Canine Arthrology of
Atlas
In small animal veterinary practice many animals are brought to veterinary clinics suffering from joint-related pathologies. In this book you will find a dependable, clear and concise anatomical reference for all the joints of the dog. The joints of both the axial and appendicular skeleton are illustrated along with all their constituent soft tissue elements. Articular anatomy is presented visually in a variety of orientations, making information easily accessible for the reader without relinquishing important anatomical detail.
Atlas of Canine Arthrology JesĂşs Laborda Julio Gil Miguel Gimeno A ma i a U n z u e t a
T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y SMALL ANIMALS
Atlas of Canine Arthrology
Aimed at veterinary surgeons, students, teachers and other professionals in the veterinary sector.
TECHNICAL DETAILS Authors: Jesús Laborda, Julio Gil,
Miguel Gimeno and Amaia Unzueta.
Format: 22 x 28 cm. Number of pages: 100. Number of images: 300. Binding: Hardcover. ISBN: 978-84-92569-30-4 RRP: 50 e.
This visual publication is a comprehensive review of the anatomy of each of the elements of the dog’s joints. Each joint is shown in illustrations made using a novel technique which represents the articular components by means of real photographs. This allows a greater understanding of joint physiology and facilitates both the diagnosis of joint pathological conditions and the surgical operations performed on them.
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.
T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y
Atlas of Canine Arthrology TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction
3. Thoracic limb
Angles and joints
Joints
Ossification of the thoracic limb
Shoulder
Ossification of the pelvic limb
Arthrocentesis
Diagram of a synovial joint
Elbow
Synovial fluid
Dysplasia
Synovial fluid flow
Clinical notes
Characteristics of synovial fluid
Arthrocentesis
2. Head and axial region Joints of the head Intermandibular symphysis Temporomandibular joint Clinical notes Arthrocentesis Joints of the vertebral column Intervertebral joints Sacrum Coccygeal joints Intervertebral discs
Luxations Carpus Arthrocentesis Metacarpophalangeal joints Arthrocentesis Joints of the manus Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint Arthrocentesis of the digit Vascularisation
4. Pelvic limb
Atlanto-occipital joint
Joints
Atlanto-axial joint
Hip
Intrathecal puncture
Dysplasia
Joints between vertebrae and ribs
Puncture for biopsy
Costotransverse joints
Luxation and subluxation
Joints of the sternum
Stifle
Sternocostal joints
The drawer test
Sternal joints
Arthrocentesis
Joints of the thoracic limb
Tarsus
Costoscapular joint
Arthrocentesis
Joints of the pelvic limb
The pes
Sacroiliac joint
Metatarsophalangeal joints Joints of the digits
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.
JOINTS
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
OF THE HEAD
JOINT
Malocclusion due to disequilibrium when closing the mandibles
JOINT COMPONENTS Articular capsule
Correct occlusion
Malocclusion
Covers the entire joint, but the union with the disc divides the cavity it surrounds into two independent compartments. Caudally it has an expansion.
Occlusion Asymmetric “bite on one side” Symmetrical axes of the mandible
CLINICAL NOTES In this joint, cases of luxation may present. These are usually rostral, due to the fact that there are no caudal ligaments acting as reinforcement to prevent the forward displacement. In addition, the development of the retroarticular process hinders caudal displacement. The luxation is usually caused by a defective dental occlusion (malocclusion). Symptoms
Asymmetrical axes of the mandible
In addition to discomfort and pain, the animal will also display incorrect occlusion of the mandibles relative to the maxilla. Diagnosis
Ligaments
Articular disc
Lateral ligament, arranged over the caudal surface of the articular capsule. Caudal ligament that connects the retroarticular apophysis of the temporal bone’s articular face with the neck of the mandible.
Capsule between the disc and the mandible
Capsule between the disc and the temporal bone, and caudal expansion
Malocclusion caused by genetically predisposed asymmetry in a Bulldog
Lateral ligament
Caudal ligament
The malocclusion can be observed visually. ■ Palpation of the temporomandibular region will detect crepitus and incongruence of the articular elements. ■ The anomalous position of the structures causing the malocclusion can be confirmed by X-ray.
Arthrocentesis
To perform an arthrocentesis of this joint, use the small caudal expansion in the synovial sac. Locate the mandibular condyle by palpation. Introduce a needle perpendicularly, caudal and ventral to the outline of the condyle.
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JOINTS
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
OF THE HEAD
JOINT
Malocclusion due to disequilibrium when closing the mandibles
JOINT COMPONENTS Articular capsule
Correct occlusion
Malocclusion
Covers the entire joint, but the union with the disc divides the cavity it surrounds into two independent compartments. Caudally it has an expansion.
Occlusion Asymmetric “bite on one side” Symmetrical axes of the mandible
CLINICAL NOTES In this joint, cases of luxation may present. These are usually rostral, due to the fact that there are no caudal ligaments acting as reinforcement to prevent the forward displacement. In addition, the development of the retroarticular process hinders caudal displacement. The luxation is usually caused by a defective dental occlusion (malocclusion). Symptoms
Asymmetrical axes of the mandible
In addition to discomfort and pain, the animal will also display incorrect occlusion of the mandibles relative to the maxilla. Diagnosis
Ligaments
Articular disc
Lateral ligament, arranged over the caudal surface of the articular capsule. Caudal ligament that connects the retroarticular apophysis of the temporal bone’s articular face with the neck of the mandible.
Capsule between the disc and the mandible
Capsule between the disc and the temporal bone, and caudal expansion
Malocclusion caused by genetically predisposed asymmetry in a Bulldog
Lateral ligament
Caudal ligament
The malocclusion can be observed visually. ■ Palpation of the temporomandibular region will detect crepitus and incongruence of the articular elements. ■ The anomalous position of the structures causing the malocclusion can be confirmed by X-ray.
Arthrocentesis
To perform an arthrocentesis of this joint, use the small caudal expansion in the synovial sac. Locate the mandibular condyle by palpation. Introduce a needle perpendicularly, caudal and ventral to the outline of the condyle.
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JOINTS
JOINTS
O F T H E T RU N K
B E T W E E N V E RT E B R A E A N D OT H E R B O N E S
JOINTS OF THE PELVIC LIMB Ventrodorsal positioning
JOINTS
The two coxales are joined by means
Sacroiliac joint, or pelvic girdle
of the pelvic symphysis which ossifies in
Synovial and cartilaginous.
the dog in a caudocranial direction. Ossification reaches approximately the
GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS
caudal third of the symphysis.
Flat with roughened surfaces to impede slide. Movements are very limited. In old dogs this is a synostosis (fusion of the bones).
The cranial two thirds remain joined by fibrocartilaginous tissue.
Dorsal sacroiliac ligament
1
OSTEOLOGY 1 Ilium. 2 Sacrum.
2
TYPES OF JOINTS Planar
Ventrodorsal radiograph
1 Ventral sacroiliac ligament
Articular facet of the ilium
Articular facet of the sacrum
2
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JOINTS
JOINTS
O F T H E T RU N K
B E T W E E N V E RT E B R A E A N D OT H E R B O N E S
JOINTS OF THE PELVIC LIMB Ventrodorsal positioning
JOINTS
The two coxales are joined by means
Sacroiliac joint, or pelvic girdle
of the pelvic symphysis which ossifies in
Synovial and cartilaginous.
the dog in a caudocranial direction. Ossification reaches approximately the
GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS
caudal third of the symphysis.
Flat with roughened surfaces to impede slide. Movements are very limited. In old dogs this is a synostosis (fusion of the bones).
The cranial two thirds remain joined by fibrocartilaginous tissue.
Dorsal sacroiliac ligament
1
OSTEOLOGY 1 Ilium. 2 Sacrum.
2
TYPES OF JOINTS Planar
Ventrodorsal radiograph
1 Ventral sacroiliac ligament
Articular facet of the ilium
Articular facet of the sacrum
2
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JOINTS
THE
O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B
SHOULDER JOINT
THE SHOULDER JOINT THE JOINT
SCAPULA
The scapulohumeral or shoulder joint
Synovial ball and socket, formed by the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus.
5 Superglenoid tubercle
5
4
Glenoid fossa Head of the humerus
Greater tubercle
2 6
TYPE OF JOINT Spheroidal
1
3
4
7 HUMERUS 2
GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS The hemispherical head of the humerus and its adaptation to the glenoid fossa permits movements of every type: flexion – extension, internal – external rotation, separation (abduction) – approximation (adduction), as well as combinations of the above. The arrangement of the muscles limits these movements; those of flexion and extension are the most important in the dog. Flexion movement
Shoulder in standard anatomical position
1
Extension movement
OSTEOLOGY OF THE SHOULDER REGION 1 Greater tubercle. 2 Head of the humerus. 3 Glenoid fossa. 4 Superglenoid tubercle. 5 Acromion. 6 Lesser tubercle. 7 Intertubercular groove.
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JOINTS
THE
O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B
SHOULDER JOINT
THE SHOULDER JOINT THE JOINT
SCAPULA
The scapulohumeral or shoulder joint
Synovial ball and socket, formed by the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus.
5 Superglenoid tubercle
5
4
Glenoid fossa Head of the humerus
Greater tubercle
2 6
TYPE OF JOINT Spheroidal
4
1
3 7
HUMERUS 2
GEOMETRY AND MOVEMENTS The hemispherical head of the humerus and its adaptation to the glenoid fossa permits movements of every type: flexion – extension, internal – external rotation, separation (abduction) – approximation (adduction), as well as combinations of the above. The arrangement of the muscles limits these movements; those of flexion and extension are the most important in the dog. Flexion movement
Shoulder in standard anatomical position
1
Extension movement
OSTEOLOGY OF THE SHOULDER REGION 1 Greater tubercle. 2 Head of the humerus. 3 Glenoid fossa. 4 Superglenoid tubercle. 5 Acromion. 6 Lesser tubercle. 7 Intertubercular groove.
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JOINTS
THE
O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B
E L B OW J O I N T
LUXATIONS It is often possible to reduce the elbow using closed reduction.The three manoeuvres to resolve the luxation in this way are:
Arthrocentesis: ■
Puncture 1
■
■ With the elbow flexed by 45º, between the lateral epicondyle and the craniolateral border of the olecranon. ■ Needle in medial and distal direction.
Puncture 2 ■ Cranial to the lateral collateral ligament and below the lateral epicondyle. The elbow should be slightly flexed. ■ The needle perpendicular to the lateral surface of the elbow.
Arthrocentesis puncture 1
Lateral view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus
Cranial view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus
Lateral view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane
Cranial view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane
Lateral view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus
Cranial view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus
Arthrocentesis puncture 1
Arthrocentesis puncture 2
Arthrocentesis puncture 2
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JOINTS
THE
O F T H E T H O R AC I C L I M B
E L B OW J O I N T
LUXATIONS It is often possible to reduce the elbow using closed reduction.The three manoeuvres to resolve the luxation in this way are:
Arthrocentesis: ■
Puncture 1
■
■ With the elbow flexed by 45º, between the lateral epicondyle and the craniolateral border of the olecranon. ■ Needle in medial and distal direction.
Puncture 2 ■ Cranial to the lateral collateral ligament and below the lateral epicondyle. The elbow should be slightly flexed. ■ The needle perpendicular to the lateral surface of the elbow.
Arthrocentesis puncture 1
Lateral view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus
Cranial view. Forced flexion of the elbow holding the humerus
Lateral view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane
Cranial view. Distal displacement of the ulna and radius and the simultaneous approximation of these bones to the median plane
Lateral view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus
Cranial view. Coupling of the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius with that of the humerus
Arthrocentesis puncture 1
Arthrocentesis puncture 2
Arthrocentesis puncture 2
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