Pet Owner Educational Atlas
Feline Species Reviewed: Ma Luisa Palmero Colado
The veterinary publishing company small ANIMALS
Pet Owner Educational Atlas
FElinE SPEciES Reviewed: Ma Luisa Palmero Colado
Pet Owner Educational Atlas Feline Species Technical specifications Author: Servet, reviewed by Marisa Palmero Colado. Format: 22 x 28 cm. Number of pages: 76. Binding: Hardcover. Publishing Company: Servet. Year: 2014.
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This illustrated book is intended to assist vets in their communication with cat owners. Following the idea of the previous volumes dedicated to surgery and parasites, these drawings will help vets to give information to their clients about their cat's anatomical, physiological and pathological features, as well as the techniques and treatments used in veterinary practice.
Objective and scope of the book Each of the charts that make up this book has been thought to help veterinary surgeons transmit information in different fields and specialties of feline medicine to their clients, and includes small explanatory texts and tables that summarise the main concepts of interest. The clarity and precision of the drawings, designed to facilitate and reduce the time dedicated to giving explanations to owners, and the easy handling of the atlas thanks to the binding and finish chosen, turn it into another clinical tool.
Aimed at veterinary surgeons, students, teachers and other professionals in the veterinary sector.
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Marisa Palmero Colado Curriculum vitae She graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1994. Member and co-founder of the Gattos cat clinic. She obtained the General Practitioner Certificate in Feline Practice from the European School of Veterinary Postgraduate Studies (ESVPS) in 2011. She is a member of the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP), the Spanish Association of Small Animal Veterinary Practitioners (AVEPA), the Madrid Association of Companion Animal Veterinary Surgeons and of the Scientific Committee of the AVEPA Working Group of Specialists in Feline Medicine (GEMFE). She is the author of several clinical cases and original articles published in national journals of internal medicine and feline medicine and the co-author of the book Enfermedades Infecciosas Felinas, published in 2010. She has been a speaker at national and international congresses and gives lectures at a national level. Her main areas of interest within the field of feline medicine are infectious diseases, internal medicine and diagnostic imaging.
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.
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Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Feline Species TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ANATOMY
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Cat skeleton. Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cat muscles
Arterial thromboembolism
2. MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM Musculoskeletal system Lesions of the mandible Osteoarthritis. Degenerative joint disease Hip dysplasia
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Feline asthma Pneumothorax Pleural effusion Traumatic and peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
Sacroccygeal luxation
Endocrine system
Urogenital system
Feline diabetes
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Systemic hypertension (SH)
Hyperthyroidism Obesity
Obstruction of the ureter
Skin and adnexa
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Structures of the skin in cats
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) Obstructive and non-obstructive.
Characteristics of claws
Perineal urethrostomy
Feline hypersensitivity. Allergies
The oestrus cycle in female cats
Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex
Neutering in females and males
Alopecia
Pyometra. Infection of the uterus
Idiopathic facial dermatitis in Persian cats
Mammary tumours
Dermatophytosis
Cardiorespiratory system
Feline notoedric mange
Cardiorespiratory system Feline brachycephaly
Feline acne
Otitis caused by Otodectes cynotis Cutaneous tumours. Squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma Ectoparasites in cats
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.
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Digestive system
3. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Cat teeth. Deciduous and permanent teeth
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL)
Feline leukemia (FeLV)
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis
Feline immunodeficiency (FIV)
Toxoplasmosis
Feline panleukopaenia
Feline gastrointestinal inflammatory disease
Feline rhinotracheitis. Herpesvirus
Toxoplasmosis Hepatic lipidosis Cholangitis Pancreatitis and triaditis
Feline calcivirus Feline chlamydophilosis
4. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
Intestinal obstruction caused by trichobezoars. Fur balls
Bone marrow aspiration technique
Megacolon
Thoracic drainage. Thoracostomy and thoracentesis
Nervous system Central, peripheral and autonomous nervous system
Eyes Structures of the eye Corneal ulcers and keratitis. Surgical treatment of severe ulcers
Urethral catheterisation and cystocentesis
Feeding tubes Cerebrospinal fluid extraction How to administer drugs
5. BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT Postures and expressions in cats Neonate management
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I - Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza - España Tel.: 976 461 480 • Fax: 976 423 000 • pedidos@grupoasis.com • Grupo Asís Biomedia, S.L.
8
PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. CATS
2
Cat muscles 3
4
14
7
5 1
6
13
12
8
15
1.
16 17 19 18
20 2
21 9
22 10
28 29
11 23
34
30
35
31 32 39
36
25
37
27
26
24
Muscles of the face Temporal muscle
Levator anguli oculi medialis muscle Levator nasolabialis muscle
9. 10. 11. 12.
38
33
Obicularis oculi muscle
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Cervicoauricularis superficialis muscle
Parotidoauricularis muscle
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
Orbicularis oris muscle Malaris muscle
Zygomaticus muscle
Masseter muscle
Depressor labii inferioris muscle Depressor labii superioris muscle
37. 38. 39.
Brachiocephalic muscle (cleidocephalicus and cleidobrachialis) Sternocephalic muscle Trapezius muscle (cervical part) Trapezius muscle (thoracic part) Deltoid muscle Omotransversarius muscle Latissimus dorsi muscle Triceps brachii muscle (long head) Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head) Deep pectoral muscle Abdominal external oblique muscle Abdominal internal oblique muscle Thoracolumbar fascia Sartorius muscle Tensor fasciae latae muscle Gluteus medius muscle Gluteus superficialis muscle Sacrocaudal muscles Caudofemoralis muscles Biceps femoris muscle Semimembranosus muscle Semitendinosus muscle Gastrocnemius muscle Deep digital flexor muscle Lateral digital extensor muscle Peroneus longus muscle Tibialis cranialis muscle Biceps brachii muscle Brachioradialis muscle Pronator teres muscle Extensor carpi radialis muscle Flexor carpi radialis muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle Extensor carpi radialis muscle Extensor digitorum communis muscle Extensor digitorum lateralis muscle Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Digital abductor muscle
MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM
Musculoskeletal system
3
Lesions of the mandible
Traumatic separation of the mandibular symphysis: repair by means of cerclage wire
Cerclage wire
It may also be repaired by applying a splint from canine to canine with dentistry material. Separation of the two mandibles
Temporomandibular joint luxation Temporomandibular luxation is due to trauma (falls, road traffic accidents) and is almost always unilateral, although it may on occasions be bilateral. Luxation may be in a rostral dorsal or caudal ventral direction, the latter having a poorer prognosis as it is associated with fractures in the joint area.
Clinical signs Medical treatment Reduction of luxation and immobilisation of the area.
Surgical treatment In cases in which the joint is fractured, due to the risk of ankylosis.
`` Dropped mandible and malocclusion. `` Inability to close the mouth. `` Hypersalivation.
9
16
PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. CATS
Urogenital system urogenital
10 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) This disease is hereditary and causes the formation of cysts in the kidneys. They are present from birth and, although they are initially very small, they grow over time and damage the kidney (kidney disease). They sometimes also affect the liver. Breeds with a high risk: Persian, Exotic Shorthair, British Shorthair and crossbreeds of these breeds. Breeds with a moderate risk: Birman, Burmilla, Devon Rex and Ragdoll. Other breeds: very low risk.
Normal kidney
Renal cysts `` Number: varies in each individual (from 20 to 200 cysts). `` Growth: it may be very fast (early death), or slow with symptoms of kidney disease from 8 years of age. `` Diagnosis: `` Abdominal ultrasound. `` Genetic testing with blood and saliva.
There are no treatments to prevent the progressive growth of cysts. Their growth speed is different in each cat and is determined in serial ultrasound studies.
Polycystic kidney
Form of heredity Medical treatment Necessary in cats who develop kidney disease.
`` It is transmitted by a single dominant autosomal gene; any cat with this gene will develop the disease. `` All the carriers of this gene are affected, even if they have few cysts. `` All the cats with the disease will transmit it to some of their offspring (approximately 50Â %).
17
MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM
Urogenital system
11
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) Obstructive and non-obstructive
BACTERIAL INFECTION (5 %)
BLADDER TUMOUR Very rare
NEUROLOGICAL OR CONGENITAL ALTERATIONS Very uncommon
TRAUMA/ STENOSIS Uncommon
CALCULI (25 %) Struvite, oxalate, calcium phosphate and others
IDIOPATHIC CYSTITIS (60 %)
Clinical signs Bleeding ulcers
Urethral plugs (inflammatory cells + proteins + crystals)
`` Difficulty in and pain during micturition. `` Affected animals frequently go to their litter tray to urinate. `` Blood may be observed in their urine. `` They may stop urinating in their tray due to pain.
Activation of bladder neurons (neurogenic
`` In case of obstructive FLUTD, inability to urinate due to urethral obstruction.
inflammation) }} Pain }} Bleeding }} Bladder muscle contraction
Urethral spasm due to pain
The cause of FLUTD must always be diagnosed to administer the appropriate treatment and prevent future recurrences.
47
MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM
Skin
41 Ectoparasites in cats FLEAS The antiparasitic control of fleas must be carried out both on the cat and on the environment.
• Most frequent external parasite in cats. • They frequently cause allergic dermatitis due to the injection of saliva into their host. • They can transmit diseases such as feline infectious anaemia. • They live permanently on the cat. • A single female can lay up to 50 eggs a day. • Their eggs fall onto the floor and become larvae, pupae and adult fleas.
TICKS
MOSQUITOES
• They are usually of the genus Rhipicephalus (dog tick). • They may cause local irritation as they inject toxins into their host. • They transmit diseases (ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease and babesiosis).
• They bite in areas with less hair: ear margins, on the nose and on the foot pads. • They frequently cause allergic dermatitis. • They transmit leishmaniasis and filariasis.
MITES*
LICE
• Demodex cati: demodectic mange is uncommon in cats. It causes from very mild symptoms to severe skin disease. • Cheyletiella: is a large and whitish mite, and therefore looks like dandruff.
• Cat lice are Felicola subrostrata and cannot affect people. • They are very uncommon. • They mainly affect kittens living in poor conditions.
Cheyletiella
*The mites Notoedres Cati and Otodectes cynotis are seen in charts 38 and 39 respectively.
51
MAIN CONDITIONS BY SYSTEM
Digestive system
45 Most common feline intestinal
parasites Disease transmissible to humans (zoonosis).
PROTOZOA
Giardia
Isospora
Tritrichomonas
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidium
NEMATODES
CESTODES
Toxocara cati
Taenia spp.
Toxascaris leonina
Dypilidium caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Echinococcus multilocularis