PLASTIC FANTASTIC transparent load-bearing facade
Eelko Kroon Reinhard Prophitius
1303031 1311689
June 29, 2010
CONTENTS
scenario facade prototype element total building conclusions recommendations sponsors
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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SCENARIO - principles
load-bearing: > free plan: no columns needed > linear distributed load: no beams needed > combine two functions: skin & construction > fast building time: damp free construction
transparent: > optimal daylight > clear experience of the free plan
use one material: > transparent plastic: PMMA no glass: > thoroughgoing investigated for years at TU Delft > more fragile PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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SCENARIO - material why transparent plastic? > less applications in building practice > new research area
9
SRP (extrusion & compression molding) 8
7
Young's modulus (GPa)
why PMMA? > high Young’s modulus in relation to other polymers > payable (SRP is not) in relation to glass: > tensile strenght much better > Young’s modulus worse > conductivity better > thermal expansion much worse
6
5
PMMA (heat resistant)
4
3
2
1
0 0.1
mechanical properties
0.15
0.2
0.25
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
0.3
0.35
thermal properties
350
80
300
70
250
60
200 150
50
PMMA
40
glass PMMA
30
100
20
50 0
glass
10 Young's modulus (GPa)
tensile strenght (MPa)
compressive strength (MPa)
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
0
thermal conductivity (W/m•K)
thermal expansion coefficient (μ-strain/°C) 4
SCENARIO - inspiration
aquariums with polymer walls: > outstanding optical clarity > excellent UV properties > high impact resistance: 17 x greater than glass and 4 x greater than concrete > superb weatherability: won’t yellow or show signs of aging > structural: can be engineered to support weight source: > Reynolds Polymer Technology, Inc., USA
Way Beyond Ordinar y PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
™ 5
SCENARIO - element type 1: > massive 320 mm plate > different versions: - glass window (with alluminium borders) - total PMMA window - integrated ventilation grilles
type 2 - sunshading down
type 2: > two 160 mm leafes with cavity > sun shading inside transparent from floor to floor: > if this is possible, much applications are thinkable! type 1 - window
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
type 1 - ventilation grilles
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FACADE - development demands: > U-value below 1.0 > opening window
cantileverd floors (sunshading)
water-filled rectangular tubes in cavity
parabolic colums (to prevent buckling)
(to regulate temperature of inner leaf)
sliding window (minimalistic details)
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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FACADE - building physics temperatures: Physibel TRISCO > ∆T inner leaf ≤ 7 °C → acceptable > splitted outer leaf: - ∆T outer leaf 20 mm ≤ 10 °C → tolerances - ∆T outer leaf 60 mm ≤ 10 °C → tolerances > weakest point: sliding window
acoustics: dirActivity BOA > extreme high sound insulation (high density) > weakest point: sliding window PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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FACADE - thermal expansion
scale 1:5
> coefficient = 5•10-5 to 9•10-5 mm / mm °C > inner leaf may not expand (realized by heating the cavity) > outer leaf can expand vertical and horizontal (see corner detail)
corner solution (horizontal)
sliding connection
floor solution (vertical)
-10 °C
fixed connection +30 °C PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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FACADE - structural mechanics
factor = 20
forces: TNO DIANA > deflection of facade panel on ground floor is too much (7.5 mm) [due to low E] > all stresses below allowed material properties > a 10 storeys high building can only be achieved with light weight floors
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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FACADE - overview
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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FACADE - details
scale 1:20
prototype
vertical section
prototype
front view
prototype
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
horizontal section
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PROTOTYPE - targets & simplifications targets: > show degree of transparancy and refraction > test sliding window > test glueing methods and connections
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
simplifications: > (much) thinner plates > extruded in stead of molded plate quality > smaller grid size (because of standard platesizes) > no water in the tube system
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PROTOTYPE - shop drawings
scale 1:10
axonometric drawing frame
front view
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
vertical section
horizontal section
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PROTOTYPE - platesizes
scale 1:10
preparation for lasercutting
tubes and window frame, thickness = 10 mm
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
window, thickness = 10 mm
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PROTOTYPE - platesizes
cavity leafs, thickness = 5 mm
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
scale 1:10
ventilation grille, thickness = 8 mm
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PROTOTYPE - building proces inner leaf
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PROTOTYPE - building proces rectangular water-tubes
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PROTOTYPE - building proces window frame + window
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PROTOTYPE - building proces outer leaf
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PROTOTYPE - conclusions conclusions: > white spots in glue seams (by use of wrong glue) > dichloromethane is a better glue, but is not useable for extruded plates > in a factory they will use a very expensive two-components glue which will give the best result > sliding window operates well > simplification of window frame (4 glued plates) decreases transparency > too big tolerances in ventilation grille
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ELEMENT - construction sequence inner leaf + rectangular tubes
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ELEMENT - construction sequence parabolic anti-buckling columns
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ELEMENT - construction sequence window frames
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ELEMENT - construction sequence place on floor (use neoprene)
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ELEMENT - construction sequence next floor (use neoprene)
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ELEMENT - construction sequence clamp shoe
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ELEMENT - construction sequence outer leaves + clamp plates
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ELEMENT - construction sequence cantilevered floors
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ELEMENT - construction sequence complete storey
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TOTAL BUILDING - overview
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CONCLUSIONS negative: > sliding window is the weakest point in every technical aspect: - decreases thermal and sound insulation - increases deflection of facade element > window frame decreases degree of transparency and requires complex details > much water needed to regulate temperature in whole facade > 10 storeys is too much: - unacceptable deflection above window (caused by permanent load of the storeys above) > PMMA is very expensive positive: > excellent sound insulation > good load-bearing facade > lower U-value than regular glass (< 1.0) > extraordinary experience for users general: > good transparent load-bearing facade for a few storeys high building (without windows the facade will operate much better)
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RECOMMENDATIONS
30 °C 22 °C
24 °C
25 °C
-10 °C
23 °C
23 °C
> apply thin layer (µm) of glass on outer leaf to prevent against weather conditions > reuse the water of the floor heating system in the facade > apply a sprinkler installation > ventilation grilles can be placed in the cantilevered floors in stead of in the facade (no sound and heat leak) > try to keep the permanent load of the building low (if you want to create a building with more storeys)
scale 1:20
30 °C 22 °C 25 °C heating system application: window strip
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
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SPONSORS - special thanks to: materials:
finance:
DEN DUNNEN
Bouwonderneming bv http://www.coops-plastics.nl/
Nijmegen
http://www.dendunnenbv.nl/
Hardinxveld-Gâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;dam
PMMA-plates with discount, coordination for free
http://www.creaacryl.nl/
Nijehaske (Heerenveen)
Delft
http://tudelft.nl/
CNC-lasercutting PMMA-plates
http://chconstructions.com/
Gorinchem
http://www.koopmans.nl/
Enschede
steel frame for free
OTTOlin X SP
BV
http://www.ottolinx.nl/ powdercoating frame for free
PLASTIC FANTASTIC - transparent load-bearing facade
Gorinchem
e b d l u o w t i s r o s n o p s ! e e p s y e t h o t t ro p a e without t a e r c o t e l impossib 34