technological systems, digital tools, and smart grids serving urban communities
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The machine learning specifically related to computers is also called Deep learning63, a form of machine learning enabling computers to learn from experience, selfhierarchizing concepts. Such a hierarchy of concepts allows the computer to learn complicated notions, relating them to other simpler ones already stored in its memory. Deep learning techniques are the ground basis of digital applications such as: natural language processing; speech recognition; computer vision and related digital image recognition; online recommendation systems; bioinformatics, and videogames. In conclusion, today major progress in Artificial Intelligence is taking place through systems combining representation learning64, developed through specific and customized algorithms and rule-based systems. European cities from space: the EU Copernicus programme In Europe the importance of Earth observation and related services was officially recognized on 19 May 1998, when the Baveno Manifesto, a declaration creating the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Scientifically, Deep Learning is the learning of data not provided by humans but learned through the use of statistical computing algorithms. These algorithms have the purpose of understanding how the human brain works and manages to interpret images and language. The learning process has the form of a pyramid: the highest concepts are learned from the lowest levels. Deep learning techniques are widely used by practitioners in industry, including deep feedforward networks, regularization, optimization algorithms, convolutional networks, sequence modeling, and practical methodology. 64 Bengio Y., Courville A., Vincent P. 2013, Representation Learning: A Review and New Perspectives, «IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence», vol. 35, n. 8, pp. 1798-1828. 63
