404 Error: Diversity Not Found by Eddie SC Lin

404 Error: Diversity Not Found We need more diversity to build our new Silicon Valley.

Major tech companies in Silicon Valley are mostly ruled by young white males. The diversity problem in Silicon Valley is a tough problem, and a hot topic right now. This process book shows my research and labs that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve done in GR 600 Visual Communication Lab.

01-04 <Lab 01>

Topic Selection

05-10 <Lab 02>

11-14

Cards—Words+Pictures=Meaning

Posters—What do I think?

15-24 <Lab 04>

Booklet—Socratic Inquiry

25-48 <Lab 05>

Mind Map+Card Set—Forming Connections

49-58 <Lab 06>

59-68

Audience Spectrum—Prototype

Event—Three Insights

69-80 <Lab 08>

Thesis Proposal Video

<h1>

Topic Selection <h1/>

<p1>

In this lab, I’ve found five different problems that are happening in this world. Some of them are related to me, some of them are the topics that I am interested. Eventually, I chose “Silicon Valley’s Diversity Problem” as my final topic. <p1/>

Americans Have No Desire To Travel Internationally The total population of America as of writing this is 318.9 million. Of those 318.9 million how many are holding a passport? Only 125.9 million. That’s 60.5% of Americans who do not have a passport. Without a passport, it is impossible to travel outside the country.

Selfies Are More Dangerous Than You Think The man’s death raises the selfie-related death toll this year — to 12. To put that in perspective, in 2015 there have so far been eight deaths caused by shark attacks.

Color Blind People Feel Handicapped In Their Daily Life Roughly 8% of men and 0.5% of women are affected by color blindness, and there are 67% of color blind people feel handicapped in their everyday life.

Fashion Industry Is A Huge Polluter In The World Every year, 2 billion pairs of jeans are produced, and a pair takes 7,000 liters of water to produce. For a t-shirt, it takes 2,700 liters of water. The dyeing process of which 1.7 million tons of chemicals is used. Each year over 80 billion pieces of clothing are produced, and only a quarter will be recycled.

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Silicon Valley Is Struggling With Diversity Problems

Fact In recent years, major high-tech companies in Silicon Valley have been struggling with diversity problem. Not only race, but also gender and age. The employees in Silicon Valley are overwhelmingly young (Average 26 years old) men (83%) who are white or Asian (94%).

Problem The planet now faces rapidly intensifying challenges of air and water pollution, climate change, severe water shortages, and toxic chemical contamination.

Outcome I want to make people to know and think about this problem. Popularizing the recycled clothes, and turn recycled garment as a new fashion.

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<h2>

Cardsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Words+Pictures =Meaning <h2/>

<p2>

In this lab, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve distilled five words that related to my topic which is Control, Equal, Isolation, Limitation, and Various. I stepped out and took ten photos for each word. Tried to find out more meanings and ideas through this lab.

<p2/>

01 <Control>

Today, we use technology products every day, every minute, and most products we use are from Silicon Valley. Our online behavior has been controlled by a certain group of people.

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02 <Equal>

Everyone is the same; everybody should have the same opportunity, and no one should be discriminated.

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03 <Isolation>

Since Silicon Valley is ruled by young white males, minorities, female, and older employees may feel isolated from others.

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04 <Limitation>

There are many limitations when they are looking for a job in Silicon Valley. However, for those minorities, female, and older employees, their age, gender, and race are the limitations, and this is unfair.

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05 <Various>

What Silicon Valley needs is to reduce the gaps and create a various, diverse work environment.

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<h3>

Posters— What do I think? <h3/>

<p3>

In this Lab, I’ve generated three kinds of visual languages to see more possibilities of the visual development of this project. Also, I’ve shown three opinions about Silicon Valley’s diversity problem. <p3/>

01 <Gender>

I've used gradient colors to convey the balance of genders and some coding elements to show this topic.

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02 <Age>

I’ve used classic tech product—the first Macintosh to indicate that older employees are experienced, and they’ve done a lot for the tech industry.

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03 <Race>

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve used pixel to indicate this project is related to tech field. It also means everyone is a unique pixel, and we need more people with different backgrounds to build a beautiful image.

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<h4>

Bookletâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Socratic Inquiry <h4/>

<p4>

In this lab, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve created a booklet that shows questions about my topic with Socratic questioning methods. These questions help me to think deeper about my topic, and the booklet design helps me to develop my visual system. <p4/>

<Questions For Clarification> _What’s an ideal diverse society? _What’s diversity? _How diverse Silicon Valley is? _What’s going on in Silicon Valley? _Is the diversity problem in Silicon Valley only

<Q1>-------

happens in tech companies? _Why is this issue so important to us? _What’s wrong if there is no enough diversity? _How many tech students graduate per year? _Who would care about this issue? _Why did I choose this topic?

<Q2>-------

_What would society gain from having more minorities coders? _Will elders be helpful for Silicon Valley’s development? _Will Silicon Valley fail if they keep being less diverse? _People said Apple is less creative now, is it because of diversity problem? _Will Silicon Valley breakthrough itself? _About ageism, will a young-looking old person not be discriminated? _How can we help to reduce the diversity gap? _Are those companies are hiding this problem?

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<Q3>-------

<Questions That Probe Reasons & Evidence> _Why does Silicon Valley needs diversity? _Why there are no many Black and Latino coders? _Why there are so less women working in tech? _Why do most companies lay off elder employees? _There are no enough women coders, is it because they are not interested in working in tech? _Why Silicon Valley is so successful now even itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suffering its diversity problem? _What makes Silicon Valley so successful now? _How do tech companies hire people? _What should we know about this issue? _Is the diversity problem in Silicon Valley reflects the problem in the US? _At what aspects I can help with graphic design?

<Q4>-------

<Questions About Viewpoints & Perspectives> _What do minorities feel and think about this problem? _Are elders feel pressured when they work with young people? _Do those minorities even care about this issue? _Are elder people really less creative? _Can diversity solves or help creativity problem? _Why some people don't care about this issue? _Do people who don't work in tech care about this problem? _What do those HR and companies think about this issue? _Are other tech companies that are not in Silicon Valley also suffering diversity problem? _How do young white males think about this problem? _Is Asian people consider a part of minorities? _Do people who live far away from Silicon Valley care about this topic?

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<Questions That Probe Implications & Consequences> _Talked about tech students, what’s the proportion of gender and race of tech students? _If proportion of minorities are low, does it means diversity problem is not a problem anymore? _Silicon Valley is lack of women coders, dose it means women are not good at coding? _Since there are over 60% white males work in this field, does it means white males are good at coding?

<Q5>-------

_Is hiring women coders are more expensive? _What will happen if Silicon Valley keeps being not diverse?

<Questions About The Question> _Silicon Valley seems successful now even it’s suffering diversity problem, does it means it’s actually a right direction for it? _When we talk about diversity & creativity, why are they connected? _If elder people are really less creative, how can we help them? _Why should we help elders to be creative? _What ages are considered as “elder people”? _Who are minorities?

<Q6>-------

_How many elder employees got played off? _How can we grab people’s attention on this topic? _What will happen if Silicon Valley keep being not diverse? _What’s Silicon Valley’s next step?

<18>

<h1>

Why is this issue so important to us? <h1/>

<p1> Today, we use technology products everyday, every minute, and most of products we use are from Silicon Valley. This is a matter that about everybody. With enough diversity, we will live in a world where everyone who uses technology has a voice in the way technology works and how it's designed. It would be a more prosperous, engaging and lovely world. <p1/>

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<h2>

What would society gain from having more minorities coders? <h2/>

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<h3>

Why does Silicon Valley needs diversity? <h3/>

<p3> According to Mercury News, there are four reasons: _Diversity is strength. _Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the right thing to do. _US national defense depends on it. _It will create a virtuÂşus cycle of leadership and prosperity. <p3/>

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<h4>

What do minorities feel and think about this problem? <h4/>

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<h5>

What will happen if Silicon Valley keeps being not diverse? <h5/>

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<p5> “Lack of diversity could undercut Silicon Valley” <p5/>

—USA TODAY

<h6>

How can we grab people’s attention on this topic?

<h6/>

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<h5>

Mind Map+Card Set— Forming Connections <h5/>

<p5>

In this lab, I’ve tried to see my topic in six different impacts. I listed all the elements that related to my topic and thought of how these elements are connected. Eventually, I’ve found 18 connections and made 18 cards to present these connections. <p5/>

Educational Impact & Environmental Impact

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Personal Impact & Cultural Impact

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Environmental Impact & Economic Impact

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Cultural Impact & Political Impact

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01 <International>

A lot of tech companies in Silicon Valley are targeting international market. Their services are international; their interfaces have different version with different languages. International is a word that perfectly represents Silicon Valley.

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02 <Educate>

There are many non-profit organizations and big companies such as Women Who Code, Grils In Tech, Google, and Amazon is putting their efforts in STEM education.

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03 <Unbalance>

According to reports, there are about 6% of African American tech students graduate from colleges. However, there are only 2-4% of African American employees in Silicon Valley.

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04 <Group>

In Silicon Valley, a lot of startups are founded by young white male. They usually like to hire some people like them because people tend to hang out, to work with people who are similar to themselves.

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05 <Difference>

Many elder employees got fired because of their age. The generation gap makes them feel isolated. This is just one of differences of the diversity problem in Silicon Valley.

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06 <Belong>

Since Silicon Valley are mostly ruled by the majority, a lot of minorities feel isolated and try to hide themselves in the majority society.

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07 <Care>

“I believe that creativity and inclusion are two sides of the same coin,” Maeda says. “They’re necessary things. If you care about design, you have to care about inclusion.”

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08 <Stereotype>

In some cultures, they believe STEM education is for males, females should study other subjects like Art, Music, etc.

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09 <Justice>

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the right thing to do. This is a key path to the American dream, and it should be open to everyone.

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10 <Cycle>

A lot of startups are founded by young white male, and they usually hire some people like them. Therefore, more young white male in Silicon Valley. And they are doing this over and over again unconsciously.

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11 <Hybrid>

There are several cultures in Silicon Valley today. However, is there enough exchanging, interaction between each culture? Could they be mixed to generate something new?

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12 <Interact>

Most bussiness in Silicon Valley are working worldwide, from the west coast to east coast, from America to Asia, even from earth to outer space. The interaction between consumers, companies, and the entire environment is huge.

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13 <Universal>

Most businesses in Silicon Valley are working worldwide, their products have to be universal to be accepted by most people.

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14 <Equality>

Since this topic is talking about diversity problem, I think equality is a good word for it. Everybody has the same right to fight for their dream.

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15 <Respect>

Everyone is different, no matter race, ethnicity, personality, etc. Being respectful is a lesson that everyone should learn.

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16 <Opportunity>

Looking for a job is a competition of ability, also an opportunity. Some conditions limit international employees to get a job, such as H1B Visa, nationalities, etc.

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17 <Media>

TV series Silicon Valley doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t avoid this diversity issue. They present the real situation on the show. And a lot of products from Silicon Valley are social media. Every consumer can share their opinion on them. Media is a word that relates to my topic.

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18 <Network>

This is not only talking about the internet but also talking about social networking. Most tech companies are hiring people through networking, instead of purely resume and interviews.

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<h6>

Audience Spectrum— Prototype <h6/>

<p6>

In this lab, I’ve identified six target audience for my topic, and two target audience who might not involve my project. Also, I’ve made eight cards that mimic the format of employee card to present my target audience. <p6/>

01 <Black Employee>

“People are always surprised when they hear about I’m an softwear engineer.” “There are definitely a lot of biases, and it’s not fun at all.” “I am young, and I learn everything very quickly.”

Hi! I’m Shawn. 21 Software Engineer

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02 <Older Employee>

“I care about my appearence, I put lotion to reduce some wrinkles.” “I try to watch some new TV series, so I can understand what are young collegues talking about.” “I am an organized guy, I like to plan everything.”

Hi! I’m Damian. 42 Project Manager

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03 <Female Employee>

“I am so proud of myself to get a job in a tech company since there is not many black women in this field.” “Sometimes, I feel a bit lonly when I am working although my collegues are nice.” “I hope there will be more black women collegues in office.”

Hi! I’m Sydney. 27 Product Designer

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04 <Employee Who is Almost Too Old For Silicon Valley> “Sometimes, I feel it’s kinda hard to communicate with young people.” “Graphic design has been changing a lot recent years.” “I think I have to keep learning new things to follow up the trend.”

Hi! I’m Martin. 38 Graphic designer

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05 <Hispanic Employee>

“To be a technical recruiter, I need to understand technology, different roles and skills, and communicate with candidates.” “I found most of candidates are men.” “I want to help those minorities to work in tech.”

Hi! I’m Laura. 33 Technical Recruiting Lead

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06 <Grad Student>

“I am studying graphic design in San Francisco.” “I am highly interested in technology.” “I want to work in tech in Silicon Valley after I’m done.”

Hi! I’m Eddie. 26 Grad-Student

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07 <High School Student>

“I love dacing and singing, I wish I can be a signer like Ariana Grande.” “I want to move to LA to study performance after my high school.” “I like to share my selfies on social medias with my friends.”

Hi! I’m Jessica. 16 High School Student

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08 <High School Student>

Hi! I’m Harold. 68 Retired Man

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<h7>

Event— Three Insights <h7/>

<p7>

In this lab, I’ve invited over 60 people and eventually gathered 10 together to discuss my topic. This help me to know more about what are people who live in Silicon Valley thinking about this problem. Also, I’ve found three important insights through this event. <p7/>

<Before The Event> Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve designed invitation cards, posters, name tags, wayfinding, even the label on water bottles. These designs make this discussion more like a formal and unique event instead of a casual meeting. I also prepared a booklet to show the intro, schedule, and questions to participants.

<Event â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Three

Insights>

<60>

<During The Event> Participants’ Brief Bio & Quotes

Chaio-Wen Chang, 28 UC Berkeley Student, Interned in Silicon Valley “My boss was asking me to recommend someone to the company.”

Ian Strzyzewski, 26 IT Maneger in Silicon Valley “Maybe those companies laied off elder people because young people are cheaper.”

Howard Hsu, 26 USF MBA Student, Wants to start an undertaking. “I want to be an entrepreneur, and this is issue is important to me.”

Joseph Yen, 24 AAU Student in Industrial Design “I heard of some companies care about employees health, if you smoke, they are not gonna hire you.”

Robert Hernandez, 24 Developer in Silicon Valley “I am the only Hispanic person in my company, and that’s scary.”

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Kai-Chun Tsai, 27 AAU Student in 3D Animation “Before Eddie told me about this issue, I didn’t know about this.”

Tugce Evirgen, 25 AAU Student in Web Design Working in a startup in Silicon Valley “I didn’t know this problem even I am working in Silicon Valley.”

Jass Tsai, 22 AAU Student in 3D Animation “I thought Silicon Valley is diverse enough.”

Pirapong Chaisena, 26 AAU Student in 3D Animation Wants to work in Silicon Valley “I think education is the biggest factor that causes this problem.”

Gidong Baek, 26 AAU Student in Web Design, Wants to work in Silicon Valley “Compared to gender and ethnicity, I think age issue is gonna be more serious.”

<Event — Three

Insights>

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<During The Event> Photos of the event

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<Event â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Three

Insights>

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<During The Event> Photos of the event

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<Event â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Three

Insights>

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<After The Event> 10 Things We Talked About

The so far, the biggest three groups in Silicon Valley are White, Asian, and Indian. This problem starts from the begining—School because there are not many minorities and girls are interested in STEM programs. The name on the resume can affect the rate of response. If the name on the resume looks “Whiter”, the rate of response is higher. Parents education may affect children’s education. For instance, some children of lower education parents don’t see the importance of education. Bad habits may affect you to find a job, such as smoking, being interested in weapons, etc. Most of the small companies only care about the ability of coding but didn’t care about their degree. So the ethnicity proportion of STEM students doesn’t match with the proportion in the workplace. A lot of companies ask their employees to recommend new people when they are looking for new people. However, most people tend to hang out and make friends with people who are similar to themselves. So if you ask one white person to recommend another person, that one is probably white too. There are a lot of organization is putting efforts on minorities and women’s STEM education. However, they are not popular because there’s lack of promotion. There are many people are discussing Silicon Valley’s diversity problem on the internet, news medias. But there are more people don’t know about this problem, they event think this is not a problem. Some people think ageism might be a bigger problem than gender and ethnicity in the future because there are many organizations is helping women and minorities today, but not many people are trying to solve the ageism problem in Silicon Valley.

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<Networking> How to encourage people to network and make friends with people from different background.

3 Insights

<Communicating> How do we make more people know about this problem and grab their attentions?

<Age Friendly> Is there a way to help elder employees in Silicon Valley to feel not so isolated from younger coworkwes?

<Event â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Three

Insights>

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<h7>

Thesis Proposal Video <h7/>

<p7>

In this lab, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve refined my visual system and generated several card sets for my proposal video. This exercise makes me realized designing for prints and screens are very different. <p7/>

Color Palette

C:68 M:62 Y:58 K:46

C:10 M:53

M:73 Y:40

C:27 M:4 Y:7

C:65 Y:42

C:40 M:17

C:10 M:9 Y:80

C:69 Y:100

C:5 M:32 Y:60

Type System

CamingoCode Bold ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 01234567890!@#$%^&*(),./;’<>?:”

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<40 Cards>

<h1>

WHY SHOULD EVERYBODY CARE ABOUT THIS? I’ve created 40 cards that communicate some important ideas about my topic. These ideas include quotes, questions, connections, archetypes, among other information that I’ve found from my research.

<p3>

THE U.S. POPULATION <p3/>

<h1/>

<p1>

WE USE TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS EVERY DAY

<p1/>

<h2>

WHY DOES SILICON VALLEY NEEDS DIVERSITY, WHEN IT’S DOING SO WELL WITHOUT IT?

<h2/>

AMERICAN DREAM <p2>

<p2/>

<h3>

WHAT IS A DIVERSE IDEAL ENVIRONMENT FOR SILICON VALLEY? <h3/>

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<GROUP>

Young Students Want to Work in Tech

Older Workers Workers Who Are Almost Too Old For Silicon Valley

High School Student

Female Employees

Black Employees

Hispanic Employees

Senior Retired People

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<AGISM>

“...85% of All Jobs are Filled Via Networking.” —Lou Adler, the CEO of The Adler Group

“What’s going on in Silicon Valley is they are trying to address the gender and race issues. But they are not yet talking about age.” —Carol Hymowitz, editor of Bloomberg

“This is a key path to the American dream, and it should be open to everyone.”

—Gary Shapiro, editor of The Mercury News

“I am the only Hispanic person in my company, and that’s scary.”

—Robert Hernandez, Developer in Silicon Valley

“I didn’t know this problem even I am working in Silicon Valley.” —Tugce Evirgen, Working in a startup in Silicon Valley

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<h1>

WHY SHOULD <EDUCATION> EVERYBODY CARE ABOUT THIS?

<p3>

THE U.S. POPULATION <p3/>

<h1/>

<p1>

WE USE TECHNOLOGY <STEREOTYPE> PRODUCTS EVERY DAY

GENDER <BELONGING> US

TECH

<p1/>

COMPLAINTS AT

BIGGEST TECH CO.’S WHY DOES SILICON VALLEY NEEDS DIVERSITY, WHEN IT’S DOING SO There are 226 Complaints of age discrimination. WELL WITHOUT IT? That's 28% more than racial bias. From 2008-2015

47%

75%

Male

<h2>

And 9% <h2/>

53%

25%

Female

RACE <EDUCATION> US

TECH

61%

6% 18%

68%

17%

12%

7% 2%

more than those of gender bias.

White Asian Hispanic Black Other

AMERICAN DREAM <p2>

DIVERSITY IN <STEREOTYPE> TECH LEADERSHIP BY GENDER

82%

18%

<p2/>

Male

<h3>

WHAT IS A DIVERSE IDEAL ENVIRONMENT FOR SILICON VALLEY?

Female

DIVERSITY IN <GROUP>

TECH LEADERSHIP BY RACE 3% 2% 1% 79%

15%

<h3/> White Asian Hispanic Black Other

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<Orient and engage the viewer with background related to the topic> -Introducing the current Silicon Valley situation on the surface that people see -Showing the infographic of gender, race, and age

<Identify the problem> -STEM Education -Get a job through networking -Agism Issue -People donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know about this is happening

<Identify audience> -Minority and Female High School Students -Silicon Valley Employees

<Propose what graphic design can do to address the stated goals> -Editorial for encouraging minority and female students -App for networking with people from different backgrounds -Campaign for breaking the stereotype of men are better at engineering -Exhibition to show the fact to people who donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know about this problem

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<404 Error: Diversity Not Found>

Silicon Valley, the center of technology and innovation. You can probably find all kinds of people in here. But do you think Silicon Valley is diverse enough? Employees in Silicon Valley are about 75% male, 68% white. Why are there so few minority and female employees? Even though more women receive college degrees than men, of those graduating with engineering degrees only about 23% were female. The stereotype of what females should study is one of the reasons. Minority engineering graduates are also underrepresented with 9% Hispanic, and 4% Black. Some minority children can’t get a good education because of their economic situation, some of them don't even think education is important because their parents are living well enough without a higher education. In the workplace, most of the companies are hiring people through networking, and most people tend to hang out with people who are similar to themselves. Since Silicon Valley is mostly ruled by young white males, new employees are also likely to be White. In addition to gender and race, Silicon Valley is also struggling with the age issue. There were 226 complaints of age bias in past 8 years. That's 28% more than racial bias and 9% more than gender bias. It’s because young people would prefer to work with people their own age. Even when older employees work with them, the generation gap makes them feel isolated from others. Although there are many people talking about these issues, there are more people who don't know that Silicon Valley is struggling with its diversity problems, even though some of them are working there! I would like to focus on minority and female high school students, and Silicon Valley employees . Some design opportunities could be editorial material that shows minorities’ and females’ successes in Silicon Valley to encourage young students to learn and work in tech in the future. An app that creates more opportunities for Silicon Valley employees to network with people from different backgrounds. A campaign to conveys that older employees are experienced and competitive to reduce age bias and gain more acceptance. Finally, I’d like to create an interactive art installation to grab people’s attention and show the facts to people who might care about this issue if they knew about it. With these potential design solutions, I believe the gaps will be reduced and more diversity will be created to build our new Silicon Valley.

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Silicon Valley, the center of technology and innovation. You can probably find all kinds of people in here.

But do you think Silicon Valley is diverse enough?

Employees in Silicon Valley are about 75% male, 68% white.

Why are there so few minority and female employees?

Even though more women receive college degrees than men, of those graduating with engineering degrees only about 23% were female.

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<404 Error: Diversity Not Found>

The stereotype of what females should study is one of the reasons.

Minority engineering graduates are also underrepresented with 9% Hispanic, and 4% Black.

Some minority children canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get a good education because of their economic situation, some of them don't even think education is important because their parents are living well enough without a higher education.

In the workplace, most of the companies are hiring people through networking, and most people tend to hang out with people who are similar to themselves. Since Silicon Valley is mostly ruled by young white males, new employees are also likely to be White.

In addition to gender and race, Silicon Valley is also struggling with the age issue.

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There were 226 complaints of age bias in past 8 years. That's 28% more than racial bias and 9% more than gender bias.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s because young people would prefer to work with people their own age. Even when older employees work with them, the generation gap makes them feel isolated from others.

Although there are many people talking about these issues, there are more people who don't know that Silicon Valley is struggling with its diversity problems, even though some of them are working there!

I would like to focus on minority and female high school students,

and Silicon Valley employees .

<79>

<404 Error: Diversity Not Found>

Some design opportunities could be editorial material that shows minorities’ and females’ successes in Silicon Valley to encourage young students to learn and work in tech in the future.

An app that creates more opportunities for Silicon Valley employees to network with people from different backgrounds.

A campaign to conveys that older employees are experienced and competitive to reduce age bias and gain more acceptance.

Finally, I’d like to create an interactive art installation to grab people’s attention and show the facts to people who might care about this issue if they knew about it.

With these potential design solutions, I believe the gaps will be reduced and more diversity will be created to build our new Silicon Valley.

<80>

Eddie SC Lin GR 600 Visual Communication Lab Fall 2016 Instructor / Phil Hamlett