Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Parasites by Grupo Asís

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

PARASITES Doug Carithers

Guadalupe Mir贸

T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y SMALL ANIMALS

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

PARASITES Doug Carithers

Guadalupe Miró

Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Parasites TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Author: Servet. Reviewers: Doug Carithers and Guadalupe Miró. Format: 22 x 28 cm. Number of Pages: 104. Binding: hardcover, wire-o. PVP: 70 e.

This illustrated work has the aim to assist the veterinary surgeon with his/her communication with the pet owner. Following the last book spirit dedicated to the surgery, in this atlas the drawings about internal and external parasites of dogs and cats will make easier the explanations of the veterinary surgeon to his/her customers, as well as the control, prevention and treatment plans that the veterinary surgeon need to set up in some cases. The clarity and accuracy of the drawings, designed to make understandable and to reduce the time spent on the explanations to the pet owner, make of this atlas another useful clinical tool. This book is aimed at veterinary surgeons, students, teachers and professionals in this field.

Aimed at veterinarians, students, professors and professionals in this field.

Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.

T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y

Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Parasites TABLE OF CONTENTS PROTOZOANS

TREMATODES-CESTODES

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Phylum platyhelminthes Class Trematoda

Subphylum Sarcodina Order Amoebida 1. Genus Entamoeba: E. hystolitica

Subphylum Mastigophora Order Diplomonadida 2. Genus Giardia: G. duodenalis

Order Trichomonadida 3. Genus Tritrichomonas: T. foetus Genus Pentatrichomonas (miscellany)

Order Kinetoplastida 4. Genus Leishmania: L. infantum 5. Genus Trypanosoma (miscellany)

Phylum Apicomplexa Suborder Adeleorina 6. Genus Hepatozoon: H. canis H. americanum

Suborder Eimeriorina 7. Genus Cryptosporidium: C. parvum 8. Genus Toxoplasma: T. gondii 9. Genus Neospora: N. caninum 10. Genus Cystoisospora: Cystoisospora spp. Genus Sarcocystis: Sarcocystis spp. Genus Besnoitia: B. besnoiti Genus Hammondia: H. canis

Suborder Piroplasmorina 11. Genus Babesia: Babesia spp. 12. Genus Theileria 13. Genus Cytauxzoon

SUBCLASS DIGENEA Order Strigeata Family Clinostomatidae Genus Clinostomun

Family Diplostomatidae 14. Genus Alaria

Family Echinostomatidae Genus Echinoparyphium

Order Plagiorchiata Genus Paragonimus Genus Nanophyetus

Order Opisthorchiata Family Opisthorchis 15. Genus Opisthorchis

Family Heterophyidae Genus Heterophyes Genus Cryptocotyle

Class Cestoidea SUBCLASS EUCESTODA Order Cyclophyllidea Family Taenidae 16. Genus Taenia: Taenia spp. 17. Genus Echinococcus: E. granulosus E. multilocularis

Family Dipylidiidae 18. Genus Dipylidium: D. caninum Genus Joyeuxiella

Family Mesocestoididae 19. Genus Mesocestoides: Mesocestoides spp.

Order Pseudophyllidea Family Diphyllobothriidae Genus Spirometra 20. Genus Diphyllobotrium

T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y

NEMATODES Phylum Nemathelminthes SUBCLASS ADENOPHOREA

Order Spirurida Superfamily Filariodea

Order Enoplida Family Trichuridae 21. Genus Trichuris: T. vulpis Genus Capillaria: Capillaria spp.

Family Trichinellidae

Genus Trichinella

SUBCLASS SECERNENTEA Order Strongylida Superfamily Strongyloidea Superfamily Ancylostomatidae 22. Family Ancylostomatidae Genus Ancylostoma: A. caninum Genus Uncinaria: U. stenocephala

Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea

Family Molineidae

Family Onchocercidae

30. Genus Dirofilaria: D. immitis

31. D. repens

32. D. immitis

33. Genus Acanthocheilonema: A. dracunculoides

Superfamily Spiruroidea

Family Spirocercidae

Family Thelazidae

23. Genus Angiostrongylus: A. vasorum 24. Genus Aelurostrongylus: A. abstrusus

Family Filaroididae 25. Genus Oslerus: Filaroides

Order Ascaridida Superfamily Ascaridoidea

Family Ascarididae

Family Physalopteridae

1. Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida SUBCLASS ACARI Order Acariformes

37. Genus Otodectes: O. cynotis

Family Sarcoptidae

28. T. cati Order Rabdhitida 29. Genus Strongyloides: S. stercoralis

Suborder Acaridida Family Psoroptidae

27. Genus Toxocara: T. canis

Family Strongyloididae

36. Genus Physaloptera: Phy. praepucialis

ARTHROPODS

26. Genus Toxascaris: T. leonina

35. Genus Thelazia: Th. callipaeda

Superfamily Physalopteroidea

Superfamily Metastrongyloidea Family Angyostrongylidae

34. Genus Spirocerca: S. lupi

Superfamily Thelazioidea

Genus Ollulanus

A. reconditum

38. Genus Sarcoptes: S. canis

39. Genus Notoedres: N. cati

Suborder Actinedida Family Demodicidae

40. Genus Demodex: D. canis Demodex spp.

Family Cheyletiellidae

41. Genus Cheyletiella: Ch. yasguri Ch. blackei

T H E V E T E R I N A RY P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y

Order Parasitiformes

Suborder Ixodida

42. Family Ixodidae Family Argasidae

Ornithodoros spp.

Otobius

Class Insecta 43. Order Mallophaga

Trichodectes canis

Linognathus setosus

44. Order Anoplura

Felicola subrostratus

Order Siphonaptera

45. Genus Ctenocephalides

Ctenocephalides spp.

Order Diptera

Suborder Nematocerca

46. Family Psychodidae Phlebotomus spp. Family Ceratopogonidae Family Simulidae 47. Family Culicidae Culex spp.

Suborder Cyclorrapha

48. Family Muscidae Miasis

PROTOZOANS

Trypanosoma

ILLUSTRATION 5

Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma infection

Trypanosoma spp.

T. cruzi

T. evansi

KISSING BUG (Chagas Disease)

BITING FLIES (TABANIDS) (Sleeping Sickness/ Surra)

I. H. Dog and small mammals

n tio ec Inf

Host infected by: 1. Bite from infected vector 2. Insect fecal contamination of wound or mucous membrane 3. Eating vectors or infected dead animal

The trypomastigote invades the host cells (macrophages and muscle cells) and develops into amastigote

1 2-3 ys

Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

Infective trypomastigote 14-21 days

1 7-2

D. H. (biological vector)

Human risk Infection through blood transfusion, direct contact, bug bites and transplacental transfer.

Clinical signs

} Apathy/depression

} Pale mucous membranes/weak pulse

} Swollen lymph nodes

} Fever/edema

} Arrhythmia and cardiac insufficiency

} Ataxia/Rear limb paralysis

} Chronic myocarditis and cardiac dilation

} Reduced appetitte/anorexia

} Corneal opacity

} Sudden death due to heart failure The resulting amastigotes multiply in the host cells destroy the cells and trypomastigotes invade new cells

Blo od me al

Parasite control measures

Animal risk Acute and/or chronic stage of the disease with cardiac clinical signs.

• • • •

Prevention: insect repellents. Early disease diagnosis and treatment. Don’t allow pets to eat dead animals. Insect avoidance measures (screens, etc.).

PROTOZOANS

Trypanosoma

ILLUSTRATION 5

Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma infection

Trypanosoma spp.

T. cruzi

T. evansi

KISSING BUG (Chagas Disease)

BITING FLIES (TABANIDS) (Sleeping Sickness/ Surra)

I. H. Dog and small mammals

n tio ec Inf

Host infected by: 1. Bite from infected vector 2. Insect fecal contamination of wound or mucous membrane 3. Eating vectors or infected dead animal

The trypomastigote invades the host cells (macrophages and muscle cells) and develops into amastigote

1 2-3 ys

Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

Infective trypomastigote 14-21 days

1 7-2

D. H. (biological vector)

Human risk Infection through blood transfusion, direct contact, bug bites and transplacental transfer.

Clinical signs

} Apathy/depression

} Pale mucous membranes/weak pulse

} Swollen lymph nodes

} Fever/edema

} Arrhythmia and cardiac insufficiency

} Ataxia/Rear limb paralysis

} Chronic myocarditis and cardiac dilation

} Reduced appetitte/anorexia

} Corneal opacity

} Sudden death due to heart failure The resulting amastigotes multiply in the host cells destroy the cells and trypomastigotes invade new cells

Blo od me al

Parasite control measures

Animal risk Acute and/or chronic stage of the disease with cardiac clinical signs.

• • • •

Prevention: insect repellents. Early disease diagnosis and treatment. Don’t allow pets to eat dead animals. Insect avoidance measures (screens, etc.).

TREMATODES

Opisthorchis/Metorchis

ILLUSTRATION 15

Opisthorchis/Metorchis

Opisthorchis/Metorchis infection

Opisthorchis spp./Metorchis spp. PARASITE MIGRATION IN THE D. H. D. H. Dog, cat, fox, pigs, humans and some wild mammals

Clinical signs } Hepatomegaly } Fibrosis of the biliary tree

D. or H. i un ng de es rco ts r ok aw ed fish

EGGS Adult (bile duct)

Encysted metacercaria

Adults flukes live for 20 to 30 years

Feces Common bile duct

3 Miracidium 5 Rediae

Day

4 Sporozoite

s to

mon

ths

6-8 weeks

ly ctive ish ae a yst in f Da i r a c c r n ys e C de n to a t c e w inf ee

Sn ail ea ts eg g, be co mi ng

Ce rca riae exit sna il

6 Cercariae 6 Cercaria

Gall-bladder

eeks

3-4 w

The metacercariae excyst in the small intestine and migrate to the bile ducts and gall bladder, where they develop into adult flukes

I. H. (fresh water fish)

} Bile ducts inflammation

ADULTS

} Occasional jaundice

Encyst and persist for the life of the fish

Human risk • Humans are a definitive host. • Adult flukes considered tumorogenic in humans, potentially leading to development of liver cancer. • A massive infection may cause obstructive liver failure.

Embryonated egg

ADOLESCARIAE

inf ec ted

METACERCARIAE

Major duodenal papilla

Pancreatic duct

Pancreas

I. H. (Aquatic snail - Bithynia spp.)

Parasite control measures • Fish should be well cooked. • Encysted metacercariae can survive refrigeration for up to 2 months, and some survive salting, pickling and drying. • Do not eat, or feed animals raw fish.

Duodenum

TREMATODES

Opisthorchis/Metorchis

ILLUSTRATION 15

Opisthorchis/Metorchis

Opisthorchis/Metorchis infection

Opisthorchis spp./Metorchis spp. PARASITE MIGRATION IN THE D. H. D. H. Dog, cat, fox, pigs, humans and some wild mammals

Clinical signs } Hepatomegaly } Fibrosis of the biliary tree

D. or H. i un ng de es rco ts r ok aw ed fish

EGGS Adult (bile duct)

Encysted metacercaria

Adults flukes live for 20 to 30 years

Feces Common bile duct

3 Miracidium 5 Rediae

Day

4 Sporozoite

s to

mon

ths

6-8 weeks

ly ctive ish ae a yst in f Da i r a c c r n ys e C de n to a t c e w inf ee

Sn ail ea ts eg g, be co mi ng

Ce rca riae exit sna il

6 Cercariae 6 Cercaria

Gall-bladder

eeks

3-4 w

The metacercariae excyst in the small intestine and migrate to the bile ducts and gall bladder, where they develop into adult flukes

I. H. (fresh water fish)

} Bile ducts inflammation

ADULTS

} Occasional jaundice

Encyst and persist for the life of the fish

Embryonated egg

ADOLESCARIAE

inf ec ted

METACERCARIAE

Major duodenal papilla

Pancreatic duct

Pancreas

I. H. (Aquatic snail - Bithynia spp.)

Duodenum

NEMATODES

Hookworms

ILLUSTRATION 21

Hookworms

(Ancylostoma/Uncinaria) A. caninum, A. braziliense, A. tubaeforme, U. stenocephala Dog and cat

Ancylostoma and Uncinaria infection Ancylostoma caninum infection in puppies } A transmammary infection in very young puppies can cause mortality even prior to eggs being present in the feces, for a diagnosis (prepatent period - 2 weeks) } The puppies quickly become ill during the second week of infection

Latent larvae reactivate and move into the gut and develop into adult worms

Latent larva (in striated muscle) 4

Adult worm feeding on intestinal mucosa

Buccal capsule in adults hooklet

Some larvae migrate into the intestines and mature, and others migrate into striated muscle and encyst

on ion rati est enet ng st-i n p po t ski eks os we eks p ~ 2 we ~4

Intestinal cells

Transmammary transmission to puppies is the main infection route. Transplacental route is very rare and only described for A. caninum

Ancylostoma (teeth)

Days to weeks depending on temperature

Egg

Infective larvae (L3) The eggs hatch and the larvae develop in the soil (moist, slightly sand) through different stages until becoming infective larvae (L3)

Human risk ZOONOSIS • Walking barefoot or digging bare-handed in contaminated areas facilitates percutaneous larval infection. • Cutaneous larva migrans causes extremely pruritic erythematous, single-tracked serpentine lesions in the skin.

Animal risk The severity of blood loss and anemia caused depends upon the Ancylostoma spp. involved, and the intensity of the infection.

There are four clinical presentations 1. 2. 3. 4.

Hyperacute hookworm infections in neonates (young puppies) Acute hookworm infections, affecting older puppies and adults Chronic hookworm infections that are asymptomatic Secondary hookworm infections, affecting older dogs suffering from other debilitating diseases

Uncinaria (cutting plates)

Feces Fe c Pe al-o rcu ra tan l tra eo ns us mis tra sio ns mi n ssi on

Parasite control measures • Preventive and scheduled treatments. • Aggressive deworming of puppies. • Soil sanitation programs and soil treatments. • Periodic fecal exams.

Hookworm adults and larvae cause great damage to the intestinal mucosa

NEMATODES

Hookworms

ILLUSTRATION 21

Hookworms

(Ancylostoma/Uncinaria) A. caninum, A. braziliense, A. tubaeforme, U. stenocephala Dog and cat

Latent larvae reactivate and move into the gut and develop into adult worms

Latent larva (in striated muscle) 4

Adult worm feeding on intestinal mucosa

Buccal capsule in adults hooklet

Some larvae migrate into the intestines and mature, and others migrate into striated muscle and encyst

on ion rati est enet ng st-i n p po t ski eks os we eks p ~ 2 we ~4

Intestinal cells

Transmammary transmission to puppies is the main infection route. Transplacental route is very rare and only described for A. caninum

Ancylostoma (teeth)

Days to weeks depending on temperature

Egg

Infective larvae (L3) The eggs hatch and the larvae develop in the soil (moist, slightly sand) through different stages until becoming infective larvae (L3)

Animal risk The severity of blood loss and anemia caused depends upon the Ancylostoma spp. involved, and the intensity of the infection.

There are four clinical presentations 1. 2. 3. 4.

Uncinaria (cutting plates)

Feces Fe c Pe al-o rcu ra tan l tra eo ns us mis tra sio ns mi n ssi on

Parasite control measures • Preventive and scheduled treatments. • Aggressive deworming of puppies. • Soil sanitation programs and soil treatments. • Periodic fecal exams.

Hookworm adults and larvae cause great damage to the intestinal mucosa

NEMATODES

Threadworm

ILLUSTRATION 28

Threadworm

Strongyloides infection

Strongyloides stercolaris Parasitic generation

D. H. Dog, cat and human rvae kin s e la ctiv intact infe e The rate th et pen

7 Infective filariform larva

Larvae infect puppies via milk

6 Rhabditiform larva New free-living generation: the larvae develop into adults

an um l/H ima An

INDIRECT CYCLE

Clinical signs } Bronchopneumonia } Severe watery mucoid diarrhea (it can be confused with viral infections) } Hemorrhages and small purplish spots caused by minute hemorrhages (petechiae) can be observed in the lungs of the puppies

Infective filariform larva

LACTOGENIC

l nta me iron Env

The rhabditiform larva becomes an infective filariform larva

The larvae pass into the bloodstream and migrate to the lungs, alveoli and trachea. Finally they are swallowed and only female adults develop in the small intestine

The infection is transmitted to puppies by lactogenic transmission, by the larvae penetrating the skin or by internal autoinfection.

TRANSMISSION

INTERNAL AUTOINFECTION

The larvae go through the intestinal wall again or penetrate through the perianal skin DIRECT CYCLE

Egg

Adult (Female only)

Female adults produce embryonated eggs 2 Embryonated egg

Free-living generation

4 Feces

3 Rhabditiform larva

3 Adults develop, mate and lay eggs

Human risk ZOONOSIS • The infection can persist for an extended period or life long. • Infection can be asymptomatic but in some cases it can progress to disease and death. • The risk of infection is higher in immunosuppressed people.

Rhabditiform larva

Animal risk • This infection is only signicant for neonates, nursing puppies and immunosuppressed animals. • The immunosuppressed dogs usually suffer from autoinfection. • Humans are the natural host and typically are the source for dog infections, not the opposite.

Evolution of the rhabditiform larva Parasite control measures • Avoid straw, sawdust and sand on the sleeping areas. • Internal antiparasitic treatment. • Practice good hygiene.

Some rhabditiform larvae become filariform larvae before leaving the body, so an internal autoinfection can take place. Other rhabditiform larva leave the body and develop in the environment in one of two ways: direct cycle or indirect cycle.

NEMATODES

Threadworm

ILLUSTRATION 28

Threadworm

Strongyloides infection

Strongyloides stercolaris Parasitic generation

D. H. Dog, cat and human rvae kin s e la ctiv intact infe e The rate th et pen

7 Infective filariform larva

Larvae infect puppies via milk

6 Rhabditiform larva New free-living generation: the larvae develop into adults

an um l/H ima An

INDIRECT CYCLE

Infective filariform larva

LACTOGENIC

l nta me iron Env

The rhabditiform larva becomes an infective filariform larva

The larvae pass into the bloodstream and migrate to the lungs, alveoli and trachea. Finally they are swallowed and only female adults develop in the small intestine

The infection is transmitted to puppies by lactogenic transmission, by the larvae penetrating the skin or by internal autoinfection.

TRANSMISSION

INTERNAL AUTOINFECTION

The larvae go through the intestinal wall again or penetrate through the perianal skin DIRECT CYCLE

Egg

Adult (Female only)

Female adults produce embryonated eggs 2 Embryonated egg

Free-living generation

4 Feces

3 Rhabditiform larva

3 Adults develop, mate and lay eggs

Rhabditiform larva

Evolution of the rhabditiform larva Parasite control measures • Avoid straw, sawdust and sand on the sleeping areas. • Internal antiparasitic treatment. • Practice good hygiene.

ARTHROPODS

Cheyletiellidae

ILLUSTRATION 40

Cheyletiellidae

Cheyletiella infestation

Cheyletiella yasguri, Ch. blakei

The parasite lives in the stratum corneum and feeds on dead skin cells and fluids. As for cats, more often an incidental finding of a mite on fecal examination, due to the cat grooming off and swallowing the mites.

H. Dog and cat

Clinical signs (dogs)

The infestation occurs by direct contact among animals or through the environment

} The infection may cause an exfoliative dermatitis on the back and shoulder } Itching in some cases } Scurfy, slightly oily haircoat with white to yellow mites and eggs and keratin scales. Appears like dandruff 1

Adult

Nymph I and II

CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTION PATTERN 4

14 days

9-10 days

Puppies are especially susceptible to infestation with Ch. yasguri and develop “walking dandruff”

Miliary dermatitis

Total lifecycle: 3-4 weeks

7-8

The parasites develop in the stratum corneum of the epidermis

da ys

The female lay eggs one-by-one and they stay attached to the host coat

Prelarva and larva

Eggs

Human risk ZOONOSIS • Humans may serve as an accidental or transitory host. • Humans get infested by direct contact (papular dermatitis).

• • • •

Parasite control measures External antiparasitic treatment. Transmission occurs by direct contact between dogs and it is very contagious. Transmission can also occur with contaminated bedding and similar fomites. Practice good hygiene: - Environment control. - Isolation of sick animals.

ARTHROPODS

Cheyletiellidae

ILLUSTRATION 40

Cheyletiellidae

Cheyletiella infestation

Cheyletiella yasguri, Ch. blakei

H. Dog and cat

Clinical signs (dogs)

The infestation occurs by direct contact among animals or through the environment

Adult

Nymph I and II

CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTION PATTERN 4

14 days

9-10 days

Puppies are especially susceptible to infestation with Ch. yasguri and develop “walking dandruff”

Miliary dermatitis

Total lifecycle: 3-4 weeks

7-8

The parasites develop in the stratum corneum of the epidermis

da ys

The female lay eggs one-by-one and they stay attached to the host coat

Prelarva and larva

Eggs

Human risk ZOONOSIS • Humans may serve as an accidental or transitory host. • Humans get infested by direct contact (papular dermatitis).

• • • •

ARTHROPODS

Biting mosquitoes

ILLUSTRATION 47

Biting mosquitoes

Culex infestation

Culex spp., Aedes spp., Anopheles spp. H. Dog and cat After 24 hours, the adult mosquito is able to fly and feed

The adults (female) bite and feed on the host blood. The nutrients from blood feeding provide quality nutrition and allow rapid production of eggs

The adults emerge through a T-shaped hole in the back of the pupa

Adult

1 Adult female

Males live ~ 7 days (feed on plants) Females live 4-5 months (capable of hibernation)

Culicidae cycle

The adults lay eggs in water, then they seek a new blood meal

7 days

4 Pupa

The pupal stage last from 2 days to 1 week

100

2 Eggs 3 Larvae

Human risk ZOONOSIS Mosquitoes may transmit diseases (malaria, dirofilariosis, etc.).

Animal risk The diptera bite and act as a biological vector (intermediate host) which may transmit diseases such as dirofilariosis.

Parasite control measures • Prevention: insect repellents. • Environment control (aquatic areas): - Controlling mosquito population (fumigation). - Minimizing contact between mosquitoes and animals.

101

ARTHROPODS

Biting mosquitoes

ILLUSTRATION 47

Biting mosquitoes

Culex infestation

Culex spp., Aedes spp., Anopheles spp. H. Dog and cat After 24 hours, the adult mosquito is able to fly and feed

The adults (female) bite and feed on the host blood. The nutrients from blood feeding provide quality nutrition and allow rapid production of eggs

The adults emerge through a T-shaped hole in the back of the pupa

Adult

1 Adult female

Males live ~ 7 days (feed on plants) Females live 4-5 months (capable of hibernation)

Culicidae cycle

The adults lay eggs in water, then they seek a new blood meal

7 days

4 Pupa

The pupal stage last from 2 days to 1 week

100

2 Eggs 3 Larvae

Human risk ZOONOSIS Mosquitoes may transmit diseases (malaria, dirofilariosis, etc.).

Animal risk The diptera bite and act as a biological vector (intermediate host) which may transmit diseases such as dirofilariosis.

101