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Lecture 5: Surface active system
Theories of Architecture [ 3 ] FA 400 .4.5 . Fall 2014 Faculty of Fine Arts . Department of Architecture Alexandria University A.Prof Dr .Ebtissam M.Farid Moustapha Associate professor
Surface Active Structure System منشآت تقاوم القوى بسطحها يعتمد هذا النظام على مقاومة األحمال الواقعة عليه عن طريق التحويل إلى إجهادات انحناء وإجهادات قص والتواء في اكثر من اتجاهين .
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Structure system Form Active system
Vector Active system
Bulk Active system
Surface Active system
Vertical Structure system
Surface Active system Shells Singly curved (developable shells )
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Folded plates Doubly curved (Non developable shells )
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Shells can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports Loads applied to shell surfaces are carried to the ground by the development of compressive , tensile and shear stresses acting in the plane direction of the surface
Market Algeciras. The first concrete shell structure in Spain by Eduardo Torroja. Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Shells are surface structures which are curved in one of two directions or are warped as in the hyperbolic parabolic shell. The Structural forces in shells are largely pure tension and compression.
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Shells are made of RC 40 m to 73 m Materializing the form of shells with space frames and lattices and membranes is also possible allowing larger spans up to 200 m
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
RYUE NISHIZAWA & REI NAITO, TESHIMA ART MUSEUM: "at 25 cm thick, the white concrete pod shell is devoid of any pillars or visible structural aid.
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Anticlastic Surfaces • The centers of curvature of the membrane are on opposite sides of the membrane e.g. torus
Synclastic Surfaces • The centers of curvature of the membrane are on the same side of the membrane. E.g. sphere or balloon
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Barrel shells formed into various cylindrical and conical ( curved in one direction ) covering large areas Mark Ketchum's Concrete Shell
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
1917-2000 A Uruguayan engineer and architect who made his reputation by building a range of structures from grain silos, factory sheds, markets and churches depending on
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Thin shell Horizontal cantilever structure
Load path
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Illini Hall
CONOIDS
1 2
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Hyperboloids
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
The James S. McDonnell Planetarium, thinshell and hyperboloid structure by Gyo Obata, one component of the St. Louis Science Center campus
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
The 2nd tallest lighthouses in the world. Adziogol by Vladimir Shukhov Hyperboloid Lighthouse 1911. Steel. 64m. Kherson. Ukraine. Tallest in Ukraine. Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Hyperboloid Structure / water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, 1895
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
St. Louis Airport -Designed by Anton Tedesko Outside view - A Cylindrical Groin Vault
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
saddle shell Hyperbolic parabolid with curved edges.
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Hyperbolic paraboloids Hyperbolic parabolid with straight edges
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
A Swiss-born engineer shied away from the mathematical side of engineering and focused his effort on the physical development of structure models, emphasizing form and stability.
“One does not actually create the form; one lets it become, as it has to according to its own law.�
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
The goal to create structures of high efficiency with the lowest possible environmental impact led Isler to explore 3 types of formwork: moulded earth, inflated rubber membranes, and draped fabrics.
Sketch model showing Heinz Isler's theory using modelling clay.
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
The studies with fabric are most interesting because of the relationship between the fabric’s capacity for tension and the concrete’s capacity for compression. In order to apply this same curvature to concrete, the model is “frozen” with epoxy resins and then flipped 180 degrees, thereby putting the material into compression – a strong characteristic of concrete. This geometry can be scaled up to whatever size necessary. Such simple and elegant relationships between geometry and material properties are fascinating
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Wyss Garden center 1961
Sicily company building
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Eduardo Fernando Catalano sat in front of the hyperbolic paraboloid roofed house in Raleigh, N.C.
Hyperbolic Paraboloid Roof Weights suspended from a hyperbolic paraboloid model
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
( Rectangular or diamond hyperpolic paraboloidal surfaces ) coyoacan market
Thin-shell, reinforced concrete, Hyberbolic-parabaloid ‘umbrella.’ Mexico, 1950s | Felix Candela Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Felix Candela
the largest oceanographic aquarium in Europe with 110,000 square meters and 42 million liters of water. The white cement roof of the entrance building and the submarine restaurant... represent a hyperbolic/parabolic figure, resembling a water lily.
L'OceanogrĂ fic, City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, FĂŠlix Candela, 1998/2002 Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
With the design for Los Manantiales , Felix Candela’s experimental form finding gave rise to an efficient, elegant, and enduring work
Only Hangar - Felix Candela. The hyperbolic parabolic forms became Candela’s hallmark and he built many factories and churches around Mexico City using these forms. Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
TWA Flight Center, Eero Saarinen, JFK Int. Airport, New York
This historical project has evoked the spirit of flight for many generations. This building was made of a revolutionary thin shell concrete structure which continuously curves down from the ceiling to become the walls and floor. It is said that the overall form was inspired by a bird in flight, an appropriate form for a flight center. Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Shell structure of the TWA Flight Center Building by Eero Saarinen , John F. Kennedy International Airport ,New York
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Priory of Saint Mary and Saint Louis in Creve Coeur, Saint Louis County, Missouri, USA, completed in 1962.
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Exhibition hall of the CNIT ,Paris , Pier Luigi Nervi
& Nicolas Esquillan
The principal element is a self supporting RC Shell 1956 - 1958.
A reinforced concrete double thin-shell.1
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
a 1,200-seat auditorium and 200-seat theater in 1950
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Interior of a concrete shell structure
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
FOLDED PLATES
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
BASIC FOLDED PLATE
3 SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE
Z SHELL
CANOPIES
FOLDED PLATE TRUSS Lecture 5. Surface Active system
TAPERED FOLDED PLATES
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
UNESCO conference building , Building section with typical folded plate roof sections Breuer, Nervi and Zehrfuss’s Assembly Hall of the UNESCO Headquarters, Paris
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Example of a combined folded structure formed by a cylindrical folded structure and ½ of a dome structure
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Load path diagram
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Concrete : Highly flexible material when mixed with water it can take up any shape on centering or inside formwork . Small section of Reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells The RC membrane acts as a strong rigid shell which serves as both structure and covering to the building
Lecture 5. Surface Active system
Lecture 5. Surface Active system