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Lecture 4 : VECTOR ACTIVE SYSTEM
Theories of Architecture [ 3 ] FA 400 .4.5 . Fall 2014 Faculty of Fine Arts . Department of Architecture Alexandria University A.Prof Dr .Ebtissam M.Farid Moustapha Associate professor
Structure system Form Active system
Vector Active system
2
Flat Trusses
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Bulk Active system
Surface Active system
Vertical Structure system
Vector Active system
Curves trusses
Space truss
منشآت تقاوم القوى بتحليلها فى اتجاه أعضائها استخدام مجموعة من العناصر تتحمل قوى الشد والضغط معاً على السواء وهذا النظام قد يكون ظاهرا"علي الواجهات أو يكون مستترا"ويمكن االستفادة به كتشكيل داخلي للمبنى.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Early truss was made out of wood and first used by the ancient Greeks and romans
Trusses have been used for many centuries; During Renaissance ; Andrea Palladio illustrates truss bridges in his Four Books of Architecture as early as 1570.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Reasons of using the system In the 19th century the industrial expansion—in particular the need for long-span exhibition and market halls, railroad terminals, and bridges—together with the development of engineering theory and improvements in the production of cast and wrought iron, and later steel, provide the motive and means for most of the advances in truss design that are exploited within early 20th century architecture
Gustav Lindenthal's arched Hell's Gate Bridge in New York City (1916) Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Main Concourse in McKim, Mead and White's Pennsylvania Station
The influence of the 19th century iron trusswork in Henri Labrouste's Biblioteque Nationale Reading Room in Paris (1875) can be seen in the vaulted ceiling above the Main Concourse in McKim, Mead and White's Pennsylvania Station in New York City (1910)
Henri Labrouste's Biblioteque Nationale
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
while the tradition of long-span three-hinged arched trusses, epitomized in such 19th century masterpieces as Contamin and Dutert's Galerie des Machines in Paris (1889)
Contamin and Dutert's Galerie des Machines in Paris (1889
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Continues in twentieth-century structures like Peter Behrens's AEG Turbine Factory in
Berlin (1909) and Tony Garnier's Municipal Slaughterhouse in Lyons, France (1913).
AEG Turbine Factory
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Municipal Slaughterhouse
seldom found as expressive elements within the canon of mainstream early twentieth-century Modernism. Trusses are
Like Gothic buttresses, trusses are directly constrained by the geometrical logic of their structural form and, unlike prismatically pure columns and slabs, or expressively cast concrete elements, cannot easily be subsumed within Modernism's abstract, formal systems
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Only with Russian Constructivist from the 1920s and 1930s that trusses are first exploited as expressive elements within an explicitly Modernist context.
Alexander and Victor Vesnin's Pravda Building project in Moscow (1923) in which trusses are used as windbracing elements within a composition that includes bold text, angled planes, and glazed elevator towers; Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Van der Vlugt's Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam1930) featuring dynamic horizontal and sloping trussed connecting bridges.
Vladimir Tatlin founded in 1917 in Russia a geometric abstract movement that he hoped would give a new sense of the visual to the new Communist order.
Trusses were used deliberately as expressive elements within later twentieth-century architecture, it is most often by appropriating and reinterpreting the industrial applications
Ray and Charles Eames in the influential house they built for themselves in Pacific Palisades, California (1949), Lecture 4. Vector Active system
• Architects and engineers are always seeking new ways of solving the problem of space enclosure. • With the industrialization and development of the modern world there is a demand for efficient and adaptable long-span structures.
AVIVA-STADIUM Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Because of their light
weight and high strength .They are among the most commonly used to span long length . Trusses provide complete flexibility in exterior cladding
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Mies van der Rohe's project for a Chicago Convention Hall (1953) Visually integrates the diagonal members of its horizontal trusswork within the orthogonal pattern of its exterior curtain wall.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Materials
Wood Trusses Span 10-17 m
Precast Trusses Span 12-20 m
Steel commonly used 37 m Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Trusses can be 2D Planar or 3D Prismatic ( prismatic or space trusses linked together to become space frames )
What distinguishes the truss from other structural forms is precisely
its Lecture 4. Vector Active system
triangulation
Flat Trusses
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Flat Trusses All members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane consists of straight members connected at joints. No member is continuous through a joint.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Flat Trusses
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Each truss carries those loads which act in its plane and may be treated as 2D structure.
When forces tend to pull the member apart, it is in tension. When the forces tend to compress the member, it is in compression.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Members of a truss are slender and not capable of supporting large lateral loads.
Loads must be applied at the joints.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
The main uses are: 1. in buildings, to support roofs and floors, to span large distances and carry relatively light loads.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
The main uses are: 2. in road and rail bridges, for short and intermediate spans and in footbridges
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
10.11.2014
Dr. Engin AktaĹ&#x;
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Design possibilities through differentiation of roof planes in continuous trusses
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Warren truss used in Paris Pompidou building. Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers .1977 The entire architectural concept relies on exposed trusswork. Longspan interior floor trusses define column-free exhibition zones, and exterior wind-bracing trusses create the gridded diagonal pattern of the facades.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Warren truss used in Paris Pompidou building. Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers .1977 To Achieve highest efficiency of the space, designer demands perfectly clear space without any column along 166 x 60 sq. m area.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Geberettes The Centre Georges Pompidou was designed and constructed drawing weight to fall at both ends of the beam. The gerberette was a steel member with 8 meters length attached to the both ends of the beam, which in this structure integration between Warren truss and Space truss. The column is threaded through the middle of the gerberette and interlocked with flexible joint.
Trusses and joints are designed on specific angles mostly 60 degrees, those they would equilibrate the vector of force precisely. Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Geberettes
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Geberettes Trusses and gerberettes collectively perform toward the weight by creating negative moment to counterbalance the weight soothing excessive weight upon the columns, preventing them to buckle.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Schulhaus leutschenbach The building acts as two schools in one cavity. It uses one structural system and divides the program across the width of the school with common circulation and lounge spaces in between. A series of three cage-like trusses are stacked upon one another vertically, with the bottom one standing on six tripods that carry the load deep into the ground and provide an open ground floor plan (seen in the section and detail on the next page).
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
All of the infrastructure of the building is also imbedded into the concrete slab, allowing for a pure feeling when inside the building and emphasizing the trusses and their relationship to the glass walls and the exposed raw concrete. Lecture 4. Vector Active system
The main uses are:
bracing in buildings
3. as and bridges, to provide stability where the bracing members form a truss with other structural members such as the columns in a building.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
John Hancock Tower ( Cross Braced frames ) Vertical wind-bracing trusses, typically hidden within the framework of tall buildings, are given similar architectural expression on the exterior of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill's Hancock Building in Chicago (1970).
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Vierendeel Truss
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Curved-truss System
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Curved-truss System
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Curved-truss System
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Truss systems for singly curved planes
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Space truss system
نظام الجمالونات الفراغية
Space grid structures are a valuable tool for the architect or engineer in the search for new forms, owing to their wide diversity and flexibility.
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Nodes and members Standard node with 18 threaded holes and machined bearing surfaces at angles of 45째, 60째 and 90째 relative to each other
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Trusses are an assembly of structural members based on a triangular arrangement within member to member pin jointed connections called “NODES�
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Space truss Comprising one or more ( tetrahedonal , cubical, octahedronal ) units Constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints with Nodes
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Space truss system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
نظام الجمالونات الفراغية
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Buckminster fuller
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Geodesic Dome Structure Richard Buckminster Fuller’s 76 m diameter, threequarter sphere, double-layer space grid geodesic dome or the US pavilion at Expo ’67 in Montreal, Canada
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Flat space truss system composed of triangular prisms
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Flat space truss system composed of tetrahedra and semi octahedra units
Flat space truss system composed of tetrahedra and octahedra units
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Flat space truss systems composed of triangular prisms
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Flat space truss systems composed of rectangular prisms
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts Norwich, UK, 1974-1978 . Norman Foster Long-span roof trusses are used as dramatic and expressive elements in innumerable high tech buildings
Lightweight, flexible structures. Structural and service elements are contained within the double-layer walls & roof Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
Lecture 4. Vector Active system
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Thank you for your attention
Theories of Architecture [ 3 ] FA 400 .4.5 . Fall 2014 Faculty of Fine Arts . Department of Architecture Alexandria University A.Prof Dr .Ebtissam M.Farid Moustapha Associate professor