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Lecture 2 : FORM ACTIVE SYSTEM
Theories of Architecture [ 3 ] FA 400 .4.5 . Fall 2014 Faculty of Fine Arts . Department of Architecture Alexandria University A.Prof Dr .Ebtissam M.Farid Moustapha Associate professor
Form Active Structure System نظـــــــــــام الشكل النشــــــــــط • • • • •
منشآت تقاوم القوى بتشكيلها نظام متكامل ال يسمح بتدخل أى أنظمة أخرى نظام مرن يسهل فكه وتركيبه يستخدم عادة لتغطية البحور الكبيرة يتسم بالصراحة اإلنشائية ألنها تظهر علي واجهة المبنى وتؤثر بجميع أنواعها على التشكيل العام له
Steel & tensioned fabric
Millennium Dome - Richard Rogers London
Lecture 2. Form Active system
Structure system Form Active system
Vector Active system
1
Cables system
Bulk Active system
Surface Active system
Vertical Structure system
Form Active system
Tents system
Air Supported system
Arch System
1
Single Layers
1
Exterior Supports
1
Unpressurized interior
1
Foundation Arch
2
Double Layers
2
Interior Supports
2
In pressurized Interior
2
Continues Arch
3
Double Curvatures Arch & Cables
3
Tents with arches
3
Buttressed Arches
4
Flying tents
4
Tied Arch
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Definition : Tension roofs or canopies are those in which every part of the structure is loaded only in tension, with no requirement to resist compression or bending forces
Lecture 3. Form Active system
• The World’s first tensile structure : The Elliptical Pavilion of the Pan-russian Exposition during construction, 1896 - Tensile structure by great Russian engineer and scientist Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Tension structures are fabricated as permanent or temporary canopy structures for commercial or public assembly, temporary event structures, modular industrial construction and landscape artwork
Al Maqam Campus (UAE) Architect: Al Maqam University Lecture 3. Form Active system
A tent is a thin , anticlastic tension membrane , supported by a compression arch or mast Anticlastic Surfaces • The centers of curvature of the membrane are on opposite sides of the membrane e.g. torus
Synclastic Surfaces • The centers of curvature of the membrane are on the same side of the membrane. E.g. sphere or balloon
Lecture 3. Form Active system
In contemporary tent structure , 3D computer models are used to plan the shape of the tent and its individual panels & to calculate internal tensile stresses .For wind stability and longevity , it is essential that tents be designed as double curvature structures example Revit structure , Oasys Software
Wedding hall in Abu Dhabi (UAE) Lecture 3. Form Active system
ELASTIC This unique fabric strives for a light and airy look by minimizing the amount of framing and utilizing the strength of the fabric to help support the stability and equilibrium of the structure.
Lecture 3. Form Active system
• Computer aided tools play an important role during the conceptual design of tensile structures because of the complexity of the obtained equilibrium shapes.
Lecture 3. Form Active system
• In the last years, haptic devices have become very popular and have been used in many applied fields as product design, medicine, architecture or art between others. By means of haptic devices, the user can interact with virtual objects via the sense of touch. The designer can easily define complex equilibrium shapes and try different design alternatives in a very short time. An application has been developed to test the benefits of using haptics in textile architecture.
Check https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jsanchez/Textile_Architecture.html Lecture 3. Form Active system
SUPPORTS Internal Supports Tents are easily supported by central masts
Denver International Airport Terminal
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Bradburn and associates
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
External Supports Catenary cables can be suspended from side masts to support the membrane peaks at several points
Opera Holland Park – Hall & Bednarczyk Architects Lecture 3. Form Active system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
إستخدام الصواري و الكابالت مع األغشية المشدودة
Research Laboratories For Schlumberger, Cambridge . Michael Hopkins
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Tents with arches
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Tents with arches
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Tents with arches
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Tents with arches Arch membrane cable tensile structures
Lecture 3. Form Active system
BOUNDARIES If the edge of the tent is flexible .it is usually shaped into a concave curve to ensure that it remains in tension .Because the edge is a region of high stress. It is usually reinforced with cable which continues to the anchor point
Scientific Center Kuwait Lecture 3. Form Active system
Cambridge Seven Associates, Inc.
Materials Traditionally tents were considered only suitable for temporary structures because if the deterioration of fabrics due to prolonged exposure to sunlight. The development of improved fabrics ( notably fiber glass ) and coatings which minimize deterioration due to sunlight ( Dupont Teflon ) have increased the useful life of tent fabrics to over 20 years , making them suitable for use on permanent structures . 窶｢Uncoated fabrics - Simple woven fibers , Canvas, nylon 窶｢ Coated fabrics - High strength woven fibers w/ coatings to prevent UV & environmental degradation & improve weather resistance. - PVC窶田oated service life
polyester:
relatively
short
- PTFE 窶田oated glass fiber: high strength, long service life Lecture 3. Form Active system
• The structure is inspired from the Bedouin tent • The roof is translucent , transmitting enough diffuse daylight to sufficiently light the terminal .At night , the roof becomes a reflective surface for the pylon mounted up lights
Haj Terminal, King Abul Aziz International Airport (KSA) Lecture 3. Form Active system
SOM
• The tents combine to cover 4300000 m2 • The basic module is a square conical fabric tent 45m on each side . • 21 modules form a single group and there are 2 sets of 5 groups divided by landscape for a total of 210 tent module
Lecture 3. Form Active system
•Each module consists of a semi- concical fabric tent connected at the open center peak to a 3.96 m diameter steel tension ring and stretched to the perimeter cables which are attached at the 4 corners to masts
Lecture 3. Form Active system
For cooling , the form & height of the tents utilize natural thermal convection to induce ventilation up and out through the center openings. The Teflon coated fiber glass fabric is expected to last 20 years and it reinforced by 32 steel cables that radiate from the tension ring to perimeter cables
Haj Terminal, King Abul Aziz International Airport (KSA) Lecture 3. Form Active system
SOM
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Haj Terminal, King Abul Aziz International Airport (KSA)
Lecture 3. Form Active system
SOM
• The structure consists of 24 identical tent module repeated round a circle to form a ring canopy • Covering the grandstands . • The open center is over the playing field . • The masts are positioned behind the seating to maintain the unobstructed view of the playing field from grandstands which seat 60,00
King Fahd international stadium (KSA) Lecture 3. Form Active system
Horst berger
• The fabric membrane is stretched between ridge cables . Valley cables & catenary edge cables. • The ridge cables are connected to the main mast • The valley cables between the ridge cables are connected to the bottom anchor and stabilize the structure against wind lift • The outer edge of the ridge cables and the outer edge of the catenary edge cables are held at a fixed point created by the sloping mast and the 2 triangulated cable guys. • The inner end of the membrane is attached to a ring cable which counter balance the outer thrust of the sloping mast and the guys. Lecture 3. Form Active system
• The structure includes a roof washing system designed to the fabric’s 8% day light transmittance and 75 % solar reflectance. • Rain drains outward to the lower anchor points to spill into a perimeter drainage basin
King Fahd international stadium (KSA) Lecture 3. Form Active system
Horst berger
Lecture 3. Form Active system
The center ring cable supports speaker and field ligthing systems ; uplights reflect off the underside of the tent at night to provide general illumination of the grandstands
Lecture 3. Form Active system
• Hopkins used fabric roofs to create an elegant tent, recalling the temporary structures of the 17th century erected on the green for a Saturday afternoon’s cricket match. • Hopkins devised a steel superstructure above the existing stadium to house 2 new tiers of seating, a mezzanine level of services and the elegant roof which characterizes the structure .
Mound Stand, Lord's Cricket Ground , London , 1985 . 87 Lecture 3. Form Active system
Michael Hopkins & partners
Check http://www.basestructures.com/portfolio.php
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Originally intended to be Teflon coated fiberglass fabric, PVC coated polyester was finally specified due to fire restrictions
Mound Stand, Lord's Cricket Ground , London , 1985 . 87 Lecture 3. Form Active system
Michael Hopkins & partners
• Structurally independent of the existing brick terrace , the tent is supported by 6 , 406mm diameter tubular steel columns which also support a spine of steel girders. • Cantilevering from the spine are a series of beams which form the floor of the top level and the ceiling above the viewing boxes .
• At the back of the building , the beams are connected by plate girders that transfer loads to the vertical steel tension roof placed every 18 m between the arches of the colonnade. • the fabric was cut using computer generated patterns and ultrasonically welded into seven sections that extended between 6 masts. Tentioned by steel lifting rings around each mast. Lecture 3. Form Active system
Waterproof tensile fabric is pulled tight by cables slung from steel masts. The result is lightweight and looks simple and efficient .
Mound Stand, Lord's Cricket Ground , London , 1985 . 87 Lecture 3. Form Active system
Michael Hopkins & partners
Diplomatic club [ Tuwaiq Palace ] –Riyadh Lecture 3. Form Active system
Omnrania – Frei Otto
Diplomatic club [ Tuwaiq Palace ] –Riyadh Lecture 3. Form Active system
Omnrania – Frei Otto
Diplomatic club [ Tuwaiq Palace ] – Riyadh Lecture 3. Form Active system
Omnrania – Frei Otto
Diplomatic club [ Tuwaiq Palace ] –Riyadh
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Omnrania – Frei Otto
Split Airport Terminal (Croatia)
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Ian Fraser, John Roberts and Partners
Sony center (Germany) Architect: Murphy Jahn Lecture 3. Form Active system
Tensile membrane structures are most often used as roofs as they can economically and attractively span large distances.
Marina Mall (UAE) Lecture 3. Form Active system
ACG Architects
Bangkok Airport, Thailand
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Columbus Center (USA)
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Zeidler Roberts Partnership
Lecture 3. Form Active system
النظام الخيمـىTensile system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
النظام الخيمـىTensile system
Las Vegas Cantilever Parking Structure at a casino convention center entrance in Las Vegas, NV .
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Pneumatic structures
المنشآت المدعمة بالهواء
Flexible membranes that stability from air pressure .
derive
their
Synclastic - anticlastic curvatures Two generic types : 1. Air supported ( low pressure) systems 2. Air inflated ( high pressure ) systems
These materials are coated with vinyls such as PVC & Teflon to prevent deterioration from moisture & ultraviolet radiation Lecture 3. Form Active system
Purpose of use
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Water-pools
Tennis courts
Golf courses
Football fields
Advantages :
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Form Active Structure System
- Lower operating costs due to simplicity of design - Easy and quick to set up, dismantle, & relocate - Open interior space (do not require supporting frame ) - Custom fabric colors & sizes, including translucent fabric, allowing natural sunlight
المنشآت المدعمة بالهواءAir Supported System Disadvantages : • • • •
Continuous operation of fans to maintain pressure, often requiring emergency power supply . Dome collapses when pressure lost or fabric compromised Limited load-carrying capacity Conventional buildings have longer lifespan
Lecture 3. Form Active system
1.Air supported ( low pressure) systems Single fabric enclosing a space in form of domes or similar shapes , Fabric supported by inside pressure
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
US pavilion , Expo 70 ,Osaka Architect: Davis , Brody , Chermayeff, Geismar -
First large-scale pneumatic structure Plan 142 x 83 m rising 6 m Had a very low profile Tension cables supported by a concrete compression ring
Lecture 3. Form Active system
2. Air inflated ( high pressure ) systems It is 100-1000 times greater than in air supported structure like a football to provide stability where Tubular or cushions form with high air pressure between two layers of fabric that provide usable
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Fuji pavilion Expo’ 70 in Osoka Architect : Yutaka Murata , Mamoru Kawaguchi -
Organic form . Circular floor of 50 m diameter . Vaulted fabric structure composed of 16 pneumatic arched tubes . Tubes consisted of two vinyl fabric layers glued to improve tear resistance The tubes connected by pipes to a multi stage turbo blower to provide 1000-2500 mm water pressure
Lecture 3. Form Active system
Pneumatic structures المنشآت المدعمة بالهواء
Most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, half cylinders Lecture 3. Form Active system
Pneumatic structures المنشآت المدعمة بالهواء
Lecture 3. Form Active system
النظام العقديArch structure System.
Lecture 3. Form Active system
النظام العقديArch structure System.
Lecture 3. Form Active system
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Thank you for your attention
Theories of Architecture [ 3 ] FA 400 .4.5 . Fall 2014 Faculty of Fine Arts . Department of Architecture Alexandria University A.Prof Dr .Ebtissam M.Farid Moustapha Associate professor