Medicina pediátrica en pequeños animales
Presentation brochure
ESSENTIAL G IDES ON CATTLE FARMING
Parasitology and parasitic diseases José Pedreira García Pablo Díaz Fernández María Sol Arias Vázquez
Essential guides on cattle farming
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
ESSENTIAL G IDES ON CATTLE FARMING
Parasitology and parasitic diseases José Pedreira García Pablo Díaz Fernández María Sol Arias Vázquez
Authors: José Pedreira García, Pablo Díaz Fernández,
María Sol Arias Vázquez.
Format: 17 x 11 cm. Number of pages: 70. Number of images: 120. Binding: Paperback, wire-o.
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Atlas entirely dedicated to parasitology and parasitic diseases in bovine species with a handy and visual approach of the topic. This handbook has been written by renowned experts with a wide experience in this field. This updated work has been carefully developed including the most essential contents, so that it depicts a helpful tool to cope and control these parasitoses as far as possible. Moreover, many significant tips and graphic resources (among other things, life cycles and clinical signs through high quality images from distinctive macroscopic lesions to identify each parasite with its particular features) provided by the authors improve and turn this atlas into a reference in its field. On the other hand, diagnosis and treatment has been methodically explained in individual chapters, emphasizing diagnostic methods and treatment guidelines. The atlas format makes the contents more understandable and accessible to readers.
The authors José Pedreira García He graduated and obtained his PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), and carries out his research work at the Department of Animal Pathology of the School of Veterinary Medicine of Lugo (USC). He is the author of numerous scientific articles in specialised national and international journals, as well as of articles for the general public. He participated as a coordinator on a project aimed at creating, promoting and providing consultancy services to cattle health groups (ADSGs, Agrupaciones de Defensa Sanitaria Ganaderas) in Galicia, which led to the publication of a manual of actions for veterinary surgeons from the different ADGSs. He has completed research fellowships in Spanish universities and at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) of Tours (France) in order to study the resistance of strongyles to anthelmintics in ruminants. He is currently participating in a research project about different aspects of bovine cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis and also works as a consultant on dairy milk and swine operations in A Coruña (Spain).
Pablo Díaz Fernández He graduated and obtained his PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the USC. He works as a Professor for the USC and teaches and researches at the Department of Animal Pathology. He completed his research training with long-term research fellowships at national (Zaragoza, León) and international universities (Sassari, Bologna) as well as at the Cryptosporidium Reference Unit in the United Kingdom. His research focuses on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control of parasitic and infectious diseases in domestic and wild animals, and more particularly on intestinal protozoal diseases. His work has led to the publication of numerous articles in national and international specialised journals.
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
María Sol Arias Vázquez She graduated and obtained her PhD in Veterinary Medicine from the USC. She currently works as a researcher within the Isidro Parga Pondal Programme (Government of Galicia) and teaches and researches at the Department of Animal Pathology of the School of Veterinary Medicine of Lugo (USC). She has completed research fellowships at different national and international schools of Veterinary Medicine, such as the M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center (University of Kentucky) and the schools of Veterinary Medicine of the universities of Turin and Lisbon. She has published articles in several national and international indexed journals. She is the co-editor of two books: Fungi: Types, Environmental Impact and Role in Disease (2012), and Horses: Breeding, Health Disorders and Effects on Performance and Behaviour (2014). Her research currently focuses on the development of two patents for the use of fungi as parasiticides.
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ESSENTIAL G IDES ON CATTLE FARMING
Parasitology and parasitic diseases José Pedreira García Pablo Díaz Fernández María Sol Arias Vázquez
Table of contents 1. Parasites of the digestive tract in calves 2. Parasites of the digestive tract in adults 3. Blood parasites 4. Parasites affecting reproduction 5. Skin parasites 6. Other parasitic infections 7. Diagnosis 8. Treatment 9. References
1
Parasites of the digestive tract in calves
Aetiology
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Diarrhoeas of parasitic aetiology in the calf
Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis are the most important parasitic diseases in calves due to their frequency, widespread distribution and clinical significance.
1
2
4
Figure 1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis). Figure 2. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum). Figure 3. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis). Figure 4. Toxocariasis (Toxocara vitulorum).
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4
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digestive tract. calves
Biology Autoinfection
Destruction of enterocytes Merogony x 2 (asexual reproduction)
Gametogony (sexual reproduction)
Thin-walled oocysts (≈ 20 %) Sporogony (asexual reproduction) Thick-walled oocysts (≈ 80 %)
5
Appropriate conditions: temperature, humidity, O2 Infecting oocysts
Sporogony Already infecting oocysts
Non-infecting oocysts
Cryptosporidium Eimeria
Figure 5. Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp.
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Parasites of the digestive tract in calves
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Epidemiology Receptive animals
Environmental conditions
Characteristics of oocysts
» Young animals.
» Deficient hygiene.
» Very resistant in the environment.
» Immune deficiency.
» High humidity level.
» Concomitant diseases.
» Facilities: » Dirt floors-straw bedding.
» Resistant to disinfectants: » High shedding rate.
» Insufficient colostrum intake. » Stressful conditions: » Overcrowding. » Transport. » Poor diet. » Cold-heat. » Intensive farming.
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» Handling: » High density. » Batches of different ages.
Clinical outbreaks
Figure 6. Epidemiological factors favouring the appearance of clinical coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in calves.
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digestive tract. calves
a
b
7
Figure 7. The presence of (a) receptive animals in (b) a very contaminated environment considerably increases the risk of infection and presentation of clinical signs.
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1
Parasites of the digestive tract in calves
Pathogenesis
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
c
a
10 µm
8
b 50 µm
50 µm
Figure 8. The different stages of development of (a) Cryptosporidium and (b) Eimeria destroy the enterocytes, causing (c) atrophy and fusion of intestinal villi. This disrupts the normal processes of absorption and digestion were altered, leading to the elimination of liquid faeces. Images courtesy of Valentín Pérez (a and c) and Roberto Bermúdez (b).
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digestive tract. calves
Clinical signs Diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum:
» Calves <21 days. » Duration: 3-14 days. » In the absence of other enteropathogens: » Liquid and yellowish faeces. » Absence of blood and mucus.
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Figure 9. Diarrhoeas caused by C. parvum are characterised by the elimination of liquid, yellowish faeces, leaving the calf’s tail and hindquarters dirty.
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1
Parasites of the digestive tract in calves
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Acute diarrhoea caused by Eimeria bovis/zuernii:
» » » » » »
Calves 3 weeks-6 months old. Duration: 3-10 days. Bloody faeces. Presence of mucus, fibrin and tissue remnants. Tenesmus. Anaemia. 10
Figure 10. In acute diarrhoeas caused by coccidia, remnants of bloody faeces and mucus are usually observed in the perineal region.
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digestive tract. calves
Common clinical signs:
» » » » » »
Apathy. Anorexia. Dehydration. Weight loss. Growth delay. Susceptibility to other infectious diseases. » Death.
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Figure 11. Calves with severe diarrhoea are very weak and need to be rehydrated.
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1
Parasites of the digestive tract in calves
Diagnosis
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Faeces Cryptosporidium
Technique Staining techniques
Eimeria
Characteristics
Technique
Characteristics
Heine
Fast
Flotation
Most common
Ziehl-Neelsen
Most common
Sporulation
Identification of species
Auramine
↑ Sensitivity and specificity
Scrapings
Absence of oocysts in faeces
Lateral flow test
Fast, easy to read
Direct immunofluorescence
↑ Sensitivity and specificity
Direct ELISA
Many samples processed
PCR
Identification of species
Differential diagnosis: Rotavirus, Coronavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella
12
Differential diagnosis: Gastrointestinal nematodes, Salmonella, BVD
Figure 12. Most commonly used diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp.
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digestive tract. calves
Control Minimising exposure to new infections
↑ Hygiene (cleaning + disinfection)
↓ Stress
Appropriate nutrition 13
Figure 13. Neonatal diarrhoeas are reduced with careful management and by ensuring maximum hygiene.
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2
Parasites of the digestive tract in adults
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Aetiology » Ruminal infections Paramphistomum spp. Calicophoron spp.
» Liver infections Fasciola hepatica. Dicrocoelium dendriticum.
Figure 14. Paramphistomum spp. in the ruminal mucosa.
Figure 15. D. dendriticum (left) and F. hepatica (right) adults.
Figure 16. Posterior part of Haemochus spp.
Figure 17. Adult Moniezia benedeni.
14
» Intestinal infections » Nematode infections: Trichostrongylid nematodes (Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Cooperia). » Cestode infections: Moniezia spp.
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digestive tract. adults
Biology
Duodenum (juvenile forms)
Glisson’s capsule
Liver parenchyma
Bile ducts (adult forms)
Intraorganic cycle F. hepatica
Exogenous cycle in water Metacercaria
Cercaria
Miracidium
Egg 15
Sporocysts and rediae (water snail)
Figure 18. Life cycle of F. hepatica and Paramphistomum spp.
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Duodenum (juvenile forms) Prepatent period: 3-4 months
Intestinal mucosal wall
Rumen, reticulum (adult forms)
Intraorganic cycle Paramphistomum spp.
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2
Parasites of the digestive tract in adults
Intraorganic cycle D. dendriticum
Duodenum
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Common bile duct
Bile ducts and gallbladder
Egg 16
Metacercaria (ant) Cercaria
Sporocysts (land snail)
Miracidium
Exogenous cycle Prepatent period: 2 months
Figure 19. Life cycle of D. dendriticum.
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digestive tract. adults
Endogenous cycle Trichostrongylid nematodes
Intestine
Endogenous cycle Moniezia spp.
Intestine
Egg
17 Egg
Larva 3 Larva 1 Larva 2
Prepatent period (without hypobiosis): 1 month
Exogenous cycle
Figure 20. Life cycle of trichostrongylid nematodes.
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Oribatid mite with cysticercoid
Prepatent period: 1.5 months
Exogenous cycle
Figure 21. Life cycle of Moniezia spp.
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Parasites of the digestive tract in adults
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Epidemiology Table 1. Comparative table of the main digestive parasitoses. Fasciola hepatica Source of infection Intermediate host
Paramphistomum
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Ingestion of metacercariae attached to the grass or that float in the drinking water
Ingestion of ants with metacercariae
Water snails: Galba truncatulaâ&#x20AC;Ś
Land snails and ants
Trichostrongylid nematodes Ingestion of grass with larvae or eggs (Nematodirus) _
Moniezia Ingestion of mites with cysticercoids Oribatid mites
Epidemiology
Grazing in dry pastures, Grazing in wet pastures Grazing in wet pastures with stagnant water, limestone soils, sunny with tall grass. Optimum acid soils, mild temperatures development >26-27 °C weather
Grazing in pastures with humus and dense vegetation
Higher risk period
End of spring and autumn
Rainy seasons
March-November
18
End of spring and autumn
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digestive tract. adults
Table 2. Epidemiological characteristics of the main digestive parasitoses. Parasites
02_Parasites_digestive_adults.indd 19
Location Juveniles
Adults
Fasciola hepatica
Liver parenchyma
Bile ducts
Paramphistomum spp.
Small intestine and abomasum
Rumen and reticulum
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Liver parenchyma
19
Bile ducts and gallbladder
Trichostrongylid nematodes
-
Abomasum and intestine
Moniezia spp.
-
Small intestine
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2
Parasites of the digestive tract in adults
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Clinical signs Ruminal infections
Liver infections
» Persistent diarrhoea with blood streaks.
» Digestive disorders, especially in younger animals.
» Progressive loss of weight (more obvious in young animals).
» Diarhoea, ruminal atony, loss of appetite. 20
Figure 22. Cattle with profuse diarrhoea caused by trematodes.
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digestive tract. adults
Intestinal infections » Nematode (roundworm) infections: » Poor general aspect, lack of appetite, diarrhoea. » More evident signs during the postpartum period.
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» Cestode infections: » Meteorism. » Irregular appetite and rumination. » Tenesmus.
Figure 23. Loss of body condition caused by trichostrongylid nematodes.
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2
Parasites of the digestive tract in adults
Parasitology and parasitic diseases
Necropsy Ruminal infections
Liver infections
Intestinal infections
» Adults attached to the epithelium of the rumen or reticulum.
» Adults/eggs in bile ducts and gallbladder.
» Anaemic papillae.
» Fasciolosis: » Hypertrophy and brown-yellowish liver. » Enlarged and calcified ducts. » Enlarged gallbladder and turbid bile.
» Nematode (roundworm) infections: » Presence of adults and hyperplasia of the mucosa. » Nodules and shortening of the villi.
» Areas of necrosis and prominent buttons when parasites detach. » Calves: juvenile forms in small intestine and abomasum.
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» Cestode infections: » Adults in small intestine. » Obstructions. » Erosion and even intestinal perforation (sometimes). » Intestinal catarrh, congestive enteritis and oedema.
» Dicrocoelium infections: » Intense infections: slightly enlarged ducts and enlarged gallbladder. » Greenish bile.
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digestive tract. adults
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Figure 24. Calicophoron adults among Figure 25. Adult liver flukes the rumen papillae. (F. hepatica) in the hepatic bile canaliculi.
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Figure 26. Nodules in the mucosa of the small intestine caused by larvae of trichostrongylid nematodes.
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