PRESENTATION
BROCHURE
MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING
Nutrition and Intestinal Barrier Integrity Pablo Catalá Gregori José Ignacio Barragán Cos
MAIN CHALLENGES IN POULTRY FARMING
Nutrition and Intestinal Barrier Integrity
This books reviews the anatomical structures and physiological elements associated with intestinal integrity, as well as the factors that can in some way have an influence on it. It also deals with the pathological consequences of increased intestinal permeability and the nutritional tools available to improve the condition. Lastly, it describes some environmental guidelines and permeability assessment systems.
MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING
Nutrition and Intestinal Barrier Integrity Pablo Catalá Gregori José Ignacio Barragán Cos
TARGET AUDIENCE:
✱✱ Animal production vets. Poultry production ✱✱ Animal production technicians ✱✱ Veterinary students ESTIMATED FORMAT: 17 × 11 RETAIL PRICE NUMBER OF PAGES: 84 NUMBER OF IMAGES: 31 BINDING: hardcover, wire-O
€35
Authors PABLO CATALÁ GREGORI Dr Catalá completed a European PhD programme in veterinary medicine from the University of Murcia and is a Diplomate of the European College of Poultry Veterinary Science. He is the managing director of the Community of Valencia Centre for Poultry Quality and Animal Feed (CECAV). JOSÉ IGNACIO BARRAGÁN COS Dr Barragán earned his degree in veterinary medicine at the Complutense University of Madrid. He is currently an associate lecturer within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at CEU Cardenal Herrera University and manager of the private company Galimetría S.L.
KEY FEATURES:
➜➜ P rovides technicians with a quick, straightforward means of analysing the condition of the intestine of poultry. ➜➜ Easy-to-use format suitable for field conditions. ➜➜ Contains a large number of images.
Nutrition and Intestinal Barrier Integrity
Presentation of the book As animal production adapts to new consumer demands and changing scenarios, their significance and the degree of concern they generate will shift according to certain factors. In EU countries, the sector has had to accommodate its production methods, over several years, to the bans on growth promoters and the use of meat meal in animal feeds. Consequently, intestinal health has proven the most important factor when trying to guarantee good yields, cost-effective production, and top quality meat. In a general sense, there is growing concern about obtaining a correct level of intestinal permeability, as it is an indication of good intestinal health. Correct permeability also involves guaranteeing the best possible integrity of epithelial structures. Unease about the development of multidrug-resistant organisms and the logical desire to limit the use of antibiotics in animal production both place an even greater emphasis on the need to ensure excellent intestinal integrity. This work reviews the intestinal anatomical structures and physiological elements related to intestinal integrity; the main factors (environmental, nutritional, pathological, etc.) that can affect this integrity; the pathological consequences of increased intestinal permeability (IIP) in terms of associated diseases and nutritional problems; the nutritional tools available to treat IIP; some guidelines on conditions; and permeability assessment resources that technicians can use to perform a quick, uncomplicated analysis of intestinal condition.
Authors Pablo Catalá Gregori Pablo Catalá Gregori (DVM, PhD, ECPVS) earned a degree in veterinary medicine at the CEU Cardenal Herrera University (2001), completed a European PhD programme in veterinary medicine at the University of Murcia (2007) and is a Diplomate of the European College of Poultry Veterinary Science (2013). He has specialised in poultry farming throughout his entire career; first as a field veterinarian, then as a PhD student in the area of nutrition, and finally as the manager of a poultry producers association. He is currently the managing director of one of Spain’s leading centres in poultry health and animal feed. Dr Catalá has developed training programmes for the poultry sector related to animal health, animal welfare, disease diagnosis, epidemiology, and official and sectoral inspection programmes. He has promoted the implementation and development of the Community of Valencia Epidemio-Surveillance Network in the poultry sector. Pablo has written more than 18 JCR publications, a book chapter, and several articles in specialist magazines. He has participated in over 70 national and international meetings and conferences, talked at numerous sectoral events, and collaborated in eight research projects (of which, he was the leading researcher in six). Additionally, he has cosupervised three PhD theses. His current lines of research are epidemio-surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, and phage therapy. Dr Catalá has served as the managing director of the Community of Valencia Centre for Poultry Quality and Animal Feed (CECAV) since 2008, and has taught the modules Poultry and Rabbit Farm Management, Health, and Production and Introduction to Clinical Practice as part of the Spanish/French bilingual veterinary medicine degree programme at the CEU Cardenal Herrera University since 2014.
Nutrition and Intestinal Barrier Integrity
José Ignacio Barragán Cos Dr Barragán holds a degree in veterinary medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid (1982). After graduating he began working in poultry production, developing his career in various companies, whether focused on nutrition (Roche and Trouw) or broiler integration (Uvesa, Conagra Avicultura, and Sada). In 2002, he became an independent consultant and started working with various companies in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. Dr Barragán has participated at several conferences where he has imparted a range of talks mainly related to intestinal health. He has served on the executive committee of the Spanish Association of Poultry Science (branch of the WPSA) of which he was the president from 2003 to 2011.
hkeita/shutterstock.com
At present, he is an associate lecturer at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at CEU Cardenal Herrera University and manager of Galimetría S.L. – a company that perform data analysis and intercompany comparisons, with activity in Spain and several Latin American countries.
Table of contents 1. Intestinal epithelium and digestion Introduction The small intestine Villi Intestinal permeability The paracellular pathway The transcellular pathway The intestinal barrier and tight junctions
2. Diseases and intestinal epithelium Diseases and intestinal epithelium Viruses Bacteria Parasites Nutritional factors
3. Tight junctions Tight junctions Development of tight junctions Functions of tight junctions
4. Nutrition and intestinal barrier Nutrition and intestinal barrier Plant extracts Dietary components Effects of mycotoxins
5. Additives Additives and barrier function Minerals Probiotics and prebiotics Functional polysaccharides Others
6. Increased intestinal permeability Permeable intestine The role of the intestinal barrier and its relationship with the immune system and microbiota Pathological processes associated with increased intestinal permeability Lameness Spondylitis Femoral head necrosis
7. Intestinal permeability assessment Intestinal morphometry Blood parameters Genetic expression Transepithelial electric resistance (TEER)
8. Bibliography
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MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING
Nutrition and Intestinal Barrier Integrity Pablo Catalá Gregori José Ignacio Barragán Cos
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Increased intestinal permeability
Nutrition and Integrity
Permeable intestine Disruption of tight junctions (TJs) substantially increases ionic conductance across the paracellular pathway compared with the transcellular pathway, resulting in a phenomenon described as permeable intestine or “leaky gut”, which allows pathogens and toxins to enter the whole body, including vital organs (Awad et al., 2017). The molecular composition, ultrastructure and function of TJs are regulated by physiological and pathological stimuli. A loss of barrier integrity allows translocation of luminal antigens (microorganisms and toxins) across the mucosa to enter the body. The disruption of gut barrier function is an important contributor to the pathogenicity of some enteric bacteria. Some enteric pathogens have been shown to be able to induce permeability defects in gut epithelia by disrupting TJ proteins, mediated by their toxins. Some pathogens may use TJ proteins as receptors for attachment and subsequent internalisation, while others alter or destroy them, providing an entry door into the body (Awad et al., 2017).
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INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY
The role of the intestinal barrier and its relationship with the immune system and microbiota The intestinal barrier function is achieved mainly through regulation of mucin and TJ protein synthesis (see Chapter 3). Aberrant synthesis of these substances increases paracellular permeability, leading to intestinal and systemic disorders. As a key component of innate immunity, host defence peptides (HDP) play a key role in mucosal defence: ◗ They have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. ◗ They promote resolution of inflammation. ◗ They are involved in endotoxin neutralisation. ◗ They stimulate wound healing. ◗ They are involved in the development of the adaptive immune response.
◗ Several HDP improve mucosal barrier function by directly inducing expression of multiple mucins and TJ proteins. HDP supplementation improves gut morphology, performance and conversion ratio of animals (Robinson et al., 2015). However, HDP deficiency in the intestinal tract is associated with impaired barrier function and occurrence of dysbiosis.
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Increased intestinal permeability
Nutrition and Integrity
Intestinal bacteria can change the expression and distribution of TJ proteins and thus alter intestinal barrier function (Table 1). The intestinal microbiota may also indirectly affect intestinal barrier function by fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the intestine. An example is butyrate production by intestinal bacteria, which facilitates TJ assembly and improves gut barrier function. Food carbohydrates are able to modify the commensal microbiota towards populations that can in turn affect TJ integrity. Therefore, it is important to consider the interactions between the different components of the intestinal barrier when developing strategies to improve it with food or bacteria (Ulluwishewa et al., 2011).
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INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY
Table 1. Interaction of some pathogenic intestinal bacteria with TJs (Adapted from Awad et al., 2017). Pathogen Escherichia coli
Clostridium jejuni
Salmonella Enteritidis
Mechanism
Effect
Increased paracellular permeability and impaired TJ barrier function Change in ionic transport, increased paracellular permeability Redistribution of occludin and ZO-1 and disruption of TJ barrier function Impaired epithelial barrier function Increased intestinal permeability and TJ disruption Redistribution of occludin Decreased transepithelial electrical resistance Translocation of noninvasive bacteria across the intestinal Transcellular translocation of commensal bacteria via lipids epithelium Disruption of claudins Increased transepithelial permeability 2+ Facilitates translocation of E. coli Interference with intracellular Ca signalling Dephosphorylation and dissociation of occludin
Decreases transepithelial ionic conductance
Compromises intestinal epithelial barrier
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Increased intestinal permeability
Nutrition and Integrity
Pathogen
Effect
Mechanism
Decreases expression of claudins and occludins Salmonella Typhimurium Decreases ZO-1 expression and occludins Redistribution of claudins and occludins Activation of phospholipase Clostridium perfringens
Decreases expression of claudins and occludins Enterotoxins that bind to claudins
Disruption of epithelial and mucosal barrier function Damage to intestinal barrier function and translocation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria Decreased transepithelial electrical resistance Disruption of TJs due to increased intestinal permeability Impaired intestinal barrier function due to increased intestinal permeability Increased paracellular permeability and disruption of TJ barrier function
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INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY
Pathological conditions associated with increased intestinal permeability Lameness The bone growth rate has increased, but has not been kept in balance with lean tissue gain. Chickens are born weighing about 40 g and grow to weigh more than 4 kg at 8 weeks of age. The increased incidence of lameness, compared to lighter breeds used to lay eggs, suggests disproportionate growth between bone and body mass. The growth of avian bones is rapid compared to mammals, with an estimated growth plate cartilage turnover time of only 21 hours (4 days in rats and 21 days in humans).
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Figure 1. Chicken with lameness. Genetic selection predisposes to lameness in broilers.
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Increased intestinal permeability
Nutrition and Integrity
Bacterial colonisation of bone tissue and joints contributes to the development of lameness. Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis, turkey osteomyelitis complex, or enterococcal spondylitis have been reported. The main source of these bacteria is the gastrointestinal tract, hence the importance of controlling the integrity of the intestinal barrier to reduce lameness. Translocated opportunistic bacterial pathogens can colonise osteochondral fissures and form bacterial foci within the growth plate and adjacent metaphysis, where they are inaccessible to antibiotics and the immune system. The ability of bacteria to bind to cartilage and exposed bone collagen has been shown to be an important pathogenicity factor in the development of these diseases (Bielke et al., 2017).
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INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY
Spondylitis The most obvious characteristic of infection by Enterococcus cecorum is paralysis due to an inflammatory mass that develops in the spine in the free thoracic vertebra. The 6th thoracic vertebra (T6) is the only freely movable vertebra in the thoracolumbar spine, although there is some confusion regarding its numbering. The 2nd to 5th thoracic vertebrae are considered here to be fused together (notarium) and the 7th thoracic vertebra is fused to the synsacrum. The notarium supports the cranial half of the bird and the synsacrum supports the caudal. The freely movable vertebra is therefore exposed to repeated mechanical and torsional stress, which can create microfractures in the cartilage of the vertebra.
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Figure 2. Sampling for identification of E. cecorum in the 6th thoracic vertebra (T6). However, identification of the bacteria in the laboratory is not easy.
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Increased intestinal permeability
Nutrition and Integrity
Laboratory identification of E. cecorum is not easy. Sample contamination is common, and automated identification systems are not able to adequately identify the sample (they may confuse it with Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. sulfureus, E. gallinarum, E. faecalis, E. faecium, etc.). Effective PCR tests are not widely implemented either.
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Figure 3. Spinal lesions at T6 level due to spondylitis. This inflammatory mass causes paralysis.
INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY
It is hypothesised that damage to the intestinal barrier, due to other pathogens (E. coli or Eimeria spp.), increases the prevalence and severity of outbreaks of enterococcal spondylitis, but the correlation between intestinal barrier damage and disease has not been demonstrated.
In experimental infections with E. cecorum damage to the intestinal barrier is not required to develop septicaemia. Further studies will be needed to understand the mechanisms used by E. cecorum to exit the intestine (Jung et al., 2018). 10
Femoral head necrosis Femoral head separation is a skeletal degenerative problem in commercial fast-growing broilers, in which the growth plate of the proximal femur is separated from its articular cartilage. In its early stage, it may be asymptomatic, but finally leads to epiphyseal breakage, infection and femoral head necrosis. Fibrotic thickening of the articular surface may also impair the free movement of the proximal epiphysis in the acetabulum, which under stress conditions leads to separation of the femoral head. Other names for this condition include osteochondrosis, osteomyelitis, gliding epiphysis, epiphysiolysis, or epiphyseal infarction.
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