PRESENTATION
BROCHURE
ATLAS OF
ATLAS OF BOVINE PATHOLOGY
BOVINE
PATHOLOGY Keith Cutler
Atlas of bovine pathology
ATLAS OF
BOVINE
ATLAS OF BOVINE PATHOLOGY
PATHOLOGY Keith Cutler
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AUTHOR: Keith Cutler. FORMAT: 22 Ă— 28 cm. NUMBER OF PAGES: 192. NUMBER OF FIGURES: 490. BINDING: hardcover.
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This atlas is aimed at bovine medicine practitioners to provide them
eBook included
with an easy to use visual reference of the main pathologies and disorders present in this species. A wide range of the most common diseases and disorders of cattle are illustrated, grouped by organic system and anatomic location, along with a brief description of the aetiology and pathology of each. The atlas includes the main disorders of cattle including congenital malformations, skin disorders, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory conditions and diseases affecting the locomotor system, the nervous system including the sensory organs and the reproductive apparatus of males and females including the mammary gland.
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Atlas of bovine pathology
Presentation of the book Cattle are one of the most important food-producing domestic species; they are present worldwide and their productive systems vary enormously, from the most adapted to the environment to those which are highly selected and high-productive. Disorders that affect these animals have multiple aetiologies (infectious, parasitic, nutritional or environmental), and cause an enormous variety of lesions, many of them having a relevant economic impact. The macroscopic and histological images set up an essential component for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the bovine diseases both in the individual animal and the whole farm. The purpose of this atlas is to provide with images and brief descriptions of the pathologies, grouped by organic systems and anatomic locations, pointing out the aetiology of each one. The book includes the main disorders affecting the bovines, like congenital malformations, skin disorders, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory lesions, or diseases affecting the locomotor system, sense organs, the nervous system and the reproductive apparatus of males and females, including the mammary gland.
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Atlas of bovine pathology
The author Keith Cutler Keith Cutler was brought up in the suburbs of London in south-east England and although he had family connections with dairy farming, he was initially determined to work with dogs and cats. Something changed while he was at University and he qualified from veterinary school in Bristol, having gained a first class honours degree in anatomical sciences (majoring on reproductive physiology) along the way, in the summer of 1990. His first job was in the farm animal department of the Endell Veterinary Group in Salisbury, in the central south of England, where he remains to this day. The farm animal team has expanded from four to fourteen veterinary surgeons during this time and his role has changed enormously but his clients and their animals remain as rewarding as ever. In addition to his clinical work, which involves all aspects of herd health planning and routine and emergency bovine medicine and surgery, he has, since he qualified, studied for and been awarded Diplomat status of the European College of Bovine Health Management, published many papers in various veterinary and agricultural journals and spoken at veterinary and agricultural meetings both at the United Kingdom and abroad. He has also acted as external examiner for the RCVS Certificate in Cattle Health and Production and chair of the technical committee of CHeCS (Cattle Health Certification Standards). He has provided input to various government and industry cattle health initiatives, including BVDFree and Action Johne’s. He is a past-president of the BCVA (British Cattle Veterinary Association) and in 2006 he was awarded the honour of being voted Farmers Weekly Livestock Advisor of the Year. Life has been busy, but his first love (at work!) remains his clients and their animals!
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ATLAS OF
BOVINE
PATHOLOGY Keith Cutler
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Table of contents 1. Introduction. An approach to farm animal cases 2. The cardiovascular system Congenital disorders Valvular endocarditis Pericarditis Peripheral vasculitis Babesiosis (redwater fever)
Vesicular stomatitis Mucosal disease Actinobacillosis (“wooden tongue”) Actinomycosis (“lumpy jaw”) Oesophageal obstruction (“choke”) Rumen acidosis Ruminal impaction Ruminal tympany (bloat)
Anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis)
Traumatic reticulitis/reticuloperitonitis (“wire disease”)
Bovine leukosis
Vagal indigestion (Hoflund syndrome)
3. The respiratory system Enzootic and cuffing pneumonia Pasteurellosis Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) Bovine tuberculosis Pulmonary thromboembolic disease Lungworm
4. The gastrointestinal system
Rumen fluke (paramphistomiasis) Ostertagiasis Abomasal ulceration Abomasal dilation and torsion Intussusception Intestinal volvulus/torsion Caecal dilation and torsion Rectal prolapse Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis)
Congenital disorders
Miscellaneous conditions
Neonatal and pre-weaning diarrhoea
Liver diseases
Peri-weaning diarrhoea Coccidiosis
5. Skin and integumentary system
Necrotic enteritis
The eye
Bovine papular stomatitis
The skin
6. The musculoskeletal system Congenital disorders Conditions affecting the limbs and spine Conditions affecting the foot Conditions affecting the skin of the digit Conditions affecting the horn of the digit Treatment of deep digital sepsis
7. The mammary gland 8. The urogenital system The urinary system The reproductive system
9. The nervous system Metabolic and deficiency diseases Viral diseases Bacterial diseases Lead poisoning Congenital disorders
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ATLAS OF
BOVINE PATHOLOGY
Figure 6
Trauma to the third eyelid and ocular globe caused by the horn of another animal.
Figure 7
Enucleation of the damaged globe was considered in this case but instead tarsorrhaphy was carried out in the hope of saving the eye.
Figure 8
The same animal some weeks after the initial trauma. Healing, in fact, exceeded expectation and the eye was saved albeit that full vision was never regained. 66
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Skin and integumentary SyStem
Figure 9
the eye
5
a
b
c
d
(a) This calf was born with a very prominent left eye which appeared to lack vision causing the animal to repeatedly collide with objects in its environment resulting in repeated ocular trauma. (b) Surgery was carried out to enucleate the eye to prevent this ongoing trauma. (c) Healing and (d) performance were considered good.
67
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ATLAS OF
BOVINE PATHOLOGY
Figure 10
Figure 11
Prolapsed globe.
Figure 12
This calf presented with a traumatic rupture of the right ocular globe which was resolved by enucleation.
Trauma can be caused by foreign bodies becoming lodged behind the third eyelid or entering the tissues of the eye. Usually these can be identified and removed early, because of the blepharospasm and epiphora that they cause, before significant damage has been done. A small piece of straw embedded in the cornea. This animal made a full and rapid recovery following its removal.
68
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Skin and integumentary SyStem
the eye
5
CONJUNCTIVITIS Figure 13
Conjunctivitis in a dairy heifer caused by BoHV1 showing reddening of the conjunctiva and epiphora staining the face.
Figure 14
More chronic conjunctivitis in a dairy cow also caused by BoHV1. In this case there is a mucopurulent discharge. 69
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ATLAS OF
BOVINE PATHOLOGY
INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (PINK-EYE, NEW FOREST EYE) Figure 15
Figure 16
A relatively mild case of IBK which would be expected to fully resolve following treatment. IBK, caused by the bacterium Moraxella bovis, can cause disease of varying severity, ranging from a mild conjunctivitis to keratitis, which may cause corneal opacity or ulceration in more severe cases with rupture of the globe possible in neglected cases.
A more severe case of IBK illustrating the intense irritation caused by this condition and epiphora running down the face from the medial canthus.
Figure 17
Figure 18
Corneal ulceration as a consequence of a neglected case of IBK.
Rupture of the globe following corneal ulceration as a consequence of a neglected case of IBK.
70
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Skin and integumentary SyStem
the eye
5
IRITIS Figure 19
Both eyes of the same animal affected by iritis, most commonly caused by Listeria monocytogenes from poorly made or contaminated silage. The intensely painful nature of this condition would seem obvious from these images.
OCULAR NEOPLASIA Figure 20
a
b
Squamous cell carcinomas affecting the lower lid. (a) The first of these cases is typical, affecting a white-faced animal, but the second (b) is unusual in that the animal affected does not have a pale face. 71
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ATLAS OF
BOVINE PATHOLOGY
Figure 21
Squamous cell carcinoma of the third eyelid. If there has been no spread of the lesion to surrounding tissues, amputation of the third eyelid might result in a satisfactory resolution of such a case.
Figure 22
A neglected case of ocular SCC.
72
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Skin and integumentary SyStem
Figure 23
the eye
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a
b
c
d
(a) Squamous cell carcinoma of the globe arising from a typical position on the corneoscleral junction. (b) As in Figure 21, if there has been no spread of the lesion to surrounding tissues, enucleation of the globe might result in a satisfactory resolution of such a case. (c, d) These pictures show the eyeball from this animal after removal.
73
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ATLAS OF
BOVINE PATHOLOGY
THE SKIN TRAUMA Figure 24
a
b
(a) This extensive wound was caused when this cow ran along the wall of a building from which a sharp piece of tin was protruding. Note the degree of contamination requiring thorough cleaning of the wound before attempting a surgical repair. (b) The same cow following sedation, the administration of local analgesia, cleansing and surgical repair of the wound. Healing was uneventful.
Figure 25
a
b
(a) An extensive skin wound caused by this heifer colliding at speed with the protruding catch on a gatepost. (b) The same wound following cleaning and surgical repair. Note the pieces of fractured scapula spine placed on the skin alongside the sutured wound. Despite the significant degree of trauma suffered by this animal, recovery following repair and treatment with antibiotics and NSAIDs was uneventful. 74
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Skin and integumentary SyStem
Figure 26
the Skin
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a
b
c
(a, b) Incising the skin creating a surgical wound, in this case to deliver an oversized calf by caesarean section. Note the care that has been taken to shave and prepare the site before embarking on the surgery. (c) Surgical wound immediately after closure. Suture patterns in such cases are a matter of personal preference. 75
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ATLAS OF
Figure 27
BOVINE PATHOLOGY
a
b
(a) Skin wound to the lower hind leg of a dairy cow caused when the leg was extended through and then withdrawn from a defect in the tin cladding of the cowshed wall. In this case the size and site of the deficit precluded surgical closure. Following thorough cleansing and topical treatment, a bandage was applied to control bleeding and prevent contamination. (b) The piece of skin carved from the defect shown in the previous image wrapped around the piece of sharp tin that had removed it.
Figure 28
a
b
(a) The same wound eighteen days later showing a clean, healthy bed of granulation tissue. (b) The same wound fully healed six months later. 76
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