This work was conceived and designed by personnel, editors and collaborators at Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Authors Rose M. Hernández-Virella MA in Education University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras Campus Juan J. Rodríguez González, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University Curriculum & Instruction and Language & Literacy
EDITORIAL PANAMERICANA INC. Copyright 2011 revised edition Editorial Panamericana, Inc. Reprint 2015 Tel: (787) 277-7988 • Fax: (787) 277-7240 P.O. Box 25189 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00928 info@editorialpanamericana.com • www.editorialpanamericana.com Produced in San Juan, Puerto Rico ISBN: 978-1-61725-019-4 Partial of total reproduction of this book is prohibited withoit the written consent of the Editorial. Executive VP Educational Projects: Dr. Juan J. Rodríguez Editorial Director: Prof. Luz Amarilis Ramos Cover Design and Diagraming: Graphics Department of Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Contents About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Chapter 1. Nouns, Articles, Prepositions, Quantifiers Possessive Case of Nouns, and Possessive Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2. Simple Present Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Chapter 3. Simple Past Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Chapter 4. Present Progressive Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Chapter 5. Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chapter 6. Past Progressive Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Chapter 7. Simple Past Tense Vs. Past Progressive Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Chapter 8. The Future Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Chapter 9. Present Perfect Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Chapter 10. Past Perfect Tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Appendix. Irregular Verb List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Grammar Portfolio
i
About the Authors Rose M. Hernández-Virella holds an MA in Education from the University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras Campus. She is a Full Professor of the English Department at the University of Puerto Rico-Bayamon Campus where the teaching of ESL has provided her with rich and diverse experiences. She has published articles for the journal Milenio and Puerto Rico TESOL and offered workshops at its national and international conventions. In addition, she has coordinated student programs abroad and co-authored the reading textbooks, Thematic Readings for Basic English: Books 1 and 2 and Integrated Readings for Basic English Books 1 and 2, which are currently being used at the college level. She holds the position of NCAA Senior Woman Administrator at her institution, has coordinated multiple athletics-related committees, and is advisor to the cheerleading squad and the dance team which she established. Juan J. Rodríguez-González holds a Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction from the Pennsylvania State University and is an Associate Professor at the University of Puerto Rico at Bayamon. He has taught at the graduate level and published for Puerto Rico TESOL, the journals Phi Delta Kappa, Educación and Milenio. He has offered workshops at local and national conventions and is the editor and author of a series for the teaching of ESL at the elementary level titled Exploring My Island, Books 1-6 which is presently being used by several private schools in Puerto Rico. In addition he is co-author of the reading textbooks Thematic Readings for Basic English: Books 1 and 2 and Integrated Readings for Basic English Books 1 and 2, which are currently being used at the college level. He recently held the position of Undersecretary of Education in Puerto Rico and was one of the nominees for the position of Secretary of Education.
ii
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Dedication There are many qualities which can be used to describe an outstanding educator. Qualities such as dedicated, dynamic, enthusiastic and motivated are just a few words to describe such an educator. These are qualities which describe our tireless colleague Prof. Carmen M. Skerrett-Llanos to whom we humbly dedicate this book. You are a true role model for colleagues and students alike. We thank you for your inspiration.
Acknowledgment Our heartfelt thanks also go to Professors Carmen M. De JesĂşs and Catherine A. Toro for their continuous support and for accompanying us throughout our journey in the teaching of basic English. We also thank Prof. Amelia Ocasio for her unconditional support and incessant motivation to complete this project.
Grammar Portfolio
iii
Preface After several years of trying out different grammar lessons in the classroom, Grammar Portfolio was put together to provide students with the basic grammar skills they need for survival. Just like a portfolio, where one is very selective about what to include in it, the authors of Grammar Portfolio have only included those important grammatical aspects, which according to their experience can serve students as a tool to learning and mastering basic grammar components. Teaching grammar at an ESL setting plays an important role for students and professors. Some important questions that need to be answered by professors are: How do I teach grammar? How do I help my ESL students learn the grammar they need in significant ways? Teaching grammar is not just a matter of explaining its rules and providing extensive drill and practice to your ESL students. Teaching grammar is much more than that and sometimes might turn complicated in the classroom. The debate of how to teach grammar to ESL students has great implications for second language learning. There are different types of learners in the classroom and for this reason, we have to provide a variation of activities for all their needs. The lessons in this book provide for the diverse needs that students have and those that many professors encounter in the classroom every day. It is hoped that this book, Grammar Portfolio, can fulfill the needs of ESL learners so they can continue to build on their skills and become better users of grammar and the language.
iv
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
To the Teacher There is continuous debate with regard to the way grammar is taught in the ESL classroom. Some favor a more structured process while others look at it from a holistic point of view. Whatever method you use should stem from students’ needs. Grammarians have yet to propose a definite way or method for the teaching of grammar. A good, competent ESL teacher will always bring into the classroom experiences where students can practice grammar in an environment where structures are modeled and students are allowed to identify weaknesses, work with them, and transform them into strengths. If you have had the experience of engaging your students in completing a portfolio, you know that it contains samples of work which students consider to be outstanding. Grammar Portfolio has been designed to include those grammatical aspects which we deem necessary for students to master and become successful users of the English language. The chapters are presented in a way which allows students to build on their knowledge gradually. The rules are clearly explained and multiple examples provided. Your comments and recommendations are important to us. You may contact us at juan.rodriguez37@upr.edu or rose.hernandez2@upr.edu
Grammar Portfolio
v
To the Student The title of this textbook emerges from the idea that a portfolio usually contains samples of work that students collect to demonstrate their improvement and success throughout a grading period. Grammar Portfolio provides easy to understand explanations covering major grammar points. Its great variety of exercises range from the simple to the complex. It offers multiple opportunities for you to work with grammar in a non-intimidating manner. The first chapter covers variations in noun forms which will later enable you to work with the verb tenses with more ease as one of your major difficulties is subject-verb agreement. You will read sentences, dialogues, and paragraphs and complete them with correct verb tenses. In addition, you will transform sentences into different kinds of questions which request specific information. There are exercises in which you must edit and rewrite sentences, combine or complete them to form compound or complex sentences, write your own creative sentences, and follow guided writing exercises.
vi
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1 Nouns, Articles, Prepositions, Quantifiers, Possessive Case of Nouns, and Possessive Adjectives
Grammar Portfolio
1
Chapter 1
Nouns There are two types of nouns: proper nouns and common nouns. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas. Proper Nouns: Proper nouns are used to refer to the names of particular people, places, things, and ideas. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. The definite article the and indefinite articles a or an are not usually used with proper nouns. In some cases, proper nouns begin with the definite article the. Use capital letters for the following proper nouns:
• • • • • • • • •
Names of people: Joe Ortiz, Britney Spears, Michael Angelo Names of places: Puerto Rico, Bayamón, the Ajili Mojili Restaurant Names of things: The San Juan Star, the El Todo de Bayamón The days of the week: Sunday, Monday, Wednesday The months of the year: January, May, July, December Names of languages: English, Spanish, French Names of nationalities: Puerto Rican, American, Asian Names of religions: Catholic, Pentecostal, Buddhism Official holidays: Veteran’s Day, Christmas, Easter Sunday
Common Nouns: Common nouns are not used to refer to the names of particular people, places, things, or ideas. Common nouns do not usually begin with a capital letter. A common noun begins with a capital letter only if it is the first word in a sentence. Example: Many college students use their computers at home. Computers are something common in almost every home. Reminder: The seasons of the year are common nouns and do not begin with a capital letter: • summer • winter • spring • fall, autumn
2
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Let’s Practice Practice Exercise 1 - Correct the mistakes in the following postcard:
Dear magaly, Hello from the Florida! I am having an nice time. How is peter doing? I hope He is fine. I have visited many places. tomorrow I am going to the bush gardens in tampa. The day after tomorrow I am going to miami. I have a important meeting to attend. Can you pick me up at an airport on the friday? Call me. david
To:
Count and Non-count Nouns Nouns can be referred to as count nouns or non-count nouns. Some nouns are countable which means you can use either the singular or plural form of the noun. Examples:
shirt - a shirt - some shirts a girl one boy two boys
three children
five mice
Other nouns are non-countable which means you can use only the singular form of the noun. These are sometimes called mass nouns or uncountable nouns.
Grammar Portfolio
3
Chapter 1
DO NOT USE THE SINGULAR COUNT NOUN ALONE!
•
Plural count nouns are used alone. You can use the or a number larger than one.
DO NOT USE A / AN OR ONE! five cars
cars the cars
DO NOT SAY: a cars,
one cars
•
Non-count nouns cannot be counted, do not have a plural form and sometimes do not take an article:
air,
Non-count nouns always take singular verbs:
•
information,
salt,
oil,
homework,
advice
English homework is interesting. Salt tastes horrible when used on foods in excess. • Some non-count nouns name groups of things. These things have individual countable parts: jewelry:
a ring
earrings
a necklace
clothing:
a shirt
a pair of pants
a sweater
a dishwasher
a microwave oven
equipment: computers
• Other categories of non-count nouns include: liquids (water, milk, juice); solids (wood, ice, food); particles (salt, sugar, rice); gases (air, oxygen, hydrogen); natural phenomena (weather); abstract ideas (beauty, honesty); fields of study (science, broadcasting).
4
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Summary and Further Practice The plural of nouns is very easy to form. There are a few simple rules to follow. Simple Plurals Rule 1
Most nouns: Add – s. Singular notebook orange flower computer
Practice Exercise 1:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Rule 2
Plural notebooks oranges flowers computers
Use rule 1 to change the following nouns to their plural form:
creature __________ method ____________ nest ____________ answer ___________ youth _____________
6. million ___________ 7. employee _________ 8. pencil _____________ 9. swamp _____________ 10. table _____________
Nouns ending in s, x, z, sh, or ch: Add – es. Singular box dish peach
Practice Exercise 2:
Plural boxes dishes peaches
Change each noun to its plural form using rule 2:
1. leash __________ 6. hex___________ 2. box ____________ 7. lunch__________ 3. ranch____________ 8. trellis_____________ 4. topaz ___________ 9. ax _____________ 5. sash_____________ 10. mesh_____________
Grammar Portfolio
5
Chapter 1
Plural of Words with Special Endings Rule 3
Words ending in y preceded by a consonant: change the y to i and es. Singular county pantry
Practice Exercise 3:
Plural counties pantries
Change each noun to its plural form using rule 3:
1. entity______________ 6. quality_____________ 2. community____________ 7. strawberry__________ 3. delivery_____________ 8. baby_______________ 4. laundry______________ 9. party_______________ 5. assembly_____________ 10. company____________ Rule 4
Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant: Add – es. Singular tornado echo potato
Plural tornadoes echoes potatoes
EXCEPTIONS The following are some exceptions to this rule: Singular silo alto piano soprano
6
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Plural silos altos pianos sopranos
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 4: Change each of the following nouns to its plural form using rule 4. Be careful with the exceptions to the rule. 1. halo__________ 6. fiasco___________ 2. soprano____________ 7. piano_________ 3. hairdo____________ 8. lasso_____________ 4. alto___________ 9. tornado_____________ 5. silo_____________ 10.volcano_____________ Rule 5
Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel: Add – s. Singular rodeo duo studio igloo
Practice Exercise 5:
Change each noun to its plural form using rule 5.
1. tattoo ____________ 2. cameo ____________ 3. portfolio____________ Rule 6
Plural rodeos duos studios igloos
4. stereo___________ 5. patio_________ 6. rodeo_____________
Nouns ending in f or fe: Change the f or fe to v and add es. Singular leaf knife
Plural leaves knives
Grammar Portfolio
7
Chapter 1
EXCEPTIONS The following are common exceptions to rule 6. Singular dwarf roof chief safe belief handkerchief Practice Exercise 6:
Plural dwarfs roofs chiefs safes beliefs handkerchiefs
Change each of the following nouns to its plural form using rule 6. Remember the exceptions to the rule.
1. wolf __________ 6. loaf___________ 2. cliff ____________ 7. plaintiff_________ 3. scarf____________ 8. half_____________ 4. hoof___________ 9. whiff____________ 5. motif__________ 10. calf _____________
Nouns with Irregular Plurals Here are some nouns for which there are no set rules for forming their plurals. For some of these nouns their singular and plural forms are exactly the same. It is a good idea to memorize these nouns, for they are commonly used incorrectly. Singular man woman sheep mouse foot goose ox tooth moose deer child trout louse 8
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Plural men women sheep mice feet geese oxen teeth moose deer children trout lice
Chapter 1
Nouns always in Plural Form Some nouns are always written in plural form. The most common ones are the following: oats proceeds scissors economics shears news thanks athletics series
Nouns with a Plural Form but Singular Meaning There are several nouns which have a plural form but which are singular in meaning. Memorize them. civics mumps physics measles news politics
Nouns with Unusual Plural Forms Some nouns have unusual plural forms. The following are a few of them:
Singular cardcase cupful man-of-war sister-in-law birdhouse
Plural cardcases cupfuls men-of-war sisters-in-law birdhouses
Grammar Portfolio
9
Chapter 1
Nouns with Foreign Plurals Some nouns taken from other languages have kept their foreign plural. Following is a short list of some them: Singular datum criterion hypothesis crisis phenomenon Practice Exercise 7
Plural data criteria hypotheses crises phenomena
Change each of the following nouns to their irregular plural noun. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. antenna __________ 6. genus___________ 2. hippopotamus ____________ 7. nucleus_________ 3. delirium____________ 8. hernia_____________ 4. fungus___________ 9. phenomenon_________ 5. stadium__________ 10. radius ____________ Whenever you have any doubts about the plural form of a noun, consult your dictionary. Practice Exercises Change each set of nouns to their plural form and use them to complete the sentences correctly. Practice Exercise 1 berry ________ child ________ loaf ________ hex ________ cactus ________ tomato ________ 1. 2. 3. 4.
The ________ flowers looked beautiful under the hot desert sun. An evil witch uttered ________ on the family causing them bad luck. The chef cut five ________ into slices and used them in a salad. Ellen picked ________ from the plants and bushes to make a special dessert.
10
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
5. 6.
Mrs. Webb bought five ________ of bread to make sandwiches for the picnic. Several ________ observed the magician as he did a lot of tricks.
Practice Exercise 2 match ________ tray ________ tooth________ series ________ thesis ________ datum ________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Several ________ of hors d’oeuvres were served at the party. Little Joey couldn’t wait to sink his ________ into the blueberry muffin. The researcher obtained a lot of valuable ________ during his experimentation. Boxing ________ can cause mortal injuries. The graduates’ ________ were bound and copies were placed in the library. The new television ________ called Pretty Little Liars intrigues its viewers.
Practice Exercise 3 stadium ________ cameo ________ deer________ topaz ________ method ________ scarf ________ 1. Two of the ________ in Texas were opened to give shelter to the victims of Hurricane Katrina. 2. The dancers used beautiful large ________ in vivid colors to make their presentation even more attractive. 3. The jeweler used two beautiful ________ to make her earrings. 4. All the brooches had ________ of famous actresses. 5. Many ________ can be found in the Alaskan forests. 6. Biology students usually test ________ of experimentation to ensure valid conclusions. Practice Exercise 4 criterion ________ wolf ________ trout________ business ________ mouse ________ chief ________
Grammar Portfolio
11
Chapter 1
1.
The dog kept barking as two ________ were eating the food left on the counter.
2.
The judges used different ________ when selecting the winner of the contest.
3.
Almost all the ________ in that area open on Sundays so people can do their
shopping. 4.
His grandfather took him on a fishing trip, and they caught several _________.
5.
The ________ of the different tribes in Arizona had a powwow.
6.
In the movie New Moon, Jacob and other members of the tribe turn into ________.
Practice Exercise 5 silo ________ goose ________ dwarf________ sister-in-law ________ hero ________ man-of-war ________ 1.
While I was snorkeling, I spotted various ________ gracefully moving their tentacles.
2. The television series Little People is about a family in which most members are ________. 3. Farmers store grain in ________ and use it to feed animals during the winter. 4. Some bystanders became _________ when they lifted a visually impaired woman to safety when she accidentally fell on the subway tracks. 5. A policeman stopped the traffic because some ________ were crossing with their goslings. 6. His wife has two sisters, so he has two _______.
12
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Let’s Practice Singular, Plural, and Non-count Nouns Practice Exercise 1 It is very common to see twins all over our society. Read the story below and write the boldfaced noun in the correct column of the chart on the next page. The Twins
By Dr. Juan J. Rodriguez
Leonardo and Leandro are twins. They are students at the University of Puerto Rico in Bayamón. The campus is beautiful, but there is a lot of construction going on. The construction began during the summer months. Leonardo is studying engineering. Leandro is studying biology. They study very hard, They always have a lot of homework to do. Next week they are going on vacation. According to their parents, the twins are going on a seven day cruise. They are looking for information about the places they are going to visit. Leonardo is worried because he has a project to do before leaving. Leandro says he is not worried because he has some free time before the cruise and will complete all his assignments before leaving. The twins are looking forward to their seven day cruise. They will arrange to visit places where they can enjoy themselves. Their little sister is sad because she is not going. But Mom and Dad will take her to the beach and let her swim in the warm water. They will sit down and watch her splash in the water and walk on the sand. They will take her to swim with the dolphins and at the end of the day eat seafood. The little sister loves lobster and her parents love fish. Everyone will enjoy their vacation. It’s a way to rest, relax, and have fun.
Grammar Portfolio
13
Chapter 1
Count and Non-count Nouns Singular Count Nouns
Plural Count Nouns
Non-count Nouns
week
parents
engineering
Practice Exercise 2 Edit the following sentences. They contain a noun or article error. Draw a circle around the error and write the correct form in the blank spaces provided. 1. Stephanie went to the Texas in 2006. 2.
Stephanie took a intensive English course.
3.
She took the course during the Summer.
4.
She graduated from the university of Puerto Rico.
5.
She applied for a Job at Telemundo
14
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
6.
The job inspired her to become an Actress.
7.
She took several acting Classes.
8.
She is now acting in the San Juan.
9.
She acts every friday at 9:00 P.M.
10.
Her family will see her next the week.
Practice Exercise 3 Plural Nouns Read the following plural nouns. As you read them, listen to the way their ending is pronounced. Then copy them in the correct columns.
watches
glasses
notebooks
apples
papers
toys
classmates
chairs
hostesses
dictionaries
students
matches
sinks
blouses
dogs
cats
plates
computers
/Z/
/IZ/
desks houses
/S/
Grammar Portfolio
15
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Rosa, Carmen, and Maritza are _____________ (woman). “La Borinqueña” and “Cumpleaños Feliz” are _____________ (song). The United States and Canada are _____________ (country). Australia and Asia are _____________ (continent) Penn State and Ohio State are _____________ (university). Minnie and Mickey are _____________ (mouse). The Andes and the Himalayas are _____________ (mountain). The Atlantic and the Pacific are _____________ (ocean). Ivonne and Jorge are _____________ (reporter).
Practice Exercise 5 Choose the correct word to complete the sentence correctly. (Remember that NONCOUNTABLE NOUNS do NOT have a plural form. Examples: There are a lot of students (student/students) in this class. (COUNTABLE) We need to buy a lot of rice (rice/rices). (NON-COUNTABLE) 1. We recently bought a lot of new _____________ (book/books). 2. We have to buy some _________________ (sugar/sugars) for the coffee. 3. He has a lot of gold _________________ (chain/chains). 4. Marla used to have long _________________ (hair/hairs). 5. I ate two _________________ (bowl/bowls) of ice cream. 6. Miguel ate a lot of _________________ (rice/rices) 7. We don’t have any _________________. (butter/butters) 8. There are many big _________________ (city/cities) in the USA. 9. I want to give away a lot of my _________________ (thing/things). 10. Sharon lost her _________________ (luggage/luggages) at the airport. 11. Zaida has a lot of cocktail ______________ (dress/dresses)in the closet. 12. This mall offers a wide variety of ______________(clothing/clothings) stores. 13. The baby always drinks a lot of _____________ (milk/milks). 16
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
The Possessive Case of Nouns Use: The possessive case of a noun is used to express such meanings as possession, personal relationships, description, time and measurement. Possessive nouns are used most often when they refer to a person or living being. Rule 1 The possessive case of a singular noun is formed by adding an apostrophe and s (’s). Examples: Jennifer’s dress Mrs. Taylor’s daughter the bird’s wings the baby’s bottle A proper noun that ends in s or z can be changed to the possessive case either by adding only an apostrophe or an apostrophe plus s (’s). Examples: Mrs. Davis’ mother Mrs. Davis’s mother Liz’ friend Liz’s friend Carlos’ car Carlos’s car Mr. Martinez’ dog Mr. Martinez’s dog Rule 2 The possessive case of a regular plural noun (one ending in s) is formed by adding only an apostrophe after the s. Examples: the Grants’ trailer my sons’ teachers the girls’ skirts the dogs’ collars Rule 3
The possessive case of an irregular plural noun (one not ending in s) is formed by adding an apostrophe and s (’s).
Examples: men’s coats children’s toys women’s hats
Grammar Portfolio
17
Chapter 1
Other Uses and Forms of Expressing the Possessive Case of Nouns Joint Ownership Joint ownership is indicated by writing the last name in the possessive case. Examples: Hiram and Eva’s house Ismael and Myrta’s daughters Jerry, Cynthia, and Robert’s project
Independent Ownership Independent ownership is expressed by writing all of the names in the possessive case. Examples: Wanda’s and Rachel’s pictures Daniel’s, Mary’s, and Cynthia’s projects Although possessive nouns are used more commonly when referring to a person or living being, common expressions that refer to time and measurement and words related to natural phenomena may be expressed in the possessive case. Time and Measurement Natural Phenomena ten minutes’ delay the sun’s rays a week’s time the storm’s rain three dollars’ worth the tornado’s wind today’s weather the ocean’s tide
The OF Phrase When a noun refers to a thing, an of phrase is usually preferred. Examples: the edges of paper the color of the dress the taste of garlic 18
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 1: Give the possessive case of each of the nouns in parentheses using rule number one.
1. (Richard) _______ wife is very angry.
2. (Deborah) _______ boyfriend is holding a flower.
3.
(Jesus) _______ back is in bad condition.
4. (Phillip) _______ alarm clock was ringing at 7:00.
5.
(Mrs. Gonzรกlez) _______ umbrella is poking Joe in the stomach.
6. (Mr. Donovan)_______ pool is very big.
7.
(Mrs. Jenkins) _______ husband is sitting on the cat.
8. (Pat) _______ phone is ringing.
Grammar Portfolio
19
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 2: Give the possessive case of the regular plural nouns in parentheses using rule number two. 1.
There is a (teachers) ______________ meeting today at one o’clock.
2.
The (babies) ______________ diapers are drying in the sun.
3.
The (Riveras) ______________ house is very large.
4.
Your (sons) ______________ work was outstanding.
5.
The (dwarfs) ______________ shoes are very small.
6.
The (ladies) ______________ coats were placed in another room.
7.
Some (players) ______________ equipment was lost.
8.
Their (mothers) ______________ opinions are all the same.
Practice Exercise 3:
Give the possessive case of the irregular plural nouns in parentheses using rule number three.
1.
The (oxen) ______________ hoofs are very hard.
2.
Those (men) ______________ shirts are very expensive.
3.
The (geese) ______________ food is in the big dish.
4.
The (policewomen) ______________ uniforms are very comfortable.
5.
My (children) ______________ friends were playing with the dog.
6.
We are watching those (gentlemen) ______________ movements.
20
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 4: Express joint ownership when giving the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses.
1.
(Nancy and Henry) _______ car isn’t new.
3. (Diana and Charles) _______ baby is crying a lot.
2. (Brian and Allison) _______dog is hungry.
4. (Betty and Wanda) _______ computer is new.
Practice Exercise 5: Express independent ownership when giving the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses.
1.
3.
Her (husband and son) _________health is very poor.
(Allison and Daniel) _________books were opened on page 3.
2. (Betty and Linda) _________typewriters aren’t functioning well.
4.
(Mr. Owens and Mr. Bishop) _________ neighbors are very young.
Grammar Portfolio
21
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 6: Express the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses by using an of phrase. 1.
My sister was looking at the (style – the dress) ______________.
2.
We are beginning to enjoy the (sound – rock music) ______________.
3. He isn’t enjoying his food because he doesn’t like the (taste – onions) ______________. 4.
The (color – the car) ______________ was black.
5.
She was making a cake in the (shape – an apple) ______________.
6.
The (length – the rope) ______________ is perfect for tying a box.
7.
The (theme – the party) ______________ was Mardi Gras.
8.
Scott thinks the (size – the box) ______________ is too small.
Practice Exercise 7:
Write the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses.
1.
The (ocean) ______________ waves were very high.
2.
He is buying his little brother a bottle of (men) ______________ cologne.
3.
The (cats) ______________ tails are very long.
4.
We are eating ten (cents) ______________ worth of licorice.
5.
The (boys) ______________ brother is living in El Paso, Texas.
6.
(Tamara) ______________ work was excellent.
7.
(Women) ______________ clothing is very expensive these days.
8.
Her (brother) ______________ cars are in the garage.
9.
(Dolores) ______________ office was on this floor.
10.
This year I only have a (week) ______________ vacation.
22
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 8: Express joint ownership when writing the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses. 1.
(Bill and Joe) ______________ mother is on a strict diet.
2.
We are taking (Denise and Bert) ______________ cat to the veterinarian.
3.
(Tammy and Lourdes) ______________ room is painted light blue.
Practice Exercise 9: Express independent ownership when writing the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses. 1.
(Amanda, Carlos, and Edna) ______________ books are in my car.
2.
(Edgar and Pedro) ______________ ideas were very good.
3.
She is holding (Dana and Robert) ______________ notebooks.
Practice Exercise 10: Use an of phrase to express the possessive case of the nouns in parentheses. 1.
The girl is cutting the paper into the (shape - a flower) ______________ .
2.
The new (style - hairdos) ______________ is the “punk” look.
3.
This bread has the (taste – garlic) ______________.
4.
The (sound – her voice) ______________ makes me nervous.
5. The (symbol- the Rosicrucians) _______________ is a cross with a rose in the middle.
Grammar Portfolio
23
Chapter 1
Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives can also be used to indicate ownership, relationship. Subject Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
Examples
I
my
I like my hat.
you
your
You like your car.
he
his
He likes his surfboard.
she
her
She likes her shoes.
it
its
It likes its owner.
we
our
We like our home.
you
your
You like your neighbors.
they
their
They like their garden.
Important Notes •
Be careful not to confuse his and her.
• • •
Mrs. Benson likes horseback riding. Her brother likes surfing. My uncle also likes to skydive. It is his favorite sport.
Be careful not to confuse his and he’s. He’s an engineer. His wife is a doctor. Be careful with your and you’re. They sound the same. You’re a great cheerleader. Your motions are very sharp. Do not confuse its and it’s.
its = possessive adjective This is my rabbit. Its name is Bombon.
24
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
it’s = it is It’s a beautiful morning. •
•
Don’t use an article with a possessive adjective. My the brother works at Macy’s. My The my brother works at Macy’s. A possessive adjective and a possessive noun can be used together. You can use two (or more) possessive nouns together.
•
Chapter 1
My brother’s name is Daniel. My brother’s wife’s name is Leila.
Possessive adjectives have the same form before singular and plural nouns.
Their daughter is happy. Their daughters are happy.
Practice Exercise 1 Complete the sentences correctly using the possessive adjective, which corresponds to the subject of the first sentence.
1.
They are soldiers. __________ work can be very dangerous.
2.
His tennis racket is in the garage. _______ handle is broken.
3.
Ricardo and Gedalias are business partners. The name of _______ business is Pure Sound Studio.
4.
You and your brother always make great recommendations. _______ ideas help us avoid difficult situations.
5.
Juan and I wrote a new book. _______ new book is Grammar Portfolio.
6.
Liberty is a singer. _______ voice is very beautiful.
7.
Amanda and I have different jobs. ________ jobs are very important to us.
8.
Mariela has a boyfriend. _______ boyfriend’s name is Carlos.
Grammar Portfolio
25
Chapter 1
9.
You make great lasagna. _______ lasagna is the best I have ever tasted.
10.
I have a new car. _______ new car is a Jaguar.
Practice Exercise 2 Complete the conversation. Use possessive adjectives. 1. Sonia: Is the man standing next to the car _______ husband? Amelia: Yes, _____ name is Angel. Sonia: And who’s the young man standing next to him? Amelia: Oh, that’s ______ son. _____name is Angel Luis. 2. Julia: Is this Prof. Luis Munoz’ office? Jesse: No, ______ office is two doors down. Julia: Is it Dr. Rosa Vallejo’s office? Jesse: No, ______ office is two doors up. 3. Brad: Hey, Karen. You left ______ cell phone in my car last night. Karen: That’s not ______ cell phone. It’s Gillian’s mom’s cell phone. Gillian called me this morning to ask me if I had it.
______ mom is really upset. 4. Leo: Barry, have you seen ______ dog? It’s time for _____ walk.
Barry: ______ dog is already outside running free. Look out the window.
26
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 3 Substitute the underlined word(s) for the correct possessive adjective. Rewrite the sentence in the space provided. 1. Rose’s brother is in Arizona. _________________________________________________ 2. Jeremy’s car is in the garage. ________________________________________________________ 3. The dogs’ leashes are on the wall. ________________________________________________________ 4. Lauren’s wallet is in the car. ________________________________________________________ 5.
Diana and Vianca’s coach is Gedalias Casillas.
________________________________________________________ 6. The rabbit’s fur is white. ________________________________________________________ 7.
My sister-in-law’s business is flourishing.
________________________________________________________ 8.
Bob’s and Gary’s yachts are at the dock.
________________________________________________________ 9. The athletes’ gear is in their lockers. ________________________________________________________
Grammar Portfolio
27
Chapter 1
10. Her father-in-law’s attitude was positive. ________________________________________________________ Practice Exercise 4 Possessive Nouns, Possessive Adjectives and Subject Pronouns Rewrite the sentences. Change the underlined words. 1. The rabbits are in the yard.
________________________________________________________
2. The rabbits’ food is in the cupboard.
________________________________________________________
3. My dad’s here.
________________________________________________________
4. My dad’s farm is far from here.
________________________________________________________
5. Stephanie’s eyes are hazel.
________________________________________________________
6. Stephanie’s twenty-four years old.
________________________________________________________
7. The teenagers were at a party last night.
________________________________________________________
8. The teenagers’ parents were also at the party.
________________________________________________________
9. You and your sisters’ company is pleasant.
10. You and your sisters are welcome to visit us anytime.
28
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Articles In English there are two types of articles:
• •
indefinite (a, an) and definite (the)
Articles in English introduce and identify nouns. Their use will depend on whether you are making reference to any member or to a specific member of a group. Articles occur before nouns and adjectives plus the noun combination: 1. Indefinite Articles: a and an A and An are used to indicate that the noun modified is indefinite. A and An are used with singular nouns when the noun is general:
• •
a plus singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a book an plus singular noun beginning with a vowel sound: an apple
In cases where there is an adjective plus noun combination, the choice between using a and an will depend on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:
• •
a big apple an unusual situation
In English, the indefinite articles can be used to indicate an association to a profession, nation, or religion.
• • •
I am a lawyer. Carlos is an American Jack is a practicing Catholic.
2. Definite Article: the
The definite article the is used before particular or specific nouns that the speaker and listener know about. The definite article the can be used:
• • •
with singular count nouns plural count nouns non-count nouns
Grammar Portfolio
29
Chapter 1
Examples: Definite article the • the cat (a specific cat) • the oranges (specific oranges) • the sun (there is only one)
The is not used with non-count nouns when referring to something in general sense: Coffee is my favorite morning drink. Spanish was her language of communication. Expertise is something difficult to measure. The is used with specific non-count nouns by a limiting modifying phrase or clause: The water in my glass is too dirty to drink. The Spanish she speaks is often heard in the metropolitan area. The expertise of a lawyer is changeable but unquestionable. Remember: The use of a definite or indefinite article is actually based upon the phonetic sound of the first letter in a word and not on the written representation of the letter. The indefinite article “a” goes before all words that begin with consonants.
• • • • • •
a bird a dog a blue book a camel a big pear a flag
However, there is one exception to this rule: Use an before the unsounded letter h.
• •
30
an hour late an honest person
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
The indefinite article “an” goes before all words that begin with vowels:
• • • • •
an apple an egg an issue an orange an umbrella
However, there are two exceptions: When the vowel u makes the same sound as the y in you, or the letter o makes the same sound as w in won, then a is used.
• • • • • •
a university a used car a unicorn a useful dictionary a U.S. state a once in a lifetime opportunity
Let’s Practice Practice Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with a, an, or the, or leave the spaces blank if no article is needed.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
I ate __________ orange this morning. __________ bank at the mall is always crowded. Mrs. Lugo speaks __________ Spanish. I bought __________ book from the bookstore. The professor said, “ __________ laboratory is open today.” Joseph likes to play __________ basketball. We bought __________ umbrella at the department store. My cousin is learning to speak __________ French at her school. Please show me __________ magazine that is on the table. Mary lives on __________ Comerío Street in Lares. San Juan is the capital of __________ Puerto Rico. The professor asked me _________ very tricky question. _________ question that the professor asked me wasn’t easy.
Grammar Portfolio
31
Chapter 1
14. 15. 16.
Have you seen _________ my new car? Could you please give me _________ dinnerware? Is there _________ good hotel around this area?
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
_________ restaurant that my parents own is a very good one. I have several _________ good magazines to read during the flight. _________ USA is a beautiful country to visit. I’ll see you in _________ two months! Mr. Sebastian is ________ really good human being. ________ animals we saw this morning will be sent to the Bronx Zoo. __________ Paris is a wonderful city to visit.
Practice Exercise 2 Fill in each blank with the proper article: a, an or the (more than one may be acceptable). If no article is required, write “no article”: Roger and Daisy went on (1)_____________ vacation last summer. They were planning on going to (2)_____________ Dominican Republic, but they ended up going to (3)_____________ Mexico instead. It was (4)_____________ really good trip! They visited many of the places their friends had recommended, such as (5)_____________ ancient civilizations, including , Tulum, and modern Cancun. They also spent (6)_____________ lot of time in (7)_____________ Taxco. They stayed in (8)_____________ Mexico for about three weeks. When I asked them what was (9)_____________ best part of their (10)_____________ trip, they said that (11)____________ whole trip was excellent from the beginning up to (12)_____________ end.
32
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Prepositions of Time and Place: A preposition is a function word that takes a noun or pronoun as an object. Prepositions often express meanings like time, place, or direction. The prepositions in, on, and at are commonly used to express time and place. The rules for the use of these prepositions and examples using each one are presented below.
RULES
EXAMPLES
Preposition: IN
1. In often indicates the position of something surrounded.
in the drawer in the office in the bag
2. In is also used to mean Edward is in his room. inside. Her project is in that notebook.
3. In is used with urbanizations, cities, states, countries, and continents.
4. In is used before months, years, seasons, and special expressions.
in the classroom in the armchair
Your wallet is in my purse.
in Versalles in Bayamรณn in New York
in England in South America
in April in 2009 in the spring in the summer in the fall
in autumn in the winter in the morning in the afternoon in the evening
Grammar Portfolio
33
Chapter 1
Preposition: ON 5. On often indicates contact with a surface.
on the desk on the floor
6. On is used with the name of a street, road, or avenue
on Fifteenth street on Drury Road
on Ashford Avenue
7. On is used before days of the week and dates.
on Tuesday on December 25th on the 4th of July
on Labor Day on their birthday
8. On is used for some types of communication.
on TV on the radio on the news
on the broadcast on the walkie-talkie on the short-wave radio
9. At is used with addresses with a number.
at 336 Morehead Avenue
at 423 Peyton Street
10. At is a preposition of place.
at the hospital at the university at home at school at work at the beach
at the post office at the bus stop at the shopping center at church at the meeting at the party
note: on page 33
Preposition: AT
34
11. At is in expressions of at the door position to indicate proximity.
at the table
12. At is used in expressions of time.
at noon at midnight
at nine o’clock at night
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 1: Complete each sentence correctly using in or on. Indicate the number of the rule(s) which you applied in the blank(s) to the left of each statement. Rule # _____ 1. He was standing _______ the deck of the Queen Mary the last time I saw him. Rule # _____ 2. The leaves _______ the trees _______the forest turn brown, _____ yellow, and orange _______ autumn. Rule # _____ 3. Marlee graduated from Canyon del Oro High School _______ May of 2010. Rule # _____ 4. Most koala bears live _______ Australia. Rule # _____ 5. The students held their assembly _______ the theater _____ _______ March 2nd. Rule # _____ 6. Your homework is _______ your textbook _______ page _____ seventy-three. Practice Exercise 2: Complete each sentence correctly using on or at. Indicate the number of the rule(s) which you applied in the blank to the left of each statement. Rule # _____ 1. Your client is waiting for you _______ the door. Rule # _____ 2. Children and grownups dress up in masks and costumes _______Halloween night. Rule # _____ 3. The teenagers were all having a good time _______ the beach. Rule # _____ 4. Call me if you need me; I will be _______ home all day.
Grammar Portfolio
35
Chapter 1
Rule # _____ 5. They had some really good movies _______ TV all weekend. Rule # _____ 6. The child sat _______ her mother’s lap as she watched the parade. Practice Exercise 3: Complete each sentence correctly using in or at. Indicate the number of the rule(s) which you applied in the blank(s) to the left of each statement. Rule # _____ 1. We will have one week of vacation _______ the spring. Rule # _____ 2. Megan will be _______ home most of the day. Rule # _____ 3. She did not have office hours today because she was _______ a meeting. Rule # _____ 4. It is easy to go snow blind when you are _______ Antarctica. Rule # _____ 5. They were _______ church early this morning, but now _____ they are _______ the shopping mall. Rule # _____ 6. Family members were visiting him _______ the hospital _____ _______ room 502. Practice Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks correctly using in, on, or at. Indicate the number of the rule(s) which you applied in the blank(s) to the left of each statement. Rule # _____ 1. I live _______ 18 Belford Avenue. Rule # _____ 2. The pictures are _______ the wall. Rule # _____ 3. The men are _______ the bus stop. Rule # _____ 4. Please write the homework _______ your notebook. Rule # _____ 5. There is a piece of paper _______ the floor. Rule # _____ 6. The article begins _______ page forty-five. Rule # _____ 7. Is Jennifer _______ home? _____ No, she’s _______ Arecibo.
36
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Rule # _____ 8. I will call her _______ Monday. Rule # _____ 9. We saw them _______ the party. Rule # _____ 10. Kevin has an apartment _______ Clover Street. Rule # _____ 11. He was born _______ January 17, 1959. Rule # _____ 12. There’s a fax machine _______ the table _______ the _____ corner of the room. Rule # _____ 13. Is the nail clipper _______ the table? No, it’s _______ the _____ medicine cabinet. Rule # _____ 14. We visited them _______ November. Rule # _____ 15. They come after me _______ noon. Rule # _____ 16. Are there any signs _______ the wall? Rule # _____ 17. Calvin is very sick. He’s _______ the hospital. Rule # _____ 18. There are some doughnuts _______ the refrigerator. Rule # _____ 19. They came here _______ 2003. Rule # _____ 20. He will have a party _______ his birthday. Rule # _____ 21. There is a sentence _______ the whiteboard. Rule # _____ 22. The boxes are _______ the floor _______the living room. _____ Rule # _____ 23. Hannah lives _______ 764 Crimson Road. Rule # _____ 24. Victor graduates _______ autumn. Rule # _____ 25. Nelly listened to her favorite jazz group _______ the radio.
Grammar Portfolio
37
Chapter 1
Rule # _____ 26. I was _______ a meeting at 10:00 AM. Rule # _____ 27. She was born _______ Germany. Rule # _____ 28. The report is _______ the folder. Rule # _____ 29. We were _______ the beach last Sunday. Rule # _____ 30. The books are _______ the shelf _______ the bookcase. Rule # _____ 31. We heard about the tragic accident _______ the news last night. Rule # _____ 32. William was born _______ March 28th.
Quantifiers Quantifiers are words that precede and modify nouns. They tell us how many or how much. Selecting the correct quantifier will depend on distinguishing between count and non-count nouns. For purposes of clarifying any doubts, let’s practice with the count noun cars and the non-count noun milk: The following quantifiers will work with count nouns: many cars a few cars few cars several cars a couple of cars none of the cars
38
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns: not much milk a little milk little milk a bit of milk a good deal of milk a great deal of milk no milk The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns: all of the cars/milk some cars/milk most of the cars/milk enough cars/milk a lot of cars/milk lots of cars/milk plenty of cars/milk a lack of cars/milk NOTE: In formal writing, it is usually better to use many and much rather than phrases such as a lot of, lots of and plenty of. There is a difference between using a little and little with non-count words and between using a few and few with count words. Example:
Marie has a little experience in administration.
This sentence means that although Marie is not a great expert in administration, she does have some experience which might well be enough for the purposes of administration. Example:
Marie has little experience in administration.
This sentence means that she doesn’t have enough experience in administration.
Grammar Portfolio
39
Chapter 1
Example:
José owns a few comic books on super heroes.
This sentence means that he has some comic books (not a lot of comic books), but probably enough for his own purposes. Example: José owns few comic books on super heroes.
This sentence means that he doesn’t have enough for his purposes and he might want to go and buy more. Unless the quantifier much is combined with of, it is reserved for questions and negative statements:
• • •
Much of the ice cream in the cone has already melted. How much rain fell this morning? Not much.
When the quantifier most of the modifies a specific noun it must include the definite article the whether it is a count or a non-count noun: Example:
Most of the researchers are publishing their investigations.
Most of the air has been purified.
However, when there is a general plural noun, and you are not referring to any specific entity, the of the is eliminated:
Most schools have their own uniform policy.
Most boys play different sports.
40
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Quantifiers Graded Quantifiers function like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of increase or decrease. INCREASE from 0% to 100% With plural countable nouns: many
more
most
more
most
fewer
fewest
less
least
With uncountable nouns: much
DECREASE from 100% to 0% With plural countable nouns: few With uncountable nouns: little Examples: There are many people in Puerto Rico, more in the United States, but the most people live in China. Much time and money is spent on health, more on education, but the most is spent on the police.
Few rivers in Puerto Rico are not polluted.
Fewer people smoke now than in the past decade.
Grammar Portfolio
41
Chapter 1
The town with the fewest people who smoke must be Vieques.
Researchers have little hope of finding a cure for AIDS before the year 2020.
Maggy had less time to study than Richard, but she had better test results than he did.
Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you, so please be careful.
Quantifiers with Count and Non-count Nouns Adjectives and adjectival phrases that describe quantity are shown below. Some can only go with countable nouns (books, friends, pens, people), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (flour, rice, sugar, tea, money, advice). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
Only with Non- count Nouns
With Non-count and Count Nouns
Only with Count Nouns
How much?
How much? or How many?
How many?
a little
no/none
a few
a bit (of)
not any
a number (of)
some (any)
several
a great deal of
a lot of
a large number of
a large amount of
plenty of
a great number of
lots of + noun Remember: much and many are used in negative and question forms.
42
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Some and Any Some and any are used with count and non-count nouns, to describe an indefinite or incomplete quantity. Some is used in affirmative statements:
I had some ice cream for dessert. Mary has some books to return to the library.
Some is also used in questions where we are sure about the answer:
Did she give you some water? I’m sure she did. Is there some yogurt in the refrigerator? I think there is.
Some is used in situations where the question is not a request for information, but a way of making a request, encouraging or giving an invitation:
Could I have some coffee, please? Why don’t you have some roast beef now? Would you like some pork chops?
Any is used in questions and with not in negative statements:
Have you got any water? She didn’t give me any coffee. I don’t think we’ve got any milk left.
Grammar Portfolio
43
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 1 Read the dialogue on the next page and find the phrases in the maze.
At a Deli Store Waitress: Customer: Waitress: Customer: Waitress: Customer:
Waitress: Customer: Waitress: Customer: Waitress: Customer: Waitress: Customer: Waitress:
44
Hi! What would you like to order? I want a cup of coffee and a grilled cheese sandwich. Would you like anything else? Yes, a bottle of water and a bowl of chicken soup as my appetizer. I’d also like three slices of pizza to go. Would you like a dessert? Yes, I’d like a bowl of ice cream. I also want a bottle of orange juice and a bag of popcorn to take out for my little daughter. Anything else? Yes, I want a gallon of milk. Okay sir, your order will be served in a few minutes. Thank you! Oh, Ms. Excuse me. Yes? Do you have freshly baked cookies? Yes, we do. I’d like a dozen of chocolate chip cookies. Thanks. No, problem.
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Look for these phrases: 1.
cup of coffee
6.
bowl of ice cream
2.
grilled cheese sandwich
7.
bottle of orange juice
3.
bottle of water
8.
bag of popcorn
4.
bowl of chicken soup
9.
gallon of milk
5.
three slices of pizza
10.
freshly baked cookies
11. a
d f
b o w l o f c h i c k e n s o u p
r i
b
b u h s z r q x y f t f i p w y l z b f d d o n t
o l k b x e w z h r r s c l s u o a u d f f t b h
t n e o c w e a n t e a u k x j i s y c z h t v r
i
z
z
m y z a p
r
e
t v q w v q r q m g w z p m z h p w t v g u l g e c a
l h y l b a t w j c l x o n a g y e v g h k e h e o o
chocolate chip cookies e o z o n s y s u x k c f h q f u f c t k h o j s t f
o t g f m d g x i s j v c j w d h c s g m q f k l t t
f e t i s f b c k a h b o u s s g v u a u w w l i l h
o d h c l g v d l q g n f y d a t g y l y e a o c e e
r x j e k h f e o w f m f t e z r y t l r r t u e o g
a s l c j j r r p e d l e f r x f n r o e t e y s d r
n f f r h k e f p p d k e v f c d j e n t y r r o w i
g g s e g l d v i o s u b c i v e u z o c u x e f a d
e s b a g o f p o p c o r n c b w i u f e i z w p t e
j o a m f m c b u u c o f d v n s k i m c o c q i f s
u g r i l l e d c h e e s e s a n d w i c h v w z r a
i o p q t n x t y u v p d e g m x m y l g p b e z
c h k c h o c o l a t e c h i p c o o k i e s r a
n
d
d
i
e f f r e s h l y b a k e d c o o k i e s d n t u
w s
Grammar Portfolio
45
Practice Exercise 2
Chapter 1
Use the following quantifiers to complete the sentences: much, many, lots of, a lot of, little, most, a little, little, a few, few. 1. It seems we have had __________________ books to read this semester. 2. How __________________ did you pay for your outfit? 3. __________________ people don’t like to walk alone in the dark. 4. There aren’t __________________ good Halloween masks in this store. 5. I think Jay drank __________________ cocktails at the party last night. 6. I have had __________________ slices of pizza. 7. I didn’t spray ________________ water to the plants, that’s why they have so _________ dried leaves. 8. It has rained very __________________ this year, that’s why the grass and plants are so brown. 9.__________________ students know as much about UPRB as Henry does. 10. I’m having __________________ trouble with my calculus homework. 11. I do have __________________ books but not that many. 12. How __________________ coffee is left in the coffee pot? 13. Juan had __________________ money with him so he couldn’t even buy lunch at the cafeteria.
46
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
14. __________________ time, money, and useless lecturing are spent on educational issues in Puerto Rico. 15. I know __________________ French, so I am going to have trouble when I get to Paris. 16. __________________ of the kids in neighborhood have new bicycles. 17. Chemistry is the only subject I know very _____________ of. It doesn’t call my attention that much. 18. __________________ people who are under weight can live without eating much. I simply need to eat well and have my stomach full. 19. There are __________________ cold drinks for you on the counter, so please help yourself. 20. Has Mr. Soto already gone? I’m only __________________ minutes late for the meeting. 21. There is __________________ doubt that Julio will enter this university. 22. There is not very __________________ swimming going on at the pool now. 23. __________________ women in the city walk to work because they want to stay fit and healthy. 24. Puerto Rico has __________________ beautiful beaches.
Grammar Portfolio
47
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 3 Choose the quantifier that best fits the sentence. 1. There wasn’t ___ traffic in Bayamón this morning. ___ a few ___ many ___ much 2. There was ___ homework given for the calculus class. ___ much ___ none ___ many 3. The ___ of money he received for the car was far from what he expected. ___ number ___ much ___ amount
4. How ___ friends will be coming to the beach party this week? ___ many ___ lots of ___ much
5. Francis doesn’t have very ___ friends. ___ a lot of ___ much ___ many
48
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
6. I went shopping for groceries and I bought some rice, some bananas, and a ___ pears. ___ lots of ___ few ___ little
7. There are a lot of electronic games I have, but ___ that I would play more than once. ___ few ___ little ___ plenty
8. I just got my student loan approved with ___ extra cash for me to use. ___ several ___ plenty of ___ few 9. The ___ of books at the library has increased. ___ number ___ some ___ amount 10. There is ___ mud on the floor because of the flood we had last night. ___ few ___ lots of ___ little
Grammar Portfolio
49
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 4 Select the correct quantifier. 1. We must hurry. We have __________ time. ___ a few ___ a little ___ few ___ little 2. Listen carefully to the guidance counselor, she is going to give you __________ good advice. ___ a few ___ a little ___ few ___ little 3. Have you ever been to California? Yes, I’ve been there __________ times. ___ a few ___ a little ___ few ___ little 4. This is a very boring neighborhood to live in; there is __________ to do. ___ a few ___ a little ___ few ___ little 5. Professor, I have doubts and would like to ask you _________ questions. ___ a few ___ a little ___ few ___ little 50
Editorial Panamericana, Inc.
Chapter 1
Practice Exercise 5 Use a little or a few to complete the sentence correctly. 1. You need __________ patience to learn how to drive a truck. ___ a little ___ a few 2. He has __________ books in his bookbag. ___ a little ___ a few 3. There is __________ sugar in my coffee. ___ a little ___ a few 4. Could I have __________ more time to answer this quiz. ___ a little ___ a few 5. She has __________ knowledge about what is happening to Javier now. ___ a little ___ a few 6. I need __________ salt in my soup. ___ a little ___ a few 7. She wants a watch with __________ diamonds in it. ___ a little ___ a few
Grammar Portfolio
51