Medicina pediátrica en pequeños animales
Presentation brochure MAIN CHALLENGES IN P
ULTRY FARMING
Coccidiosis Mauricio Enrique De Franceschi
Coccidiosis
main challenges in poultry farming
Coccidiosis
MAIN CHALLENGES IN P
ULTRY FARMING
Coccidiosis Mauricio Enrique De Franceschi
Author: Mauricio Enrique De Franceschi. Format: 17 x 11 cm. Number of pages: 88. Number of images: 105. Binding: paperback, wire-o.
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Atlas entirely dedicated to avian coccidiosis with a practical and visual approach of the topic. This handbook (visual-type) has been written by a renowned expert with a wide experience in coccidiosis management in poultry farming. An up-to-date review has been carried out including the most important points to be tackled, such as aetiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, etc. In addition, information focused on diagnosis and control has been developed, emphasizing techniques designed to detect this protozoon and current vaccination programmes. The atlas format makes the contents understandable and accessible to readers.
Coccidiosis
Presentation of the book Coccidiosis in poultry industry is still considered as one of the main diseases affecting yield of poultry reared under intensive production systems. Despite of the continuous efforts performed by researchers and high sums of money invested by companies to sort out this problem, its prevalence and incidence continue keeping remarkable levels preventing from finding a short-term solution and jeopardizing the worldwide poultry health standards. Although great progresses in molecular techniques development have been carried out, the availability of these tests has not been widely spread, as well as their use to diagnose the disease. Besides, other inconvenients such as the assessment of the impact of subclinical coccidiosis and the efficacy of anticoccidial programmes aggravate the resolution of this problem. This paradigm pose a most probably underestimated economical impact of coccidiosis so that it is essential to optimise anticoccidial programmes. Owing to its current situation, it is vital to review and update this severe and widespread condition. The authors, experienced and prestigious experts in this disease, have developed a thorough overhaul of this topic in a didactic and visual way, emphasizing several standout points which are considered necessary to make the content understandable and accessible to readers. Moreover, lots of resources (images, tables, illustrations, etc.) have been included to catch the reader’s attention and to help them better understand the content. The precise and straightforward information will facilitate their daily work, minimizing the impact caused by avian coccidiosis in poultry farming.
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Coccidiosis
The author Mauricio Enrique De Franceschi He graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1969. He holds a PhD in Applied Sciences from the University of Lujรกn (UNLu). He is professor of Animal Production III (Poultry Farming) and director of the specialist degree programme in Poultry Production at the UNLu. He is the director of the UNLu Avian Health Laboratory. Director of PhD programmes and final project tutor for graduate and specialisation programmes and director of projects in the field of poultry health. Member of the board of examiners for teaching examinations and of the project evaluation committee for projects related to poultry heath. Consultant for companies in the poultry industry in the area of intestinal health, with a special focus on coccidiosis. Member of the World Poultry Science Association (WPSA), of the Argentine Chamber of Poultry Producers Scientific Committee (CAPIA) and of the National Poultry Health Commission for the National Agrifood Health and Quality Service. He was a member of the Scientific Committee for the 22nd Latinoamerican Poultry Congress (Buenos Aires, 2011). He has obtained, among other prizes, the Argentine Association of Veterinary Parasitology (AAPAVET) prize for best scientific work in 2007. He has published numerous scientific articles in national and international journals on the subject of avian coccidiosis and the use of non-antibiotic, alternative products, for the control of the disease and as growth promoters in accordance with the European Union legislation. He often participates as a speaker in scientific meetings and seminars on avian coccidiosis.
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MAIN CHALLENGES IN P
ULTRY FARMING
Coccidiosis Mauricio Enrique De Franceschi
Table of contents 1. Introduction
6. Immune mechanisms
Economic impact
7. Clinical coccidiosis 2. General characteristics
Clinical signs
Taxonomy
Macroscopic lesions
Main features of genus Eimeria
Histopathological lesions
Life cycle of Eimeria spp. Main features of avian coccidiosis
8. Subclinical coccidiosis General characteristics
3. Epidemiology Transmission Predisposing factors (parasite, host and environment)
Productivity parameters
9. Diagnosis Summary Clinical coccidiosis
4. Biology Biological cycle of coccidia in the host intestine Ultrastructure of Eimeria sporozoite
Subclinical coccidiosis Species identification
10. Control
Description of the apical complex
General aspects
Developmental stages of Eimeria spp.
Treatment Anticoccidials
5. Pathogenesis
Auxiliary products
Disease course Clinical presentations
References
Epidemiology
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a cosmopolitan disease. However, although its prevalence is lower in areas with dry climates, its epidemiological behaviour is similar worldwide. Studies have revealed the following:
» Subclinical coccidiosis constitutes 50 % of all cases, and grade 1 clinical coccidiosis accounts for around one third of the total. Both are considered mild forms. These data indicate that more than three-quarters of farms are contaminated (Fig. 1).
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» Prevalence of various species. The high percentage of subclinical forms coincides with the higher prevalence of species that cause this form of the disease: E. acervulina and E. maxima (Fig. 2).
EpidEmiology
Clinical
100
Negative
34 %
16 %
(%)
50 13
50 %
Figure 1. Prevalence of coccidiosis by clinical presentation.
Figure 2. Prevalence of various coccidia species.
E. necatrix
E. brunetti
E. praecox
E. tenella
E. mitis
Subclinical
E. maxima
0 E. acervulina
3
7
Clinical coccidiosis
Coccidiosis
Clinical signs » » » » » » » » » »
Symptoms generally common to all species of Eimeria. Ruffled feathers. Marked depression.
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Pale crest, wattles and legs. Clinical picture with subfebrile temperature. Liquid, mucous or bloody diarrhoea (frequent). Intoxication due to the release of toxic metabolites. Weight loss, anorexia. In extreme cases, death. Lesions ranging from 1-4 according to the Johnson and Reid scale (1970).
CLINICAL COCCIDIOSIS
a
b
29
Figure 15. Chickens with coccidiosis. Images courtesy of Miguel Ángel Müller.
Figure 16. Bloody diarrhoea.
7
Clinical coccidiosis
Coccidiosis
Eimeria acervulina Table 3. Lesions caused by E. acervulina as rated according to the Johnson and Reid scale (1970). Lesion score
1
2
3
4
Location
Duodenum
Up to approximately 20 cm below the duodenum
Appearance
White dots (colonies)
Coalescing white dots
Dense white streaks
Greyish mucosa with compact colonies
Quantity
>5/cm2
Abundant
Uncountable
Compact masses of oocysts and developmental stages
Intestinal wall
Normal
Normal
Thickened
Very thickened
Intestinal content
Normal
Normal
Viscous liquid
Thick, foamy liquid
Up to Meckel’s diverticulum
Up to Meckel’s diverticulum 32
CLINICAL COCCIDIOSIS
a
+1
b
+2
c
+2
d
+3
e
+3
f
+4 33
g
+4
Figure 17. Intestinal location of E. acervulina. Lesions rated according to the Johnson and Reid scale (1970). Images courtesy of E. Vignoni (a and f), Diego Delgado (b), Mariano Batallé (c and d) and Rosana Mattiello (e and g). E. acervulina
9
Diagnosis Procedure
Coccidiosis 2
3
4
7
1. Mix the bedding subsamples.
2. Place one portion in the mortar.
3. Weigh 10 g of bedding. 4. Add 100 ml of water. 5. Shake container.
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6. Allow to sit for 24 hours. 7. Filter through strainer.
DIAGNOSIS
8. Take 1 ml and add 9 ml of saturated solution.
8
9
9. Centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes.
10. Remove supernatant 11. Fill the compartments of the selected counting chamber. 10
61
11a
11b
9
Diagnosis
Coccidiosis
Subclinical coccidiosis Serial Scraping Method of the Intestinal Mucosa (SSMIM) » 4-6 duodenal scrapings. » 4-6 scrapings from the jejunum-ileum. » Observe between slide and coverslip at 40×-100× magnification. Developmental
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stages and oocysts are observed.
» 5-6 animals per 10,000, corresponding to a single barn in one farm, allows determination of diagnostic positivity or negativity with a confidence interval (CI) of 98 % (Mattiello et al., 1990).
» 97.5 % CI when the disease prevalence in a batch is 50 % (Mattiello et al., 1990).
DIAGNOSIS
Jejunum-ileum scrapings
Caecum scrapings
Advantages » Detects the presence of developmental forms and oocysts.
» Detects the onset of clinical cases before excretion of oocysts (prepatent period).
» Detects >10 % of the cases that register as false negatives using other analytical methods.
» Suitable for routine monitoring.
Duodenum scrapings
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10
Control
Coccidiosis
The precocious cycle of Eimeria spp. is required to obtain attenuated strains, which develop after a single cycle of schizogony.
The life cycle of Eimeria in field conditions involves several cycles of schizogony.
1
A
1 2
3
2
B
A
1. Sporozoite. 2. Schizogony. 3. Gametogony.
78 3 B
A. Mature oocyst in the environment. B. Immature oocyst (excreted form).
Figure 43. Complete life cycle of Eimeria spp., with multiple cycles of schizogony.
Figure 44. Attenuated strains of Eimeria spp. are obtained via the precocious cycle.
Attenuation is based on a reduction in the number of cycles of schizogony, thereby reducing the initial infection, but still conferring the required immunity.
CONTROL
Figure 45. Farm vaccination. Image courtesy of Hernán González.
Figure 46. Hatchery vaccination. Images courtesy of Hernán González (a), Javier Galdara (b) and Marcela Vázquez (c). a
b
c
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