PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : The Future of 3D Printing by Eddie SC Lin

PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME The Future of 3D Printing

edited by EDDIE SC LIN

PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME

CONTENTS

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING

Brief history of 3D printing

Types of 3D printers

3D printing timeline

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE

How 3D printing affected the architecture industry

Contour crafting

What contour crafting is doing

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME

From buildings to urban sections

Human behavior changing

Oceanscrapers

WHAT IS D PRINTING

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING Brief history of 3D printing Types of 3D printers 3D printing timeline

WHAT IS

BRIEF HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to various processes used to synthesize a three-dimensional object. In 3D printing, successive layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object. These objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and are produced from a 3D model or other electronic data source. A 3D printer is a type of industrial robot.

Futurologists such as Jeremy Rifkin believe that 3D printing signals the beginning of a third industrial revolution, succeeding the production line assembly that dominated manufacturing starting in the late 19th century. Using the power of the Internet, it may eventually be possible to send a blueprint of any product to any place in the world to be replicated by a 3D printer with "elemental inks" capable of being combined into any material substance of any desired form.

2 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

sense refers to processes that sequentially deposit material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads. More recently, the meaning of the term has expanded to encompass a wider variety of techniques such as extrusion and sinteringbased processes. Technical standards generally use the term additive manufacturing for this broader sense.

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING / 3

BRIEF HISTORY OF D PRINTING

3D printing in the term's original

M A N U FA CT U R I N G

ADDITIVE

4 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING / 5

TYPES OF 3D PRINTERS

SLA Stereolithography DLP Digital Light Processing FD M F u se d De p o si t i o n M o d e l i n g SLS Selective Laser Sintering SLM Selective Laser Melting EBM Electronic Beam Melting LOM Laminated Object Manufacturing

6 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

SL A Stereolithography

DLP Digital Light Processing

FDM Fused Deposition Modeling

Stereolithography is a 3d printing

Digital Light Processing is another

With the help of FDM you can

method that is the oldest one in

3D printing process very similar

print not only functional proto-

the history of 3D printing and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

to stereolithography. It uses digital

types, but also concept models and final end-use products. What

still being used nowadays. This

micro mirrors laid out on a semi-

file c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o ut

conductor chip. The technology is

is good about this technology

dimensional representation of

applicable for movie projectors,

that all parts printed with FDM can go in high-performance

an object. The CAD file must be

cell phones and 3D printing. For

converted into a format that a

3D printing, DLP as well as SLA

and engineering-grade thermoplas-

printing machine can understand.

works with photopolymers. But

tic, which is very beneficial

There is Standard Tessellation

what makes SLA and DLP pro-

for mechanic engineers and man-

Language (STL) format that is com-

cesses unalike is a different source

ufacturers. FDM is the only 3D

monly used for stereolithography,

of light and the material to be

printing technology that builds

as well as for other additive man-

used for printing is liquid plastic resin.

ufacturing processes. The whole

parts with production-grade thermoplastics, so things printed

process consists of consequent

are of excellent mechanical,

printing layer by layer, hence

thermal and chemical qualities.

the S T L f i l e t h a t t h e p r i n t i n g machine uses should have the information for each layer.

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING / 7

SLS Selective Laser Sintering

SLM Se l e c t i v e L a se r M e l t i n g

EBM E l e c t r o n i c B e a m M el t in g

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

Selective laser melting (SLM) is

EBM is another type of additive

is a technique that uses laser as

a technique that also uses 3D CAD

manufacturing for metal parts.

the power source to form solid

data as a source and forms 3D

The same as SLM, this 3D printing

3D objects. As was stated previ-

objects by means of a high-power

method is a powder be fusion

ously, 3D systems Inc. developed

laser beam that fuses and melts

technique. While SLM uses a high-

stereolithography, which in some

metallic powders together. In many

power laser beam as its power

way is very similar to Selective

sources SLM is considered to

source, EBM uses an electron beam

L aser S i n -t er i n g. T h e m ai n differ-

be a subcategory of selective laser

instead, which is the main differ-

ence between SLS and SLA is

sintering (SLS). But this is not

ence between these two methods.

that it uses powdered material in

so true as the SLM process fully

The material used in EBM is metal

the vat instead of liquid resin

melts the metal material into

powder that melts and forms a 3D

as stereolithography does. Unlike

solid 3D-dimensional parts unlike

part layer by layer by means of a

some other additive manufac-

selective laser sintering.

computer, that controls the electron

turing processes, such as SLA

beam in a high vacuum. Contrary

and FDM, SLS doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to

to SLS, EBM goes for full melting of the

use any support structures as the

metal powder. The process is usually

object being printed is constantly

conducted under high temperature up

surrounded by unsintered powder.

to 1000 Â°C.

8 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

typing system. During the LOM process, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic or metal laminates are fused together using heat and pres-sure and then cut to shape with a computer controlled laser or knife. Post-processing of 3D printed parts includes such steps as machining and drilling.

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING / 9

TYPES OF 3D PRINTERS

Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) is one more rapid proto-

TYPES OF 3D PRINTERS

LO M Laminated Object Manufacturing

LAYER-BY-LAYER WHAT IS 3D PRINTING / 11

3 D PRINTING TIMELINE 1984

1992

2002

The Birth of

3D System

Working

3D Printing

Produced the

3D Kidney

First Machine

Created

3 D PRINTI

3 D PRINTING TIMELINE

2006

2009

2012

SLS Leads to Mass

DIY Kits for 3D

3D-Printing

Customization in

Printers Enter

Prosthetic Jaw

Manufacturing .

the marketplace.

is Implanted

ING

2008

2011

First Person

3D Printing

to Walk with a

in Gold

3D Printed

and Silver.

Prosthetic Leg.

3D PRINTING CAN MAKE MANUFACTURING SEXY AGAIN. 14 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

3D PRINTING CAN MAK MANUFACTURIN SEXY AGAIN. — Jeff Immelt , General Electric chief executive

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING / 15

16 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

Now that you know about 3D printing, let’s think about...

18 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE How 3D printing affected the architecture industry Contour crafting What contour crafting is doing

3D P

PRINTING

D PRIN AND AR TECTUR

3D PRINTIN AND ARCHI TECTURES

30 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE / 31

WHAT CONTOUR CRAFTING IS DOING LUNAR BASE

NASA has even supported a study

Sustaining the lunar dust at a high

of the feasibility of this concept to

temperature — 1200-1500°C —

be used to build a lunar settlement

but below its melting point, creates

taking advantage of local materials

bonds between particles, forming

i.e. lunar soil, instead of the almost

solid blocks from which the lunar

prohibitive approach of transporting

basecan be created. Microwave

prefabricated modules, especially if

sintering creates a solid building

the long-term target is to continuously

material similar to ceramics only

expand operations on the moon. The concept proposes construction of a lunar base using microwave sintering and contour crafting with the aid of a NASA JPL robotic system, near Shackleton crater (lunar South Pole).

by microwave heating of the dust. The process doesn’t require any construction material to be carried from Earth, unlike regular 3D printing which requires a binding agent to combine with the lunar regolith. The complete local-sourcing of materials reduces the cost of the mission significantly.

32 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

WHAT CONTO

OUR

WHAT CONTOUR CRAFTING IS DOING

WHAT CONTOUR CRAFTING IS DOING Endless Mรถbius Strip Building

In 2013, Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars starts his plans to create a 3D printed concept house called the Landscape House. The shape of the building is inspired by the endless mรถbius strip. It will be printed out of 6ร 9 meter blocks of 3D

Though the construction of the

printed frame using the D-Shape

Landscape House has not yet

3D printer. The material is a mix of

started, Ruijssenaars has made a

sand and inorganic binder.

3D printed bench based on a 1:15 scale model of the building, which was unveiled on February 4th, 2016,in Amsterdam.

34 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

WHAT CONTOUR CRAFTING IS DOING WHAT CONTOUR CRAFTING IS DOING

WHAT CONTOUR CRAFTING IS DOING Tallest 3D Printed House

The Chinese company Winsun

According to the company, this

has also made major headlines in

method allows them to save up

the 3D printing community a few

to 60% of the materials usually

times during the past few years

needed with traditional building

when they unveiled a group of

methods and requires 80% less

ten small houses, allegedly built

labor, leading to more affordable

in one single day, as well as a

housing, at least in theory.

6-story building and an entire mansion. To achieve this, big segments of the structures are 3D printed in their factory using a mixture of concrete and construction waste, and a staggering 20 feet tall, 33 feet wide and 132 feet long 3D printer. O n c e a l l t h e c o m p o n e n t s have been fabricated, they are shipped in and assembled together, just as if they were Lego bricks.

36 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

WHA

AT CONTOUR

WHAT CONTOU CRAFTING IS

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE / 37

OTHER TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCED BRITTLE MODELS AND JUST DID NOT HAVE THE FINE DETAIL OF D PRINTERS. 38 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

OTHER TECHNO PRODU BRITTL MODEL JUST D NOT HA THE FIN DETAIL PRINTE

— Piet Meijs, Rietveld Architects

40 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE / 41

HOW 3D PRINTING AFFECTED THE ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRY

HOW 3

HOW D PRINTING AFFECTED THE ARCHITECTUR INDUSTRY

Afte r so m an y y ear s , 3 D Printing is t u r n i n g m o r e and more p o p u l a r t o d a y. I t ’s not a profe s s i o n a l m a c h i n e only placed in laboratories anymore. I t b e c a m e a p a r t of our dail y l if e. For i ns t a nc e, personal 3D printers have changed architectural students’ and architects’ lives. With a 3 D p r i n t e r, t h e y c a n s i g n i f i cantly red u c e t h e t i m e a n d exp en se in pr oduc ing bui l d ing models, often requiring highly delicate details. 3D printed models are also stronger than traditional models an d w o n ’t b u c k l e or break ov e r t i m e.

3D PRINTING

A f te r so ma n y ye a r s P r i n t i ng is turning mo a n d m ore popular tod n o t a professional ma only placed in labora a n y m ore. It became a o f o u r d ail y l ife. For in personal 3D printers changed architectural s and architects’ lives. W 3 D p r i n t e r, t h e y c a n s c a n t l y reduce the tim e x p e n se in p r od u cin g ing models, often requ highly delicate detai printed models are al stronger than traditio m o d e l s and won’t buc o r b r e ak over time.

Also, printing more detailed models will help clients to visualize better the final projects, ultimately helping designers’ firms to win more business. Furthermore, using 3D printing allows designers to be more innovative with their model making. For example, when they have repetitive pieces, they can print one as a mold, cast it, and then use the cast to injection-mold the required duplicates.

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE / 23

HOW D PRI AFFECTED THE ARCHITE INDUSTRY

Originally, architecture firms

The questions that follow then

were among the first businesses to

are, can architects and builders do

adopt 3D printing technologies

more than just small sized models

to ease and simplify the cr eation

with additive manufacturing tech-

of their architecture models. This

nologies? How far can we go in the

important step between a conceptu-

adoption of 3D printing to achieve

alized design and the first brick in

better looking, faster to build and

t h e con st r u ct i on si t e h elp s archi -

cheaper homes? According to the

tects to study the interaction of

latest results by several projects

volumes and shapes, communicate

determined to 3D print homes and

design ideas, explore how a design

buildings we could say that the

looks fr om d i ffer en t p er sp e ctives,

answer is â&#x20AC;&#x153;pretty farâ&#x20AC;?.

visualize light interactions and even the key phase of selling the design. Back in the old times and especially today with modern sophisticated designs, manual architecture modelling requires skilled craftsmanship and a tremendous amount of time, so it was natural to evolve towards a faster, more accurate and easier option.

HOW 3D PRINTING 24 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

NTING

ECTURE

HOW 3D PRINTI AFFECTED THE ARCHITECT INDUSTRY

SIMPLIFYING

ARCHITECTURE MODELS

26 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE / 27

CONTOUR CRAFTING g important advantages like

mplex shape capabilities and

g fast speed compared with

onal building methods, such

em inherits one of the best

cteristics of all 3D technologies:

t no wasted material, which

Contour Crafting technology has

junction with its automated

great potential for automating the

could mean more affordable

construction of whole structures as

ng, at least when this tech-

well as sub-components. Using this

y fully matures and reaches

process, a single house or a colony

pread use.

of houses, each with possibly a different design, may be automatically constructed in a single run, embedding in each house all the conduits for electrical, plumbing and air-conditioning.

28 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

CONTOUR CRAFTING

As one of the pioneers in this kind of

Among important advantages like

technology, Dr. Behrokh Khoshnevis

its complex shape capabilities and

of the University of Southern California

blazing fast speed compared with

has spent more than 15 years devel-

traditional building methods, such

oping his Contour Crafting system.

a system inherits one of the best

First unveiled in 2006, this system

characteristics of all 3D technologies:

works in a similar fashion to a desk-

almost no wasted material, which

top FDM 3D printer but it uses a fast

in conjunction with its automated

drying concrete mix instead of plastic

nature could mean more affordable

and it is installed on the building site

housing, at least when this tech-

instead of your desktop. Then, this

nology fully matures and reaches

giant 3D printer builds up layer after

widespread use.

layer, potentially doing also all the plumbing, wiring and painting work completely automated until, 24 hours later, an almost finished house is ready.

CONTOUR CRAFTING

3D PRINTING AND ARCHITECTURE / 29

With contour crafting, what else can we do...

42 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

YOUR FUTURE HOME The Future of 3D Printing

edited by EDDIE SC LIN

RINT R FUTURE E

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE

YOUR FUT HOME

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME From buildings to urban sections Human behavior changing Oceanscrapers

FROM BUILDINGS TO URBAN SECTIONS

URBAN SECTIONS

Compared with building in a 3D Printing way, current home building methods are labor intensive, slow, dangerous, and always seem to stray over budget. It's estimated that about 10,000 people die every year from home construction, and that 4,000 people suffer injuries â&#x20AC;&#x201D; it's more dangerous than mining. Not only that, but building homes by hand wastes a lot of the earth's resources and generates an unhealthy dose of emissions. Everything today is made automatically, whether it be clothing, shoes, home appliances, or even cars. The only thing that's still actually being made by man is houses, and it's costing us in more ways than one.

Advanced technology and contour crafting help automate the process of construction and efficiently reduce energy use, emissions, and labor. Computer-aided design allows users to design what they want on a computer and send it through machinery, automatically creating the product that they want. What contour crafting does is scale this process up, making it useful in home construction. With this system of home building, entire neighborhoods can be built safely for a fraction of the cost and time, offering greater architectural flexibility and high precision crafting. The houses that get built as a result of this process would not only be less homogenous as the current walls â&#x20AC;&#x201D; without additional costs.

M BUILDINGS TO

ones, but they'd take on exotic qualities â&#x20AC;&#x201D; like nonlinear

FROM BUILDINGS TO URBAN SECTIONS

To build your home in a 3D printing paradigm, all youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d have to do is make changes to your architectural design in a computer program and simply send it to the machine. The machine then would build your home layer by layer; it would first deposit concrete through a nozzle to set the foundation. Conventionally built current concrete walls have a strength of about 3,000 psi (pounds per inch). With this new process, that would increase to 10,000 psi. Besides building the foundation, the machine would also provide reinforcement, plumbing, electrical wiring, tiling, painting, and any finishing touches that would otherwise be done by someone in a skilled trade. Because of how fast and efficient this process is, an average home of about 2,500 square foot could be custom designed and built in 20 hours.

48 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

FROM BUILDINGS TO URBAN SECTIONS

WE MIGHT PRINT NOT ONLY BUILDINGS, BUT ENTIRE URBAN SECTIONS. 50 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

— Enrico Dini, Inventor of D-Shape

WE PR NO BU BU UR SE 3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME / 51

HUMA CHAN less than 24 hours

uilding methods, in r home as fast as ent, fast and custom-

y like a house that

ll cause some prob-

onment.

ange their house

identity of cities will

hange every other

he consistency of a

mehow be solved

the environment will

hanging the style

iting. But at the same

pulling down houses

vironmental pollution if

sue is a challenge

ace.

HUMAN BEHAVIO

HUMAN BEHAVIOR CHANGING

Since

and it

the fu

chang ized.

repres

lems t

Becau

easily

be gon

year. I Since building a house only takes less than 24 hours and it’s cheaper than traditional building methods, in

city’s

by gov

be mo

the future, people will change their home as fast as changing their phone. It’s convenient, fast and custom-

Printi

ized. Most people would definitely like a house that

whene

represents them. However, this will cause some prob-

time, w

lems to city identity and the environment.

will in

Because people will be able to change their house

we do

that th

easily and quickly in the future, the identity of cities will be gone. The skyline of a city will change every other year. It will be really hard to keep the consistency of a city’s face. But this problem can somehow be solved by government policy. The issue of the environment will be more tricky. Printing our dream house and changing the style whenever we want does sound exciting. But at the same time, waste materials generated by pulling down houses will increase, and that will cause environmental pollution if we don’t handle it very well. This issue is a challenge that the architectural field should face.

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME / 53

“ “ “ “““ “ B

54 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

“ “ “““ “ “

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME / 55

OCEANSCRAPERS

OCEANSCRAPERS Vincent Callebaut Architecture has envisioned a radical underwater colony for "climate change refugees" 3D printed from recycled materials taken from the ocean's floating garbage patches. This particular proposal of "oceanscrapers" is sited off the shore of Rio de Janeiro. Its aim is to provide a sustainable habitat with 10,000 housing units, office and work space, sea farms, gardens, community orchards and much more, while fostering marine life.

OCEAN

The underwater farm called "Aequorea" is off the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Bio-inspired, the farm draws its name from a bioluminescent, light-emitting jellyfish characterized by its articulated, webbed tentacles. These tentacles enable it to swim and ensure its stability, while producing its own energy. The construction of Aequorea is a genuine underwater village printed in 3D from algoplast, a composite material they invented that mixes algae with garbage from from the 7th continent. The 7th continent is that infamous soup of plastics formed at the beginning of the century in the heart of the five main ocean gyres, where the Coriolis effect causes the currents to swirl.

In the 20th Century, on Earth, every human being was producing up to ten times their weight in garbage annually. Two hundred and sixty-nine million tons of plastic waste with a life expectancy of a thousand years were thus produced every single year, and more than 10% of it was ending up in the oceans.

APERS

Geopolitically, the 7th continent didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t belong to any state. It was indeed located in international waters. Through negligence, no one wanted to commit to cleaning those 27 million tons of plastic waste trapped by the sea currents in the heart of their vortex. The oceans, which cover 71% of the surface of our blue planet, had become the dumping ground of humanity.

58 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

OCEANSCRAPERS

Scientists decided to extract value from this disgusting soup of petroleum-based waste by recycling it. They formed an NGO to defend an ethical approach to the oceans. Aboard their weird ships inspired from the Klein bottle, they tirelessly sorted and crushed into granules bottles, cans, bags and other types of packaging. They filtered the microparticles suspended at depths of 10 to 30 meters (30 to 100 feet). Inside moon-crescent shaped floating workshops and fab labs, they mixed this raw material with an emulsion of gelling algae, to extrude it in the form of eco-friendly filaments. Those reels of eco-friendly filaments were then used by 3D architectural printers to reinvent naval construction. As soon as 2015, they began the repurposing of plastic waste dumped by the People of the Land into impervious, durable materials.

OCEANSCRAPERS

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME / 59

Each Aequorea village can welcome up to 20,000 aquanauts. Their main access is on the water surface, through four marinas covered with a mangrove rooted on a floating dome 500 meters (1640 feet) in diameter. Modular living, co-working spaces, fab labs, recycling plants, science labs, educational hotels, sports fields, aquaponic farms and phyto-purification lagoons stack up layer by layer. The twisting of the towers is ultra-resistant to hydrostatic pressure.

Its geometry allows it to fight marine whirlpools and thus reduce motion sickness. Its double shell accommodates the ballasting. Once filled with seawater, the ballasts lower the Aequorea's center of gravity to counteract the Archimedean buoyancy. They guarantee stability in the event of a storm or an earthquake. The double shell's thickness increases from the sea surface downwards, to compensate for the strain caused by the increase in pressure.

NSCRAPERS

60 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

OCEANSCRA

There is no more need for coal, oil, gas or nuclear energy to get light: People reproduce bioluminescence in the double glazing of our apartments, thanks to symbiotic organisms that contain luciferin which emits light through oxidation. On the ocean floor, a field of water turbines, shaped like volutes and laid out in a star pattern around an abyssal scientific base, turn the sea currents into electric energy. An ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plant completes the panel of energy supply. Located in the central vertical axis, it uses the difference in temperature between the warm surface water and the cool water pumped deep down to produce continuous electricity.

OCEANSCRA 3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME / 61

NSCRAPERS In order to produce drinking water and fresh water for aquaculture, the OTEC power plant uses in-depth pressure to counteract the osmotic pressure, and to separate the water from the salt via a semi-permeable membrane. Air is renewed either naturally by convection through wind chimneys innervating the four branches of each tower's twist, or by the oxygen station via seawater electrolysis.

For food, people grow algae, plankton and mollusks rich in minerals, proteins and vitamins. Coral reefs are harvested on balconies, thus becoming nurseries for the aquatic fauna and flora. On the surface, the four large floating conch-like structures house community horticultural greenhouses, organic farming fields, orchards and vegetable gardens. People live from sustainable fishing in our apartments' garden, i.e. the ocean. The word "packaging" has disappeared from our vocabulary: all our food is distributed in bulk, in reusable and biodegradable containers.

62 / PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME : THE FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

For heating and climate control, people no longer use fossil fuels. Rather, people use microalgae grown in aquarium walls, which absorb the carbon dioxide produced by people's breathing. These green-algae-based bioreactors also recy-cle the liquid or solid organic waste, and produce energy through photosynthesis and biomethanation.

OCEANSCRA

3D PRINT YOUR FUTURE HOME / 63

PHOTO CREDITS

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

3dfabprint.com

3dprint-uk.co.uk

pro3drp.com

aliexpress.com

sculpteo.com

3dprint.com

3dprinting.com

nasa.gov

theblaze.com

conceptlaserinc.com

esa.int

i1-news.softpedia-static.com

groupe-gorge.com

universearchitecture.com

archdaily.com

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

stratasys.com 3dprintingsystems.com hupogu.com

TEXT SOURCES

en.wikipedia.org

javelin-tech.com

tgdaily.com

3dprintingfromscratch.com

sculpteo.com

dezeen.com

dupress.com

spacesafetymagazine.com

archdaily.com

harbinger-systems.com

3ders.org

businessinsider.com

DESIGNER EDDIE SC LIN

INSTRUCTOR DAVID HAKE

CLASS TYPE SYSTEMS, SPRING 2016

TYPEFACES DIN & GLYPHA