Eelachchudar 01072014

NEW ZEALAND

STUDENTS UPRISING DAY 2014 Marking Students’ uprising day every year, where we remember and commemorate the anniversary of Ponnuthurai Sivakumaran Anna is an event holding a great significance in the Eelam Tamil nation’s struggle for self-determination. His commitment, courage and firm determination to fight for the national liberation struggle uncompromisingly continues to inspire the Tamil youth of today. On this day, as we take a moment to pay respects to P. Sivakumaran Anna, we the Tamil Youth Organisation also take a moment to reaffirm our goals and aims as a representative of the Eelam Tamil youth around the world.

The constant attack on students and youth of Tamil Eelam plays an important part in the systematic approach to genocide on the Eelam Tamil nation perpetrated by the Sri Lankan state. The Eelam youth have witnessed both the mental and physical element of the crime of genocide throughout the struggle, since the independence of Sri Lanka in 1948. It is said and known that targeting the youth is in effect targeting the people of tomorrow and thus, it is a direct attack on the future of the nation itself. It shows the intent of the state to destroy the nation of Eelam Tamils.

The system of standardisation of marks introduced in 1971 as a way of controlling the admissions to the universities is a clear example of the intent to completely divert the future generations of the Eelam Tamil nation. The qualifying mark for the admissions for the Sinhalese was lowered whilst keeping it high for the Tamils, whereby discriminating against the Tamil students and intentionally decreasing the percentage of Tamil youth entering university education. These consistent discriminative policies as well as the persistent state-sponsored violence on the nation, forced the youth to take the path of an armed struggle to overcome the oppression faced.

The continued targeting of the youth intensified during the wartime period. The shelling of schools, abductions, rape, killing and torture of the youth became a daily process for the Eelam Tamils facing genocide. The Sencholai massacre, an intended bombing of an orphanage in Vanni and the Trincomalee massacre, where five high school students were shot dead, are both examples of the extreme attacks that were faced during this period.

The acts of genocide of the Sri Lankan state faced by the nation, since 1948, are not a lost soul after the supposed ‘end’ of the war. The face of genocide has taken a different formation in this post-2009 era, however the motive and the intent to completely destruct the nation of Eelam Tamils on the island still stands firm. Rape, torture, abduction, land grabs as well as attacks on the students (apparent through the recent attacks on Jaffna and Eastern University students) are an unceasing process even today; the process of genocide is hidden in the façade of ‘reconciliation’ and ‘united-Sri Lanka’ - an agenda that is also promoted by the international community.

Tamil Youth Organisation (New Zealand) Incorporated facebook.com/tyo.newzealand tyonz.events@gmail.com

NEW ZEALAND

Student movements have continued to play a significant role in the national liberation struggle of the Eelam Tamil nation. In fact, it can be evidently said that the national struggle for the right to self-determination of the homeland has fomented the youth movement to rise considerably. The history of our national struggle has taught us enough about the importance of the involvement of the youth. Thus, on this day, as we pay our respects to an important figure in the youth involvement, it is important that we reaffirm our political stand as the youth of today.

We, the Tamil Youth Organisations, being the representatives of the Tamil youth in the diaspora: 1. Demand the facilitation of a UN monitored referendum among the Eelam Tamils, recognising the sovereign nationhood, right to self-determination and the territorial integrity of the historical homeland of the Eelam Tamils in the north and east of Sri Lanka.

2. Demand an independent, international investigation on war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes of genocide perpetrated by the Sri Lankan state on the Eelam Tamil nation, since 1948.

3. Reiterate that we will stand firm on our political aspirations as determined in the Vaddukoddai Resolution of 1976 and the Thimphu Declaration of 1985, in our fight against the genocide.

4. Reaffirm that we will continue to voice against the genocide faced by our nation in the homeland, until we are completely free from oppression and an independent, sovereign state of Tamil Eelam is recognised and achieved, whilst uncompromising on the fundamental principles of nation, homeland and right to selfdetermination.

Signed:

Tamil Youth Organisation Australia Tamil Youth Organisation Canada Tamil Youth Organisation Denmark (Thisaigal) Tamil Youth Organisation France Tamil Youth Organisation Germany Tamil Youth Organisation Italy (Giovani Tamil) Tamil Youth Organisation New Zealand Tamil Youth Organisation Norway Tamil Youth Organisation Sweden Tamil Youth Organisation Switzerland Tamil Youth Organisation United Kingdom

Tamil Youth Organisation (New Zealand) Incorporated facebook.com/tyo.newzealand tyonz.events@gmail.com

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Fkupj;jkpod; Kjy; <oj;jkpod; tiu

02

E}y; E}w;gjpy; <Lgl;bUe;j FNtdp> ,af;fh; Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU ngz;. tp[ad; <oj;jpy; Ml;rp mikg;gjw;F FNtdp cjt Kd;te;jhs;. tp[aDf;Fk; FNtdpf;FkpilNa eilngw;w Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; gpd; tp[aid kze;J nfhs;sTk; jdJ ehl;il tp[aDf;F toq;fTk; FNtdp cld;gl;lhs;. jpUkz tpoh xd;wpy; $bapUe;j gpuGf;fs;> Nfhj;jpuj; jiytu;fis vjpu;j;J epd;w FNtdp> mtu;fisf; nfhd;W tp[aDf;F <oj;jpd; Ml;rpia toq;f eltbf;if vLj;jhs;. ,uT Neuj;jpy; tpohtpy; midtUk; Mbg;ghb kfpo;r;rpapy; %o;fpapUe;j Ntisapy; mq;F jpBnudg; gha;e;j tp[aDk; mtdJ Njhou;fSk; Nfhj;jpuj; jiytu;fisf; nfhiy nra;jdu;. ,t;thW ,af;fiuf; nfhd;nwhopj;j tp[adpd; FO mtu;fsJ MAjq;fisAk; mur cilfisAk; ifg;gw;wpaJld; mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. tp[ad; mur mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf FNtdpia kze;J nfhs;tjhf thf;FWjpaspj;jNghJk; mtuJ gl;lhgpNrfj;Jf;fhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,sturp xUtu; tutiof;fg;gl;lhu;. mjd;gb FNtdpAk; [Pt`j;j> jpngy;yh Mfpa gps;isfSk; tpul;babf;fg;gl;L> njd; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tutiof;fgl;l ,sturpia tp[ad; kze;J nfhz;lhd;.

FNtdp Vkhw;wg;gl;lhs;. njhlUk;……….

The events of July 1983 are poignant for the entire Tamil population around the world. Between July 24 and 29, Tamils were systematically targeted with violence in Colombo and many other parts of Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankan Governments officials categorized the violence as uncontrollable race riots instigated by the killing of 13 Sinhala soldiers on the night of July 23. However, history and the course of events during Black July illustrate the Sri Lankan Government’s undeniable involvement in the genocidal acts against Tamils.

(Day 1): At 1 o’clock in the morning of July 24, the army rounded up hundreds of Tamils in Trincomalee, Mannar, and Vavuniya in the July 24 (D Northeast who had fled the anti-Tamil riots of 1977 and 1981. These Tamils were forcibly taken and left without possessions in the central hills.

Before the riots broke out in Colombo, the army in Jaffna went on rampage killing 51 innocent Tamil civilians. In Trincomalee, similar violence broke out as members of the Navy randomly shot at civilians and burnt down Tamil property.

In the evening in Colombo, the state funeral was being organized for the soldiers. Thousands of people arrived at the cemetery but the bodies failed to appear. After waiting several hours, much of the crowd objecting the burial in Kanatte and demanded the bodies to be returned to the next of kin. As the large crowd began to leave the grave, a new group of people (identified as government gangs) entered the Borella junction and raised anti–Tamil cries. As the anti-government cry subsided and anti-Tamil cries became dominant, arson and murdering of Tamils broke out.

(Day 2): After the midnight lull, mobs were led by people with voter registration lists in hand torched Tamil homes, looted and July 25 (D destroyed Tamil businesses. All traffic was searched, and any Tamils found were killed, maimed, or burned alive. Cyril Matthew, Minister of Industries, was witnessed directly pinpointing shops to be burned down.

Ma policemen were deployed throughout the city; however, they tacitly stood and watched on. Witnesses recall lorry loads of armed Many troops leisurely waving to looters who waved greetings back. Curfew was only declared by the President late in afternoon after the worst was over. However, the violence continued unabated. Tens of thousands of Tamils who were homeless, sought refugee in schools and places of worship.

In Welikade prison, 35 Tamil political prisoners who were awaiting trail under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, were massacred by Sinhalese prisoners with the complicity of jail guards using spikes, clubs and iron rods. sp The violence spread rapidly throughout the country, engulfing towns like Gampaha, Kalutara, Kandy, Matale, Nuwara Eliya and Trincomalee.

One town was completely wiped out - the Indian Tamil town of Kandapola, near Nuwara Eliya.

July 26 (Day (D 3): Government imposed a strict censorship of media reporting on the anti-Tamil violence. Word spread of Sri Lanka’s state of disorder as eye witness accounts and photographs taken by returning tourists illustrated the scale of violence. They described how Tamil motorists were dragged out of their vehicles and hacked to pieces while others were drenched with petrol and set alight in full view of the security forces. The International Airport in Colombo was closed.

July 27 (D (Day 4): 17 more prisoners at Welikade Prison were hacked to death just two days after the prison massacre. The surviving 36 prisoners are transferred to other prisons. Rioting continued and the curfew is extended. Witnesses of the violence reported that charred corpses of Tamil victims lined the streets of Colombo, some mutilated with X’s.

(D 5): President J.R. Jayewardene addressed the nation for the first time since the anti-Tamil pogroms, only to fan the flames of July 28 (Day anti-Tamil sentiments by stating that anyone who advocated for separatism would lose all their “civic rights”. He states, “….the time has now come to accede to the clamour and natural request of the Sinhala people to prevent the country from being divided.” Vigilantes set up make-shift roadblocks in villages across the island, searched cars and buses for Tamil passengers. In one incident, a Sinhalese mob burnt to death about 20 Tamils on a minibus as European tourists look on in horror.

July 29 (Day (D 6): Tamils in Colombo began evacuating by cargo ship to the Northern city of Jaffna. Hundreds more internally displaced persons waited anxiously for the next cargo ship to transport them to Jaffna.

July 30 (Day 7): Violence began to dissipate. There was an extreme food shortage in Colombo and across the island as a result of the week long violence.

Post-Riots: Tamils fearing persecution, flee their homeland for Western countries. Tamils began to seek refugee in places such as Canada, Europe, Australia and the U.S. Canada introduced a “Special Measures” program for Sri Lanka allowing family members of those affected by the Anti-Tamil pogroms to join relatives already in Canada.

1. Bloodletting

UNUSUAL MEDICAL PRACTICES

For thousands of years, medical practitioners clung to the belief that sickness was merely the result of a little “bad blood.” Bloodletting probably began with the ancient Sumerians and Egyptians, but it didn’t become common practice until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Influential physicians like Hippocrates and Galen maintained that the human body was filled with four basic substances, or “humors”—yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood—and these needed to be kept in balance to maintain proper health. With this in mind, patients with a fever or other ailment were often diagnosed with an overabundance of blood. To restore bodily harmony, their doctor would simply cut open a vein and drain some of their vital fluids into a receptacle. In some cases, leeches were even used to suck the blood directly from the skin.

While it could easily result in accidental death from blood loss, phlebotomy endured as a common medical practice well into the 19th century. Medieval doctors prescribed blood draining as a treatment for everything from a sore throat to the plague, and some barbers listed it as a service along with haircuts and shaves. The practice finally fell out of vogue after new research showed that it might be doing more harm than good, but leeching and controlled bloodletting are still used today as treatments for certain rare illnesses.

2. Trepanation Humanity’s oldest form of surgery is also one of its most gruesome. As far back as 7,000 years ago, civilizations around the world engaged in trepanation—the practice of boring holes in the skull as a means of curing illnesses. Researchers can only speculate on how or why this grisly form of brain surgery first developed. A common theory holds that it may have been some form of tribal ritual or even a method for releasing evil spirits believed to possess the sick and mentally ill. Still others argue that it was a more conventional surgery used to treat epilepsy, headaches, abscesses and blood clots.

Trepanned skulls found in Peru hint that it was also a common emergency treatment for cleaning out bone fragments left behind by skull fractures, and evidence shows that many of the patients survived the surgery.

3. Animal Dung Ointments The ancient Egyptians had a remarkably well-organized medical system, complete with doctors who specialized in healing specific ailments. Nevertheless, the cures they prescribed weren’t always up to snuff. Lizard blood, dead mice, mud and moldy bread were all used as topical ointments and dressings, and women were sometimes dosed with horse saliva as a cure for an impaired libido.

Most disgusting of all, Egyptian physicians used human and animal excrement as a cure-all remedy for diseases and injuries. According to 1500 B.C.’s Ebers Papyrus, donkey, dog, gazelle and fly dung were all celebrated for their healing properties and their ability to ward off bad spirits. While these repugnant remedies may have occasionally led to tetanus and other infections, they probably weren’t entirely ineffective—research shows the microflora found in some types of animal dung contain antibiotic substances.

4. Cannibal Cures Suffering from persistent headaches, muscle cramps or stomach ulcers? Once upon a time, your local physician may have prescribed an elixir containing human flesh, blood or bone. So-called “corpse medicine” was a disturbingly common practice for hundreds of years. The Romans believed that the blood of fallen gladiators could cure epilepsy, and 12th century apothecaries were known for keeping a stock of “mummy powder”—a macabre extract made from ground up mummies looted from Egypt.

Meanwhile, in 17th century England, King Charles II was known for enjoying a draught of “King’s Drops,” a restorative brew made from crumbled human skull and alcohol.

These cannibalistic medicines were thought to have magical properties. By consuming the remains of a deceased person, the patient also ingested part of their spirit, leading to increased vitality and wellbeing. The type of cure prescribed usually corresponded to the type of ailment—skull was used for migraines, and human fat for muscle aches—but getting fresh stock could be a gruesome process.

In some cases, the sickly would even attend executions in the hope of getting a cheap cup of the freshly killed person’s blood.

6. Babylonian Skull Cure For the ancient Babylonians, most illnesses were thought to be the result of demonic forces or punishment by the gods for past misdeeds. Doctors often had more in common with priests and exorcists than modern physicians, and their cures usually involved some component of magic. For example, if a patient ground their teeth, the healer might suspect that the ghost of a deceased family member was trying to contact them as they slept. According to ancient necromantic texts, the doctor would recommend sleeping by a human skull for a week as a way of exorcising the spirit. To ensure this disturbing treatment worked, the tooth-grinder was also instructed to kiss and lick the skull seven times each night.

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Mdhy; ehk; nfhLf;Fk; ,e;j tpiy me;j njhopyhspf;Fr;nrd;W Nrh;fpd;wjh vd;why;> ,y;iy ngd;rpy; jahupf;f %yjdk; Nghl;l fhuzj;jhy; ngUk; ,yhgj;ij me;j KjyhspAk;> ngupa ciog;G ,y;yhky; mij thq;fp tpw;Fk; tpahghupfSNk mjd; gyid mDgtpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J Fwpj;J ve;jg;gpur;ridAk; ,y;yhky; me;jj;njhopyhsp mw;gg;gzk; nfhLj;Jj; jd; ciog;igr;;Ruz;Lk; Kjyhspia flTshf epidj;J tzq;Ffpwhd;. mNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; Fwpj;j ngd;rpiy gyUk; cw;gj;jp nra;J tpahghuj;jpy; Nghl;b Vw;gLfpw NghJ mijr;rupf;fl;l ngd;rpYila tpiyiaf; Fiwf;fpwhd; Kjyhsp. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; e\;lj;ij <Lfl;l njhopyhspapd; Njhspy; mjpfg;gbahd ciog;ig Rkj;jp mth;fis KOtJkhf eRf;f Muk;gpf;fpwhd;.” ,e;j cz;ikiaj;jhd; khh;f;]; jdJ ,e;E}ypy; cyf kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;. khf;]pd; NghjidfSk; jj;Jtq;fSk; khf;]prk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. khf;;]; tWikg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtupd; rpwpa Foe;ij xd;W khh;Gr;rspahy; ,we;JNghdJ. mf;Foe;ijia mlf;fk; nra;a $l ,tupd; ifapy; fhR ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,f;nfhLikia ,tupd; kidtp “ me;j Foe;ij gpwe;j NghJ njhl;by; ,y;iy ,we;j NghJ rtg;ngl;b ,y;iy” vd;fpwhs;. “mk;khTf;F vd;kPJ nuhk;g tUj;jk; gzj;ijg;gw;wp vdf;F vOjj;njupe;jNj jtpu rk;ghjpf;fj;njupatpy;iyNa vd;W mth; Fiwgl;Lf;nfhs;tJ tof;fk;” vd;W khh;f;]; $Wfpd;whh;. %r;Rf;Foha; mow;rp> EiuaPuy; mow;rp Mfpa Neha;fshy; mtjpg;gl;l khh;f;]; 1883 khh;r; 14 ,y; capupoe;jhh;. khf;]pd; ,Wjp mQ;rypapy; Ngrpa Vq;fy;];> “khh;r; 14 Mk; Njjp khiy %d;W kzpahtjw;F 15 epkplq;fs; vQ;rpapUe;j NghJ tho;e;J nfhz;bUe;j kpfg;ngupa rpe;jidahsh; rpe;jpg;gij epWj;jptpl;lhh;. ,th; ,uz;L epkplq;fs; kl;LNk jdpikapy; tplg;gl;bUe;jhh;. jpUk;gpte;J ghh;j;j NghJ mth; jdJ ehw;fhypapy; kPshj;Japypy; Mo;e;Jtpl;lij fz;Nlhk;” vd;whh;. ,tupd; kiwtpd; gpd;dh; khf;]pd; %yjdk; 2k;> 3k; ghfq;fis Vq;fpy;]; ntspapl;lhh;. khf;]pd; jj;Jtq;fSk; NghjidfSk; cyfk; cs;stiu epd;W epiyf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

nrQ;Nrhiy Muhj uzk;

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BLACK JULY 1983 fWg;G [_iy vDk; Mbf;fytuk; ele;J 31 tUlq;fshfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,d;Wk; $l fWg;G [_iy vtuhYk; kwf;fKbahjgb neQ;rpy; ngUk; fhakhf Mwhky; ,Uf;fpwJ. <okf;fspd; tuyhw;iwNa jpUg;gpNghl;l jpdNk ,e;j fWg;G [_iy MFk;. ,T; ,dntwp td;KiwfSk; gLnfhiyfSk; Mwhj tLf;fsha; neQ;rpNy cUthf;fpaJ. 1983 [_iy 23k; jpfjp jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs; jpUney;Ntypg; gFjpapy; ,yq;if ,uhZtj;ij ,yf;F itj;Jj; jhf;Fjy; xd;iw elj;jpapUe;jhu;fs;. ,j; jhf;Fjy; mtu;fSf;F kpfg;ngUk; ,og;ig Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. gyhypapypUe;J tpLjiyg;Gypfis jhf;Fk; jpl;lj;Jld; te;j ,uhZtj;jpdiu ,yf;F itj;J tpLjiyg;Gypfs; jhf;Fjypid elj;jpdu;. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; 13 ,uhZtj;jpdu; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs;. tpLjiyg;Gypfs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,e;jj;jhf;Fjiy mLj;J nfhy;yg;gl;l ,uhZtj;jpdupd; rlyq;fs; nfhOk;gpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;ld. jkpou;fs; rpq;fstu;fis nfhd;Wtpl;lhu;fs; vd;W nfhjpj;njOe;j rpq;fs fhilau;fs; nfhOk;gpy; jkpou;fs; tho;e;j ,lnkq;Fk; Njbj;Njb mopf;fj;njhlq;fpdh;. nfhOk;G efuNk <oj;jkpou;fspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; eide;jJ. nfhOk;gpy; tho;e;j jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpu;ghujtifapy; ,e;j td;Kiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. NkYk; jkpou;fspd; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fSk; tPLfSk; ,yf;Fitj;J jhf;fg;gl;ld. jkpou;fs; njUj;njUthfg; gpbj;J ntl;bAk; mbj;Jk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs;. jkpou;fspd; tPLfisj; Njbr; nrd;W fhilau;fs; gLnfhiyfis epfo;j;jpdu;. tu;j;jf epiyaq;fis mbj;J nehUf;fpdu;. td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjypy; jkpou;fsp;d; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; #iwahbdhu;fs;. rpq;fs fhilau;fSld; Gj;j gpf;FfSk; nghy;Yj;jbfSlDk; thl;s;fSlDk; jkpou;fis Njbj;Njb ntl;bf; nfhy;y miye;jhu;fs;. ,e;j td;Kiw ehl;fspy;> jpUney;Ntypg; gFjpapy; 50w;F Nkw;gl;l mg;ghtpj;; jkpou;fs; gLnfhiynra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,J NghyNt ntypfilr;rpiwapYk; 53 jkpo; murpay; ifjpfs; rf rpq;fs ifjpfshy; Jd;GWj;jp gLnfhiynra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,e;jg;gLnfhiyapd; NghNj Fl;bkzp> jq;fj;Jiu> n[fd; Kjypa NghuhspfSk; gLnfhiynra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,e;j ,dg;gLnfhiy ahTk; jpl;lkpl;Nl Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. rpq;fs Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F vjpuhf <og;Nghuhl;lk; kyu;e;jpUe;j me;j ehl;fspy; Nghuhl;lj;ij Klf;fNt ,e;j ,dg;gLnfhiy mg;Nghija murhy; kpfj;jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,j;jid Mz;Lfs; fle;njd;d vd;Wk; <oj;jkpou;fspd; neQ;rpy;; fhahj ,uj;jkhf fWg;G [_iyAk; typj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. fWg;G [_iyf;F Kd;Gk; mjw;F gpd;G Ks;sptha;f;fhy; tiuAk; mjw;F gpd;dUk; ,d;iwa [Piy tiuahd vy;yh jkpopdg;gLnfhiyfSk; Nghu;f;Fw;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpia Ntz;bNa epw;fpwJ.

The migrations of Indo-European peoples into Italy probably began about 2000 B.C. and continued until 1000 B.C. From about the 9th century B.C. until it was overthrown by the Romans in the 3rd century B.C. , the Etruscan civilization was dominant. By 264 B.C. , all Italy south of Cisalpine Gaul was under the leadership of Rome. For the next seven centuries, until the barbarian invasions destroyed the western Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. , the history of Italy is largely the history of Rome. From 800 on, the Holy Roman Emperors, Roman Catholic popes, Normans, and Saracens all vied for control over various segments of the Italian peninsula. Numerous city-states, such as Venice and Genoa, whose political and commercial rivalries were intense, and many small principalities ďŹ&#x201A;ourished in the late Middle Ages. Although Italy remained politically fragmented for centuries, it became the cultural center of the Western world from the 13th to the 16th century.

The Carnival of Venice is an annual festival, held in Venice, Italy. The Carnival ends with the Christian celebration of Lent, forty days before Easter on Shrove Tuesday (Fat Tuesday or Mardi Gras), the day before Ash Wednesday. The festival is famed for its elaborate masks.

Traditionally people were allowed to wear them between the festival of Santo Capital: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROME Stefano (St. Stephen's Day, December 26) and the start of the carnival season Language: . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITALIAN at midnight of Shrove Tuesday. As masks were also allowed on Ascension and Area: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,338 km2 from October 5 to Christmas, people could spend a large portion of the year in Population: . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,943,933 (2013) disguise. Mask makers enjoyed a special position in society, with their own Currency: . . . . . . . . . . . . . EURO laws and their own guild.

Calling Code: . . . . . . . . . . . 0039 Venetian masks can be made of leather, porcelain or with the original glass technique. The original masks were rather simple in design, decoration, and often had a symbolic and practical function. Nowadays, most of them are made with the application of gesso and gold leaf and are all hand-painted using natural feathers and gems to decorate.

There is little evidence explaining the motive for the earliest mask wearing in Venice. One scholar argues that covering the face in public was a uniquely Venetian response to one of the most rigid class hierarchies in European history.

The Colosseum is probably the most impressive building of the Roman Empire. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater, it was the largest building of the era.

The monumental structure has fallen into ruin, but even today it is an imposing and beautiful sight.

Emperor Vespasian, founder of the Flavian Dynasty, started construction of the Colosseum in 72 AD. It was completed in 80 AD, the year after Vespasian's death.

The elliptical building is immense, measuring 188m by 156m and reaching a height of more than 48 meters (159 ft). The magnificent structure was clad in marble and 160 larger-than-life statues graced the arches on the upper floors.

The Colosseum could accommodate some 55,000 spectators who entered the building through no less than 80 entrances for the “Amphitheater Games” in the height of its use in Roman times. .

These games ranged from animal fights to executions of prisoners, mock sea battles to war re-enactments. Now one of the major Roman tourist attractions, visitors can experience the network of subterranean passageways that were used for animals and gladiators alike. Above the ground are four stories, the upper story contained seating for lower classes and women. The lowest story was preserved for prominent citizens.

2 cups plain flour 2 teaspoons sugar 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon dried yeast 1 tablespoon olive oil 1 cup (250ml) warm water, to mix Place flour, sugar, salt, yeast and oil in bowl; mix well. Add warm water and mix to a soft dough. Turn on to a floured board or bench and knead for 5-10 minutes until dough is smooth and elastic (it should spring back when dented with a finger). Add more flour when kneading if necessary. Place in a lightly oiled bowl, cover with plastic wrap and leave to rise in a warm place until double in size.

Punch down, return dough to floured board and knead again for about 5 minutes.

Roll dough into a large circle or rectangle; transfer to an oiled pizza tin or baking tray.

Poke the base with a fork Spread tomato paste Sprinkle SMALL amount of cheese (mozzarella or pizza cheese) Add toppings to suit you, e.g. mushrooms, bacon, chicken (cooked), ham, capsicum, olive, basil, spinach leave, onion etc.

Sprinkle more cheese over the top

Even if it's considered by migratory flows as transitory place and as an access door to other European destinations, Italy has an Eelam Tamil community of 10,000 souls. More than half live in the city of Palermo, representing the first extra-communitarian nation in the sicilian city.The community is well organized and the Youth are engaged a ctively in the struggle through the Tamil Youth Organization (Giovani Tamil). Holding cultural events and creating an awareness of the Eelam Tamil nation's struggle are a part of the things they do. Recently they released an academic book regarding the Eelam Tamil diaspora and the ongoing genocide, in collaboration with professors of Palermo and Milan university.

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ngz;fs; nkl;b mzptJ Vd;? ngUk;ghyhd jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; fhy;fspy; nkl;b mzpthh;fs;. nkl;b mzptJ jpUkzk; Mdjw;F mi milahsk; kl;Lky;y. mJ mwptpaYk; $l. ngz;fs; ,U fhy;fspYk; nkl;b mzptjhy;> mtu;fspd; khjtplha; Row;rp rPuhd Kiwapy; nraw;gLk;. mJkl;Lky;yhky;> ngUtpuypy; ,Ue;J ,uz;lhtJ tpuypy; XLk; euk;ghdJ ngz;fspd; fUg;igAld; ,ize;J ,jak; topahf nry;fpwJ. MfNt ngz;fs; nkl;bia ngUtpuypy; ,Ue;J ,uz;lhtJ tpuypy; mzptjd; %yk; fu;g;gg;ig MNuhf;fpakhfTk;> fh;g;gg;igapy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; rPuhfTk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp nts;spapy; nra;j nkl;biaj;jhd; mzpaNtz;Lk;. nts;sp xU ey;y flj;jp (Good conductor) vd;gjhy;> g+kpapd; JUtj;jpy; ,Ue;J epiwa Mw;wiy cs;thq;fp cly; KOtJk; Gj;Jzh;r;rpia gutr;nra;fpwJ. nts;spapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba xUtpj fhe;j rf;jp fhypy; ,Uf;Fk; euk;Gfspy; CLUtp Neha;fis epthuzk; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sJ. mj;Jld; ngz;fspd; fh;g;g fhyj;jpd; NghJ Vw;gLk; kaf;fk;> grpapd;ik> the;jp> Nrhh;T vd;gtw;wpw;F ,e;j euk;gpid mOj;jp Nja;j;jhy; Nkw;$wpa NehTfs; FiwAk;. ,jid vg;NghJk; nra;Jnfhz;bUf;fKbahJ MfNt nts;spapyhd nkl;b mzptjd; %yk; elf;Fk; NghJ ,aw;ifahfNt mOj;jp> cuha;j;J Nehitf;Fiwf;fpwJ. ngz;fs; fu;g;gfhyj;jpy; gLk; mt];ijia Fiwg;gjw;fhNt nkl;b mzpAk; gof;fj;ij ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; cUthf;fpapUe;jhh;fs; vd;w cz;ik cq;fSf;F Gupe;jpUf;Fk;.

Rw;Wyhj;jyk; cyfpd; kpf mofpa ehlhd epArpyhe;J ehl;bw;F NkYk; moF Nru;g;gpf;Fk; tpjkhf mike;Js;s efuk;jhd; Rotorua. Bay Of Plenty vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w kiy cs;s ,e;j efuk; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w Rw;Wyhj;jykhFk;. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;gy cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy cq;fSf;fhf epArpyhe;J ehl;bd; goq;Fb kf;fshfpa nksup ,d kf;fspd; fiy kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lj; jiyefuk; vd;W Rotorua efuk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Rotorua vd;gjw;fhd Roto mu;j;jk; vd;why; Vupfs; > Rua vd;why; ,uz;L> MfNt ,uz;L Vupfs; vd;W mu;j;jk;. ,e;jg; ngau; vg;gb te;jJ. nksup ,d kf;fs; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; te;J FbNawpa NghJ ,e;efuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Vupia ghu;j;J ,uz;L Vupfs; vd vz;zpdu;. ,jdhy; ,uz;L Vupfs; vd;w ngau; nfhz;Nl miof;fg;gLfpwJ. cz;ikapy; ,J xU Vup jhd;> Mdhy; kpfg;ngupa Vup. mLj;J ,k;kf;fspd; tuyhW nksup ,d kf;fSld; gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sJ. 1883 k; Mz;Lf;F Kd;dNu ,k;nksup ,d kf;fs; ,e;j Vupf;fiuapy; tho;e;J te;jdu; vdf;$wg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; INuhg;gpa kf;fspd; tUif mjpfupj;J te;jJ. Rotorua efuj;jpd; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w epfo;T vd;dntd;why; geo thermal vdg;gLfpd;w nte;ePu; Cw;Wf;fs; > bubbling mudpools Nghd;wit MFk;. ,J vg;gb ,e;j ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; epfo;fpwJ? 1886 k; mount tarawera vd;w vupkiy ntbj;J rpjwpajhy; epyg;gug;gpy; Vw;gl;l Gtpapay; khw;wj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,g;gFjpapy; NtW vq;Fk; ,y;yhj tifapy; geysers cUthfp nte;ePu; Cw;Wf;fshf tUfpwJ. ,J ghu;g;gjw;F kpfTk; tpaf;fj;jf tifapy; cs;sJ. 1. Rotorua Lake 2. Tepuia Maori village – mud pools, geysers 3. Rotorua museum 4. Polynesian spa 5. Skyline gondola The 6. Aurodome – sheep show 7. Wai – o – tapu geothermal wonder land 8. Kuirau Park ( Hot bubbling mud pools ) 9. Buried village – kz;zpy; GijAz;l fpuhkk; 10. Government garden

,e;j efuj;jpd; Eiothapypy; ,Ue;Nj sulphur kzk; ek; ehrpia te;jilAk;. kUj;Jt uPjpahf ,jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fpd;w kzk; cly; rUkj;jpw;F ey;yJ vd $wg;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; ,e;efuj;jpw;F xU ehs; { ,uz;L ehs; { %d;W ehs; vd;w tifapy; gazk; tFj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. vj;jid ehl;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; mj;jid ehl;fSk; tpUe;jhf mikAk; tifapy; …rototua efuk; cq;fis kfpo;tpf;Fk;. cyfpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; tUtjhy; midj;J tifahd czTr tiffSk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;. 24 kzp NeuKk; kUj;Jt trjp fpilf;Fk; tifapy; kUj;Jt kid cz;L. NkYk; NgUe;J epiyak; . tpkhd trjp vd;w midj;J trjpfSk; cz;L. fz;Zf;F tpUe;jhfTk; kdJf;F epiwthfTk; cq;fSf;F midj;J tifapYk; kd epiwit jUfpd;w Rw;Wyhj; jskhf tpsq;ff;$ba Rotorua tpw;F Vd; ePq;fs; xUKiw nrd;Wtuf;$lhJ. Rotorua fz;bg;ghf cq;fis Vkhw;whJ.

Happy Way to See New Zealand

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SPOT 15 DIFFERENCES

MATHS CHALLENGE Try to fill in the missing numbers.

Use the numbers 1 through 9 to complete the equations.

Each number is only used once.

Each row is a math equation. Work from left to right.

Each column is a math equation. Work from top to bottom.

Send us a photo of your answer to eelachchudar@gmail.com and go in a draw to win.

x x

/ -

+ +

+ x

+

51 X

X -9

12 5

WUZZLES are very common in schools and they encourage you to think outside the box. Creativity is something that cannot be easily taught. These brain teasers are the most common tools NZ primary school teachers use to bring out the creativity in kids. Each box of images will words actually represent are common phrase. E.g. The one on the left has ‘DEAD BODY’ written on top of (over) the word ‘MY’, it portrays the common phrase “Over my dead body”.

1. Bunk Beds 2. Tricycle 3. Stay overnight 4. One on One 5. I overslept 6. A close race

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HOW TO MAKE AN ORAGAMI TURTLE

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tpLfij mikjpahd igad;;> mbf;fhky; mOthd;. - mtd; ahu;? gjpy; F

tpLfij gpwf;Fk; NghJ RUz;bUg;ghs;> gpwe;j gpd;du; tpupe;jpUg;ghs;- mts; ahu;? gjpy; io

tpLfij jhapd; thapy; gpwf;Fk;> juzp vq;Fk; rpwf;Fk;. mJ vd;d? gjpy; yh

tpLfij ,uty; fpilf;fhJ> ,utpy; fpilf;Fk; mJ vd;d? gjpy; J}

tpLfij neUg;gpNy Rl;l kdpjDf;F ePzl; ehs; tho;T. – mJ ahu;? gjpy; nr

tpLfij ,U nfhk;Gfs; cz;L khL my;y> Ntfkha; XLk; khd; my;y> fhy;fs; cz;L kdpjdy;y. - mJ vd;d? gjpy; ir

ANCIENT TAMIL BELL FOUND IN NEW ZEALAND Tamil history is enriched with deep secrets and great attention should be given to it. The pride and honour of Tamil history is often tangled and covered in dark mist, because of the pressure put against it by certain centric attitudes, with the aim of hiding its wonders. Tamil history has extended roots from India and Sri Lanka, and you would be surprised to know, that the roots stretch all the way to the land we occupy here in New Zealand. I am not sure if Tamil history ever rings a bell to you, but New Zealand literally treasures a Tamil bell, which could potentially overturn New Zealand, and even world history if its mysteries can be answered with precise evidence.

In 1837, William Colenso, Colens a British missionary paid visit to a Maori Village, close to Whangarei. To his shock, he found that the Maori people were using an old upturned ship bell as a cooking utensil.

With curiosity he had asked, where the bell had come from, and the Maoris there, had stated that the bell had been discovered hidden in the roots of an old tree, which was uprooted from a storm.

Colenso had traded the bell for a cooking pot and kept the bell. The bell was later donated to the Dominion museum in 1890 and now belongs to New Zealand National Museum Te papa. The inscriptions on this bell is Tamil. The Tamil bell is approximately 166mm high and 153 mm in diameter.

The inscription was analysed and studied in detail, the closest translation given to the diam inscription was, the "bell of the Ship of Mohaideen Bakhsh". The big question that is yet to be answered is, how this bell came to New Zealand. There are several theories proposed towards this question. One suggest that the bell was overcome in a storm and its crew washed overboard, abandoning the ship for another. Another suggest that the bell was taken by Spanish traders, who carried it on board and later shipwrecked in the pacific. But none of these theories can be stated with such certainty. But the discovery of this Tamil bell is significantly important, as it may re write history, if evidence can be gathered. For a drastically long time it is believed and taught that Dutch hi explorer Abel Tasman and British Captain James cook were the first Europeans to reach New Zealand. Through Captain Cook's Tahitian interpreter, Maoris too solidly believed that no white men had been seen in the country before the endeavour. But if all this is true, then how can one explain the existence of the ancient Tamil bell? Tamils have long been seafarers and traders. It is believed that in the 14th century that they had reached Northern Australia, so couldn't there have been a possibility of them reaching New Zealand too? There is definitely a missing fragment behind New Zealand history, and even global history. Whether this fragment of history had been accidentally missing or purposely ignored is yet another question which reflects Tamil dignity as a whole. This bell is certainly ringing a bell in the ears of all historians!

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT Someone may collapse suddenly after an illness or injury and they may need CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation).

Would you know what to do in an emergency like this? method of providing circulation for CPR is a manual m someone that has suffered a cardiac arrest, it is required when an individual is unresponsive and has irregular breathing, th is used to assess DR’S ABC is a pneumonic that someone that has collapsed and what emergency treatment is required. It is a valuable skill as it can save someone’s life.

‘D’ : Danger Before approaching the collapsed person, ensure your safety by assessing the location of the scene for anything hazardous (eg. Petrol from a car accident).

‘R’ : Response Determine whether the person is responsive. Eg. Tap them on the shoulder/yell out to them.

‘S’ : Send for Help If they th are unable to be aroused- if no one else is around to do so, call 111 for an ambulance.

‘A’ : Airways Open the airways of the person by tilting their head back and lifting their chin.

‘B’ : Breathing Listen to see whether the person is breathing Li normally. Is there rise and fall of the chest?

‘C’ : CPR If not breathing, begin CPR at the rate of 30 chest compressions for every two breaths through the persons mouth. If breaths are not possible, continue with chest compressions until the ambulance arrives.

Ingredient

“

So far in Auckland, numerous shows were done, using dance and songs chiefly. However the Student Uprising Day, brought forth new ideas and performances that was organised perfectly and was a real treasure to watch. The first half of the show was a dress up and speech competition. Each kid was required to dress up as a popular person and give a short speech to the audience about them. The kids, were given their very own entrance music, and were adorable to watch on stage. They should be praised for the seriousness and commitment they gave towards pretending to be another character. All the kids received a prizes as a token of encouragement. The judges and the anchors bought flavour and reality to the show. The second half consists of the game show and the debate. The game show received great ackn acknowledgement as it was an interesting and new approach.

The game show was based on the Eelachchuddar magazine, and was a combination of education and fun for the participants and the audience. The use of lifeline also engaged the audience deeply. The last portion of the show was a debate between two fierce teams, who argued competitively with great points. The canteen services were fantastic and even small details such as the selection of songs before the commencement of the show, and the stunning backdrop were effectively taken care of. I look forward to this show next year with even more participants and audience.

”

Growing Up Dark-Skinned in a Color-Conscious South Asia On the outside, South Asia consists of homogeneously brown people, but on the inside, people fall within a broad colour range – from dark brown to almost white.

Unfortunately, this diversity in skin colour has created a hierarchy of beauty – a hierarchy that tells you that the light-skinned people are the epitome of beauty, while the dark-skinned people fall at the bottom.

I was unaware of this until I was in the sixth grade when I found out that my dark skin could put me in a tough spot and stunt my self-esteem.

I hated going out in the sun. I hated going out at all.

At 15 years of age, a stranger calling me “not pretty” aloud was as new and shocking to me as being sexually harassed on the street for the first time.

I hated wearing white and black. I hated taking pictures in a room that h wasn’t well-lit because I knew that while the faces of all my fair-skinned friends would show up in the picture, mine wouldn’t. And the idea of being embarrassed in front of your friends was life-threatening.

I was not just a dark-skinned child in the classroom, but an “other” since I belonged to the southern state of Tamil Nadu and not to the northern cities that I had lived in through the years.

To my North Indian classmates and acquaintances, a “stereotypical” Tamilian was something like this: a dark-skinned, Tamil-speaking person who eats only idlis and dosas, and who speaks English and Hindi with a heavy Tamil accent.

My skin colour, the stereotyped Tamil culture, and people making fun of Tamil accents, pulled me away from anything Tamil. So much so that I could understand what my parents said to me in Tamil, but I couldn’t reply to them in the same language. know how to speak Tamil, and I didn’t want to. I didn’t want to I didn’t kn celebrate any Tamil festival, or watch Tamil movies, or listen to Tamil songs. To feel good about myself, sometimes I looked down upon my parents when they expressed their Tamil identity.

During most of my teenage years, I put on a mask, trying to hide where I came from.

I told people I didn’t know anything about the culture I belonged to so that they could think I was just like them. At every chance I could, I tried withdrawing my affiliation with my culture.

Because I was brought up in places where I experienced the culture of my friends more than that of my parents, I felt the culture I saw around me was somehow cooler and better than the one I belonged to.

I now n know that it wasn’t cooler or any better, but just different. I didn’t know it then.

Back then, I just wanted to be light-skinned so that I could be beautiful because the message was that anything that was not fair was plain ugly.

Yet at the same time, I wanted to be just as I was because I liked who I was, and also because I felt that the people making fun of dark-skinned people were doing something insensitive and hurtful, that they were wrong. And I didn’t want to change for the wrong people.

Back then, TV advertisements for fairness creams were about the ad dark-skinned girl failing to get the guy, get the job, and get the life of her dreams. The idea was to make you buy into that threatening future of never amounting to anything with the colour that coats you, and then make you buy the magic cream that could give your life the right amount of pinkish/whitish glow it needs.

If anything has changed in the fairness cream industry since then, it is that today the advertisements are less about making you feel bad about what colour you’re born in and more about fair-skinned girls aiming for empowerment and gender equality at the same time being a visual delight to onlookers.

As a teenager, I used to think, “When I get married, and when I watch TV with my husband, how humiliating would it be when there pops up an advertisement for fairness creams during a commercial break?” I dreaded that thought, that possibility of being humiliated in front of my husband by an advertisement.

If there was one good thing that TV brought into my drawing room during my growing up years, it was the Oprah Winfrey Show.

I watched the show every afternoon after I came back from school, and apart from the obvious things that one would learn by watching the show, I learned that if I had the right amount of confidence and personality, I could pull off a neon-colored top just like Oprah Winfrey.

If I had the right rig amount of self-esteem and power within me, then I no longer needed to avoid buying clothes in colors such as white, yellow, orange and black – the colors that people said would look too bright on me or too dull or too ugly. I realized that it was possible for me to wear whatever colors I liked.

I began working on my self-esteem. I cleared the space within me be where once I had locked up pain. I kept writing about my dreams in my journal. I shut out the voices of the world and listened to Oprah and to myself, and finally I heard what I always knew – I am beautiful.

I taught myself confidence. I learned that not being ashamed is the first step towards complete confidence about one’s self, one’s bones and flesh.

So I became open about my feelings instead of keeping them inside. I told my friends when something hurt. I embraced having a voice.

Stay UNfair and Stay Beautiful

In the last two years at school, I started doing things that I never did before, for fear of not being good-looking enough to be doing things. I started participating in school activities. I recited the school prayer and the pledge and read the news on the stage during the morning assembly. I started letting people see me. understood that where I come from is nothing to be ashamed of. It is I unde part of who I am in the physical form. And to deny that part is to deny who I am, to deny my very existence. understood that being ashamed of how you look or where you belong I unde to is being ashamed of your genes, being ashamed of your parents and their childhoods, their struggles and their existence. It took years of practicing self-esteem before my attitude towards my identity changed completely.

Today at 24 years of age, I am not ashamed. I don’t fear being seen.

Today I can reject a saleswoman’s attempts to sell me a new fairness product that promises to remove the “dark spots” (that’s what they call my skin colour sometimes), or answer people where I come from without being ashamed.

I still struggle with confidence sometimes, but it’s the kind of struggle that has nothing to do with my background, or looks, or skin colour. I don’t feel inferior to fair girls anymore. I am not conscious of my looks while talking to boys. I am no longer bitter towards those who hurt me in the past or those who robbed me of a healthy self-esteem during my teen years.

Today I am at peace with all that.

It’s acceptable to make a dark-skinned person feel bad about his or her skin colour because being light-skinned is what is preferred and damages to self-esteem don’t count.

South Asia has not changed since I have grown up. It is still colour-conscious. Its fairness cream industry is still booming. Strangers still sometimes poke fun or act plain nasty.

But now n I know which comments to react to and which ones to tune out, for nothing can now change the way I see myself and the way I define beauty.

I now know that fair and dark are not two sides of a coin called beauty.

Neither of them are standards of beauty because beauty in its essence has no standards.

The only thing ugly in the world are thoughts and actions that rob us or others of love, peace, and joy. Everything else is beautiful.

Ingredients 1 Tablespoon Butter 1 Tablespoon Granulated White Sugar 1 Tablespoon of firmly packed Dark Brown Sugar 3 Drops of Vanilla Extract Small Pinch of Salt 1 Egg Yolk (discard the egg white or save for different recipe) Scant ¼ of All Purpose Flour (slightly less than ¼ of a cup) 2 heaping tablespoons of Semi Sweet Chocolate Chips Instructions Start by melting your butter in the microwave. Butter should just be melted, not boiling.

Add sugars, vanilla and salt. Stir to combine.

Separate your egg and add the yolk only to your cup.

Stir to combine.

Add flour, then stir again. Measure a scant, slightly less than full, ¼ cup of all-purpose flour.

Add the chocolate chips, and give a final stir. Now your mixture will look like cookie dough.

Cook in microwave 40-60 seconds, start checking for doneness at 40 seconds. Mine takes 50 seconds. Do not cook past one minute, just like a regular cookie, this will continue cooking as it cools. If the cookie is dry or cake like, try less time.

Serve warm.

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