PRESENTATION
BROCHURE
Pet owner educational atlas
PARASITES Diagnosis, control and prevention Texts and review: Sergio Villanueva Saz
Asier Basurco Pérez
PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS
PARASITES. Diagnosis, control and prevention
Pet owner educational atlas
PARASITES Diagnosis, control and prevention Texts and review: Sergio Villanueva Saz
Asier Basurco Pérez
TEXTS AND REVIEW: Sergio Villanueva Saz,
Asier Basurco Pérez.
FORMAT: 22 × 28 cm. NUMBER OF PAGES: 62. NUMBER OF CHARTS: 50. BINDING: hardcover, wire-o.
eBook included
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After a first volume on the physiology of parasites, their life cycle and the clinical signs they cause, this new volume focuses on how parasitic diseases can be diagnosed, treated and prevented, with a special emphasis on those aspects on which pet owners can have an influence. In addition to including a classification of parasitic diseases according the organ systems they affect, this new atlas includes a part on parasites in exotic animals and also describes the most important zoonoses transmitted by cats and dogs. This new work goes deeper into the specialty of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats. It also includes a digital version.
Pet owner educational atlas. Parasites. Diagnosis, control and preventionďťż
Presentation of the book This new volume of the collection Pet owner educational atlas aims to help pet owners gain a better understanding of parasites, always through their veterinary surgeon’s explanations and recommendations. It continues with the goal established on the first work: helping veterinarians in their communication with the pet owners when it comes to explain how a parasitic disease is affecting their pets. This is done using detailed and highly accurate drawings, which describe the different aspects of internal and external parasites and the problems they cause in companion animals, and provide guidelines to ensure pet owners get involved in the control and prevention of parasites in their pets. In addition to including the types of parasites and a classification of parasitic diseases according the organ and systems they affect both in the dog and the cat, this new atlas includes a part on parasites in exotic animals and also describes the most important zoonoses transmitted by cats and dogs. After describing the diagnostic methods most commonly used in the veterinary practice, this atlas will also include a series of charts designed to help in the communication with pet owners and to show them how important preventive treatments are and how to correctly apply them, so that they become aware of how they play a key role in the treatment’s success.
Review and texts Sergio Villanueva Saz (DVM, MSc, PhD) He graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Zaragoza (Spain) and completed his PhD at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain). He is currently a part-time lecturer at the University of Zaragoza (Spain) and works in the Clinical Immunopathology Laboratory of the same University, with a special interest in differential diagnosis of vector-borne diseases. He spent post-doctoral stays at The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom, in the areas of Immunology and Parasitic Diseases. He has authored and co-authored many scientific articles and communications in national and international conferences. Furthermore, he has participated in a number of research groups and collaborated with private companies.
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He is a member of the following scientific and professional associations: Asociación de veterinarios especialistas en pequeños animales (AVEPA), Asociación española de veterinarios docentes (VetDoc), International society of infectious diseases (ISID), Epicore and Ilustre colegio oficial de veterinarios of Teruel (Spain).
Pet owner educational atlas. Parasites. Diagnosis, control and prevention
Asier Basurco Pérez (LicVet) Degree in Veterinary Science from the University of Zaragoza and Diploma in Advanced Studies in Animal Medicine and Surgery. Following an internship at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Zaragoza, Asier Basurco Pérez spent two and a half years in the UK working in pet primary care. He has served as Associate Professor in the Department of Animal Pathology of the University of Zaragoza and worked as a researcher in the Fauna Salvaje research group (GENPATVET-A23). He has lectured on numerous continued education courses and Master’s programs for veterinarians and veterinary assistants, and continues to do so today. He collaborates with the Centre for Wildlife Recovery of the Provincial Council of Bizkaia and the Karpin Abentura wildlife refuge. Since 1999 he has directed the Maidagan Veterinary Medical Center in Getxo (Bizkaia). His main area of expertise is the primary care of exotic pets, with a particular interest in internal medicine and dermatology of all species. He is the author and co-author of numerous publications and has presented at national and international conferences. Accredited by the Spanish Association of Small Animal Veterinary Specialists (AVEPA) for work with pets and exotic animals, he sits on the scientific committee of the Medicine and Surgery of Exotic Animals Group (GMCAE), and is a member of AVEPA, the Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV), the European Association of Avian Veterinarians (EAAV), the Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians (ESMA), and the Official College of Veterinarians of Bizkaia.
Communication services Website Online visualisation of the sample chapter. Presentation brochure in PDF format. Author’s CV. Sample chapter compatible with iPad.
www.grupoasis.com/promo/pet_owner_parasites
Pet owner educational atlas
PARASITES Diagnosis, control and prevention Texts and review: Sergio Villanueva Saz
Asier Basurco PĂŠrez
Table of contents 1. Types of parasites External parasites
Blood
°° Fleas
°° Tick-borne diseases
°° Ticks
°° Other parasitic diseases of the blood
°° Lice °° Mites °° Mosquitoes and sandflies Internal parasites °° Roundworms °° Flukes and tapeworms °° Microscopic agents
2. Parasitic diseases by systems Digestive system °° Caused by nematodes °° Caused by cestodes °° Caused by trematodes °° Caused by protozoa Cardiorespiratory system °° Lungworms °° Heartworm (canine dirofilariasis)
Renal system °° Urinary parasites Systemic or multiorganic °° Leishmaniasis °° Toxoplasmosis °° Other diseases Cutaneous °° Flea infestation: flea allergy dermatitis °° Tick infestation °° Allergic reactions to bites °° Mange °° Myiasis Ocular °° Ocular parasites
3. Diagnostic tests in parasitology
6. Miscellaneous °° How to remove a tick
°° Stool analysis
°° Correct use of a pipette
°° Blood smear
°° How to administer an oral antiparasitic
°° Skin scrapings °° Trichogram
°° How does an antiparasitic work? Presentations
°° Adhesive tape test
°° How do I know if my pet is parasitised?
°° Flea comb
°° Basic hygiene measures
°° Analysis of otic exudate
°° Management recommendations °° Parasite control programmes
4. Main zoonoses °° Zoonoses from dogs °° Zoonoses from cats
5. Main parasites of exotic animals °° Parasites of birds °° Parasites of small rodents °° Parasites of rabbits °° Parasites of ferrets °° Parasites of reptiles
°° How to remove fleas from the environment °° Avoid mosquito and sandfly bites
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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS PARASITES. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
EXTERNAL PARASITES
2
Ticks These temporary ectoparasites feed on varying amounts of blood and can harm animals or humans, either by direct action or by transmitting pathogenic agents. Ticks from two different families can affect dogs and cats: Argasidae (soft ticks) and Ixodidae (hard ticks). The latter is the most important family.
Life cycle of Ixodidae Hatching Larva
Female with eggs falls to the ground
Eggs deposited in the environment Feeding on blood of the host
Feeding on blood of the host
Moulting in the environment
Nymph
Male
Adults
Female
Moulting in the environment
Feeding on blood of the host
Clinical signs ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
01_Types_parasites.indd 8
Areas in which ticks are most commonly found: ears, face, neck, belly, axillae and interdigital areas. Otitis externa. Localised cutaneous inflammatory reaction: inflammatory nodules, microabscesses at point of attachment. Massive infestations: anaemia. Tick toxicosis: ascending paralysis, ataxia, etc. Clinical signs associated with transmitted pathogen.
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13
TYPES OF PARASITES
INTERNAL PARASITES
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Flukes and tapeworms These have a soft, dorsoventrally flattened body, which lends them a flatworm-like aspect. Pets can be affected by two distinct classes: trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms). The main difference between the two classes is the absence (flukes) or presence (tapeworms) of a segmented body.
Some of these parasites can affect humans. 1
2
3
The degree of parasitisation of the affected animal influences the clinical picture and its severity.
Flukes
Tapeworms
Clinical signs
Clinical signs
Affected animals may show no clinical signs or, conversely, may develop different associated clinical manifestations (depending on the location of the adult forms/migration of immature forms).
The owner will usually observe signs of anal pruritus in affected animals (rubbing against the floor) and the presence of segments of the parasite (proglottids) in the perianal area or in the stool. In severe cases the clinical signs are primarily gastrointestinal, including diarrhoea/constipation, vomiting, abdominal distension, and intestinal obstruction (highly parasitised animals). Nonspecific clinical signs such as weight loss, anorexia and poor haircoat appearance may also be observed.
Paragonimus (1)
1. Pulmonary localisation 2. Hepatic localisation 3. Intestinal localisation
01_Types_parasites.indd 13
Echinococcus (3)
Opisthorchis (2) Alaria (3)
Taenia (3)
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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS PARASITES. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Heartworm (canine dirofilariasis) Disease caused by the nematode Dirofilaria immitis. This is transmitted by mosquitoes (mainly Culex spp., Aedes spp. and Anopheles spp.). The main locations of adult parasites of dogs are the large blood vessels (pulmonary artery and vena cava) and heart (right ventricle).
Infected mosquitoes can also bite humans and transmit parasites. Pulmonary nodules may develop.
Infective L3 larvae penetrate the wound caused by a mosquito bite
IH (Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles, among others)
This infection also affects cats.
Microfilaria in the blood
IH: intermediate host
Diagnosis ■ ■
■
■
Blood smear. Detection of microfilaraemia: filter test and/or Knott’s test. Serology: ■ Antigen detection in blood. ■ Antibody detection (cat). Additional tests: ■ Thoracic radiography. ■ Echocardiography. ■ Electrocardiogram.
02_Diseases_systems.indd 20
Adult worms located in the pulmonary arterial tree and heart
Treatment ■
Pharmacological treatment: Adulticide and microfilaricide treatment. ■ Appropriate antibiotic therapy against bacteria associated with the parasite. ■ Supportive therapy. Surgery: in cases of involvement of the heart and large blood vessels. Symptomatic treatment: severe clinical picture and/or pulmonary embolism. Rest and restriction of exercise. ■
■
■
■
Prevention Animal: Annual screening prior to commencing preventive treatment. ■ Macrocyclic lactones against microfilariae during periods of risk. ■ External treatment with insecticide with repellent activity. ■ Reduced exposure to vector. ■
Environment: Vector control measures.
■
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PARASITIC DISEASES BY SYSTEMS
SYSTEMIC OR MULTIORGAN
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Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii affects warm-blooded animals (birds and mammals, including humans). Provided proper basic hygiene measures are implemented, human-cat contact is not the main route of transmission.
Treatment
Diagnosis ■ ■ ■ ■
Serology: detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies (IgM and IgG). Molecular tests (PCR). Stool analysis: flotation methods. Final diagnosis: confirm the presence of the parasite in tissues (biopsy) or body fluids (cytology).
■
■
Pharmacological: various treatments and treatment combinations are available. Supportive therapy: if associated complications.
Tissue cysts
Tissue cysts Sporulated oocysts (infective) DH (cat)
Sporulated oocyst (noninfective)
Sporulated oocysts (infective) 24 hours – 5 days
DH: definitive host
Prevention In cats: ■ Feed on commercial diet. Meat should be properly cooked or frozen first if served raw. ■ Avoid drinking water from uncontrolled areas. ■ Prevent hunting behaviours. ■ Stool analysis. In humans: ■ Risk: immunocompromised individuals and seronegative pregnant women.
02_Diseases_systems.indd 25
■ ■
■
■ ■ ■ ■
Basic personal hygiene measures. Prevent children from putting their hands in their mouths without first washing hands. Cook meat properly (>80 °C, 15 min) and, in the case of undercooked meat, freeze beforehand (−12 °C) for at least 3 days. Wash fruits and vegetables. Avoid drinking unclean water and unpasteurised milk. Proper kitchen hygiene measures. Clean cat tray daily without making direct contact with the sand, and wash hands after. At-risk individuals should avoid this activity.
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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS PARASITES. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
CUTANEOUS
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Mange These are cutaneous processes caused by infestations of dogs and cats with different mites, such as Notoedres cati, Cheyletiella spp., Demodex spp., Otodectes cynotis, and Sarcoptes scabiei.
Diagnosis ■ ■ ■
History (clinical picture and lesion distribution). Direct observation and identification of parasites. Specific diagnostic tests: skin scraping, adhesive tape test, trichogram, examination of ear discharge (otitis), haircoat brushing, serology (S. scabiei).
■
■
■
Therapeutic diagnosis: response to acaricide (if suspected S. scabiei infestation). Pinnal-pedal reflex (if suspected infestation with S. scabiei, O. cynotis). Skin biopsy (exceptional cases).
The clinical picture depends on the type of mite involved.
The risk of zoonosis depends on the type of mange.
Sarcoptic mange
Dogs that have experienced generalised demodicosis should not be used for breeding given their hereditary predisposition.
Treatment Animal: Application of acaricides (systemic and/ or local). ■ Cleaning and treatment of inner ear in cases of otitis. ■ Antiseborrheic shampoo to remove crusts. ■ Antibiotic therapy in cases of secondary bacterial infection. ■ Decrease pruritus: antipruritic treatment.
Prevention ■
■
02_Diseases_systems.indd 30
Treat all cohabitating animals and avoid contact with infected animals.
Environment: Cleaning, aspiration, and disinfection of bedding and other household items (fomites). ■ Application of ectoparasiticides. ■
■ ■
■
Good animal health. Periodical treatment with external antiparasitic product. Avoid contact with animals of unknown health status (street and wild animals).
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PARASITIC DISEASES BY SYSTEMS
CUTANEOUS
25
Myiasis Infestation characterised by the presence of larvae (maggots) of dipteran flies.
Predisposing factors ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Poor hygiene measures. Debilitated (elderly, sick) animals. Animals with paresis. Wet haircoat. Suppurating wounds. Faecal and/or urinary incontinence.
Adult fly (attracted to areas of skin)
Eggs
Larva 1
The use of insecticides can cause anaphylactic reactions.
Larva 2 (begin to feed on cutaneous tissue)
Crateriform ulcer Pupa Larva 3
Clinical signs ■ ■
■
Ulcers with remains of necrotic tissue. Lesion distribution: around the eyes, mouth, nose, anus, genitals, untreated infected wounds. Characteristic odour.
Diagnosis ■
■
Direct observation of the larvae or batches of eggs on the skin, haircoat, or in cutaneous lesions. Thorough exploration in longhaired animals.
Treatment ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■
■
02_Diseases_systems.indd 31
Evaluation and control of predisposing factors. Clipping, cleaning and disinfection of all affected areas with antiseptic products. Manual removal of larvae. Surgical debridement of wounds and subsequent cure. Transfer to a fly-free environment. Antibiotic treatment in cases of wound complications (bacterial infection). Analgesics.
Prevention ■
■
Avoid attracting flies (uncured suppurating wounds, skin soaked with urine, vomit or stool remains). Use of bed nets in debilitated animals.
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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS PARASITES. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
32
Flea comb This procedure involves brushing the haircoat using a special ultra-fine comb. The purpose is to collect organic material such as detached hairs, crusts, flakes, and especially to detect ectoparasites and their eggs. The collected material is placed on damp white paper for evaluation with the naked eye or using a lens to magnify the image.
In particular, the neck, groin area and base of the tail should be combed with special attention.
Damp paper test â–
â–
03_Diagnostic_test.indd 38
This technique is extremely useful for detecting fleas and their faeces, which appear as tiny black comma-shaped particles. Lightly press the faeces against a damp paper towel. Reddish brown staining of the paper is indicative of flea faeces, due to the presence of soluble pigments contained in the blood ingested by the flea.
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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN PARASITOLOGY
33
Analysis of otic exudate Technique used to assess any problem in the ear canal.
Procedure 1. A cotton swab or ear brush can be used. 2. The veterinary surgeon inserts the tip of the swab or brush into the external ear canal and rotates it against the skin of the ear. 3. The swab or brush is removed from the ear and rotated against the surface of a slide on which a few drops of mineral oil have been placed, thus allowing extension of the otic exudate sample. 4. The sample is examined under a microscope at low magnification to identify acarids such as Otodectes spp. or Demodex spp.
Microscope image of Otodectes
03_Diagnostic_test.indd 39
Microscope image of Demodex
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MISCELLANEOUS
42
53
Correct use of a pipette Steps 1. Remove the pipette from its package.
3. Cut or break off the top of the pipette.
2. Hold the pipette vertically, so that the contents remain at the bottom of the container.
4. Separate the hairs of the animal’s coat to expose the skin.
5. Place the tip of the pipette against healthy skin (with no apparent lesions) and squeeze the bottom of the pipette to deposit the contents in various locations (from the dorsal region to the base of the tail).
Considerations ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■
06_Miscellaneous.indd 53
Avoid contact between the contents of the pipette and the eyes and mouth of the animal. Prevent ingestion of the product caused by licking the treated area. It is advisable not to apply the pipette 48 hours before or after bathing using soap. Prolonged and repeated exposure to water is not recommended. Owners should avoid handling animals treated with a pipette for about 12 hours after treatment to minimise possible irritation. Administration in the evening is recommended. Disposable gloves should be used when applying the pipette. Do not dispose in the environment or pour remaining contents into the drain.
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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS PARASITES. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
43
How to administer an oral antiparasitic Tablets 1. Hold the muzzle with one hand to open the mouth: using the fingers, apply pressure to the lips in the area adjacent to the upper canines. 2. Fold the lips over the teeth to prevent closure of the mouth and orient the head upwards. 3. Using the thumb and forefinger of the other hand, place the tablet as deep as possible into the throat to prevent the animal from spitting it out. 4. Close the mouth, lower the head, and wait for the animal to swallow the tablet. 5. To promote the swallowing reflex, it is advisable to stimulate the throat area: gentle massage, blowing against the nose, displaying a reward, pouring some liquid into the mouth. Reward with food or petting to ensure the process is interpreted as a positive experience.
Liquid forms / oral paste ■
■
Using a needleless syringe, introduce the liquid/oral paste via one side of the mouth (labial commissure), behind the teeth (molars). For oral suspensions, homogenise the contents before use. In cats that are difficult to handle, the paste can be spread on the front legs so that they can lick it off.
Recommendations ■
■
■
■
06_Miscellaneous.indd 54
Wash hands after administering the product or wear disposable gloves. Adjust the dose accordingly based on the weight and age of the animal. Check whether the antiparasitic should be administered in conjunction with a specific diet (or while fasting). Consider the general and reproductive status of the animal (pregnancy, lactation), and any coadministered drugs.
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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS PARASITES. DIAGNOSIS, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
47
Management recommendations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
06_Miscellaneous.indd 58
Ensure a good overall health status. Regular application of external and internal antiparasitics. Avoid predation habits. Minimise exposure to parasites. Proper collection and removal of faeces. Provide a diet based on commercial products or properly cooked foods, as well as potable drinking water. Apply basic hygiene measures. Periodically clean the bed of the animal and the home environment.
9.
10. 11.
12. 13. 14.
If there is more than one pet in the house, administer antiparasitics to all simultaneously, and avoid contact between animals in cases of parasitisation. Avoid sharing grooming utensils between animals. In areas in which a vector-transmitted parasitic disease is endemic, implement measures to minimise contact with the vector. Annual screening for vector-borne parasites in regions in which they are endemic or emerging. Avoid contact with animals of unknown health status. Attend regular veterinary checks.
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The publishing strength of Grupo AsĂs Editorial Servet, a division of Grupo AsĂs, has become one of the reference publishing companies in the veterinary sector worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publishing of contents about veterinary medicine guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many different countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Portuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese. Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and graduates in Veterinary Medicine and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design and excellent contents. Servet works with the most renowned national and international authors to include the topics most demanded by veterinary surgeons in its catalogue. In addition to its own works, Servet also prepares books for companies and the main multinational companies in the sector are among its clients.
Servet (División de Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L.) Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza (España) Tel.: +34 976 461 480 • Fax: +34 976 423 000 • www.grupoasis.com