Bathrooms and Sanitation

∂ Practice

Bathrooms and Sanitation Principles Design Implementation

Sibylle Kramer

Author Sibylle Kramer, architect Co-author (chapter on light): Katja Winkelmann, architect, Lighting Designer IALD Contributors: Wiebke Vettermann; Helen Gührer, Alexander Güth, Simon Martin Ranzenberger

Publisher Editorial services and editorial assistants: Steffi Lenzen (Project Manager); Jana Rackwitz Editorial staff: Samay Claro, Marion Dondelinger, Carola Jacob-Ritz, Sophie Karst, Sandra Leitte Drawings: Ralph Donhauser, Marion Griese, Martin Hämmel, Simon Kramer, Dejanira Ornelas Bitterer, Gina Pawlowski Translation into English: Christina McKenna, keiki communication www.keiki-communication.com Copy Editor: Matthew Griffon, keiki communication Proofreading: Stefan Widdess, Berlin © 2015 Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munich An Edition DETAIL book ISBN 978-3-95553-232-1 (Print) ISBN 978-3-95553-233-8 (E-Book) ISBN 978-3-95553-234-5 (Bundle) Printed on acid-free paper made from cellulose bleached without the use of chlorine.

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Typesetting & production: Simone Soesters Printed by: Grafisches Centrum Cuno GmbH & Co. KG, Calbe 1st edition, 2015 This book is also available in a German language edition (ISBN 978-3-95553-211-6).

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∂ Practice Bathrooms and Sanitation

Contents

7 Introduction

13 Fundamental criteria in planning p ­ rivate bathrooms 27

Fundamental planning criteria for p ­ ublic sanitary facilities

39

Technology and construction

54 Sustainability 61

Materials in bathrooms and sanitary facilities

72

Light in bathroom planning

83

Barrier-free sanitary facilities

90

Renovation and modernisation

Examples of projects 98 Conversion of the Alte Hofbibliothek in Donaueschingen (D) 100 Public toilet in Innsbruck (A) 102 Sanitary facility at the ferry harbour in Rødøy (N) 103 Hotel floor in Madrid (E) 104 Hotel in Obanazawa (J) 106 Klosterinsel Rheinau (CH) 108 Detached family house in Sollentuna (S) 110 Holiday house in Linescio (CH) 112 Herzog-Ulrich Primary School in Lauffen am Neckar (D) 114 Primary school sports hall at Tempelhof Field in Berlin (D) Appendix 116 Authors, standards /guidelines 119 Literature 119 Picture credits 120 Index

6

Introduction

In recent years, the significance of the bathroom in architecture has grown ­considerably. Once an isolated, dark, interior space, private bathrooms now usually have an open design. Natural lighting is seen as essential, daylight is directed and coloured lighting brings spaces to life, creating a range of various atmospheres. Manufacturers of bathroom furniture, taps and fittings and ceramics are constantly expanding their ranges, while new materials and processing techniques enable them to offer elements such as unusually sized tiles and basins made of composite materials that can take on any form.

Residents’ wishes are often inspired by the lavish spas of hotels and public baths, spas and swimming pools, so their demands on private bathrooms are also changing in terms of zoning, with floor plans becoming more multifunctional to provide the flexibility needed to respond to changing needs and desires. At the same time, users expect higher quality and better design. In future, there will be a greater focus on issues such as planning for older users, ecology and ongoing technical and ­digital developments.

In public sanitary facilities, such as those in office buildings, bars and restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, sports complexes, airports and other public facilities, the most important issues are functionality, low maintenance and durability. Yet their designs are also now frequently oriented towards their surroundings because they increasingly showcase a building’s qualities. They assimilate the material and chromatic language of their architecture and interior design and testify to their planners’ inventiveness in implementing concepts.

The historic development of baths and bathing Early baths complexes were in use in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as well as in Ancient Greece, where public baths can be dated back to the 5th century B.C. A culture of bathing was also very important in this early period. People went to baths to clean their bodies as well as to relax and communicate. Small public baths were built during the early Roman Empire, which were followed later by luxuriously equipped thermae.

These were places for communication and essential sites of public life. Water, at that time a precious resource, was transported to them across huge public structures – the aqueducts – thereby securing a plentiful water supply and greatly improving the population’s hygiene. Bathing culture in Western Europe diminished with the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D., but it survived in the Byzantine Empire. Crusaders returning from the East in the Middle Ages brought ideas and building plans for baths with them to Western Europe, where public bathhouses again became the place in which most people came into contact with running water. Here too, the baths once again became centres of communication and sociability.

Religious prudery, the spread of syphilis and not least the great plague epidemics and associated risk of infection meant that by the end of the 16th century most bathhouses had been closed.

There was also a prevailing belief that water was dangerous to the health. ­Bodily contact with water tended to be limited to perfumes, especially among the feudal upper classes. Instead of washing, they rubbed their bodies dry and powdered them.

It was only during the Enlightenment in the mid-18th century that ideas changed and public and private baths began to

be built again. In the 19th century, new knowledge in the area of hygiene led to a renaissance in public baths. The first public baths opened in 1842 in Liverpool, and the first German public baths, with 65 bathtubs and 56 washstands, opened in Hamburg in 1855.

In private households, the washstand originally stood in the living room. For a growing bourgeoisie, however, a ­private bathroom was a prestigious architectural feature, so houses came to have a new functional space. Until the turn of the 20th century, many apartment houses in cities had at least one shared bathroom in the corridor. But ­individualisation had become an inexorable force. It soon became standard to fit every home with its own bathroom, or if there was room, with a guest toilet or guest bathroom as well. Now many ­clients want separate bathrooms for every person in the house. “Master bathrooms”, separate bathrooms for parents and children, luxurious spa bathrooms – they all share one feature: our private bathroom is now an individual place for expression, retreat and relaxation. Similarly, public bathing complexes are increasingly becoming places to rest, relax and recharge, where we can recover from the hectic pace of daily life and find a source of renewed energy.

New types of bathrooms Over the course of their development, from Roman thermae and medieval ­bathhouses to today’s individual bathrooms, humanity’s washrooms have always reflected human society. Factors such as diverse regional comfort stan­ dards and habits, different climatic conditions and varying levels of prosperity have played a role in their design, as have differences in the statutory requirements governing the construction of buildings. Yet some overarching trends 7

Fundamental criteria in planning private bathrooms

20

21

basins made of enamelled steel, natural stone or acrylic resin should be equipped with a surrounding drainage channel or a drain that is not unpleasant to stand on for reasons of comfort (Fig. 20). If slot drains are installed, the floor must have a gradient that falls in a single direction and the tiles will not have to be cut.

Water drains through the floor, a few centimetres from the wall. Their covers can be covered with the flooring material to make the drain barely visible. Depending on their installation, slot drains can be more difficult to clean, because the covers must be taken off along their entire length.

Fixed shower partitions can take various forms and be adapted to a range of situations (Fig. 22). As spray protection, they are indispensable for smaller showers or shower areas, and they also keep warmth in the shower stall. They are available with revolving doors, sliding or folding doors and as fixed elements. Transparent materials such as glass or acrylic glass are often chosen to create a more spacious impression. Glass with slight textures or patterns etched into the surface is less likely to show visible lime residues, but completely transparent screens are often preferred for aesthetic reasons.

In large shower areas a separate shower possible possible

mounted models. The taps and fittings are used to exactly adjust the water temperature and direction of the water jets. In France, many southern European countries, Turkey, Arab countries, Latin America and Japan, bidets are very common and are standard equipment in private bathrooms. Some international hotel chains with high standards have recently started dispensing with bidets in favour of the cosier atmosphere of an open bathroom design and keeping the separate closed toilet room as small as possible.

Urinals

Urinals are now no longer only used in public sanitary facilities, but also in ­private homes, although it may be advisable to use models with lids in homes.

Installed as a complement to a toilet, a urinal can save both space and water.

Shower basins/showers

Showers are often installed in smaller bathrooms instead of a bathtub and in large bathrooms to complement the tub and are standard equipment in guest bathrooms. They take up less space than a bathtub and use less water and energy than baths.

Showers generally have an anti-slip ­coating. Floor-level and built-up shower

additional additional partition partition

Fixed Fixed Roundopening opening Round

Foldingdoor door Folding withfixed fixedpart part with

Corneraccess access Corner

Roundopening opening Round

Foldingdoor door Folding withfixed fixedpart part with

Single-leaf Single-leaf 22 c

Double-leaf Double-leaf

Curving Curving

Single-leaf Single-leaf 24

Double-leaf Double-leaf

Frontaccess access Front

Corneraccess access Corner

Fixed Fixed Frontaccess access Front a

b

Walk-in Walk-in d

Curving Curving

Walk-in Walk-in

stall can be dispensed with completely.

The shower is then like a separate room and the surrounding space is sufficient to enable spray protection to be dispensed with. Showers are available with diverse water outlets, such as massage shower heads, rainfall shower heads and fine spray shower heads combined with handheld shower heads and lateral jets.

Bathtubs

Bathtubs are incorporated into larger bathrooms for both personal hygiene and relaxation. In smaller bathrooms, a combination bath, with a larger base and a shower, can be used. The forms and sizes of bathtubs are diverse and can be classified into the following types: straight, wall-fitted baths, built-in, corner and hip baths, double and combination bathtubs. Bathtubs should have an antislip coating. Free-standing sculptural bathtubs are often installed in spa-type bathrooms (Fig. 27, p. 26).

Wall-mounted vertical handrails should be installed for use with bathtubs, although handrails attached to the tub itself can be hard to clean. Their installation must be harmonised with the overall design concept, so for aesthetic reasons, and after consultation with clients, they tend to be dispensed with for free-standing

possible possible additional additional partition partition 20 E xample of a floor-level shower 21 Example of a toilet and bidet 22 Examples for shower partitions a Sliding or telescopic sliding door b Folding doors for shower and bathtub partitions c Revolving doors d Protected entrance with fixed elements, ­walk-in shower 23 Example of a recess in the wall, fittings and ­accessoires, Villa in Hahnwald, Cologne (D) 2010, ultramarin, Stephan Krischer, B ­ ettina Hildebrandt­ 24 Toilet models

Fundamental criteria in planning private bathrooms

23

bathtubs that contribute to shaping the spatial impression of the room.

Whirlpool bathtubs/whirlpools

Tubs for underwater full-body massage have extra air bubble jets, consisting of pumps, adjustment controls and massage and suction nozzles. They use the same water and drainage systems as a normal bathtub, but need an extra electrical connection.

Taps and fittings

The design of taps and fittings, accessories and equipment reflects the whole spectrum of styles available. They can be historicised, classic, playful, functional, technical, organic, purist or futuristic.

Many manufacturers hire renowned architects and designers to help develop their products and satisfy users’ desires for sophisticated design. Among the taps and fittings available are the following: • Floor-mounted taps and fittings are mounted on the floor, the basin, the countertop or next to the bathtub.

• Wall fittings are mounted in or on a wall.

They can be connected with the pipes either on the wall or by installing fittings concealed inside the wall. Concealed installation has become standard for aesthetic reasons and easier cleaning.

Wall fittings have the advantage that they do not have to penetrate the washbasin or bathtub since no tap hole is required to install them.

Twin-lever taps have separately regulated hot and cold water taps, while mixer or single-lever taps enable users to regulate water flow and temperature with a single handle. A thermostat can also be used to keep a set water temperature constant for bathtubs and showers.

Hands-free taps are activated by sensors.

The water only runs for the preset period or until the sensors are again activated.

Self-closing and water-saving taps are often used in schools and other public sanitary facilities (see Using water-saving technologies, p. 56f.)

Accessories

Accessories should be chosen in a consistent material and formal language so that the room does not look too cluttered. Especially in hotels, accessories are often integrated into the bathroom’s overall structural concept. Accessories include towel rails and hooks, toilet roll holders, toilet brushes, soap dishes, soap and lotion dispensers, toothbrush mugs, mirrors, handrails and support handles and rubbish bins.

Mirrors Installing a mirror is not only practical but also advisable from a design point of view. A large mirror can, for example, make a small bathroom look bigger. ­Mirrors should, however, only be hung opposite each other if the confusing effect of an endless series of reflections is desired in the design.

Bathroom furnishings

Furnishings, such as base cabinets, ­mirrored, upright and mobile cupboards and open shelves, should be planned

Wall-mounted 24 shallow pan toilet

Wall-mounted flush down toilet

so that they are adapted to the bathroom’s climatic conditions. The materials used must be water-resistant or at least suitable for maintaining hygiene and durability, even under the impact of steam (see General material properties, p. 61).

Heating as towel rails

Combining heating and towel rails is practical and offers high levels of comfort.

Heaters as warming towel rails are available in different colours, forms and sizes (Fig. 25, p. 26).

Floors

In private bathrooms, there are no obligatory specifications for the choice of floor materials, but suitably non-slip floor coverings should be chosen with care, especially if there are children or older people in the household.

Electrical installations

As well as electrical connections for domestic appliances, such as boilers or extra heating, a sufficient number of power points must be provided. Depending on the materials used and the pipes and cabling involved, subsequent installation can involve considerable time and effort. When deciding on the number of

Siphonic toilet (floor-mounted model)

25

Fundamental planning criteria for public sanitary facilities

6

provided for every three to five employees. One toilet is enough if there are fewer than six employees. If there are more than five men, an additional urinal must be provided. The hand washing basin and urinal can be in the toilet, a vestibule is not prescribed. A changing room must be provided if wearing special work clothes is required.

The ASR also stipulates that toilets should be a maximum of 100 m from the workplace and further recommends that they be not more than 50 metres away. They must be in the same building, not more than one floor away from the employee’s regular workplace, and the route to them should not lead outside.

Ceilings in sanitary facilities – changing rooms, sanitary rooms and toilets – may not be lower than 2.50 metres. Exceptions until the next extensive conversion can be made for existing workplaces. Windows, walls and doors must be appropriately

Female or male employees

Minimum numbers for facilities with low levels of simultaneous use

Minimum numbers for facilities with high levels of simultaneous use

Toilets /urinals

Toilets /urinals

Hand washing ­facilities

11)

1

2

1

6 –10

11)

1

3

1

11– 25

2

1

4

2

26 – 50

3

1

6

2

51–75

5

2

7

3

76 –100

6

2

9

3

101–130

7

3

11

4

131–160

8

3

13

4

161–190

9

3

15

5

191– 220

10

4

17

6

11 For every additional 30 employees +1

1)

Hand washing­ facilities

Up to 5

221– 250

7

positioned to ensure that rooms cannot be seen into from the outside. Separate sanitary facilities should be provided for female and male employees, and these must be clearly designated.

A vestibule is required if there is more than one toilet or if the toilet is directly accessed from another room that is not a corridor. A toilet should not contain more than ten toilets and ten urinals. The required number of toilets and urinals is shown in Fig. 7.

The minimum number of washing areas required depends on the categorisation of the sanitary facilities. They are classified into A, B and C depending on their users’ work. Category A applies to work where workers get moderately dirty, ­Category B to work where workers get very dirty, and Category C to work where workers get extremely dirty and to work involving risks to health, such as work with very malodorous materials or hard

4 For every additional 90 employees +1

An additional urinal is recommended for male employees

30

19 For every additional 30 employees +2

7 For every additional 90 employees +2

physical labour. Simultaneous use also plays a role and is graded into low and high levels of simultaneity. If a company has fixed break times, for example, there will be high levels of simultaneous use during breaks. If employees can use the sanitary facilities at any time, low levels of simultaneous use can be assumed.

Taken together, the category and simultaneous use determine the minimum number of washing areas required for offices and commercial and industrial workplaces. 50 employees involved in Category A work with a low level of simultaneous use will require 6 washing areas, while 50 employees involved in Category C work with a high level of simultaneous use will need 13 washing areas and 13 showers.

Minimum spacing and dimensions – the main ­recommendations of VDI 6000 part 2 and ASR A 4.1

The movement area prescribed for the use of fittings may only overlap other movement areas if the fittings are not expected to be used simultaneously.

Planners should note when working with specifications of minimum space that the movement areas and dimensions used are finished dimensions and not dimensions measured in the room’s unfinished state. A movement area of at least 35 ≈ 60 cm must be provided for each washing area. A shower must have a minimum movement area of 1 m2, and the minimum length of any side may not be less than 90 cm. In changing rooms used by several employees at the same time, a movement area of 0.50 m2 must be available for each user.

In front of movement areas and cubicle doors of sanitary facilities, additional floor space should be provided as a traffic area to ensure unrestricted and unimpeded entry and exit when several people use the sanitary facilities at the same time (Fig. 10).

1,650

200

200

200 200

300 200 200

200 200 200

2,050

1,650

200

Movement area Movement 600/800 area 600/800 2,050

300

3

1,550 350 350 350 350

200

600

1,150

300 200 200

200 200

200

1,150

300 200 200

1,550

c

300

300

Movement area 600/800

200

200

1,150

200

2,050

200

Partition

1,150

200

200

350 350 350 350

Movement area 600/800

300

300 200

200

Movement area 600/800

200

600

600

Movement area 600/600

1,650

Partition 1,650

Partition 200

450

600 600 350 350 350 350 600 350 350 350 350

1,550

d

450

600

350 350 350 350 200

200 200

200

200

MovementMovement area area 600/800 600/800

003

200 200 003

600

1,650

Partition

2,000

300

2,000

1,250

1,250

200

200

200

1,250

450

450 800 800

800

Movement area 600/800

Movement area 600/800

800

450

200

800

300

800

8

200

1,000

Movement area 600/800

7

ange washbasin in sanitary facilities at BMW R Welt, Munich (D) 2007, Coop Himmelb(l)au Minimum number of toilets including urinals, hand washing facilities (acc. to the ASR) Toilet in compliance with the ASR: a Toilet with a single row of toilets, doors open ­inwards b Toilet with a single row of toilets c Toilet with a single row of toilets and urinals, doors open inwards d Toilet with a single row of toilets and urinals e Toilet with a double row of toilets, doors open inwards f Toilet with a double row of toilets g Washroom

31

003 00

6

1,000

8 g

200 200

200

200 200

200

f

e

1,000

200

300

300

MovementMovement area area 600/800 600/800

00

200

600

Partition 1,550

200

450

Movement area 600/600

450 600

Equipment

Toilet cubicles must be lockable from inside. In the cubicle, a clothes hook, ­toilet paper and toilet brush must be ­provided, and rubbish bins with lids in women’s toilets. Soap and a means of drying the hands (e.g. disposable hand towels, cloth towel dispenser or a warmair dryer) and rubbish bins must be provided with hand washing basins.

Washing and shower areas must have hot and cold running water in drinking water quality, as defined in the Drinking Water Ordinance (Trinkwasserverordnung), as well as soap holders and towel rails. A hand rail should also be installed in shower areas. Facilities for drying ­towels and drying the hair may also be required. In shower areas with no direct access to a changing room, receptacles for clothes must be provided in the dry area.

At least one seat for every four employees who use the room at the same time must be provided in changing rooms.

Sufficiently large, ventilated and lockable lockers with receptacles for clothes must be provided for storing clothing. The work and protective clothing and personal

200

200 200

b

200

ASR A4.1 stipulates that a movement area in front of toilets or urinals is required in toilets or toilet cubicles. It should be symmetrically positioned in front of the toilets and urinals. The minimum dimensions shown in Fig. 10 must be complied with for toilets. The direction in which the door opens must also be taken into account. A door that opens outwards is generally preferable because it allows easier access to people in emergencies (Fig. 8). The partition walls and doors of toilet stalls must be at least 1.90 m high.

If partition walls and /or doors are not flush with the floor, the distance between the floor and door’s lower edge must be 10 to 15 cm.

200

300

Partition

a

450

Movement area 600/600

Movement area Movement 600/800 area 600/800

200

Movement area 600/800

200

1,250

Movement area 600/800

Partition

Partition

300

300 200

350 350 350 350

200

200

600

Partition

Partition

600

Movement area Movement 600/600 area 600/600

planning criteria for public sanitary facilities

2,050

1,650

Partition

Fundamental 600 350 350 350 350 600 600 350 350 350 350

450 600

450

450

350 350 350 350

600

600

450

600

1,150 600 350 350 350 350 2,050

450

Technology and construction

In-floor heating

22 Radiator

Wall heating

Ceiling heating

Convection heater

Underfloor convection heater

suitable for a wet room. Heaters provide heat either through radiation (direct heat radiation from a heating device) or though convection (with air as the heat medium), which is why a distinction is made between radiant heating (panel heating) and convection heating (i.e. conventional heaters, see p. 49f.).

hydraulically hardening cement mortar usually used in grouting can also be dyed to create design effects (see Joints and joining material, p. 67).

Edge and movement joints Building components expand and contract, so their surrounding wall and floor surfaces, into which water and moisture can penetrate, must be able to absorb this movement without cracking. Joints between walls and floors must be at least 5 mm wide and have a permanently elastic seal (Fig. 21, p. 47) so that they can accommodate movement. Movement joints must be provided to define specific fields and as a continuation of the building’s existing expansion joints.

Under-floor, in-wall and ceiling heating are forms of panel heating. Heating pipes are laid in the structural component. Once warm, they radiate a comfortable radiant heat, which, thanks to their even temperature level, provides a very pleasant warmth (Fig. 26). In contrast to convection heating, radiant heating causes minimal air currents, which are caused by differences in temperature (the temperature at the heater is higher than that of the air in the room), thereby preventing the constant swirling of mites, bacteria and dust through the house (Fig. 28). The higher acquisition costs of panel heating are offset by its other advantages. The large area of the heat radiating wall surface (and the resulting higher level of pleasant radiant heat) means that the perceived temperature is higher, so the operating temperature can be slightly lower (1 – 2°C),

24

48

which saves energy. Panel heating can use environmentally-friendly, renewable energies such as solar energy because it needs only a very low flow temperature.

Because structural components function as heat sources, heaters, which can restrict freedom of movement and furnishings, are no longer necessary, although walls cannot be completely blocked by furniture because they still need to distribute heat through the room. These systems take some time to heat up (inertia), so panel heating is not suitable for schools, for example, because it reacts too slowly to required changes in temperature.

Panel heating

Heating installation Room temperature is an essential factor for a comfortable bathroom. DIN EN 12 831 recommends delivery temperatures for sanitary facilities, recommendations endorsed by the Association of ­German Engineers (Verband Deutscher Ingenieure) in its VDI 6000 guideline, part 1 (Fig. 27).

Heating surfaces should be easy to clean, enable the room temperature to be easily regulated and have surfaces

23

22 U sual position of various heating systems, in cross section 23 Thin-bed tile laying 24 In-floor heating under dry screed 25 Wall heating in drywall 26 Room temperature profiles for various heating systems 27 Recommended room temperature for sanitary ­facilities (acc. to DIN EN 12 831 and VDI 6000, part 1) 28 Radiant and convection proportions of various types of heating 29 Types of laying heating pipes in in-floor h ­ eating: a in wet screed b under wet screed c under dry screed

Hot water under-floor heating Hot water under-floor heating must be installed in compliance with DIN EN 1264.

DIN 16 892, 4724, 4726 and 16 836 specify the types of pipes that must be used.

The pipes can be laid in wet screed, under wet screed or under dry screed (Fig. 29). Wet screed is usually used in new buildings, with flexible plastic pipes laid and screed poured over them. Dry screed is usually used in subsequent construction because it does not have to be poured over completed floor elements, resulting in less demolition and less moisture in the building (Fig. 24).

25

Technology and construction

20 24 16 20 24 16 20 24 16 20 24 [°C] 2.70 m

1.70 m

Recommended room ­temperature Room

DIN EN 12831

VDI 6000

Kitchen

No details

20 °C

24 °C

24 °C

Bathroom

Ceiling heating

27

20 °C 20 °C

Utility room

No details

15 °C

Kitchenette

No details

15 °C

Barrier-free ­bathroom

No details

26 °C

Flow temperature [˚C]

Wall ­heating

Up to 90 %

10 %

30 – 35

Floor ­heating

60 –70 %

30 – 40 %

30 – 35

Heater (Radiator)

10 –30 %

70 – 90 %

45 – 65

28

cement plasters or loam rendering can be used for systems with ordinary flow temperatures below 50 °C.

Hot water under-floor heating can use gas, oil, pellets or solar thermal heating (see Heating, p. 58f.). Stone and ceramics are especially suitable flooring materials, although this kind of heating can also be installed under wooden floors.

Convection ratio

stant temperature and allows the building to dry out.

Conventional heaters

Hot water heaters are usually classified into tube and ribbed radiators and panel and compact heaters.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tube radiators can also be used as hand towel warmers and are available in different sizes, colours and forms. In summer, when the heating system heats only hot water, most bathroom heaters can be operated with electrical heating cartridges as needed. It is generally better to install radiators on the wall than on the floor because the floor covering remains continuous, which makes floors easier to clean.

The installation process usually begins in solid construction after the building’s shell is completed. Once the pipes have been laid, the radiators and their mounting brackets are preinstalled for a heating system test. Before the heating system test, the heating system’s pressure must be tested to ensure that the pipes laid can withstand pressure and will not leak.

The pipe system is filled with water, air or nitrogen and pressurised for a specific period. This allows testers to measure the pipes’ ability to withstand the pressure

Wall panel heaters Wall panel heaters are composite elements consisting of a pipe system and insulation that are installed on a wall and plastered in using a drywall construction method. The insulation required for outer walls must be calculated using Germany’s current Energy Saving Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung – EnEV).

Water-based wall heating Wall heating can be built as systems that pipe water inside walls (Fig. 25), as heating panels attached to walls in rooms, as skirting board heating or as temperature control heating. To limit heat loss to the outside, a heat transfer coefficient (U-value) of 0.35 W/m2K should not be exceeded for exterior walls.

≥ 65 cm

In-floor heating

20 °C 20 °C

Radiation ratio

Skirting board heating Skirting board heating or skirting board convection heating consists of pipes heated with hot water routed along skirting boards that release warm air through air vents at the top of the cladding. They are laterally ventilated and have a relatively low heat output.

Wall plaster In-wall heating systems consist of pre­ fabricated heating elements, so-called ­heating grids or coils made of copper, steel or plastic capillary tubes, which are attached to the bare wall (concrete or brick), or more rarely to the interior ­insulation, and then plastered over.

The heating grid may have to be surrounded with expanding metal mesh before plastering in order to prevent cracks forming. The plaster should be 25 – 35 mm thick. Gypsum, lime or

1 2 control 3 4 5 6 7 Temperature heating Temperature control heating is often used in listed historic buildings or if an existing structure has been weakened by damp.

Hot water pipes or electric heating cables are plastered into the skirting boards or side rails and around window reveals.

This keeps the building’s shell at a con-

≥ 65 cm

≥ 45 cm

Wall Ideal heating thermal 26 stratification panel

Toilet Guest toilet

Type of heating

1 2 3 4 1

2

3

4

5

6

Floor covering Thin-bed mortar/ adhesive Screed Heating pipes

5 6 7 8

Sealing Insulation Floor or ceiling slab Dry screed

7

29 a

b

≥ 19 cm

≥ 45 cm

≥ 65 cm

8

c

49

60

Materials in bathrooms and sanitary facilities

The choice of materials in bathrooms and sanitary facilities has a decisive influence on the room’s overall effect. Atmosphere and comfort, light reflections, colour and function are essentially determined by the material chosen. Users perceive contact with material surfaces as warm or cold, rough or smooth, soft or hard, which influences the room’s overall concept.

As well as impinging on users’ senses, materials must meet demands such as water resistance, hygiene, care and maintenance, robustness, safety, durability and aesthetics.

Higher traffic in public sanitary facilities means that they have to meet demands different from those made on private bathrooms. Their materials need to be more resistant to water and cleaning agents, easy to clean and low-maintenance. As well as technical demands, the aesthetics of materials and options for working with and processing them play a major role in planning. The range of materials available for use in bathrooms is becoming increasingly comprehensive. Products and their finishing and surface treatments are undergoing constant technical development, and the range of colours available is permanently expanded to keep up with current trends.

Natural and artificial stone and ceramic tiles are among the primary materials used in bathrooms due to these materials’ properties, although wood and wood products, concrete, glass, metal and plastics are being increasingly frequently used. The choice of suitable materials and types of processing are decisive ­factors in ensuring the functionality, ­durability and aesthetics of a bathroom or sanitary facility.

General material properties Resistance to water, heat and fading, hygiene, hardness, workability, surface

finish, feel and colour are specific material properties that play an important role in bathroom planning (Fig. 22, p. 71).

slipping due to large quantities of slippery substances usually require a larger displacement area.

Surface finishes and porosity

Robustness and stability

A material’s surface finish and porosity are directly linked with hygiene, cleaning and slip resistance. Homogeneous, nonporous, smooth, largely seamless materials, which do not offer a breeding ground for bacterial or mould growth and can be easily and thoroughly cleaned, are best from a hygienic point of view. At the same time, surface finishes need to be slip­ resistant and the smoother a surface, the less slip-resistant it is.

A material’s robustness and stability are directly linked with its durability and ­maintenance. In high-traffic areas such as in public sanitary facilities, but also in private bathrooms, planners should ensure that materials are hard, scratch and impact-proof and resist wear and tear to ensure that they are durable.

Material of a certain thickness may also be required. The thickness of wood or composite materials, such as laminates, can considerably determine how robust the material is and how often it can be sanded.

Slip resistance

Many accidents begin with stumbling, slipping or falls, so floor coverings that remain slip-resistant, even if covered with slippery substances such as water, sand, oil and soap, play an essential role in preventing accidents. Testers assess slip-resistant properties for the purposes of DIN 51130 by walking on a sloping floor. The German BG rule (Berufsgenossenschaftliche Regel) 181 prescribes slip-resistant properties for public spaces. There are no specific requirements for private bathrooms, although tiles here have the same ­characteristics as those in public sanitary facilities, so slip resistance should also be taken into account in private ­bathrooms.

Anti-slip classes (Rutschsicherheitswerte) range from R9 to R13, with R9 representing the lowest and R13 the highest slip resistance (Fig. 1, p. 62).

As well as anti-slip classes, a V-value describes the size of the displacement area (Fig. 2, p. 62). A floor covering’s displacement area is the space left open in a floor’s uppermost surface, e.g. spaces between ridges. Floor coverings in workspaces and areas that pose a high risk of

Working properties

The feasibility of certain design concepts can depend on the processing properties of materials. Hard materials, such as n ­ atural stone, are less suitable for creating organic or fluid forms, which can be created by using malleable materials such as mineral materials or laminated moulded plywood.

Large-format, hard stoneware tiles are usually less suitable for modelling ­surfaces with small recesses for ­subsequent installations because they are harder to cut than small standard tiles.

Choosing materials The choice of materials has a major ­influence on a room’s overall effect.

Warm materials like wood make a room look cosy, while light colours create an impression of space (see General design principles, p. 69). Various criteria for the selection of the most important materials for designing private bathrooms and public sanitary facilities are presented on the following pages.

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arious manual and machine surface treatments V of natural quarried stone: • Coarse processing methods: a Naturally rough cleavage face, e.g. Soln­ hofen slab The stone, which develops in layers, can be cut with quarrying tools into layers to provide naturally rough surfaces. Schistose stone, such as Alta quartzite or Solnhofen slabs, is often processed in this way. b Pointing, e.g. limestone (coarsely pointed): The stone surface is treated with a pointed hammer and coarsely or finely pointed ­depending on the kind of blows struck. The entire surface is treated in this way.

5 a b c d c Grooving, e.g. limestone Here the surface is grooved with a drove chisel, which cuts parallel ridges into the which emphasises the stone’s natural hammering, pointing, grooving, flaming) stone. This roughens the surface and can ­colour and gives it a slightly shiny “wet” or naturally rough surfaces are used if a be used to increase its slip resistance. d Bush-hammering, e.g. limestone look. Before application, a comparable particular surface is desired for aesthetic Natural stone surface is worked with a bush effect can be simulated for purposes of reasons or if increased slip resistance is hammer, a tool like a meat mallet. The size of its pyramid-shaped teeth determines the dedemonstration by wiping the surface required. For slip-resistant floor tiles, the gree of slip resistance. Matte, rough surfaces with a damp sponge.

Impregnating stone surface is often created by treating the worked with bush hammers with 3 mm teeth surfaces protects the stone without stone with heat and flame, blistering off are described as finely bush-hammered.

Stone surfaces worked in this way form slip­ changing its colour and shine. Impregnathe stone’s top layer to create a rough, resistant floor coverings. tion is not visible, but it penetrates the uneven structure. Surfaces can also be e Diamond saws, e.g. limestone Diamond-edged saw blades can create stone’s pores and causes water to bead treated with a bush hammer with pyraa relatively fine surface. Traces of sawing off its surface. mid-shaped teeth and roughened to vari­remain visible.

In contrast to hard stone, crystallisation ous extents. f Flame treatment, e.g. granite The extremely hot temperatures emitted by can make already laid and polished a flame thrower used in flame treatment Artificial stone ­limestone or marble (carbonate) slabs ­destroy crystalline stone’s surface structure.

This kind of surface treatment can only be Artificial stone is stone that is not natural more slip-resistant. The surface is first used on quartziferous types of stone. The but is artificially or industrially manufaccleaned thoroughly, roughened with steel stone slab must be thick enough to withtured. This type of stone is classified wool and, after application of an emulstand it. g Sandblasting, e.g. granite according to its composition into mineral sion, high-gloss polished. This produces Sandblasting can be used to produce rough materials, engineered stone and cement a reaction in the stone that c ­ onsiderably surfaces. Varying the abrasive and exit speed of abrasive particles used can probonded materials. Artificial stone has hardens a stone floor yet leaves it duce different rough surfaces.

unsealed and able to “breathe”.

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• Fine processing methods: h Sanding, e.g. granite Stone’s colour and texture is clearly visible under finely sanded surfaces. Particle sizes ranging from C30 (coarse) up to C500 (fine) are available. Very finely sanded surfaces are easy to clean but also smooth, so not slip-resistant and not suitable as floor coverings, especially in wet areas and places where people walk barefoot. i Polishing, e.g. granite Polishing (using polishing powder) deepens the colour and determines the degree of shine of a natural stone surface. Floors exposed to high traffic are often only sanded, not polished, partly to prevent slipping and partly because the polish can wear off quickly, making the surface costly to maintain.

Very porous natural stone (Travertine, some types of sandstone) is difficult or impossible to polish because of its relatively weak grain bonding. j Chemical etching, e.g. marble Chemical etching with acids can be used in fine processing to achieve slip resistance class R9, even on a relatively smooth surface. The acids used are toxic and react in different ways with different kinds of natural stone. They can, for example, cause discolouration.

Bathroom washbasin element made of acrylicbonded mineral material, office building in ­Hamburg (DE) 2010, Richard Meier + Partners Bathroom made of acrylic-bonded mineral material, hotel in Madrid (ES) 2005, Zaha Hadid (see Examples of projects p. 103)

Treating the surface of natural stone Natural stone surfaces, rough and uneven after quarrying, can be modified and treated in various ways with diamondtipped tools. Depending on whether it is being used on a wall or floor, specific surface treatments can meet different usage and appearance requirements. A surface’s smoothness is directly related to its slip resistance (Fig. 1, p. 62). The finer the polish, the less friction there is and the greater the risk that people will slip on the surface. Surface treatments for natural stone can be classified into rough and fine processing techniques (Fig. 5).

Cleaning issues (the rougher the surface, the harder it is to clean) mean that now almost exclusively fine processing techniques are used to create natural stone surfaces in bathrooms and sanitary facilities (sanding /polishing, chemical etching). Smoother surfaces that are easy to clean usually fit in better with the aesthetic design wishes of planners and clients. Coarse processing methods (bush-

been used in the construction industry since around 1900, but only in the past 50 years have its technical properties been further developed so that it can now be described as a high-tech material. In contrast to natural stone, artificial stone has a huge range of colours, is colourtrue and can be precisely reproduced.

Mineral materials are essential in the design of private bathrooms and public sanitary facilities. They meet a wide range of needs because they combine the positive properties of being non-porous and water resistant, while their material properties give designers wide-ranging freedom. Mineral materials can be stuck together almost without joints, moulded at controlled temperatures and worked with wooden tools.

Engineered stone Engineered stone contains a high proportion of natural minerals, consisting of about 90 % of natural quartz powder, and is bonded with resin, usually polyester, or with epoxy or acrylic resin. The addition of coloured pigments or effect particles

Materials in bathrooms and sanitary facilities

e

f

g

such as glass or glitter crystals determines the appearance of engineered stone. It is made in kilns. The mass is poured into a lined form and solidified.

Heating polymerises the mass, so it can be worked like natural stone when it is cool. Engineered stone is very hard, scratch-proof, easy to clean and care for, non-porous (thus very hygienic), and resistant to water, moisture and heat up to around 160 °C. Mineral materials Mineral materials, also called “solid surface”, were developed in the 1960s and are pleasant and warm to touch with a velvety surface. Mineral materials comprise about 65 –75 % natural minerals bonded with acrylic or polyester resin (their composition varies from manufacturer to manufacturer) and colour pigments to form a composite material, so they are divided into acrylic-bonded and polyester-bonded mineral materials. The advantage of acrylic-bonded mineral materials is that they are easier to mould.

Acrylic resin also makes the material light-fast, while UV stabilisers have to be added to polyester-bonded mineral materials. Mineral materials are not as hard and scratch-resistant as engineered stone but are lighter, and their material properties offer a far greater range of design possibilities (Fig. 7).

As their surfaces are very robust, nonporous and homogeneous, they are very hygienic and easy to care for and prevent microbial growth. They do not absorb water and steam and can be stuck together to form seamless surfaces.

Acrylic resin-bonded mineral materials in particular can be mechanically worked with wooden tools, heat-moulded in three dimensions and poured. Depending on their colour and thickness, they can also be lit from behind.

Mineral materials are not only used in

h

i

slab form. In sanitary facilities, their material properties make it possible to implement holistic and consistent design concepts and spatial solutions with objects such as bathtub-shower combinations, prefabricated wet room units, interior objects or individual mineral materials washbasins (Figs. 6 and 7). Architects no longer have to think in terms of single objects for washbasins and bathtubs, which often result in standard solutions, but can plan homogeneous, individualised bathroom “landscapes” that are “all of a piece”. Planners planning to use mineral materials in heavily used, hightraffic public sanitary facilities should keep in mind that the material is not nearly as hard as natural or engineered stone. Shallow scratches in the surface, which are largely unavoidable in everyday use, can be easily removed with suitable sponges or sanding tools, although this may impact the surface’s shine and make it necessary to treat the entire unit.

Mineral materials are only recommended for use as floor coverings if they are not walked on with outdoor shoes. Hard particles, such as small stones that can be deposited on their surface and rubbed in under pressure, can cause unsightly and clearly visible scratches in them.

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j Screeds, cement-bonded materials

Screeds are layers of mortar that usually carry another floor covering, but with appropriate sealing and/or coating, they can also be used as flooring without another covering (Fig. 8, p. 66). Screeds are classified according to their bonding agents into cement screed (CT), mastic asphalt screed (AS), synthetic resin screed (SR), calcium sulphate screed (CA) or magnesium screed (MA).

Depending on their surface treatment, the slip resistance of cement screeds is classified in classes ranging from R9 (smoothed with a power trowel) to R13 (broom finish) (see Slip resistance, p. 61).

Cement screeds offer stability and good grip, are highly resistant to wear and tear, withstand high and low temperatures equally well, and are not sensitive to moisture.

The minimum thickness of screed on an insulating layer under a natural stone and ceramic floor covering is 45 mm.

These kinds of screeds are identified with an “F” for floating or “H” for heating. Cement screeds can be dyed by adding colour pigments to them. Surface cement paste can also be sanded off to expose the colour and form of stone aggregates. Floors made in this way

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Light in bathroom planning Katja Winkelmann

Light is an essential design element in architecture, interacting with surfaces, structures and materials to ­create atmosphere. In lighting design, usage-­oriented zoning and aspects, such as cost-effectiveness and sustainability, and not least the health and wellbeing of users must be taken into account.

Quantitative light planning that focuses solely on providing required illumination levels in accordance with DIN EN 12 464 is usually unsatisfactory. An evenly lit bathroom looks light and clear but is not necessarily pleasant and not very atmospheric.

Planning should focus on the effect of lighting, i.e. the distribution, colour and intensity of light and its various effects on people, because only an ­optimum interaction of these characteristics ensures a pleasant atmosphere in the room.

To meet the demands and needs of clients, the issue of light must be integrated into planning at an early stage, requiring cooperation with a lighting planner. Technical demands and architectural conditions must be assessed and taken into account.

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dance with their usage. It also allows a range of different atmospheres through the interaction of a subdued area with ­filtered daylight for relaxing – perhaps with shutters or louvers in front of a ­window close to the bathtub – and a more active area with a direct view that lets in more daylight such as a window near a washbasin (Fig. 1). Reflective ­surfaces on ceilings or walls or lightrefracting louvers at windows can deflect daylight into the basin area, providing natural light. Designers can also play with sunlight and its reflections. Prisms, lenses, faceted crystals or reflectors built into a skylight or window can deflect ­sunlight in the room, reflecting light onto surfaces and rendering the outside light situation visible.

Daylight Daylight is the healthiest and most pleasant light for people and should be incorporated into planning wherever possible.

Appropriate openings sustainably supply interior spaces with natural light and connect users with the outside world. However, they may not be ideal if, for example, a soft, muted atmosphere is desired, so levels of daylight must be controlled.

Screening and privacy are also issues to be dealt with in this context. In the bathhouses of antiquity, Turkish hammams and Roman thermae, there are openings for daylight that link users with the outside world without allowing outsiders to see in.

The architect and architectural theoretician Vitruvius (1st century B.C.) in his work “De Architectura” provides precise instructions on the construction of thermae, stipulating that light should fall from above, be filtered through windows with glass mosaics and yet allow required warmth into the bathroom. Heat input through windows is now usually controlled by a structural physicist. Controlling and filtering levels of daylight by means of coloured glass, shutters, translucent, matte surfaces or simple curtains allows planners to create zones in bathrooms and sanitary facilities in accor­

Artificial light Since daylight depends on the time of day and a building’s floor plan and is not always or only partly available, artificial light is particularly important in bathrooms. It can be specifically used to divide rooms into zones and highlight ­various areas (Fig. 1; see Lighting situations /zones in bathrooms, p. 79) with the creation of a range of different lighting scenarios.

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Light in bathroom planning

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Controlled daylight in a bathroom: a Slatted ceiling above a shower area, house on the Mornington Peninsula / Victoria (AUS) 2002, Sean Godsell Architects b Daylight falls through frosted glass on the head of a bathtub, single-family house in Lehrte (D) 2004, Nieberg Architect c Daylight in the shower area, bathroom in an ­attic apartment, San Francisco (USA) 2006,

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Light and materials

Lighting should highlight the materials used in the surfaces that shape the room.

Their colour, structure and degree of shine, together with the room’s shape, form a visual impression and highlight their special features. A room full of dark surfaces will always look dark, even if it is very brightly lit. An impression of lightness, in contrast, can be created with just a little light falling on light-coloured, reflective surfaces. This optical effect should be taken into account in planning spaces. An optimum lighting of surfaces is essential to highlight the materials used. In choosing lighting, how the light reflects from surfaces, how it refracts or bends from the material also plays a role (Figs. 3 and 4). A highly polished surface, for example, powerfully reflects points of light and can result in unpleasant glare, which can be perceived, perhaps not even consciously, as perturbing, and can impair the quality of users’ experience of the room. A high-quality material, such as a special natural stone or warm wooden surface, can look pale and matte in bad or wrongly directed light and so lose its special appearance. The effect of investing in materials, sanitary fittings or furnishings is lost if their surfaces are not optimally accentuated.

The technical fundamentals of light and lighting terms

Light planners use a wide range of technical terms. Various technical properties of light such as colour rendering, colour temperature and distribution combine to form the quality of the presentation of surfaces in a room, so these properties must be taken into account in choosing illuminants in bathrooms as well as in other areas of lighting planning (Fig. 5, p. 74).

Light intensity and density Light intensity E (described in lux) is

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Cary Bernstein Architect Interaction of daylight, artificial light and water reflection effects, penthouse flat in London (GB) 2011, Buckley Gray Yeoman (BGY Architects) The material reflects brilliant light. Hotel in Davos (CH) 2013, Oikios Architekten Focused light emphasises old exposed brickwork and material structures. Attic flat conversion in London (GB) 2013, Emulsion Architects

specified in DIN EN 12 464 and DIN 5034 and 5035 as a minimum value to be ­complied with but is not really a visible value because it describes the light hitting a reference surface. Light density L (described in candela/m2) describes the visible impression of the light of a surface, i.e. visible reflected light. A light, reflective surface has high light density, a dark surface in contrast, very low light density. A black and a white surface can look completely different under the same light intensity. Light intensity measurement can identify minimum levels of light but says little about our impression of a room’s light. This again illustrates the importance of a careful choice of materials and colours.

Colour rendering Daylight provides the best colour rendering because the sun gives off the complete spectrum of light visible to humans and correctly represents colours. The spectrum of light that an individual artificial light source radiates, the light’s spectral distribution, determines the quality of artificial light’s colour rendering.

Planners should also take the major differences in the price and, in particular, the quality of LEDs in terms of their colour rendering and efficiency into account.

The colour rendering of illuminants is defined in DIN 6169 as the colour rendering index (Ra ), which DIN EN 12 464 ­prescribes for various uses. Ra 100 (e.g. halogen and low-voltage halogen lamps, daylight) provides very good colour rendering. Ra 70 (e.g. bad LEDs) describes light sources that represent colours incorrectly or inadequately. DIN EN 12 464 ­prescribes a colour rendering index value of at least Ra 80 for lighting in bathrooms. To achieve a really pleasant and realistic colour representation, a colour rendering index value of at least Ra 85 should be chosen, while at least

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Barrier-free sanitary facilities

“Barrier-free” is a term used to describe the design of a built environment and the information and communication systems for all people to use equally, without restriction. It is a term that refers explicitly not only to people with disabilities, but also to a way of ensuring equal access for everyone – older people and children, pregnant women, people with temporary injuries or cognitive, visual and auditory limitations, wheelchair users and people who have difficulty walking or whose mobility is limited.

The requirements involved in creating barrier-free spaces are often regarded by planners as entailing extra “effort” because the objects that have to be installed (such as support handles, emergency call devices, height-adjust­ able washbasins, door openers) have a range of different dimensions, place new demands on installation heights, and often do not meet the aesthetic wishes of architects and users. Barrier-free spaces, for example, require equipment that lets users use doors and other objects with as little strength as possible, which usually involves more complex technical equipment and thus higher costs. The need for barrier-free spaces is not called into question here – on the contrary. In this context in particular, planners need to develop spatial solutions that not only take the specifications of DIN standards or VDI guidelines into account, but also make it possible for all people to comfortably use sanitary facilities, while still creating high-quality designs.

Many measures taken while building ­barrier-free facilities provide not only people with physical limitations with easy and comfortable use of sanitary facilities, but also offer everyone more everyday comfort. Regardless of users’ physical condition, a floor-level entrance to a shower (instead of over a rim) and spacious sanitary facilities offer everyone

more benefits and convenience in general. A barrier-free environment is only absolutely necessary for a small proportion of the population, yet it increases comfort and convenience for 100 % of the population. Demographic developments in Europe mean that the proportion of older people is increasing significantly, so the need for bathrooms and sanitary facilities that older people can use independently will continue to grow strongly in coming years. According to the German Federal Statistical Office, the proportion of people in Germany needing care will increase by about 62 % from 2.1 to 3.4 million by 2030, compared with the 2005 figure. 1.6 million of these people will be aged over 80 [1]. Barrierfree spaces seem likely to become stan­ dard and even more creativity should be devoted to their planning. Just as legislation has developed from simply defining access for a disabled minority to now regarding barrier-free facilities as an aspect of broader equality, public sanitary facilities and private bathrooms must now also develop from being just “for the disabled or elderly” to become future-­ oriented, comfortable bathrooms with high aesthetic standards. This will probably be implemented sooner in private bathrooms

than in public facilities because the additional space and technology required means higher construction costs.

Definition and legislative basis The German Equal Treatment of Disabled Persons Act (Behindertengleichstellungs­ gesetz – BGG) of 2002 stipulates that “Structures and equipment, means of transport, articles of daily technical use, information systems, sources of acoustic and visual information, communications equipment and other planned aspects of life are barrier-free when disabled people can access and use them in the general and usual way without particular difficulty or outside help.” [2] The individual building regulations of the German federal states (Landesbauordnungen) contain more detailed definitions. DIN standard 18 040, part 1 covering publicly accessible buildings, and part 2 covering dwellings and buildings containing dwellings, and VDI guideline 6008 make further recommendations. These are binding, and planners must comply with them if they are specified as a planning specification 1

xample of a barrier-free bathroom with a E ­height-adjustable washbasin, adjustable mirror, floor-level shower with seat and support handle

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Barrier-free sanitary facilities

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90 – 100

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in a contract or if the state building regulations or other legal regulations require them. The regulations are used as aids in decision-making and assessment criteria if there is a dispute, so compliance with them is recommended and has become standard.

retical future case involving still unknown needs. Users’ needs must be realistically assessed and weighed up, taking statutory guidelines and general recommendations into account. Details on some frequent physical limitations are provided below.

Universal Design – Design for All

Motor restrictions Impaired motor skills and mobility are often a result of reduced limb function in those affected. Those who have difficulty walking or use a wheelchair, walking frame or other walking aid need more room to move. Plans should avoid steps and thresholds, or alternative ways should be made available.

Universal Design is an international design concept launched in the USA in the 1980s that offers recommendations on the design of products and the built environment based on seven principles that make products suitable for the various abilities and needs of different users without requiring further specialisation.

It focuses on broad, simple usability, flexibility of use, easy and intuitive use, information users can access directly with their senses, basic risk reduction and less physical effort and sufficient space for all users. Europe’s “Design for All” sets similar goals, but focuses more closely on social aspects.

Potential limitations and corresponding planning requirements Laws and regulations regulate minimum planning requirements. As well as the spaces, movement areas, dimensions and installation heights of objects prescribed in DIN 18 040 and VDI guideline 6008, (Fig. 18, p. 88), planners should seek to support easy use of the built environment through planning.

Possible physical limitations

Planners and architects should inform themselves about users’ possible disabilities and illnesses so that they can react appropriately in designing rooms, providing light, choosing materials, suitable objects and taps and fittings, and offering fitting solutions. They should determine whether they are planning for a specific user with identifiable needs or for a theo84

Sensory and cognitive limitations Sensory limitations can include visual impairment and blindness, hearing impairment or deafness, or a combination of both. Cognitive limitations (limitations of intellectual capacity) caused by neurological or psychological illnesses can reduce people’s ability to perceive, react, coordinate and orient themselves in space.

Planners can react to these by minimising or entirely avoiding steps and thresholds, which can be hard to negotiate for a ­visually impaired person or for someone whose coordination is impaired. Good lighting that highlights the edges and ­corners of spaces (e.g. doors and doorways; Figs. 4 and 5) makes them easier to perceive and reduces shadows. ­So-called passing shadows, which are caused by unevenly targeted lighting, can increase the risk of falls for visually impaired people and dementia patients or startle them. Direct-indirect lighting enables users to perceive high-contrast colours and improves their orientation in a room. Acoustic signals, such as those emitted by pedestrian traffic lights, can complement or replace optical signals and vice-versa. Changes in surface mate-

rials can provide users with haptic indications and additional orientation.

Impaired organ function Impaired organ function can include ­limited bladder and/or bowel function (incontinence). The frequent bodily cleaning that such conditions involve mean that a shower must be provided in sanitary facilities so that users do not have to go to another room to be cleaned. An extra toilet can be advisable in private homes.

Aids that support independent movement

General barrier-free aids are useful in public sanitary facilities and in private bathrooms and can help all users orient themselves and call for help in an emergency.

Tactile guide systems for the blind Tactile guide systems enable blind and visually impaired people to move independently through public spaces. Such systems are usually integrated into the ground or floor or provided as indicators (panels of ridges or nubs), where a change of covering can be felt with the aid of a cane.

Signs /high-contrast colouring Signs improve users’ orientation and help them find sanitary facilities. Besides being object-specific and using appropriate font sizes and lighting, signs with a high-contrast design, i.e. with a sufficiently high-contrast luminous density, make it easier for users to perceive information. Luminous density contrast k measures the difference between the comparative lightness of two surfaces.

Alarm signals based on the “two-senses” principle The “two-senses” principle is a term used to describe an information system that simultaneously addresses at least

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two of the three senses of hearing, sight and touch, thereby giving it a wide range of applications in a barrier-free space.

Simultaneous optical (blinking lights) and acoustic warning signals (sirens) enable people with both auditory and ­visual impairment to perceive a warning signal. Not only the toilet itself but also the way to it must be barrier-free and easy to reach. Floor numbers reached in lifts for example, can be ­indicated visually on a tableau, through an audible announcement or be labelled in Braille.

Publicly accessible areas – planning specifications in DIN 18 040-1 In October 2010, DIN 18 040-1 replaced the previously valid DIN 18 024-2 stan­ dard of 1996. The new standard defines publicly accessible buildings as including cultural and educational institutions, sport and leisure facilities, health-care institutions, office, administrative and court buildings, retail and hospitality premises, car parks, garages and toilets. This standard no longer includes specifications for residential homes, accommodation providers and workplaces. Germany’s workplace regulations (Arbeitsstättenrichtlinie – ASR V3a.2) on “Barrier-free workplace design” apply to workplaces.

Appropriate construction measures are required to enable people with physical limitations to use public sanitary facilities, so the larger movement areas that users with wheelchairs or walking frames need must be taken into account. Sanitary facilities must also be accessible without steps and thresholds, and ramps or lifts must be installed where necessary. Washbasins must be height-adjustable so that a wheelchair user can easily reach taps and accessories. The adjusted grasp range (Fig. 3) and ease of operation, especially as regards a possi-

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ble reduction in strength due to unfavourable leverage, must be taken into ­account here.

Circulation and movement areas

Circulation and movement areas must be of an appropriate size for people who need the most space depending on their situation (Fig. 2). Movement areas can also overlap.

Users of wheelchairs (which have a ­turning circle of ≥ 150 cm), walking aids (≥ 90 ≈ 70 cm) or walking frames (≥ 80 ≈ ≥ 100 cm) require the most space. DIN 18 040-1 prescribes a nec­ essary space and movement area without a change of direction of ≥ 120 cm.

An area of at least 150 ≈ 150 cm is required for turning a wheelchair. For other users and users with walking frames, a space of 120 ≈ 120 cm is sufficient. Where two wheelchair users meet, the movement area must be at least 180 ≈ 180 cm. ­Passage widths and doorway widths for wheelchair users should be at least 90 cm. These precisely specified movement areas may not be reduced.

Movement areas in front of and behind doors depend on the type of door (revolving or sliding door) and its position relevant to other parts of the building. The headroom above circulation areas, under angled parts of a building for example, should be at least 220 cm for visually impaired and very tall people. The space under this (under 220 cm) and unavoid­ able obstacles must be secured by visual markings and tactile orientation aids.

Headroom for doors is prescribed at ≥ 205 cm. DIN 18 040-1 does not prescribe headroom for stairs, but DIN 18 065 specifies ≥ 200 cm for this space.

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by people with wheelchairs and walking frames and those with hearing and visual impairment. Revolving doors may not open into sanitary rooms, which is the only way to prevent the door being blocked. It must be possible to unlock doors from the outside.

Equipment must contrast visually, be ­distinguishable from its surroundings and be reachable from a sitting position (85 cm, Fig. 3). The use of single-lever taps or taps and fittings with contactless sensors may also be necessary.

A temperature limiter preventing water from heating above 45 °C is required for taps and f­ittings that use ­contactless sensors.

A movement area of 150 ≈ 150 cm must be provided in front of all objects and in shower areas, but the area may overlap.

Although the standard only recommends a daybed (180 ≈ 90 cm with a height of 46 – 48 cm) for sanitary rooms in highway service areas, sports facilities and in changing rooms in a sanitary facility, it may also be advisable to install daybeds in other areas (Fig. 6).

Folding daybeds take up less space than other types.

Toilets At least one barrier-free toilet must be provided in a sanitary facility. It can be integrated into each separate gender area or be separate and gender-neutral.

Movement areas of at least 90 ≈ 70 cm must be provided on both sides of the

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Sanitary facilities

In designing barrier-free sanitary facilities, it must be ensured that they can be appropriately and effectively used

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ovement areas for people with various requireM ments Fittings in barrier-free rooms should be installed at a height of 85 cm Markings on glass doors; free design, e.g. marking in the form of a company logo, is also possible. Strips of markings (6 – 8 cm high) at knee height and eye level across the entire width of the door. Height above the finished floor: 50 cm to 150 cm (± 10 cm) High-contrast design for doorways and doors

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Renovation and modernisation

As well as designing new buildings, ­planners are often confronted with the need to renovate and modernise private bathrooms and public sanitary facilities.

Users’ changing demands, design and technical innovations, adaption to new standards, and damage and defects can make an overhaul necessary (Fig. 2).

Based on these criteria, the German Association for Consumer Research (Gesellschaft für Konsumverhalten – GfK), has found that two thirds of private bathrooms in Germany are theoretically in need of renovation [1].

For all planned renovations, regardless of whether it is a private bathroom or a public sanitary facility, planners must first find out whether the renovation will affect the building’s fire protection, soundproofing, insulation, building regulation compliance or structural physics. Planning permission and/or an application for a change of use may have to be applied for to comply with building regulations.

Unexpected “discoveries”, such as r­ otten beam heads, mould behind opened walls, contaminated materials or past construction mistakes, can be expected when building in existing buildings or carrying out renovations or modernisation.

These are often only discovered during construction and then require extra timeconsuming and expensive follow-up measures, so it is advisable to include a buffer of about 10 –15 % in the budget and to schedule for such “contingencies”.

Structures built in the last century should be at least spot-tested for the presence of pollutants such as building materials containing asbestos. Lead pipes, which were used until the early 1970s, must be replaced because water contaminated with lead can be hazardous to health (Fig. 1), although they must only be replaced if the maximum permissible amount of lead in drinking water is exceeded. In Germany, the level was 90

l­owered to 0.01 mg/l, which cannot normally be maintained if lead pipes are used, from the 1st of December 2013.

The country’s Drinking Water Ordinance (Trinkwasserverordnung – TrinkwV) obliges the owner of a water supply facility to inform affected consumers if he is aware that there are lead pipes in the facility he operates.

Buildings cannot always be emptied ­during renovations, so renovations are often carried out during ongoing operations under pressure of time. If recurring modules and a large number of sanitary units are required, as in hotels or other accommodation facilities such as clinics or residential homes, prefabricated ­sanitary modules can be useful. Clients can choose all the usual equipment, such as taps and fittings and ceramic items to suit their needs, and special fittings may also be available depending on the standard desired. Sanitary modules are prefabricated in a factory, delivered ready for connection, and can be installed quickly.

Those planning renovations or modernising measures should first investigate the possibility of financial assistance (e.g. from the Kreditanstalt für Wirtschaftsförderung – KfW). This usually has to be applied for before building begins. Such assistance can be made available for measures to improve energy efficiency and for age-appropriate and barrier-free conversions.

Renovating and modernising private bathrooms The private bathroom’s increasing importance, moving from a functional “wet room” to a room with qualities that invite users to linger, often means that it requires more space, changes to floor plans and adaptation to aesthetic trends and technical innovations. A user’s changing needs, due to a change in fam-

ily size or limited mobility because of age or illness, for example, can make renovation necessary, as can a desire for materials that are more modern or new sanitary equipment.

The bathroom is the one room in a dwelling that shows a home’s age, often at a glance. Materials, colours and the formal language of objects make it easy to tell which trends were in fashion and roughly when a bathroom was built or renovated.

Current developments that see the private bathroom as far more important as a room with a feel-good character for spending time in demonstrate the importance its modernisation can have. Individual solutions and requirements and existing spatial conditions will determine the range and extent of construction mea­ sures. From the simple replacement of individual objects through to the merging of rooms and development of new complete solutions – anything is possible. The decisive factor here is the time, cost and effort that the owner and/or user is prepared to invest.

Users’ wishes and the inventory

Private bathrooms are renovated every 20 years on average [2]. To identify the needs the bathroom must meet, it is advisable to consider not only current wishes, but to consider possible future changes. When children leave home for example, a large family bathroom can become a spa-type bathroom. If users are already experiencing physical limitations, the option of a bathroom that meets the needs of older people should be considered at an early stage (see Planning fundamentals for private bathrooms, p. 13ff.; Barrier-free spaces, p. 83ff.).

As well as identifying individual user requirements (Fig. 3, p. 15), a complete inventory is an essential precondition for planning bathroom renovations or mod-

Renovation and modernisation

1 2

3

ross section of a lead pipe. High lead levels in C drinking water are hazardous to health.

Deficits in private bathrooms, in percent (results of a survey by the German Sanitary Industry Association – VDS 8/2012, source: the German Association for Consumer Research – GfK) Adding a platform enables drainpipes to be r­outed with the necessary gradient. House in Hamburg-Eppendorf (D) 2001, Kramer Biwer Mau Architekten 1

ernisations. Possibilities and the cost and effort involved in restructuring and changing room configurations will depend on the existing floor plan. The position of ducts and walls may determine necessary measures for rerouting or cladding pipes. A desire for daylight in the bathroom may determine the room’s position in a house or flat. Desired zoning and equipment will influence the required size of the room and may make it necessary to merge or switch rooms.

Before planning begins, existing pipes should be checked to ensure that they are intact and of the current usual minimum diameter. If existing plans yield no information on this and ducts do not have inspection hatches, an area of wall or floor may have to be opened. Other aids for investigating an existing building include metal detectors and mini pipe cameras, which are introduced into ­existing pipes by means of a steel spiral and can provide information on their ­condition. Structural analysis, which measures the load-bearing capacity of a building’s floors and load-bearing walls, must be taken into account, as must the impact of damp on the condition of existing materials. It is advisable during the planning phase to survey the existing building for any damage that may have to be fixed during renovation or even beforehand to avoid having to carry out unexpected additional measures during construction.

The various wishes and factors that often play a role in private bathroom renovations are outlined below.

Increasing the size of the bathroom One way of increasing a bathroom’s size is to merge it with an adjoining room or switch it with another room. If the use of rooms is changed in this way, the position of ducts plays an important role. The necessary gradient of pipes (see Connecting

pipes – horizontal pipes, p. 42f.) will determine connections to existing ducts or pipes and possible positions of sanitary objects. Installing a floor-level shower, for example, may be difficult if it cannot be easily connected to existing pipes. In this case, it may be possible to install a platform under which pipes can be routed, providing this fits in with the overall design concept. A platform may divide a bathroom into zones, but the original room remains identifiable and the platform can blend in like a new furniture element (Fig. 3).

If a bathroom is on the ground floor of a

Antiquated bathroom, needs renovation

57

Do not like the tiles

53

Bathroom too small

48

No room to move

44

No storage space

43

No separate shower

34

No windows

24

Do not like the 2 room layout

20

house with a cellar, its pipes can also be routed under the cellar ceiling. For a bathroom in an attic space, an adequate room height under the roof’s slope, sufficient freedom of movement and enough room for the shower head above users’ head height are essential prerequisites for comfortable showering (Fig. 6, p. 93).

With regard to the planned materials and objects, the existing structure must be examined to ensure that its condition and structural load-bearing capacity are suitable. The existing structure’s materials, such as timber beam ceilings, must be protected from excessive damp by

3

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Examples of projects

98 Conversion of the Alte Hofbibliothek in Donaueschingen (D)

Gäbele & Raufer, Donaueschingen 100

Public toilet in Innsbruck (A) Rainer Köberl and Daniela Kröss, Innsbruck

102

Sanitary facility at the ferry harbour in Rødøy (N) Carl-Viggo Hølmebakk, Oslo

103

Hotel floor in Madrid (E) Zaha Hadid Architects, London

104

Hotel in Obanazawa (J) Kengo Kuma & Associates, Tokyo

106

Klosterinsel Rheinau (CH) Bembé Dellinger Architekten und Stadtplaner, Greifenberg

108

Detached family house in Sollentuna (S) Claesson Koivisto Rune Architects, Stockholm

110

Holiday house in Linescio (CH) Buchner Bründler Architekten, Basel Daniel Buchner, Andreas Bründler

112

Herzog-Ulrich Primary School in Lauffen am Neckar (D) Coast Office Architecture, Stuttgart Lehmann und Schiefer, Lauffen am Neckar

114

Primary school sports hall at Tempelhof Field in Berlin (D) ludloff + ludloff Architekten, Berlin

97

1

Primary school sports hall at Tempelhof Field in Berlin (D) 3

4

4

2

3

5

Architects: Contributors:

ludloff+ludloff Architekten, Berlin ennis Hawner (project manager), D Andrea Böhm, Gabriella Looke

After extensive renovation, a primary school ensemble at Tempelhof Field, built in the 1950s, again exemplifies the leafy, spacious urban planning typical of the period of its construction. Various modifications had greatly impaired the form and function of the sports hall, which is accessed along a roofed walkway extending from the main building. The architects’ task was to upgrade the building’s energy systems in compliance with appropriate modern standards and to reinterpret the quality of its former design.

To do this, they freed the hall’s filigree concrete structure of all superfluous ele-

ments and installed new insulation in the ceiling and floors. Other areas were also upgraded: The sports hall’s sanitary facilities were gutted and the complex of changing rooms, corridors and wet rooms straightened out, providing the children with two spacious changing rooms with benches along their walls. In the middle of each stands a sculptural “shower object”, with showers and washbasins standing open. Light colours and coloured glass mosaic in red and green ­create new highlights that harmonise with the existing structure. Lights set into the existing exposed steel cap ceiling system

shed a pleasant, even light in the changing rooms. As part of the new energy concept, solar collectors are used to heat the hot water. Pre-warmed air from adjoining rooms streams into the sports hall. By combining careful dismantling with a balanced interplay of light, colour and material, the architects succeeded in highlighting the sports hall’s original lightness.

Floor plan Scale 1:500 1 2 3 4 5

Roofed walkway Foyer Changing room/shower Equipment room Outdoor sports equipment storeroom

Floor plan, shower sculpture Scale 1:50 Cross section, annex Scale 1:20 6 Sealing, PU coating Insulation, mineral fibre material 120 mm Moisture barrier Concrete coffered ceiling, approx. 200 mm ­(existing building) Drywall slab, screwed on, smoothed, 2≈ 6.5 mm 7 Lights 8 Wood panel 160/3550 mm Stainless steel substructure, round profile 9 Cement plaster 15 mm Mineral wool insulation 100 mm (existing building) Brickwork 365 mm (existing building) Gypsum plaster 15 mm 10 Wooden bench, oak, concealed glued joints, oiled 40 mm Steel profile console, painted T 35/35 mm 11 PU coating, blue 2 mm Smoothing 2.5 mm, cement screed 50 mm Insulation 40 + 45 mm Bituminous sealing Steel-reinforced concrete slab approx. 160 mm (existing building) Insulation, lightweight wood fibre board 2≈ 40 mm 12 PU coating, white 2 mm Smoothing 2.5 mm Wet room system slab, cement-bonded 20 mm, cement screed 45 mm Insulation 35 + 40 mm Sealing bituminous 13 Mosaic tiles 5/25/25 mm, adhered to a cement-bonded, wet-room slab 2≈ 12.5 mm Substructure, steel profile, zinc-coated ‰ 50/50 mm

114

a

13

a

1

2

3

4

5

8 7

6

aa

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Appendix

Authors

Contributors

Standards, guidelines

Sibylle Kramer Architect 1987–1994 studied architecture at the HAW Hamburg, receiving her degree in 1994; 1994 – 2001 worked with gmp Architekten in Hamburg, from 1999 the firm's Chief Representative in Beijing, China; 2001 founding partner of Kramer Biwer Mau Architekten, where she won various awards and enjoyed success in a number of competitions; from 2005 has worked as an author and since 2009 sat on various juries; 2011 found­ ed SKA SIBYLLE KRAMER ARCHI­ TEKTEN, Hamburg; she has received various awards and enjoyed success in a range of competitions

Wiebke Vettermann Contributed to all chapters Architect 1999 – 2007 studied architecture at the Bauhaus University Weimar, graduating in 2007. Until 2009 she was a research assistant at the Bauhaus University Weimar (Chair of Design and Building Construction); 2010 – 2012 worked at Gerber Architekten GmbH, Hamburg, from 2012 Project Manager at SKA, Hamburg

Sanitary tapware standards DIN EN 200 Sanitary tapware – Single taps and combination taps for water supply systems of type 1 and type 2 – General technical specification.

2008-10 DIN EN 246 Sanitary tapware – ­General specifications for flow rate regulators. 2003-11 DIN EN 248 Sanitary tapware – Gen­ eral specification for electrodeposited coatings of Ni-Cr. 2003-01 DIN EN 816 Sanitary tapware – Auto­ matic shut-off valves PN 10. 1997-01 DIN EN 817 Sanitary tapware – Mechanical mixing valves (PN 10) – General technical specifications.

2008-09 DIN EN 1111 Sanitary tapware – ­Thermostatic mixing valves (PN 10) – General technical specification.

1998-08 DIN EN 1112 Sanitary tapware – Shower outlets for sanitary tapware for water supply systems of type 1 and type 2 – General technical speci­ fication. 2008-06 DIN EN 1113 Sanitary tapware – Shower hoses for sanitary tapware for water supply systems of type 1 and type 2 – General technical speci­ fications. 2011-05 DIN EN 1286 Sanitary tapware – Low­ pressure mechanical mixing valves – General technical specifications.

1999-06 DIN EN 1287 Sanitary tapware – Low­ pressure thermostatic mixing valves – General technical specifications.

1999-06 DIN 3227 Valves for potable water supply in buildings – Angle service valves – Requirements and tests.

2008-04 DIN 3266 Valves for drinking water installations on private premises – Anti-vacuum valve Types D and E – Requirements and tests. 2009-05 DIN 3509 Valves for potable water supply in buildings – Draw-off taps (PN 10) – Requirements and tests.

2010-06 DIN 3546 Stop valves for domestic water supply – Part 1: General requirements and tests for manually operated piston-type gate valves of special design, gate valves and diaphragm valves, Technical rule of the DVGW. 2011-01 DIN EN 12 541 Sanitary tapware – Pressure flushing valves and auto­ matic closing urinal valves PN 10.

2003-03 DIN 68 904 Kitchen equipment; ­sanitary water fittings, concepts.

1976-09 DIN EN 1112 Low-resistance shower outlets for sanitary tapware. 2003-12 DIN EN 1113 Low-resistance shower hoses for sanitary tapware. 2003-12 DIN EN 15 091 Sanitary tapware – Electronic opening and closing sani­ tary tapware. 2014-03 DIN EN 15 092 Building valves – Inline hot water supply tempering valves – Tests and requirements. 2008-09 DIN EN 16 145:2013-03 Sanitary tap­ ware – Extractable outlets for sink and basin mixers – General technical specification. Draft standard. 2013-03

Katja Winkelmann Architect, IALD After training as a technical drafts­ person, received a technical bacca­ laureate in Hamburg, going on to study architecture at the HAW Hamburg, graduating in 1998; she then worked in various engineering and lighting planning firms; since 1991 freelance independent light planner, 2001 found­ ed the Licht 01 Lighting Design firm (www.licht01.de), various teaching posts and publications on the topic of light and lighting planning. Profes­ sional Member of the International Association of Lighting Designers

Helen Gührer Contributed to the chapter on “Renovations” Architect 2002–2009 studied architecture at the TU Dresden and École d’architecture Paris-Val de Seine, graduating in 2009 from TU Dresden; 2009 – 2010 worked at Kramer Biwer Mau Architekten, from 2011 Project Manager at SKA, Hamburg.

Alexander Güth Contributed to the chapter on “Construction and technology” Architect 1996 – 2000 studied civil engineering at the University of Applied Sciences Oldenburg, graduating in 2000, then worked at Ingenieurgesellschaft Nord­ west; 2000 – 2005 studied architecture at the University of Applied Sciences Oldenburg, graduating in 2005; 2005 – 2010 worked at the architecture firm of Johannes Schneider, Bremen, then at BN Architekten borchardt. nentwig, Hamburg, from 2011 Project Manager at SKA, Hamburg Simon Martin Ranzenberger Contributed to the chapter on ­“Sustainability” Architect After training as a draughtsman 1999 – 2006 studied architecture at the Muthesius University Kiel, gradu­ ating in 2006; 2003 – 2004 worked at Jones, Partners: Architecture, Los Angeles, 2007– 2011 worked at gmp, Hamburg, from 2011 Project Manager at SKA, Hamburg.

116

DIN EN 16 146:2015-02 Sanitary ­tapware – Extractable shower hoses for sanitary tapware for supply sys­ tems type 1 and type 2 – General technical specifications. Draft stand­ ard. 2015-02 Sanitary appliances standards DIN EN 31:2014-07 Washbasins – Connecting dimensions. 2014-07 DIN EN 33:2011-11 WC pans and WC suites – Connecting dimensions.

2011-11 DIN EN 198 Sanitary appliances – Baths made from crosslinked cast acrylic sheets – Requirements and test methods. 2008-11 DIN EN 232 Baths – Connecting dimensions. 2013-01 DIN EN 249 Sanitary appliances – Shower trays made from crosslinked cast acrylic sheets – Requirements and test methods. 2010-11 DIN EN 251 Shower trays – Connect­ ing dimensions. 2013-01 DIN EN 263 Sanitary appliances – Crosslinked cast acrylic sheets for baths and shower trays for domestic purposes. Draft standard. 2006-09 DIN EN 274 Waste fittings for sanitary appliances – Part 1: Requirements; Part 2: Test methods; Part 3: Quality control. 2002-05 DIN EN 997 WC pans and WC suites with integral trap. 2012-05 DIN EN ISO 10 545-6 Ceramic tiles – Part 6: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed tiles.

2012-05 DIN EN ISO 10 545-9 Ceramic tiles – Part 9: Determination of resistance to thermal shock. Draft standard.

2011-12 DIN EN ISO 10 545-16 Ceramic tiles – Part 16: Determination of small colour differences. 2012-05 DIN EN 12 004 Adhesives for tiles – Requirements, evaluation of con­ formity, classification and designa­ tion. 2014-02 and Corrigendum 1.

2014-04 DIN EN 12 057 Natural stone products – Modular tiles – Requirements. Draft standard. 2012-01 DIN 12 764 Sanitary appliances – Specification for whirlpool baths.

2008-04 DIN EN 12 808-4 Grouts for tiles – Part 4: Determination of shrinkage.

2009-10 DIN EN 13 888 Grout for tiles – Requirements, evaluation of conform­ ity, classification and designation.

2009-08 DIN EN 14 055 WC and urinal flushing cisterns. 2011-02 DIN EN 14 296 Sanitary applianc­ es – Communal washing troughs.

2005-08 DIN EN 14 411 Ceramic tiles – Defini­ tions, classification, characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking.

2012-02 DIN EN 14 428 Shower enclosures – Functional requirements and test method. 2008-04 DIN EN 14 428 Shower enclosures – Functional requirements and test methods. Draft standard. 2012-01 DIN EN 14 516 Baths for domestic purposes. 2010-12 DIN EN 14 527 Shower trays for domestic purposes. 2010-12

Appendix

DIN EN 14 528 Bidets – Functional requirements and test methods.

2007-07 DIN EN 14 688 Sanitary appliances – Washbasins – Functional require­ ments and test methods. 2007-02 DIN EN 14 891 Liquid-applied water­ impermeable products for use beneath ceramic tiling bonded with adhesives – Requirements, test methods, evaluation of conformity, classification and designation.

2012-07 DIN EN 15 200 Sanitary appliances – Multifunction shower cabinets.

2007-08 and Corrigendum. 2011-05 DIN EN 15 285 Agglomerated stone – Modular tiles for flooring and stairs (internal and external). 2008-09 DIN EN 15 334 Sanitary appliances – Methacrylic dispersions of high filler content. 2007-05 DIN EN 15 636 Sanitary appliances – Shower trays made from impact­ modified extruded acrylic sheets – Requirements and test methods.

2010-11 DIN EN 15 651-3 Sealants for nonstructural use in joints in buildings and pedestrian walkways – Part 3: Sealants for sanitary joints. 2012-12 DIN EN 15 719 Sanitary appliances – Baths made from impact-modified coextruded ABS /acrylic sheets – Requirements and test methods.

2010-04 DIN EN 15 720 Sanitary appliances – Shower trays made from impact-­ modified coextruded ABS/acrylic sheets – Requirements and test ­methods. 2010-04 DIN CEN / TS 16 165 Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces – Methods of evaluation. 2012-07 DIN EN 16 194 Mobile non-sewer-­ connected toilet cabins – Require­ ments of services and products ­relating to the deployment of cabins and sanitary products. 2012-05 DIN 18 040 Construction of accessi­ ble buildings – Design principles – Part 1: Publicly accessible buildings.

2010-10; Part 2: Dwellings. Draft standard. 2009-02 DIN 18 861 Equipment for commer­ cial kitchens – Dishwashing facilities and sinks – Part 3: Hand rinse basin, requirements and testing. 2008-03; Part 4: Wastewater sink, Require­ ments and testing. 2008-03; Part 5: Combination hand rinse basin and wastewater sink, requirements and testing. 2008-03 DIN EN 60 335; VDE 0700-21 House­ hold and similar electrical applianc­ es – Safety; Part 2-21: Particular requirements for storage water heat­ ers. 2011-02; Part 2-35: Particular requirements for instantaneous water heaters. 2009-01; Part 2-105: Particu­ lar requirements for multifunctional shower cabinets. 2009-03 DIN EN 60 598 Luminaires – Part 2-18: Particular requirements – Luminaires for swimming pools and similar appli­ cations, Corrigendum. 2013-08 DIN 263 Sanitary appliances – Crosslinked cast acrylic sheets for baths and shower trays for domestic purposes. 2006-09 DIN 68 935 Coordinating dimensions for bathroom furniture, appliances and sanitary equipment. 2009-10

Sanitary engineering standards DIN EN 26 Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for the production of domestic hot water. Draft standard.

2012-03 DIN EN 89 Gas-fired storage water heaters for the production of domestic hot water. Draft standard. 2012-03 DIN EN 295 Vitrified clay pipe sys­ tems for drains and sewers – Part 1: Requirements for pipes, fittings and joints. 2013-05; Part 2: Evaluation of conformity and sampling. 2013-05; Part 3: Test methods. 2012-03; Part 4: Requirements for adaptors, connec­ tors and flexible couplings. 2013-05; Part 5: Requirements for perforated pipes and fittings. 2013-05; Part 6: Requirements for components of manholes and inspection chambers.

2013-05 DIN EN 806 Specifications for instal­ lations inside buildings conveying water for human consumption – Part 1: General. 2001-12; Part 2: Design.

2005-06; Part 3: Pipe sizing – Simpli­ fied method. 2006-07; Part 4: Installa­ tion. 2010-06; Part 5: Operation and maintenance. 2012-04 BS EN 937 Chemicals used for treat­ ment of water intended for human consumption – Chlorine. 2009-11 BS EN 973 Chemicals used for treat­ ment of water intended for human consumption – Sodium chloride for regeneration of ion exchangers.

2009-11 BS EN 1405 Chemicals used for treat­ ment of water intended for human consumption – Sodium alginate.

2009-11 BS EN 1406 Chemicals used for treat­ ment of water intended for human consumption – Modified starches.

2009-11 DIN CEN / TS 1451 Plastics piping ­systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure – Polypropylene (PP) – Part 2: Guidance for the assessment of conformity. 2012-05 DIN EN ISO 1452 Plastics piping ­systems for water supply and for ­buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure – Unplasticised poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U). 2010-04 DIN CEN / TS 1519 Plastics piping ­systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure – Polyethylene (PE) – Part 2: Guidance for the assessment of conformity. 2012-05 DIN EN 1717 Protection against pol­ lution of potable water installations and general requirements of devices to prevent pollution by backflow; Technical rule of the DVGW. 2011-08 DIN EN 1838 Lighting applications – Emergency lighting. 2013-10 DIN 1986 Drainage systems on ­private ground – Part 4: Fields of application of sewage pipes and ­fittings of different materials. Draft standard. 2010-10; Part 30: Mainte­ nance. 2012-02; Part 100: Specifica­ tions in relation to DIN EN 752 and DIN EN 12056. 2008-05 DIN 1988 Codes of practice for ­drinking water installations – Part 1: General; DVGW code of practice.

1988-12; Part 2: Materials, com­ ponents, appliances, design and

installation; DVGW code of practice.

1988-12; Part 3: Pipe sizing; DVGW code of practice. 1988-12; Part 20: Installation Type A (closed system) – Planning, components, apparatus, materials; DVGW code of practice.

2008-07; Part 100: Protection of drink­ ing water, drinking water quality con­ trol; DVGW code of practice. 2011-08; Part 200: Installation Type A (closed system) – Planning, components, apparatus, materials; DVGW code of practice. 2012-05; Part 300: Pipe sizing; DVGW code of practice.

2012-05; Part 500: Pressure boosting stations with RPM-regulated pumps; DVGW code of practice. 2010-10; Part 600: Drinking water installations in connection with fire fighting and fire protection installations; DVGW code of practice. 2010-12 DIN 2403 Identification of pipelines according to the fluid conveyed.

2007-05 DIN 3266 Valves for drinking water installations on private premises – Anti-vacuum valve Types D and E – Requirements and tests. 2008-07 DIN EN ISO 11 297 Plastics piping systems for renovation of under­ ground drainage and sewerage ­networks under pressure – Part 1: General. 2013-08 DIN EN 12 175 Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption – Hexafluorosilicic acid.

2013-06 DIN EN 12 193 Light and lighting – Sports lighting. 2008-04 DIN EN 12 201 Plastics piping sys­ tems for water supply, and for drain­ age and sewerage under pressure – Polyethylene (PE) – Part 2: Pipes.

2013-12; Part 4: Valves. 2012-04 DIN EN 12 464 Light and lighting – Lighting of work places – Part 1: Indoor work places. 2011-08 DIN EN 12 566 Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT – Part 7: Prefabricated tertiary treat­ ment units. 2013-07 DIN EN 12 665 Light and lighting – Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements. 2011-09 DIN EN 12 729 Devices to prevent ­pollution by backflow of potable water – Controllable backflow preventer with reduced pressure zone – Family B – Type A; Corrigendum. 2009-04 DIN EN ISO 12 846 Water quality – Determination of mercury – Method using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without enrichment.

2012-08 DIN EN 12 977 Thermal solar sys­ tems and components – Custom-built systems – Part 2: Test methods for solar water heaters and combisys­ tems. 2012-06; Part 4: Performance test methods for solar combistores.

2012-06 DIN EN 13 032 Light and lighting – Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and lumi­ naires – Part 2: Presentation of data for indoor and outdoor work places.

2005-03; Part 3: Presentation of data for emergency lighting of work plac­ es. 2007-12 ISO 13 056 Plastics piping systems – Pressure systems for hot and cold water – Test method for leak tightness under vacuum. 2011-11 2

DIN EN 13 203 Solar-supported gasfired domestic appliances producing hot water – Appliances not exceed­ ing 70 kW heat input and 500 litres water storage capacity – Part 3: Assessment of energy consumption.

2010-12; Part 4: Assessment of ­energy consumption of gas-fired appliances combined heat and power (micro CHP) producing hot water and electricity not exceeding 70 kW heat input, not exceeding 50 kWe electrical output and 500 l water storage capacity. Draft stan­ dard. 2010-11 ISO 13 254 Thermoplastics piping systems for non-pressure applications – Test method for water tightness.

2010-05 ISO 13 255 Thermoplastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge inside buildings – Test method for ­air tightness of joints. 2010-05 DIN EN 14 055 WC and urinal flushing cisterns. 2011-02 DIN EN 14 154 Water meters – Part 1: General requirements. 2011-06; Part 2: Installation and conditions of use. 2011-06; Part 3: Test methods and equipment. 2011-06 DIN EN 14 428 Shower enclosures – Functional requirements and test methods. 2008-04 DIN CEN / TS 14 632 Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water supply, pressure and ­non-pressure – Glass-reinforced ­thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP) – Guidance for the assessment of ­conformity. 2012-05 DIN EN 15 096 Devices to prevent pollution by backflow of potable water – hose union anti-vacuum valves – DN 15 to DN 25 inclusive family H, type B and type D – General technical specification. 2008-04 DIN EN 15 193 Energy performance of buildings – Energy requirements for lighting. 2008-03 DIN EN 15 651 Sealants for non-­ structural use in joints in buildings and pedestrian walkways – Part 3: Sealants for sanitary joints. Draft standard. 2007-06 DIN EN 15 848 Water conditioning equipment inside buildings – Adjust­ able chemical dosing systems – Requirements for performance, safety and testing. 2010-06 DIN EN ISO 15 874 Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water instal­ lations – Polypropylene (PP) – Part 1: General; Part 2: Pipes; Part 3: Fittings; Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the sys­ tem. 2013-06 ISO 15 877 Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water installations – Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) – Part 1: General; Amend­ ment 1. 2010-11; Part 2: Pipes; Amendment 1. 2010-11; Part 3: ­Fittings; Amendment 1. 2010-11; Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the ­system; Amendment 1. 2010-11 DIN EN 15 882 Extended application of results from fire resistance tests for service installations – Part 1: Ducts.

2012-03 DIN 18 017 Ventilation of bathrooms and WCs without outside windows; Part 1: Single-duct systems without fans. 1987-02; Part 2: Single-duct

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