: Christian Schittich, Munich Page 22: Damaged wood flooring before renovation Photograph: fotolia / wabeno Page 72: New reading room in Berlin State Library (D) 2012, hg merz architekten museumsgestalter, Berlin Photograph: bpk Jörg F. Müller

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