DETAIL English 02/2014 Timber Construction by DETAIL

ISSN 1614-4600 · MAR · APR £12.50 · US$ 24.50 · €18

English Edition

Review of Architecture and Construction Details · Timber Construction · Vol. 2014 · 2

∂ Review of Architecture Vol. 2, 2014 • Timber Construction Editorial office: E-mail: redaktion@detail.de Tel.: +49 (0) 89 38 16 20-57 Christian Schittich (editor-in-chief) Sabine Drey, Andreas Gabriel, Frank Kaltenbach, Julia Liese, Michaela Linder, Thomas Madlener, Edith Walter, Heide Wessely; Christa Schicker (freelance assistant) Peter Popp (online) Marion Griese, Emese M. Köszegi, Nicola Kollmann, Simon Kramer (drawings) Product editors: Meike Regina Weber (editor-in-chief) Katja Reich, Hildegard Wänger, Tim Westphal, Jenny Clay Elise Feiersinger (pp. 116 –172) Mark Kammerbauer (pp. 174 –184); Marc Selway (pp. 186 –209) (English translations) Advertising: E-mail: anzeigen@detail.de Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-49 UK Representative Advertising: Synergy Group Media E-mail: detail@synergygm.com Tel.: +44 (0) 20-82 55 21 21 Distribution and marketing: E-mail: mail@detail.de Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-0 Subscription contact and customer service: Vertriebsunion Meynen Grosse Hub 10 65344 Eltville, Germany E-mail: detailabo@vertriebsunion.de Tel.: +49 (0) 61-23 92 38-211 Fax: +49 (0) 61-23 92 38-212 Publisher and editorial office: Institut für internationale ArchitekturDokumentation GmbH & Co. KG Hackerbrücke 6 80335 Munich Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-0 Fax: +49 (0) 89-39 86 70 www.detail.de/english

The French and Italian translations are available for every issue and can be downloaded as PDF files: www.detail.de/translation

Discussion 116 Editorial 118 New Wood Construction

Reports 124 Architecture School in Strasbourg Claudia Fuchs 126 Metamorphoses or More than a Facelift – Revitalisation of the 3M Headquarters in Saint Paul, Minnesota Roman Höllbacher 132 Superstructure “De Rotterdam” – Manhattan on the Maas Klaus Englert

Documentation 134 Laboratory for Water Management in Neubiberg Brune Architekten, Munich 138 Jeweller’s Studio with Shop in London DSDHA, London 143 Energy-efficient Subsidised Housing in Ansbach Deppisch Architekten, Freising 148 IBA Apartment Building in Hamburg Adjaye Associates, London / Berlin with Planpark Architekten, Hamburg 153 Remodelling and Extension of Hotel Tannerhof in Bayrischzell Florian Nagler, Munich 158 Visitor Centre in Kosterhavet White arkitekter, Göteborg 163 Motorway Church in Wilnsdorf schneider+schumacher, Frankfurt / Main 168 Sports Centre in Sargans Blue Architects, Zurich with Ruprecht Architekten, Zurich

Technology 174 Seven Storey Wood Office Building in Zurich Martin Antemann 181 A New Load-Bearing Insulation Material – Typha Panels Martin Krus, Werner Theuerkorn, Theo Großkinsky, Georgi Georgiev

Products 186 194 200 204 208

Timber Construction Windows, Doors and Entrances Access, Security and Smart Controls Interior Walls, Ceilings and Acoustics On the Spot

210 Service 216 Persons and organizations involved in the planning • Contractors and suppliers 218 Programme • Photo credits • Editorial and publishing data

Editorial

Timber Construction

The possibilities of wood – which were considerable to start with – continue to grow. At present it is getting a foothold in city centres. This development is accompanied by the systematisation of the construction: hybrid and composite construction methods are gaining ground on those using wood only. Sometimes it is even difficult to identify buildings constructed in wood. Nevertheless, the desire to use it is often also rooted in wood’s sensual qualities. This very materiality is a compelling foil to the rationality of the design at a sports hall in Sargans, Switzerland. The out-of-the-ordinary tectonics of the folded roof at a visitor centre for the Kosterhavet National Park in Sweden create a stunning interior, while the striking Siegerland Motorway Church surprises visitors with its organic space made of interlocking oriented-strand board. Two multi-storey apartment buildings in Ansbach and Hamburg demonstrate the material’s enormous potential with regard to energy efficiency and conservation of natural resources, and an office building in the heart of Zurich illustrates that large-scale structures can also be erected without taking recourse to other materials for connection components.

Discussion

118

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

New Wood Construction

In recent years the age-old building material wood has developed to such a great degree that it could almost be considered an altogether new material. As if, of necessity, it had been developed in a high-tech laboratory, wood provides answers to ever more pressing questions, beginning with the responsible management and use of natural resources and the effects on the wellbeing of each and every individual, as well as questions regarding the quality of life in our immediate surroundings. And, of course, it is a renewable resource. It’s nearly on the order of a miracle of nature that under the right climatic conditions, little

more than sufficient soil, light, air and water are required to transform carbon dioxide – which is present in harmful overabundance in the atmosphere – into precious oxygen. In contrast to many other building materials, wood appeals to our senses, and has advantages in processing, such as its low weight and workability. Wood has a number of advantages over conventional solid-masonry construction. First of all, from the global standpoint, it is a good idea to store, for the long term, the maximum amount of CO2 in buildings and to reduce the amount of primary energy required to erect them. On top of that, processing logs to attain wood that can be employed as building material con-

sumes far less energy than the production of steel, concrete, plastic, or brick – not to mention aluminium. From the technical standpoint wood is a composite building material, reinforced with cellulose fibres and with a high percentage of cavities, and, correspondingly, is the strongest of all insulating materials. It is considerably lighter per unit strength than steel, and has nearly the same compression strength as concrete, but can, in contrast to concrete, also withstand tensile forces. Of course, it would be possible to elaborate upon the long list of good reasons to use it – including, for example, pertinent technical parameters. But we must ask ourselves why this material has yet to be employed here in Germany to an extent commensurate with its possibilities. The answer is complex and to be found in the historical development of timber construction. Until the industrialisation of the nineteenth century, wood was the dominant construction material. Nearly everything – from household items to structural members of buildings – was made of it. Within just a few decades it lost its century-long predominance. Alternative concepts were required to contend with the challenges facing society with respect to public utilities and new types of transportation and buildings. On the one hand, the artistry of the carpenter – who was a member of a guild – had become prohibitively expensive. This art had been developed in a long process of adaptation to actual conditions. Form, assembly and structure – down to the details of the wood connections – were precisely set forth. On the other hand, wood, the renewable building material, could of course only gradually adapt to the specialised demands of new construction techniques. During the pioneering heyday of industrialisation, wood was not considered suitable for the mass-production of goods. Recently developed materials such as iron, cast iron, and steel, and beginning at the turn of the century, reinforced concrete, came to the fore. These building materials were the result of goal-oriented

∂   2014 ¥ 2

ia Cenni in Mllan, four wood-construction V high-rises, each nine storeys high architects: Rossi Prodi, under construction 5, 6 3XGrün, multi-storey apartment building in Berlin 2011, architects: ArGe Atelier PK, roedig schop Architekten, Rozynski-Sturm Architekten study »fertighauscity5+«/ IfuH/IIKE Braunschweig 7 Loft conversion in Vienna 2012 architects: PPAG architects 8 Multi-storey apartment building in Berlin 2013 architects: Kaden Klingbeil

Discussion

121

erection of Germany’s first seven-storey wood-construction building. Since then the architects have realised further multi-storey wood-construction apartment buildings in Berlin. These ventures have demonstrated that in Germany, seven-storey, 22-metrehigh buildings employing wood construction are structurally sound and can fulfil fire requirements. These structures – whether in urban settings or elsewhere – need not trigger associations with the good old days. In addition, wood structures are only centimetres away from reaching the “high-rise” category. A number of other projects show that multi-storey wood construction is booming: under the aegis of a residential real estate firm, an eight storey residential tower has been erected in the German town Bad Aibling. A team of experts from all of the disciplines involved in sustainable building (architecture, carpentry, building physics, and civil engineering) have developed a striking hybrid construction system for high-rises of up to 30 storeys. The City of Vienna has been looking into wood construction in the urban environment for quite some time. Seven-storey structures have been realised here recently, as well – and soon even taller buildings will follow. A number of ever-taller projects employing wood construction are edging closer to Vienna’s centre. Italy – a country that had until recently shown only limited enthusiasm for this construction method – is now setting new standards in urban applications of it. On the east side of Milan a housing estate – made up of four nine-storey towers and twostorey buildings that connect them (Rossi Prodi Associati) – employing cross-laminated timber is under construction. The Norwegian city Bergen is also in a wood-construction frenzy: construction of the “Trehus” – likely the world’s first fourteen-storey wood structure – by Artec Arkitekter began last year. The Wood Innovation Design Centre Vancouver has commissioned Ceil Architecture to study the feasibility of a 40-storey tower in wood, and SOM is conducting the “Timber Tower Research Project. Re-imagin8 ing the Skyscraper.”

Potential in refurbishment Aside from construction of new buildings, residential districts, and structures filling in gaps in urban fabric, one should not overlook the fact that the greatest potential lies in the refurbishment of existing buildings. Conversions, additional storeys, and measures intended to increase density have, in the meantime, become omnipresent tasks. In Germany, more than half of all investments in construction are presently in existing buildings – and the tendency is increasing. When these commissions are approached with an appreciation for that which is already there, the result will be a form of sustainable practice. The trend to-

ward clever use of resources must lead us to reconsider how we practice urban planning and architecture. It points away from market-oriented, short-term profitability, and toward an appreciation of permanence. But that does not mean that existing buildings are sacrosanct. What is needed are strategies to renovate them and to introduce new structures next to and on top of them. Retrofitting, converting and transforming are currently essential aspects of the design process. Wood construction is often the only option when it comes to adding storeys or discreet volumes to unused flat roofs, because the existing structure cannot withstand greater

122

New Wood Construction

9 4 0-storey office building in Vancouver, design phase; architects: Cei architects 10 “Trehus”, 14-storey apartment building in Bergen, under construction architects: Artec Arkitekter 11 Additional storeys and expansion of an apartment building in Munich, first construction phase: 1/2012; second construction phase: 12/2013 architects: Kaufmann.Lichtblau.Architekten with Merz.Kley.Partner

loads. By employing prefabricated components such as walls, ceiling decks and roofs – with the assistance of a mobile crane – additions to buildings and urban infill projects can also be quickly mounted in one step, even in locations that are difficult to reach. Great potential for the future The recent examples demonstrate wood’s possibilities in urban apartment buildings. The buildings of the Gründerzeit era serve to this day as an example of successful hybrid construction. Wood’s special characteristics are particularly suited to these structures. Performance and the economical bottom line are what count for a construction material.

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Today, however, there is an inversion of the nineteenth-century construction principle: the buildings now have solid cores and highly insulated wood envelopes. Storeyhigh, self-supporting wood elements cloak mineral-based, load-bearing systems. In this manner, the buildings are free of thermal bridges and can be erected economically. Windows can be set within the prefabricated components; the building services equipment can also be integrated in them. Then, on site the components are mounted directly from the lorry. One such example is the addition to the residential complex at Westpark in Munich by Kaufmann-Lichtblau Architekten with merz kley partner. This form

of hybrid construction is also employed in the refurbishment of exterior walls of largescale apartment buildings, office buildings and schools erected in the 60s, 70s and 80s. The elements are mounted in a very short time as new facade on the old loadbearing structure. In comparison to the standard – in some cases unsatisfactory – methods used in eco-refurbishment of building envelopes, this approach constitutes a serious alternative. Such applications also highlight wood’s advantages. Extended version of the introductory chapter of the book “Urbaner Holzbau, Chancen und Potenziale für die Stadt” by Peter Cheret, Kurt Schwaner and Arnim Seidel, Berlin 2013.

Reports

124

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Section Layout plans scale 1:800

Architecture School in Strasbourg

1 2 3 4 5

Claudia Fuchs Axonometric drawing of steel structure

6 7 8 9

www.detail.de

Entrance Atrium Exhibition Cafeteria Skywalk on first floor to existing building Seminar room /Studio Roof terrace Auditorium Light-well

Architect and structural engineer: Marc Mimram, Paris

Since last September students of architecture have had the opportunity to master their craft in a new building in the very centre of a European metropolis – in a neighbourhood that has developed over the centuries and is well connected to the rest of the city. This new building is lofty and has a roof terrace that provides views of the city’s roofscape. The École Nationale Supérieure d’ Architecture de Strasbourg (ENSAS) has been in operation since 1987 at this location on the eastern edge of the historic centre, near the central station, in a 1950s building that was once an automobile dealership. Now the addition to the architecture school is right across the street from it; the intention was that the new structure be a gesture, opening up toward the city. Numerous views in and out of the building connect it to its surroundings; these views can be had through the fully glazed plinth, the semi-transparent aluminium skin cloaking the glazed “boxes”, unusually large windows, and from the roof terrace. The striking building massing consists of two-storey blocks stacked one upon the other – the lowermost block cantilevers beyond the ground storey, while the uppermost block steps back – and is derived from the zoning regulations and the existing eaves height. The elegantly poised arrangement calls attention to Marc Mimram’s talent for structural design. Mimram is both architect and engineer, and has realised a number of outstanding bridges. The steel structure’s form is forceful – its skin equally sophisticated. With the changing incidence of light, the aluminium skin transforms from a dark-grey opaque surface to an iridescent pattern of lines. To achieve this effect, the architect developed storeyhigh panels of expanded metal. They are draped around the facade like a curtain. During the day the skin serves as solar protection. At night it allows glimpses into the interior and reveals the structural system: each box consists of a 7 m high steel frame (up to 27 m in length). The boxes are column free, allowing for flexible partitioning of the spaces within them. To integrate the large openings, the frames themselves are

made of a combination of Warren trusses and Vierendeel trusses. The interiors are also characterised by a clear structure and limited palette. The cool, matter-of-fact design may surprise a person seeing the building for the first time: the steel load-bearing components, exposed concrete, expanded metal and grey screed are not materials immediately associated with a university. The mood is more akin to a creative loft. The stair in the atrium is the focus: it links the entrance hall, auditoria, studios and classrooms. Students develop their designs in the spacious studios – and take advantage of the opportunity to contemplate the city.

aa 5

Third floor

a 5 1 3

a Ground floor

Basement

∂   2014 ¥ 2

Reports

125

Edition

Holistic Housing Hans Drexler, Sebastian El khouli, 2012. 288 pages with many illustrations, graphics and photos. 24 × 33 cm. ISBN 978-3-920034-78-2 Paperback: € 49.– / £ 40.– / US$ 69.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable

Sustainability from the ground up “Holistic Housing. Concepts, Design Strategies and Processes” is a fundamental reference work on housing construction. The book deals with the issue of sustainability in a planning context but also analyses a building’s usage and ageing over its ‘life cycle’. A system of criteria specially developed in an accompanying research project can be used to compare and evaluate buildings. It can also be used as a tool for optimising the sustainability of buildings in development during the planning process. By contrast, most existing sustainability systems are conceived not as design and planning tools, but

178

as instruments for evaluating finished buildings and completed planning. 15 practical examples explain the ways in which these criteria and other aspects of sustainable building can be implemented in sophisticated architecture and how these can then be experienced. A system developed from analysing the examples is used to classify and compare the buildings. The building’s significance as a lived environment is also not neglected here: sustainability develops in a dialogue between a building and its users, with an emphasis on residential usage.

7.8 FEHLMANN SITE

179

Housing construction for the future

RECOVERED FEHLMANN SITE, BOB GYSIN + PARTNER BGP ARCHITEKTEN

Anchoring sustainability in the design and planning process

Every intervention is a disruption; disrupt with intelligence. Luigi Snozzi

PARTIES CONCERNED Client: Architects: Engineer: Energy planner: Landscape design: Tree conservation: General contractor:

AXA Versicherungen AG Bob Gysin + Partner BGP Architekten ETH SIA BSA, Zurich Dr. J. Grob & Partner AG, Winterthur Gruenberg + Partner AG, Zurich vetschpartner Landschaftsarchitekten AG, Zurich Woodtli Baumpflege Ost AG, Märwil Implenia Generalunternehmung AG

PAR AMETERS Site: Geodata: Planning period: Construction period:

Use: Accommodation:

Users: Plot size: Floor space: Gross floor space: Main usable area: Energy reference area: Occupancy index: Floor space index: Gross capacity: Land use: Living space:

Building costs:

Winterthur, Switzerland 47°30‘0.72“N – 8°44‘12.69“E 01 Site plan, scale 1 : 20,000 1999 (competition) – 2006 2007 – 2008 1st + 2nd phase Living in a green environment is still a widespread ideal. (5 buildings)/2009 – 2010 A house of one’s own with a small garden, a safe place 3rd phase (1 building), for the children to play, where one can escape from the 4th phase to be completed 57 apartments, 10 of which hectic pace and noise of the city at the end of the workcondominiums ing day and at weekends. The consequences are known 7 x 2.5-room apartments and visible wherever one turns. The architecture critic 20 x 3.5-room apartments Benedikt Loderer has said that the ‘Hüslipest’ (roughly 22 x 4.5-room apartments the ‘compulsive desire for home ownership’) is to blame 8 x 5.5-room apartments approx. 140 residential users + for urban sprawl in Switzerland,3 and few would contra30 workspaces in the former villa dict the statement. But the endless patchwork of row 14,636 m2 houses and single-family homes is not only spreading 2 3,945 m bbb across the countryside and leisure areas near the city, 10,004 m2bbb 7,163 m2 but is also linked to a correspondingly steep increase in 9,666 m2 energy required for mobility, which cannot be halted 0.27 with more energy-efficient houses and vehicles alone. 0.68 32,150 m3 The alternatives that are usually offered are not regard(without existing buildings) 99 m2 plot size/resident ed as equal by a majority of people. Not everyone is 28 m2 floor space/resident enchanted by the idea of enjoying their evenings after a 51 m2 /resident – average workday in densely developed inner-city districts, surSwitzerland: 44,1 average rounded by trendy cafes, organic food shops and parkWinterthur: 521,2 b ing chaos, and to raise their children there – regardless approx. 19,000,000 CHF (1st + 2nd phase) of how many day care centres and playgrounds the area 3,095 CHF/m2 gross floor space might offer. But central and quiet properties are rare (1st + 2nd phase) and unaffordable for a large part of the population; 4,330 CHF/m2 main usable area development to a degree of density that preserves the (1st + 2nd phase) sense of living in a green environment is therefore a 680 CHF/m3 gross capacity (1st + 2nd phase, incl. underground garage) challenge.

Specially developed system for direct comparisons and easy evaluation of buildings Sustainability in a dialogue between a home and its residents

www.detail.de/sustainable

Documentation

138

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Jeweller’s Studio with Shop in London c

Architects: DSDHA, London Project architects: Deborah Saunt, David Hills, John Zhang, Martin Pearson Structural engineer: Structure Workshop, London Others involved in the project: see page 216

The neighbourhoods south of the Thames have been experiencing change for years. The Shard – the skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano – was, for example, recently completed in the heterogeneous fabric at the London Bridge station. But close by there are also quiet lanes that still offer evidence of their medieval origins. It is here that, in 2009, jewellery designer Alex Monroe acquired a small, one-storey shop at the end of a row of buildings – the purchase agreement also included the right to top it with a three-storey brick structure. The architects, however, had a wood structure in mind; it would be lightweight enough to perch atop steel columns concealed in the cladding of the storefront. The envelope is finely crafted of pigmented zinc panels. The metal facade reflects the building’s use; its hue sets up a dialogue with the materials of the neighbouring buildings. The aptness of a carefully wrought metal facade in this sensitive urban setting ultimately garnered the approval of the building authorities. Vertical folds march rhythmically across the facade – and, at the same time, blur the viewer’s perception of scale. Moreover, the articulation mitigates views in and out of the building. The two-storey opening with sliding windows that fronts the workshop and the conference room sets up relationships to the street. Subtle horizontal setbacks pick up on the composition of the neighbouring facades. The colour concept of the shimmering grey-bronze “jewellery box” responds to the context without imitating it. Its presence has a matter-of-factness that can assert itself in the heterogeneous surroundings. Particularly from the east, with the skyscrapers in the background, it could almost be taken for a miniature tower, but, more importantly, one that mediates between scales and layers of time. The loadbearing members of cross laminated timber were prefabricated in Austria and assembled in just two days. These are visible inside the building, and the furnishings are of the same material. In an allusion to the craft of client, the made-to-measure facade was hand-pressed on site.

∂   2014 ¥ 2

Documentation

Site plan scale 1:7500 Floor plans Sections scale 1:200

1 1

2 4 4

4 4

5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 aa

6 6

a a

a a b b

b b

a a a a

b 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Roof terrace Meeting/Dining Balcony Kitchenette Workshop Studio Shop

Jeweller’s Studio architects: DSDHA b The Shard/London Bridge Tower architects: Renzo Piano Building

139

Workshop City Hall/ Greater London Authority (GLA) architects: Foster and Partners d Tower Bridge c

140

Jeweller’s Studio with Shop in London

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

∂   2014 ¥ 2

Energy-efficient Subsidised Housing in Ansbach Architects: Deppisch Architekten, Freising Michael Deppisch Team: Johannes Dantele (Project architect), Simon Huber, Christian Klessinger, Andreas Kopp Structural engineers: Planungsgesellschaft Dittrich, Munich Others involved in the project: see page 216

In Bavaria a government-sponsored program named “e %” is exploring how to optimise the energy-efficiency of subsidised housing. The width of each of the two compact structures is 16 metres. The windows in the stairwells and lintelless windows and light-toned reveals in the apartments guarantee that there is plenty of daylight in the spaces, yet, the design maintains a favourable ratio of openings to opaque surfaces. In combination with a highly insulated envelope, the result is an economical, simple wooden structure that is 40 % more energy efficient than the German Energy Conservation Act requires. Wood has left its mark on the complex. While the load-bearing interior walls are sheathed in fire-resistant material, in a departure from the building code’s standard requirements, the wood ceilings in the apartments are visible. To compensate for the exposed wood, the building has high-standard doors and fire alarms, as well as double-sheathed exterior walls. The ceilings cantilever out to form the balconies; a groove in the underside prevents moisture migration, reduces thermal bridges, and facilitates an airtight connection. The exterior envelope is made of prefabricated wood-frame elements; 28 cm was deemed the maximum efficient thickness of the solid timber posts: the facade elements have the same thickness. Thanks to the centrally positioned bathroom cores, the simple structural system, and the interior plasterboard walls the floor plans are adaptable. In addition, the entire building can be readily disassembled when necessary. A variety of energy concepts were tested in cooperation with different universities – comparing, e.g., centralised and decentralised air-to-air heat pumps. Systems were chosen that are simple, dependable, easy to use, and affordable. Hot water and heating are supplied by a centralised wood-pellet boiler. A ventilation system extracts air from the sanitary cores. Supply air flows in through acoustically insulated openings in the lintels. Windows are set back within the reveal; they are also sheltered from the elements by the balconies.

Documentation

143

Site plan scale 1:2500

The inward-oriented complex responds to its heterogeneous surroundings. Two elongated, “stacked” structures face each other; the low-slung auxiliary buildings define the other two edges of the courtyard.

144

Energy-efficient Subsidised Housing in Ansbach

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Section • Layout plans scale 1:500 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Courtyard Sand playground Bench Pergola (in a later phase: communal space) Heating Pellet storage Electrical room Bicycles Garbage Vestibule Laundry room Strollers Closets Platform elevator Elevator (optional) Void

Technology

174

Seven Storey Wood Office Building in Zurich Martin Antemann

Others involved in the project: see page 217

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Martin Antemann, born in 1979, began working for the Blumer-Lehmann AG in 2006. He is currently the deputy director and department head “Free forms”. As project manager, he was responsible for the new construction of the Tamedia AG in Zurich.

∂   2014 ¥ 2

Technology

2 3 4 5

In the centre of Zurich, not far from the main railway station, a spectacular office building has recently begun to demonstrate the potential of wood as building material for large urban-scale construction tasks. Shigeru Ban designed this new seven-storey building with its visible wood construction as an addition to the headquarters of the Tamedia publishing company. Similar to traditional Japanese wood buildings, it is devoid of metal hardware connectors. Shigeru Ban’s striking wood structures, among them the Centre Pompidou in Metz, are as famous as his buildings made of cardboard tubes. His design for the Tamedia office building originates in the principles of transparency and structural simplicity. The structure was to permit an assembly process similar to building blocks and feature a comprehensible load-bearing system. Wood elements were to remain exposed. To realize these architectural preconditions by using glue-laminated wood in premium quality for visible application and locking pin connections milled with extraordinary precision comprised a great challenge for all partners involved. Transparent volume in an inner-city context The geometry of the design meets urban planning requirements and the transparent new building follows the block border. It terminates along the northern lot corner and adopts the typical aspects of the Werd quarter with its tall ground floor spaces and mansard roof. The design is complemented by the addition of a top floor to the neighbouring building. Its barrel roof comprised of arched beams distinguishes the addition from the new building formally and structurally. At a first glance its volume doesn’t seem overly spectacular. Yet, upon approaching, the purposely oversized wood construction with connections reminiscent of organic joints becomes visible behind the completely glazed facade. The structure displays itself in a particularly impressive way in the grand foyer and the adjoining areas. The two rows of columns along the eastern perimeter define an area similar to a winter garden and as tall as the

entire building, situated in front of the of fices. This 3.20 m deep “intermediate space” not only serves as a climate buffer and access area. Platforms with offset arrangement offer additional spaces used for meetings and creative breaks. The facade elements of these areas can be drawn upward completely, creating spacious loggias with views towards the river Sihl. A continuous staircase connects the individual platforms and provides access to the office levels. Due to this full-height space, the entire building is equipped with a sprinkler system. Wooden connectors One of Shigeru Ban’s aims was to build the 3 structure in its entirety of wood, similar to traditional Japanese timber buildings. Not only columns and beams, but also joint connectors consist predominantly of wood: instead of screws, nails or steel connectors, special dowels made of beech plywood transmit loads and reinforce construction components. The load-bearing structure with its full-height columns, beam pairs and girders with oval cross-section was created as a precise, CNC milled construction kit and assembled on-site similar to a three-dimensional puzzle. Planning and realization of this ambitious project were a great challenge for the timber engineers and builders. As in previous projects, Shigeru Ban once 4 more collaborated with Hermann Blumer and the Blumer-Lehmann Corporation, jointly responsible for developing the concept. The visible wood components were supposed to appear as natural as possible and require no further treatment or finish. A fullsize mock up served for testing. The spruce timber that was used, 2000 m3 in total, is of high quality and originates in a continuous forest area in Styria located at 1000 m above sea level. Wood frame construction principle The 38.15 m long main tract is comprised of eight wood frames each set apart at 5.45 m. They consist of four columns each connected to a beam pair per floor. The continuous columns terminate at eave height and are

175

he “intermediate space” constitutes a T full-height buffer and is situated in front of the office areas. Elevation, Stauffacherquai facade Office space above entrance area Office space, top floor Joint column / beam pair / beech plywood dowel during assembly

176

Seven Storey Wood Office Building in Zurich

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

6 Section scale 1:500 7 Beech plywood dowel 8 Treatment of column milling 9 Column with dowel and reinforcement plate 10 Facade section scale 1:50

7 a

8 a

11 Joint, vertical/horizontal sections scale 1:20 a glulam column 440/440 mm b glulam beam pair 2≈ 120 mm c oval glulam bar 240/350 mm d beech plywood dowel e beech plywood reinforcement plate 40 mm 12 The “intermediate space” constitutes a full-height buffer and is situated in front of the office areas.

∂   2014 ¥ 2

Technology

177

e c

d d b b

c a a

delivered in one piece. Each column is made of three glue-laminated block-bonded timber components. They are 21 m tall with a cross section of 440 by 440 mm and weigh 2.5 t. The beam pairs span 11 m across the building’s main tract and are cambered at 25 mm. Columns and twin beams are attached via joints that feature specially crafted connectors made of beech plywood. The 240 mm wide beam pairs are made of two elements of 120 mm width. They are supplemented by 40 mm wide oval beech plywood panels as reinforcement along the four joints of the glue-laminated timber beams. In follow the beams weree e block-bonded along the end section. As c

r esult, concentrated load introduction can be controlled in regard to lateral pressure. The beam pairs are attached to a large, oval beech plywood dowel placed into a precisely milled oval notch within the column. Two oval beech plywood panels reinforce the reduced column cross section along the joints, enabling controlled introduction of loads. Since loads are transmitted via contact, exact fitting is a prerequisite for planning and production. The beech connectors are concealed. As result, the precisely balanced geometry of the joint form contributes to its impression – a fact that the architect placed great importance in. Roof slabs made of 45 mm three-ply panels

stabilize the structure. They are connected to the reinforced concrete staircases along the transition to the existing building and the northern wing. Roof construction as rigid frame The roof construction consists of rigid frames spanning 17.38 m. These are placed on cantilevers made of beech plywood panels anchored by the beam pairs of the floor slabs below. The interior columns on the top floor do not transmit loads and are merely attached horizontally via wood connectors. The connections in the angled rigid corners of the roof frame were also made of beech plywood panels. In the corner area, these

178

Seven Storey Wood Office Building in Zurich

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

a 13 Ground floor plan scale 1:500 14 Timber frames, erected per column line 15 Roof truss scale 1:100 the rigid frame spans the entire building width of 17.38 m; the top column s egments are non-load-bearing 16 Assembly of beam pairs 17 Roof truss delivery 18 Assembly, oval girders

Products

188

Timber Construction

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Helicoidal tower in wood and steel reaches for the sky

Timber for alpine regions

In Carinthia, Austria, on the Pyramidenkogel above Lake Wörth, stands what is claimed to be the highest observation tower in the world built mainly of wood. Including the spire and the antenna, the tower reaches a height of 100 m. Starting from the elliptical base, there are ten levels with axes skewed by 22.5� with respect to each other, and creating a helicoidal structure that reaches the visitor deck at a height of almost 71 m.

In recent years modern buildings have attracted attention not only in urban areas but also in alpine regions, and Austrian company Binderholz Bausysteme has realised some very striking buildings with the use of its BBS cross-laminated timber in these rural locations. Alpine huts, summit lodges, mountain chapels and alpine villages traditionally conjure up the image of timber buildings, constructed in sheltered places with the requirement to keep out wind and weather and also to give the interior the warm and welcoming atmosphere that timber can provide.

The shell of the structure is made up of 16 larch glulam wood columns that, like a cage, enclose the internal stairway, with an integral slide – the longest in Europe – and the central lift. Ten elliptical rings, built in welded steelbox sections and spaced 6.40 m from each other, with 80 diagonal tubular steel struts, are used to stiffen the structure, which has an elegant sinuous form that appears light and slender despite being built with 600 m³ of timber and 300 t of steel. The new observation tower replaced an existing concrete tower, and was intended to be different and to become a real attraction for this popular destination: not only taller, but fitting more harmoniously into the landscape, and more sustainable. The wood used is certified PEFC and originates from a nearby area. Thanks to their design for a

structure using the ellipse and the helicoidal form, architects Klaura, Kaden + Partners, Klagenfurt were awarded the contract by the town council, and they worked collaboratively with Rubner Holzbau for the timber elements, the Zeman Company for the steelwork and structural engineers Lackner + Raml, Villach to realise the tower. After casting the concrete foundation slab, weighing 800 t and fastened to the bedrock by eight steel anchors of 20 m in length, construction began and despite the cold, the wind and the snow, the work went smoothly. Rubner describes the build as “an excellent logistical and construction result, if we think that glulam wood beams weighing even up to 9 tons and of 27 m length were assembled and transported, to build columns 74 m high”. The 48 single elements (27 and 13.5 m in length) bonded with melamine resin were produced with constant section (144 ≈ 32 cm) to satisfy the requirements for strength, durability and uniformity in creating the load-bearing structure, and with strength classes Gl28c, Gl28h and Gl32h according to static demands. Covering strips made up of laths stop water from entering the joints; also, protection of the wood was a decisive factor during design of the structure. The base structure of the tower, including the entrance hall, the ticket office, a shop and a restaurant, was built in masonry. From the entrance, the visitors can access one of the three observation decks, using the stairs, with 440 steps, or the glass lift. At the ninth and tenth levels, the Skybox – a covered area protected from the weather that can be hired for special events – shimmers with its glass facades. ¥ Rubner Holzbau GmbH Germany � +49 (0)821 710 6410 www.rubner.com

It is not an everyday task to build an alpine hut at an altitude of 2,400 m, and not only because the required material has to be flown up by helicopter. Any intervention in such an impressive landscape poses quite a challenge. In the middle of the Zillertal Alps at 2,087 m above sea level on the Penkenjoch mountain, the Cappella Granata mountain chapel has been built using cross-laminated timber, as seen above. Designed by architect Mario Botta, the building has the shape of a garnet – with 12 rhombic faces – which is found in the rearmost part of the Zillertal to this day. The same timber material has been used to create a new mountain chalet in the Oetztal Alps called Venet Summit Lodge, which allows users to relax and recharge at about 2,200 m above sea level. The cross-laminated timber is a multi-layered, solid wood product designed to offer good insulation qualities, while being able to bear loads. BBS is claimed to be fireproof and to have good sound-absorbing properties. Details are easy to design and the construction can be easily executed. ¥ Binderholz Bausysteme GmbH Austria � +43 (0)6245 70500-556 www.binderholz-bausysteme.com

196

Windows, Doors and Entrances

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Marble mouldings

High-tech spec

Angle on design

Stone Age fabricates bespoke elements for design projects, including internal decorative mouldings to frame a doorway or window. The masonry workshop works closely with clients early on in a project to advise on how stone can be used to create a highspecification finish, often producing bespoke pieces that require a technical application of the material. Italian Calacatto Oro marble was used for the doorway moulding shown here, with the moulding and cladding for the frame being crafted from the same block of marble. Individual sections of stone were fabricated and bonded together to create one piece, and skilful vein matching ensured the natural veining in the material was preserved throughout the whole piece.

London Metropolitan University student accommodation in the Commercial Road has been fitted with uni_one® composite windows from Uniform Architectural. The East London apartment building boasts almost 800 of these high-efficiency, double-glazed units, allowing natural light into the 300 bedrooms as well as the kitchen and community areas, corridors, stairs and landings.

The collaboration between door furniture specialist Manital and Italian designer Mario Mazzer continues with the project of the Clinia door and window handle, which is manufactured in Italy and available in the UK from distributor Carlisle Design Group. This handle has balanced proportions and square lines and is characterised by the grip sloping downwards. The body is made of forged brass, with an extensive range of finishes available, comprising polished brass, satin brass, satin bronze, chrome, satin chrome, satin nickel and with the SDF (Super Durable Finish) high-performance protective treatment, which has been developed to help maintain the colour and gloss of the handle over the duration of its use.

¥ Stone Age United Kingdom � +44 (0)20 7384 9090 www.stone-age.co.uk

Some elevations have floor-to-ceiling ribbon windows extending over the full 17 storeys of the building, whilst elsewhere windows are used as automatic opening vents with electric and manual operation. The internal Scots Pine timber of these windows is finished in a light oak stain, and the RAL colours of Iron Grey aluminium with Pearl Light Grey flashing co-ordinate with the lighter grey exterior facade of the building. The composite windows are standard tilt and turn style, with a small tilt and turn side window meeting a full-size opening sash at an angle of 123�, increasing the amount of light entering the room and giving occupants a more panoramic view. The system was adapted to have a restricted tilt function and the turn mode is restricted to 100 mm to comply with safety requirements, although maintenance staff can override these restrictions if necessary. The high technical specification, requiring a U-value of 1.4 W/m²K, was said to be easily achieved by the double-glazed windows, which also perform to the acoustic rating of Rw 38 and meet the necessary wind speed ratings. Using timber from ethically managed sources and recyclable aluminium, uni_one double- and triple-glazed windows can help to achieve higher BREEAM and CfSH standards. ¥ Uniform Architectural Ltd United Kingdom � +44 (0)117 959 6456 www.uniform-arch.co.uk

¥ Carlisle Design Group United Kingdom � +44 (0)1228 511770 www.manital.com

208

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

On the Spot

Ecobuild Preview: The vision for a cleaner, greener environment ten years on Ecobuild 2014 at the ExCel conference and exhibition centre in London’s Docklands will see an estimated 45,000 visitors attend the annual three-day event. The 10th anniversary of this major showcase for sustainable products and materials will give architects and specifiers access to more than 1,000 suppliers of innovative products and to conference and seminar sessions covering a wide range of built environment issues. “Ecobuild’s anniversary made us reflect on the past 10 years and refocus on what the event is all about”, said Alison Jackson, Ecobuild group director of sustainability and construction. “Our aim is to bring industry professionals together with a common purpose – to create a cleaner, greener, efficient and more sustainable built environment.” By introducing three core areas, the organisers have also made the show easier to navigate. The Sustainable Design and Construction zone focuses on the topic at the heart of Ecobuild. Here, visitors can learn about the latest design ideas, future construction materials, lighting and technical solutions to sustainable construction. New and existing innovations, such as the role of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a central feature this year. The Connecting Future Cities

zone covers issues from biodiversity and greening cities to infrastructure, water and waste, technology and transport. Addressing another hot topic, the Energy zone looks at key energy issues, providing guidance and practical advice on policy and legislation concerning renewable energy, resource management and energy efficiency. To ensure the exhibition itself leaves a positive legacy, Ecobuild has this year implemented the ISO 20121 Event Sustainability Management System and is concentrating on reduction of the carbon impact of the event by better management of resources and sourcing more sustainable options. “Being the leading sustainable construction and design event, we must be at the forefront of sustainability ourselves and walk the walk,” commented Alison Jackson. “We recognise the social and environmental impacts of our own activities as organisers of Ecobuild and ISO 20121 can help to manage this impact.” Another challenge is to address the volume of waste created by the show, by reducing the waste generated and increasing the proportion that is recycled. Exhibitors too have an opportunity to showcase the green credentials of their stands,

with recognition in the form of the Sustainable Stand Awards. The UK Green Building Council (UK-GBC), Ecobuild’s lead partner this year, is again giving awards to companies whose stands are deemed to best demonstrate a commitment to sustainable working practices. Last year’s winner in the stand up to 100 m² category was Coillte Panel Products. This was described as genius in its simplicity, the company having effectively grown it themselves, being made of MDF using trees that were planted and grown in its FSC forests; and, at the end of its life, the stand was pulped and made into new products. Winner of the stand over 100 m² was Aco Technologies (below, centre). Unique to the awards, the company reported on how it had improved its stand’s sustainability from the previous year – in addition, no paper was used on the stand, with people being directed to the website instead. Over 100 industry experts, ministers and VIPs will take part in Ecobuild’s conference programme, which this year has grown to encompass a second arena. Topics range from energy policy and the future of our cities to the right way to deliver zero-carbon homes and buildings that work as designed, with sessions on: smart cities and sustainability; achieving the right balance between business opportunity and preserving nature; and the gap between predicted and actual energy performance of buildings – what can be done to help improve performance. Visit DETAIL on Stand S446 at Ecobuild, 4 to 6 March, and take advantage of our special show offers for subscriptions and renewals. Browse the recent DETAIL publications such as Energy efficiency refurbishments, as well as Signage – Spatial Orientation or have a preview of Best of DETAIL: Glass, to name just a few. ¥ www.ecobuild.co.uk

∂   2014 ¥ 2

Product Information Index

209

Product Information Index Timber Construction Innovative glulam column structure allows light to dominate chapel interior (Cowley Timberwork, Trada) Helicoidal tower in wood and steel reaches for the sky (Rubner Holzbau) Timber for alpine regions (Binderholz Bausysteme) France‘s largest timber-framed school is built in Limeil-Brévannes (Lignotrend) Folding door hardware for eco structure (PC Henderson) Beachfront dwellings (Metsä Wood) Bespoke shading (Maple Sunscreening) Wood appeal twinned with man-made benefits (Inoutic) Rich, dark American walnut offers an inviting interior for campus library (American Hardwood Export Council)

Seismic Talks in Istanbul From 28 to 29 April 2014, the new “Seismic Safety” trade fair will be held in Istanbul. Its focus will be on responsible, economical and safe planning in earthquake zones. This is an issue that is of major importance for sustainable urban development in Turkey, especially in Istanbul. In Turkey, around 70% of the population live in first- and second-degree earthquake-prone areas, and not all buildings in these areas will withstand the next earthquake. The entire Middle East is one of the geographical areas most vulnerable to earthquakes in the world. As part of the fair, an international forum organized by DETAIL and called “Seismic Talks” will be held on the subject of “earthquake-proof planning and construction”. It is aimed at architects and urban planners from all over the world. “What techniques and strategies for earthquake-proof construction do Turkish architects already use?”, “What can be learned from earthquake disasters in other areas?” - these and other points will be discussed in detail and the architects Emre Arolat and Can Çinici from Istanbul will present solutions from their region. David Sim of Gehl Architects from Denmark will provide insights into the reconstruction of Christchurch in New Zealand, which was devastated by an earthquake in 2010. Dr. Sebastian Storz from the Dresden-based Forum für Baukultur e.V. will talk about an aspect of his work at MusAA, a museum of art and architecture, namely the preservation and strengthening of the local identity of the residents of earthquake disaster areas using the example of L’Aquila in Italy. In joint discussion rounds with other experts, synergies will be identified that arise out of international cooperation. The exhibition “Learning from Istanbul – The Use and Appropriation of Urban Space” by studio HBohle from Berlin will be held alongside the forum and illustrate sites in Istanbul that form part of the city’s identity. ¥ www.seismic-safety.net

Windows, Doors and Entrances Folding doors help bring harmony to house renovation and frame the view (Solarlux) Marble mouldings (Stone age) High-tech spec (Uniform Architectural) Angle on design (Carlisle Design Group) Integrated system offers three sash styles and a wide choice of finishes (Eurocell) Energy-efficient solutions suit modern designs (Dorma) Flush finish gives clear external lines (Internorm)

186 188 188 189 190 190 191 191 192

194 196 196 196 197 198 199

Access, Security and Smart Controls Bespoke options enable hotel guests and homeowners to set their preferences (Legrand) 200 Home security begins at the driveway (Cartell) 202 Shower streaming (Porcelanosa) 202 Light management (GE Lighting) 203 Medical facilities benefit from new safety systems (ADT Fire & Security) 203 Interior Walls, Ceilings and Acoustics Curved canopy system is suitable for both refurbishment and new projects (Armstrong) Perforated patterns for grid-style or seamless finish (Knauf) Speedy construction (Metsec) Comprehensive interior partition ranges aim to have all areas covered (Dorma)

204 206 206 207

On the spot Ecobuild Preview: The vision for a cleaner, greener environment ten years on (www.ecobuild.co.uk) 208 Seismic Talks in Istanbul (www.seismic-safety.net) 209

Edition

Building Simply Two Christian Schittich (Ed.), 2012. 176 pages, including numerous pictures and drawings. Format 23 × 29.7 cm. ISBN 978-3-920034-67-6 Hardcover: € 69.90 / £ 56.– / US $ 98.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable in ∂ series

Finding the key to simplicity As innovation and new developments in technology now follow each other faster and faster, making yesterday’s architectural fantasies today’s construction realities, there’s already a movement to return to the essential things in life: be it a quest for sustainability, which implies basic principles such as incorporating a region’s typologies and materials, or for reasons of expense, which often prompt a search for efficient designs or manufacturing technology, or even aesthetic requirements that allow people to step out of our increas-

ingly noisy and heterogeneous environment. However, achieving simplicity in design belies the enormous amount of effort required to plan and realise these types of architectural designs. That’s why the publication “Building Simply Two” – just as volume one – aims to look behind the facade. Well-known authors who are experts in their fields investigate the particular solutions used in a construction project in terms of design and construction, including material selection, cost efficiency and sustainability.

Vertical section scale 1:20

What does “Building Simply” mean – does it always mean simple? Does “simply” always imply cheaply? Or perhaps not?

11 12

13 10 9

6 6

“Simply” turns out to be multi-faceted – from design to sustainability

14 8

4 5

5 15

1 local earth roof tiles | 20 mm steel SHS rafters roof covering, sheet metal | 20 mm steel SHS purlins truss girder, welded using ¡ 80/40/3 mm for top/bottom chord and | 40/40/3 mm for struts 2 timber post, sapele wood 3 70 mm concrete parapet 4 400/200 mm ring beam, reinforced concrete 5 300 mm masonry wall, volcanic rock 100 –150 mm mortar 200/200/400 mm masonry wall, concrete brick 40 mm cement plaster 6 4 mm single glazing in steel frame 7 40 mm epoxy resin screed

140 mm floor slab, reinforced concrete 8 200/200/400 mm masonry wall, concrete brick 10 –20 mm cement plaster on both faces 9 200/200 mm ring beam, reinforced concrete 10 wall light, UV lamp 11 timber louvres, sapele wood in | 40/40/3 mm steel frame 12 mosquito net with sapele wood frame fixed on to steel sections 13 ceiling fan, Ø 7,000 mm 14 20 mm media panel, plywood with coloured finish, on 40/40 mm timber substructure and ¡ 80/40/3 mm steel post, seamless coved joint to floor covering, upper finish with 30/200 mm sapele wood 15 window reveal, reinforced concrete

Aesthetically demanding practical examples selected from the complexity of the simple invite you to realise your own ideas

www.detail.de/building-simply

218

2014 ¥ 2   ∂

Programme for 2014 • Photos ∂ 2014 1

Materials and Surfaces

∂ 2014 2

Timber Construction

∂ 2014 3

Concept: Housing

∂ Green 2014 1 ∂ 2014 4 Refurbishment ∂ 2014 5 Facades ∂ 2014 6

Lighting and Interiors

∂ Green 2014 2

Photo credits: Photos for which no credit is given were either provided by the respective architects or they are product photos from the DETAIL archives. p. 117: Arcangelo Piai, I–Susegana pp. 118, 121 bottom: Bernd Borchardt, D–Berlin p. 119: Bruno Klomfar, A–Vienna p. 120 top: Stefan Müller, D–Berlin p. 121 top: Roland Krauss, A–Vienna pp. 122 bottom, 153 –157: Stefan Müller-Naumann, D–Munich pp. 123–125: Julien Lanoo, F–Comines pp. 126, 130: ©paul ott photografiert pp. 127–129: © Daici Ano Photography p. 132: Ossip van Duivenbode, NL – Rotterdam pp. 133, 163 –167: Jörg Hempel, D–Aachen pp. 134 –137: Zooey Braun, D–Stuttgart pp. 138, 139 top, middle, 142: Dennis Gilbert, GB–London pp. 139 bottom, 140: Dennis Gilbert/view/arturimages pp. 143 –147: Sebastian Schels, D–Munich

pp. 148 –149, 152: Jochen Stüber, D–Hamburg pp. 150 –151: Christian Lohfing, D–Hamburg pp. 158 –162: Åke E:son Lindmann, S–Stockholm pp. 168, 169 bottom, 170/171, 172: Roman Keller, CH–Zurich pp. 173, 175 right bottom, 176, 178, 179, 180: Blumer-Lehmann AG, CH–Gossau pp. 174, 175 top left, 175 right middle, 177: Didier Boy de la Tour, CH–Lausanne p. 175 right top: Claudia Fuchs, Munich p. 183 top right: Alexandra Fritsch, D–Nuremberg p. 185: typha technik Naturbaustoffe, D–Schönau p. 186: Niall McLaughlin Architects, GB–London p.190 top left, bottom left: Steve Russell studios, GB –Gloucestershire

Black-and-white photos introducing main sections: page 117: Wood-construction High-rises on Via Cenni in Milan Architects: Rossi Prodi Associati, I–Florence page 123: Architecture School in Strasbourg Architect: Marc Mimram, F–Paris page 133: Motorway Church in Wilnsdorf Architects: schneider + schumacher, D–Frankfurt am Main page 173: Seven story wood office building in Zurich Architects: Shigeru Ban Architects, F–Paris page 185: Typha cattail panel surface Manufacturer: typha Technik Naturbaustoffe, D–Schönau

∂ Review of Architecture + Construction Detail

DETAIL English appears in 2014 on 11 January, 1 March, 2 May, 1 July, 2 September, 4 November.

Published by: Institut für internationale ArchitekturDokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Hackerbrücke 6, 80335 Munich, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-0 Fax: +49 (0)89-33 87 61 www.detail.de

Prices for DETAIL English (incl. 7 % VAT (EU)):

PO Box: Postfach 20 10 54, 80010 Munich, Germany Limited partner: ATEC Business Information GmbH General partner: Institut für internationale ArchitekturDokumentation Verwaltungs-GmbH, a 100 per cent subsidiary of ATEC Business Information GmbH. Publishing director: Meike Weber Editorial team: (address as above) Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-57 E-mail: redaktion@detail.de Christian Schittich (editor-in-chief, (V. i. S. d. P.), Sabine Drey, Andreas Gabriel, Frank Kaltenbach, Julia Liese, Michaela Linder, Thomas Madlener, Peter Popp (Online), Maria Remter, Jakob Schoof, Edith Walter, Heide Wessely Marion Griese, E mese M. Köszegi, Simon Kramer ( drawings) Editorial team DETAIL product information: Meike Weber (V. i. S. d. P.), Tim Westphal (manager), Hildegard Wänger, Jenny Clay Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-0 English translations: Elise Feiersinger (pp. 116 –172) Mark Kammerbauer (pp. 174 –184); Marc Selway (pp. 186 –209) Production /DTP: Peter Gensmantel (manager), Cornelia Kohn, Andrea Linke, Roswitha Siegler, Simone Soesters Subscription contact: mail@detail.de Subscription service (subscriptions and changes of address): Vertriebsunion Meynen, Grosse Hub 10, 65344 Eltville, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)61 23-92 38-211, Fax: -212 E-mail: mail@detail.de Distribution: Claudia Langert (distribution manager). Irene Schweiger, Kristina Weiss (address as above) Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-25 Marketing: Ariadna Zorca Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-14 Advertising: Thomas Perskowitz (V. i. S. d. P.), Claudia Wach (sales administrator) Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-24

CAD drawings All CAD drawings contained in the “Documentation” section of the journal were produced with VectorWorks®.

UK representative advertising Synergy Group Media Roy Kemp Tel.: +44 (0) 20 82 55 21 21 E-mail: detail@synergygm.com

Subscription: 8 issues per year (incl. 2 DETAIL Green issues in May and November) €126.50, for students €79.40 £89.–, for students £56.50 US$ 172.90, for students US$ 105.90 (Proof of student status must be provided to obtain student rates.) All prices include postage/packing (surface mail). Prices for DETAIL Combined: Subscription: 12 issues per year. (8≈ DETAIL English, incl. 2 issues DETAIL Green, 4≈ DETAIL German/ English) €204.37, for students €129.47 £137.39, for students £90.84 US$ 262.–, for students US$ 175.– Single issues: DETAIL English: €18.–, £12.50, US$ 24.50 DETAIL Green (English edition): €17.–, £11.50, US$ 23.– plus postage /packing All rights reserved. Distributed by IMX. The publishers bear no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts and photos. No part of DETAIL may be reprinted without permission from the publishers. No guarantee can be given for the completeness or correctness of the published contributions. Reprographics: Martin Härtl OHG Kistlerhofstrasse 70 81379 Munich, Germany Printers: Sachsendruck Plauen, GmbH Paul-Schneider-Straße 12 08525 Plauen, Germany No claims can be accepted for non-delivery resulting from industrial disputes or where not caused by an omission on the part of the publishers. This journal is printed on chlorine-free bleached paper. The entire contents of DETAIL are protected by copyright. Any use of contributions in whole or in part (including drawings) is permitted solely within the terms of relevant copyright law and is subject to fee payment. Any contravention of these conditions will be subject to penalty as defined by copyright law.