ÃÕ`
Ón "$1 Ì, .Ì3" Ì/1$. Ì ¿ .1 Ì!$ ." Ì Ì" ,$ 5HQDWR 'H )XVFR
3DUDIUDVDQGR FLz FKH XQ JUDQGH DX WRUH KD RVVHUYDWR D SURSRVLWR GHO 5LQDVFLPHQWR VXO WHPD GHOO·DYDQ JXDUGLD QDSROHWDQD GDOOD PHWj GH JOL DQQL ¶ D TXHOOD GHJOL DQQL ¶ VHPEUD SURSULR FKH VLDQR VWDWH VFULW WH QRQ VROR WXWWH OH FRVH HUUDWH PD DGGLULWWXUD WXWWH TXHOOH JLXVWH 0DO JUDGR TXHVWR FKL GL TXHOOD YLFHQGD q VWDWR LQ SDUWH SURWDJRQLVWD QRQ VL ULFRQRVFH LQ WDQWD OHWWHUDWXUD FRVu FRPH DFFDGH FRQ XQD SURSULD IRWR R ULWUDWWR GRQGH LO WHQWDWLYR GL UHQ GHUOD RJJHWWR GL XQD SHUVRQDOH WHVWL PRQLDQ]D ,Q DOWUH SDUROH OR VWXGLR GL TXHOOD SDJLQD GL VWRULD GHOO·DUWH FRUUHWWD SHUVLQR ILORORJLFDPHQWH PL VHPEUD PDQFDUH QRQ VROR GL HOHPHQWL GL FRQWRUQR FKH FRQWHVWXD OL]]DQR DUWLVWL RSHUH HG HVSRVL]LRQL PD VRSUDWWXWWR GL TXDQWR SHQVDYD PR H FL GLFHYDPR IUD QRL &RVLFFKp QRQ LQWHQGR SHUFRUUH UH OD QRWD VHTXHQ]D ² *UXSSR 6XG 0DF ,QIRUPDOH *UXSSR /LQHD 6XG HFF ² EHQVu QHOO·HFRQRPLD GL TXHVWR WHVWR ULFRUGDUH LGHH OXRJKL H ¶VWDWL G·DQLPR· QRQFKp DSSXQWR IDWWRUL FRQWHVWXDOL]]DQWL *OL DQQL IHOLFL GHO GRSRJXHUUD EHQLQWHVR QRQ O·LPPHGLDWR PD TXHOOR UHODWLYR DO SHULRGR LQ FXL OH FRVH VL VWDELOL] ]DURQR GDWDQR DQ]LWXWWR O·LQFRQWUR GHOOD QRVWUD JHQHUD]LRQH QDWD QHJOL DQQL · FRQ OD FXOWXUD 6FRSULPPR DOORUD PROWL DXWRUL IUD ORUR FRQWUDG GLWWRUL PD GL FLz QRQ FL GDYDPR FXUD DQ]L OL OHJJHPPR LQ PDQLHUD LQWUHFFLDWD VLD SHU GLVFLSOLQD FKH SHU JHQHUL LQWHUQL DG XQD VWHVVD PD WHULD SRFKH SDJLQH GL 6DUWUH PHQ WUH LQL]LDYDPR D VFRSULUH )UHXG OH ULYLVWH G·DUWH FRQWHPSRUDQHD PHQ WUH FL LQWHUHVVDYDPR GHOO·HVWHWLFD GL &URFH TXHOOD LQ QXFH RYYLDPHQWH FL DSSDVVLRQDYD TXDOFKH UDFFRQWR GL +HPLQJZD\ PD L SL HVSHUWL FL GLFHYDQR FKH )DXONQHU HUD GD SUH IHULUH OHJJHPPR LO 0DQLIHVWR PD QHVVXQR VL DYYHQWXUz QHOOD OHWWXUD GH ,O &DSLWDOH OH SRHVLH GL 0RQWDOH GL 8QJDUHWWL H VRSUDWWXWWR GL *DUFuD /RUFD PROWL GL QRL VL RFFXSDYDQR GL FLQHPD DOWUL GL MD]] FRPH *XL GR 7DWDILRUH H $UPDQGR 'H 6WHID QR DOWUL GL WHDWUR TXHOOL D PH SL YLFLQL GL DUWL YLVLYH DG HVVL LQIDW
1 1$ Ì Ì $
)UDQFHVFR )RUODQL 7UDGX]LRQH GL ,ULQD 'HWUD] H 3DROR 7UDPD
$OOD VSHVD OR VFULWWRUH GHGLFD LQ PH GLD TXHO WDQWR GL WHPSR FKH VXD PR JOLH OD PRJOLH GHOOR VFULWWRUH YRUUHE EH FKH OXL YL VDFULILFDVVH PD SRLFKp LO VHJUHWR GHOOH VWRULH GHOOH FRSSLH FRQ ILGD LQ XQD FRQWDELOLWj LPSHUIHWWD FR OHL FKH QRL DEELDPR GHILQLWR OD PRJOLH GHOOR VFULWWRUH q FRQYLQWD FKH OXL QRQ IDFFLD DEEDVWDQ]D SHU OD FDVD 3HUFKp LO IRFRODUH GRPHVWLFR DEELVRJQD GL OHJQR H GL IXRFR GL PDQL VDSLHQWL H IRUWL GL RFFKL SUHFLVL XQ PLVWR G·LQ WXL]LRQH H G·RUJDQL]]D]LRQH ² 3URSULR FRPH OHJJHUH XQ OLEUR ² DJJLXQJH OR VFULWWRUH (FFR SHUFKp O·DPDWD OR DFFXVD GL GHGLFDUH PROWR SL WHPSR DOO·DFTXL VWR GL OLEUL FKH QRQ GL GHWHUVLYL &RPXQTXH VLD SHU DFTXLVWDUH XQ EXRQ OLEUR F·q LQQDQ]LWXWWR ELVRJQR GL XQD OLEUHULD (G HYLGHQWHPHQWH GL XQ OLEUDLR &KULVWRSKH H OD VXD YLWD ² QHO OD SDUROD IUDQFHVH YLOOH FLWWj F·q YLH YLWD ² VL VYROJH SULQFLSDOPHQWH QHOOD SULPD SDUWH GHOOD YLD GHOOD 5RTXHWWH 4XHOOH SRFKH YROWH FKH VXSHUD OD IURQWLHUD DVVHJQDWD DO SURSULR WHU ULWRULR ² DOO·DOWH]]D GHOOD VLQDJRJD ² VL JLXVWLILFDQR SHU OD FRQVXHWD YLVL WD VHWWLPDQDOH DO FHOHEUH FDPSRVDQWR TXDQGR UHQGH RQRUH DJOL HURL GHO VXR LPPDJLQDULR LQ SURVVLPLWj GHO PXUR GHL FDGXWL SHU OD &RPXQH GL 3DULJL ,Q XQD JLRUQDWD FRVu ² q GD SRFR SDVVDWR PH]]RJLRUQR ² VXD PRJOLH O·KD OHWWHUDOPHQWH HVSXOVR GL FDVD FRQ VHQWHQGRQH LO ULWRUQR DOOD VROD FRQGL ]LRQH GL SUHVHQWDUVL FRQ GRGLFL URWROL GL FDUWD LJLHQLFD H QRQ GL XQD PDUFD TXDOVLDVL 8QD PDUFD FKH VL WURYD XQL FDPHQWH QHO VXSHUPHUFDWR DOOD ILQH GHOOD VWUDGD FLRq FLQTXHFHQWR PHWUL D VDOLUH ROWUH OD OLQHD GL FRQILQH /·LPEDUD]]R GHOOR VFULWWRUH RJQL YROWD FKH q JUDYDWR GD WDOH LQFRPEHQ ]D q LQHQDUUDELOH 7DQWR SL FKH WXWWR FRQVLGHUDWR IDUH OD VSHVD JOL SURFXUD
WL q GHGLFDWD OD SUHVHQWH QRWD PD DQFKH TXL VFDPELDQGR 3LFDVVR FRQ O·DVWUDWWLVPR .OHH FRQ O·HVSUHVVLR QLVPR 0RQGULDQ FRQ O·DUFKLWHWWXUD UD]LRQDOLVWD SHU DOWUR YHUVR HPEOH PDWLFR HUD O·DVVRFLDUH OD ILORVRILD GHOO·HVLVWHQ]LDOLVPR FRQ -XOLHWWH *UpFR ,QVRPPD IDFHPPR XQD JUDQ FRQIXVLRQH 0D FKL SXz QHJDUH FKH IRVVH VDOXWDUH VH HUDYDPR DQLPDWL GD WDQWR HQWXVLDVPR" ( TXHOOR VWHV VR ODVFLDUH L OLEUL DSSHQD LQL]LDWL FKL SXz GLUH VH IRVVH GD DVFULYHUH D VROD VXSHUILFLDOLWj H QRQ SLXWWRVWR DO GH VLGHULR LQJRUGR GL IDUH XQD HQRUPH LPPHGLDWD FRORVVDOH LQGLJHVWLRQH" &KL SXz GLUH DQFRUD FKH LO QRVWUR VRYHQWH DSSDJDUFL VROR GL WLWROL GL OL EUL QRQ VLJQLILFDVVH WDOYROWD FKH HVVL SL GL WDQWR QRQ PHULWDYDQR" &KL SXz DQFRUD VRVWHQHUH FKH OH DQLPDWH GLVSXWH GL DOORUD VXO WHPD GHO UDS SRUWR IUD SROLWLFD H FXOWXUD DEELDQR SRL IDWWR GHFLVLYL SDVVL LQ DYDQWL" &HUWR VRQR FUROODWL WXWWL R TXD VL L PLWL GL DOORUD PD q LQQHJDELOH FKH LO QRVWUR HQWXVLDVPR LO IDVFLQR GL TXHOOH FRVH QXRYH HG DPELJXH OH QRVWUH LQWHUPLQDELOL SROHPLFKH DQ]LWXWWR QHO VDORWWR GL FDVD 3UXQDV DOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD SRL WDOYROWD LQ FRPSDJQLD GL 5HQDWR &DFFLRSSROL SUHVVR XQ YLQDLR FKLDPDWR 0RFFLD TXLQGL QHO SL YDVWR H RPRQLPR EDU DOO·DQJROR IUD YLD GHL 0LOOH HG LO YLFR 9DVWR D &KLDMD HG DQFRUD OH WXPXOWXRVH PRVWUH H L GLEDWWXWL LQ FRQWUL DOOD JDOOHULD )RUWL H DO %OX GL 3UXVVLD SUH]LRVR JLRLHOOR GL *XLGR 0DQQDMXROR FRVWLWXLURQR XQD VFXR OD FKH FHQWR RUJDQL]]DWLVVLPL VHPL QDUL GL RJJL QRQ SRWUHEEHUR LQ DOFXQ PRGR VRVWLWXLUH $VVDL VLJQLILFDWLYR HUD LO OXRJR GRYH ODYRUDYDPR LO VRWWRWHWWR DSHUWR VX XQD SDQRUDPL FD WHUUD]]D GL XQ YHFFKLR HGLILFLR GL YLD &HGURQLR ODVV QHL TXDUWLHUL VSDJQROL IUD &KLDLD H 7ROHGR XQD VRUWD GL %DWHDX /DYRLU SDUWHQRSHR GRYH SDVVDURQR D WXUQR FRL ORUR DU PDPHQWDUL GL DUQHVL WHOH H PRGHO OH DOFXQL IUD L PLJOLRUL SLWWRUL GHOOD PLD JHQHUD]LRQH $ TXHVWL OXRJKL QH YDQQR DVVRFLDWL DOWUL LO &LUFROR GHO FLQHPD O·,VWLWXWR IUDQFHVH *UHQR EOH LO &LUFROR ,QJHJQHUL H $UFKLWHWWL GL YLFR 6DWULDQR GRYH IDFHPPR OD SULPD PRVWUD FRPH ¶*UXSSR 6XG· HG DQFRUD LO %RKqPH EDU PHVVR VX GD XQ QRELOH QDSROHWDQR SDUHQWH GL $SROOLQDLUH H XELFDWR QHOOD FDQWL QH GHOOD SHQVLRQH 0DXULFH JHVWLWD GDOOD IDPLJOLD GHO SLWWRUH $QGUHD %L]DQ]LR QRQ GHO WXWWR HVWUDQHR
DG DOFXQL GL QRL HUD LO EDU 0LGGOH WRQ DOO·LQL]LR GL YLD 3DUWHQRSH Qp OD O·LPSURYYLVDWD SLVFLQD FRQ WULEXQD LPSLDQWDWD SRFR SL DYDQWL GL IURQ WH DOO·([FHOVLRU HG DFFDQWR DOOD VHGH GHOOD 5DUL 1DQWHV /·DFTXD HUD TXHO OD GHO PDUH LO ERUGR HUD VHJQDWR GD EDUFKH L VHGLOL SHU LO SXEEOLFR HUDQR IDWWL GL WDYROH SRJJLDWH VXJOL VFRJOL SRVWL DO GL VRWWR GHOOD EDODXVWUD ULQ JKLHUD FKH OLPLWD WXWWR LO OXQJRPDUH /·LQJUHVVR HUD QDWXUDOPHQWH JUDWXL WR LO SXEEOLFR HUD IRUPDWR GDOOD SL VRILVWLFDWD pOLWH VSRUWLYD H GDL WLIR VLVVLPL VFXJQL]]L GHO YLFLQR 3DOOR QHWWR GL 6DQWD /XFLD Ë LQ TXHVWD VHGH FKH VL DOOHQDYD H JDUHJJLDYD OD VTXDGUD GHWWD ¶6HWWHEHOOR· FKH YLQ VH LO FDPSLRQDWR GL SDOODQXRWR DOOH 2OLPSLDGL GL /RQGUD GHO /D FLWD]LRQH GL TXHVWL YDUL OXRJKL ID SHQVDUH FKH HUDYDPR WXWWL ¶5D JD]]L GL &KLDLD· FRPH VRQR VWDWL GHILQLWL DOFXQL VFULWWRUL VXL TXDOL V·q GHWWR H VFULWWR WDQWR SHUDOWUR SL GHO QHFHVVDULR PD QRQ q FRVu DOWUR SROR DUWLVWLFR H UHODWLYR FRVWX PH GL TXDUWLHUH HUD TXHOOR GL SLD]]D 'DQWH 0XVHR FRQ DO FHQWUR O·$FFD GHPLD GL %HOOH $UWL 4XHVWD HUD WXWWD GD ULIRUPDUH FRPH OD YLFLQD )DFRO Wj GL $UFKLWHWWXUD VHFRQGR LO QRVWUR FRPEDWWLYR JUXSSR G·DYDQJXDUGLD VDOYR SRL D ULIXJLDUFL LQ HVVH SHU LO UHVWR GHOOD QRVWUD YLWD $FFHQQDYR DOOH QRVWUH LGHH SROLWLFDPHQWH HUD YDPR WXWWL ¶FRPXQLVWL· ILQFKp QRQ QDFTXH OD YRJD XQ SR· JHUDUFKLFD PHQWH LPSRVWD GDO 3FL GHO 5HDOLVPR VRFLDOLVWD FKH FUHz OD SULPD VSDFFD WXUD 0HWj GL QRL LQL]Lz D GLSLQJHUH PHWDOOXUJLFL H PRQGLQH O·DOWUD PHWj TXDGUL DVWUDWWR FRQFUHWL FKH FL SDU YHUR SL XWLOL DL ILQL GL IDU FRQIOXLUH OH DUWL YLVLYH YHUVR O·DUFKLWHWWXUD H LO GHVLJQ 0D TXHVWD LQJHQXD FRQWUDS SRVL]LRQH JOL DVWUDWWLVWL DPDYDQR DQFKH *XWWXVR L UHDOLVWL VXELYDQR LO IDVFLQR GL %XUUL H &DSRJURVVL DOOR UD VSHVVR IHURFH ILQR DOO·LQIDPDQWH LQVXOWR SHU FXL JOL DVWUDWWLVWL HUDQR WDOL SHUFKp QRQ VDSHYDQR WHFQLFD PHQWH GLSLQJHUH HUD GHVWLQDWD DG XQD SL SURIRQGD VFLVVLRQH 4XL FRPH DOWURYH O·DYDQJXDUGLD VL GL YLVH LQ ¶UD]LRQDOH· RYYHUR ©PLPHVL IRUPDOH FRQFHWWXDOH GHOOD UHDOWj LQ GXVWULDOHª SHU GLUOD FRQ &DOYLQR H ¶YLVFHUDOH· LQ FXL FRQIOXLURQR WXWWH OH WHQGHQ]H GHOO·HVSUHVVLRQH ² GDO O·HVSUHVVLRQLVPR DOO·LQIRUPDOH ILQR DOOD ERG\ DUW H WXWWH TXHOOH LQFHQ WUDWH VXOOR ¶VSLD]]DPHQWR· O·LURQLD O·DJRQLVPR SL UDGLFDOH $ 1DSROL
YHUDPHQWH XQ JUDQGH SLDFHUH 6FH JOLHUH FRQWUROODUH ULSRUUH LQILODUH FRPSUDUH SDJDUH DVSHWWDUH H IDUVL DVSHWWDUH GLJLWDUH LO FRGLFH VROOHYDUH OH EXVWH IDUVL DSULUH OH SRUWH YHWUDWH DWWUDYHUVDUH H LQ XOWLPR LPSLHJDUH XQ·RUD D WUXFFDUH OR VFRQWULQR 3HUFKp JOL XRPLQL FKH IDQQR OD VSHVD DFTXL VWDQR L SURGRWWL SL FDUL OD TXDOFRVD VL VD q SHU XQD GRQQD OD SURSULD LQ VRSSRUWDELOH 0D SHUFRUUHUH OXQJKL WUDJLWWL FRQ OD FDUWD LJLHQLFD ² FRQIH]LRQL LQVROHQWL FKH IDQQR FDSROLQR WUD JOL DYDPEUDFFL H FKH QRQ HQWUDQR PDL QHOOH EXVWH ² q YHUDPHQWH OD SHQD SL JUDQGH FKH VL SRVVD LQIOLJJHUH D XQR VFULWWRUH &RQ VRWWR DO EUDFFLR O·LQYDGHQ WH FDUWD LJLHQLFD VL SXz LQFRQWUDUH FKLXQTXH ( QRQ XQR TXDOXQTXH 2JQL YROWD VL WUDWWD GL XQ H[ /·H[ PLJOLR UH DPLFR O·H[ ILGDQ]DWD O·H[ PRJOLH O·H[ VHVVDQWRWWLQR O·H[ GXUD OH[ VHG OH[ H SHU XQR FRPH OXL FKH QRQ DYH YD PDL YROXWR VWXGLDUH GLULWWR« &DPPLQDQGR OR VFULWWRUH ULSHQVD D XQ YHUVR GL (XJHQLR 0RQWDOH ² ©VSHV VR LO PDOH GL YLYHUH KR LQFRQWUDWRª q VX TXHOOH QRWH FKH YDUFD OD VRJOLD GHO VXSHUPHUFDWR LQ TXHVWLRQH 1H HVFH IXRUL SRFKL PLQXWL GRSR H FKLHGHQGRVL VH YDOJD OD SHQD WUDGXUUH L SRHWL ULWRUQD VXOOD YLD GHOOD 5RTXHWWH 8QD FLQTXDQWLQD GL PHWUL SL LQ Oj VFRSUH FRQ XQ OHJJHUR WUDVDOLPHQ WR XQ·LQVHJQD GL OHJQR ² 6RODULV ² H JLXVWR VRWWR OD VFULWWD TXDOFRVD GL DQFRU SL VRUSUHQGHQWH XQD OLEUHULD 6RVSLQWD OD SRUWD VDOXWD LO OLEUDLR VXO OD VLQLVWUD H LQFRPLQFLD D JXDUGDUH JOL VFDIIDOL 9L VL UHVSLUD XQ RGRUH GL FKLX VR VWDQWLR QLHQWH DIIDWWR VJUDGHYROH H QHO IRQGR F·q WXWWR XQR VFRPSDUWR ULHPSLWR GL HOOHSu ,O VXR H[ LO URFN q WXWWR Ou )UDQN =DSSD *HQHVLV 3LQN )OR\G -HIIHUVRQ $LUSODQH /D WULDGH &DUROH .LQJ -DPHV 7D\ORU -LP &UR FH /RX 5HHG 'DYLG %RZLH &HOHQWD QR ( SRL WUD L OLEUL L JLDOOL O·HVRWHULFR 5HQp *XHQRQ -XOLXV (YROD OD FROOH ]LRQH FRPSOHWD G·$WKDQRU ² $YHWH SHU FDVR OLEUL LQ DOWUH OLQ JXH" ² GRPDQGD
² 4XDOL" ² 1RQ OD YRVWUD &LRq YRJOLR GLUH LQ LWDOLDQR OLEUL LQ LWDOLDQR ² 0L VHJXD FKH OH IDFFLR YHGHUH GRYH VRQR /R VFULWWRUH OR VHJXH H QRQRVWDQWH LO SDFFKHWWR YROXPLQRVR ULHVFH D VFLYR ODUH GLHWUR OH FRORQQLQH GL HVSRVL]LR QH GHOOH FDUWROLQH LOOXVWUDWH G·HSRFD 6L q LQJLQRFFKLDWR PHQWUH LO UDJD]]R q ULWRUQDWR DOOD OHWWXUD GL XQ DOEXP GL IXPHWWL GL 0XxR] \ 6DPSDMR ,O SRH WD H FRVu JXDUGDQGR GDYDQWL D Vp ID XQD VFRSHUWD PROWR VWUDQD 8Q QXPH UR LPSUHVVLRQDQWH GL RSHUH GHOO·$GHO SKL q VLVWHPDWR EHQ DOOLQHDWR H FRSHU WR QHL ULSLDQL LQ EDVVR /XL VL JLUD SHU ULFKLDPDUH O·DWWHQ]LRQH GHO YHQGLWRUH LQ PRGR GD VDSHUH LPPHGLDWDPHQWH TXDQWR FRVWD RJQL YROXPH 0D IDFHQ GR SHUQR VXL WDOORQL VL ULWURYD GDYDQWL DO WRWHP ELDQFR²FHOHVWLQR GHOOD FDUWD LJLHQLFD H DUURVVLVFH /·DVVRFLD]LRQH FDUWD²OLEUR²FXOWXUD²DXWRUH²FXOR²PRU ELGH]]D ² R IRUVH OD SRVL]LRQH VFRPR GD ² JOL SURFXUD XQ JLUDPHQWR GL WHVWD 0D UDSLGDPHQWH OLEHUDWR HPDQFLSDWR GDL FDWWLYL SHQVLHUL ULSUHQGH LO FRQWURO OR GHOOD VLWXD]LRQH WURYDQGR LO FRUDJJLR GL SRUUH OD VXD GRPDQGD ² 4XDOH" JOL ULVSRQGH LO FRPPHVVR ² 6DQGRU 0DUDL SHU HVHPSLR ² 9LHQH GLHFL IUDQFKL 7XWWR q D GLH FL IUDQFKL ² 0D VHQWD O·KDQQR SXEEOLFDWR GXH DQQL ID LO SUH]]R LWDOLDQR q GL WUHQWDPLOD OLUH FKH ID FLUFD IUDQ FKL 6RQR TXDVL QXRYL« ² 'LHFL IUDQFKL VLJQRUH ² ( RUD D QRL ² PRUPRUD OR VFULW WRUH H DYUHEEH YROXWR JULGDUOR SUHQ GHQGR G·DVVDOWR OR VFKLHUDPHQWR GHL OLEUL LQ LWDOLDQR H GXQTXH LWDOLDQL GL UHEEH LO VXR DPLFR 3DEOR FRQTXLVWD WR ROWUH FKH GDOOD YDULHWj GDOO·DQVLD GL VFHJOLHUH EHQH GDO PRPHQWR FKH QRQ XQR GHL WLWROL SUHVHQWL OR ODVFLD LQGLIIHUHQWH &RPSUDUOL WXWWL LQ XQ FROSR VROR SHU FDULWj DYUHEEH IDWWR OD ILJXUD GHO SH]]HQWH /R VFULWWRUH VHQWHQGRVL QHO VXR HOHPHQWR H FRQ O·HQIDVL GL XQ WH OHFURQLVWD TXDVL PDQFDQGRJOL LO
TXHVWD VHFRQGD DQLPD GHOO·DYDQ JXDUGLD WURYz DWWXD]LRQH QHO *UXS SR H QHOO·RSHUD DQLPDWULFH GL /XFD /XLJL &DVWHOODQR 5LWRUQDQGR DOOH QRVWUH LGHH 2O WUH D TXHOOH VWUHWWDPHQWH SHUWLQHQWL OH RSHUH H OH WHQGHQ]H XQD FL DV VLOODYD TXRWLGLDQDPHQWH UHVWDUH D 1DSROL R WUDVIHULUVL SHU VHPSUH D 5RPD R 0LODQR" %HQFKp IRV VLPR FRQWLQXDPHQWH LQ YLDJJLR HVSRQHQGR LQ TXHVWH FLWWj FRPH D )LUHQ]H 9HQH]LD H DOWURYH LO IDWWR GL HVVHUH O·DYDQJXDUGLD QDSROHWD QD FL LQGXFHYD DG XQ DOWUR GXEELR HUDYDPR LQYLWDWL DG HVSRUUH IXRUL SHU O·LQWHUHVVH SURSULR GHL QRVWUL ODYRUL RSSXUH FRPH IHQRPHQR GL SURVHOLWLVPR D PR· GL VH]LRQL SURYLQFLDOL GL XQ JUDQGH SDUWL WR" ,O GXEELR q ULPDVWR LUULVROWR SHU FHUWL DVSHWWL LO SURVHOLWLVPR q VWDWR FRQIHUPDWR SHU DOWUL VPHQ WLWR PROWL DUWLVWL IUD L SL GRWDWL VL WUDVIHULURQR FRQ VXFFHVVR DOWUL DOWUHWWDQWR EUDYL SHQVR D 5HQDWR %DULVDQL VRQR ULPDVWL D 1DSROL PD DSSUH]]DWL DQFKH DOWURYH
ÃÕ` PERIODICO DI CULTURA ARTE E LETTERATURA NUOVA SERIE N NOVEMBRE IN ATTESA DI AUTORIZZAZIONE SPEDIZIONE IN ABBONAMENTO POSTALE
SUHVLGHQWH RQRUDULR *LXVHSSH &DWHQDFFL GLUHWWRUH UHVSRQVDELOH (OHRQRUD 3XQWLOOR GLUHWWRUH DUWLVWLFR )UDQFHVFR )RUODQL GLUH]LRQH H DPPLQLVWUD]LRQH /LEUHULD 'DQWH 'HVFDUWHV UHGD]LRQH /XFD $Q]DQL 5DLPRQGR 'L 0DLR &ODXGLR )UDQFKL *LDPSDROR *UD]LDQR 0DUWLQD 0D]]DFXUDWL 5HQDWD 3UXQDV 3DROR 7UDPD 0RQLFD =XQLFD SURJHWWR JUDÀ FR H LPSDJLQD]LRQH 0DUFR 'H /XFD LPSLDQWL H VWDPSD ©$UWH 7LSRJUDÀ FDª
UHVSLUR VFLRULQD XQR D XQR L QRPL GL TXHOOD VWUDRUGLQDULD IRUPD]LRQH %UXFH &KDWZLQ 6XOOD FROOLQD QHUD ,QJHERUJ %DFKPDQQ 7UH VHQWLH UL SHU LO ODJR 0LODQ .XQGHUD /R VFKHU]R )OHXU -DHJJ\ , EHDWL DQQL GHO FDVWLJR 7KRPDV %HUQKDUG 'D QLOR .LV 5REHUW :DOVHU $QQDPDULD 2UWHVH« GL RJQL DXWRUH GHFODPD L WLWROL &RPH UHFLWDQGR XQD SUHJKLHUD ,O UDJD]]R LQFXULRVLWR GDOOH YRFL FKH JOL JLXQJRQR VL DYYLFLQD H FKLHGH VH YD WXWWR EHQH ² 6WD EHQH" ² 6u JUD]LH 6ROWDQWR VD q FRPH WURYDUVL G·XQ WUDWWR LQ XQD PLQLHUD G·RUR ² /HL q LWDOLDQR" ² 6L FDSLVFH" ² 'DOO·DFFHQWR ( SRL LO PRGR GL SDUODUH WUqV LWDOLHQ ² &RPXQTXH JUD]LH 3HU RJJL FUH GR SRVVD EDVWDUH PL DFFRQWHQWR GL TXHVWL WUH 6DQGRU 0DUDL 1DERNRY H .XQGHUD $ SURSRVLWR OR VD FKH TXH VWR OLEUR .XQGHUD O· KD VFULWWR LQ IUDQ FHVH H SXEEOLFDWR RYXQTXH VDOYR FKH LQ )UDQFLD SURSULR FRVu ² /· LJQRUDYR ² 2UD PL VD FKH GHYR DQGDUH 3HUz PL YHGUj VSHVVR ² /D ULQJUD]LR 1H VRQR FRPPRVVR /R VFULWWRUH q RUD WUD OD IROOD FKH VFHQGH YHUVR %DVWLOOH FRQ WUH LOOXVWUL FROOHJKL LQ XQD PDQR FKH SHU GL SL JOL SDUOHUDQQR QHOOD VXD OLQJXD PDGUH H QHOO·DOWUD« $FFLGHQWL +D GLPHQWL FDWR LO SUH]LRVR FDULFR QHO QHJR]LR &L ULWRUQD ,O FRPPHVVR VXOO·XVFLR JOL WHQGH LO SDFFR FKH DYUHEEH ULPHVVR LQ HTXLOLEULR OD JLXVWD ELODQFLD GHL YD ORUL GHOO·KRPR GRPHVWLFXV
¥² &RPH DFFROVH LO SXEEOLFR SDUWHQR SHR TXHVWH PDQLIHVWD]LRQL GHOO·DU WH FRQWHPSRUDQHD" 'LUHL SLXWWRVWR PDOH 6HPSUH EHQLQWHVR LQ QXPHUR PRGHVWR SHUFKp OH GLIILFROWj GHOOD YLWD TXL QRQ VHPEUDQR FRQVHQWLUH LO SLDFHUH GHOO·DUWH LQ TXDQWR ¶URPDQ WLFL· L 1DSROHWDQL VLPSDWL]]DURQR FRQ O·DYDQJXDUGLD ¶YLVFHUDOH· FR PXQTXH IDWWH OH VROLWH HFFH]LRQL L UDSSUHVHQWDQWL GHOOD ERUJKHVLD SHQ VR DL IUHTXHQWDWRUL GHL FLUFROL VSRU WLYL VL GLFKLDUDYDQR QRQ GLVSRVWL D FRPSLHUH LO EHQFKp PLQLPR VIRU]R GL DJJLRUQDPHQWR FXOWXUDOH DQ]L VX TXHVW·DUWH LQFRPSUHQVLELOH VL HVHU FLWDURQR LQ IDFLOL LURQLH ,O PDJJLRUH FRLQYROJLPHQWR GL XQ LQGXVWULDOH QD SROHWDQR O·LQJHJQHU $UWXUR &DUROD QHOOD YLFHQGD GHOO·DUWH D 1DSROL VL HEEH DJOL LQL]L GHJOL DQQL · FRQ O·DSHUWXUD LQ VRFLHWj FRQ 5HQDWR %DFDUHOOL GHOOD *DOOHULD ,O &HQWUR *UD]LH D TXHVWD LQL]LDWLYD HVSRVHUR TXL DOFXQL GHL PDJJLRUL DUWLVWL LQWHU QD]LRQDOL H WHQQHUR DQLPDWH FRQIH UHQ]H L SL LPSRUWDQWL FULWLFL H VWRULFL G·DUWH 0D SXUH TXHVW·LPSUHVD FKH
ULFKLDPDYD DFFDQWR DJOL DGGHWWL DL ODYRUL DQFKH XQ SXEEOLFR PRQGDQR QRQ ULXVFu D FUHDUH XQ PHUFDWR G·DU WH QHOOD QRVWUD FLWWj /·DFFXVD ULYROWD FRQWUR ,O &HQWUR HUD TXHOOD GL WUD VFXUDUH JOL DUWLVWL ORFDOL ,Q WDO VHQVR /XFLR $PHOLR PHUFDQWH LQWHUQD]LR QDOH ULXVFu PHJOLR QRQ VROR HVSRVH QHOOD VXD JDOOHULD GL SLD]]D GHL 0DU WLUL ² 0RGHUQ $UW $JHQF\ ² L SL DFFUHGLWDWL DUWLVWL GHOOR VWDU V\VWHP FRVPRSROLWD PD DQFKH DOFXQL SLWWRUL QDSROHWDQL , FROOH]LRQLVWL DXPHQWD URQR PD QRQ D VXIILFLHQ]D WDQWR GD FRVWLWXLUH XQ YHUR H SURSULR PHUFDWR G·DUWH ,Q FRQFOXVLRQH IUDQFDPHQWH QXWUR DQFRUD TXDOFKH LQFHUWH]]D UHOD WLYD DO JHQHUDOH JLXGL]LR TXDOLWDWLYR VXOOD YLFHQGD FKH KR VRPPDULDPHQ WH QDUUDWR 2 SL DSSURIRQGLWL VWXGL YDORUL]]HUDQQR DO GL Oj GHL VXFFHV VL LQGLYLGXDOL PDJDUL FROWL DOWURYH OD FRPSOHVVLYD DYYHQWXUD GHOO·DUWH FRQWHPSRUDQHD QDSROHWDQD RSSXUH V·q WUDWWDWR FRPH VSHVVR q DFFDGXWR DQFKH SHU DOWUL IDWWL SROLWLFR FXOWXUD OL DYYHQXWL QHOOD VWRULD GHOOD QRVWUD FLWWj GH LO UHVWR GL QLHQWH
FROODERUDWRUL 3DROD 'H /XFD 6pEDVWLDQ ,]]R $QWRQLR *KLUHOOL 6WHIDQLD 1DUGLQL &LUR 3DJOLD 0DWWHR 3DOXPER 6LOYLR 3HUUHOOD )HOLFH 3LHPRQWHVH 'RPHQLFR 6FDUSD 0DULD /DXUD 9DQRULR
0DVVLPR 5L]]DQWH /DXUD 7RSSDQ
UHGD]LRQH 0LODQR %LDJLR &HSROODUR $QGUHD ,QJOHVH 0DUJKHULWD 5HPRWWL UHGD]LRQH 1HZ <RUN )UDQFHVFD &DGHO UHGD]LRQH 3DULJL 3DXOD /DJR &DUUHUD 1LFROD ,RGLFH /DNLV 3URJXLGLV
/D PRJOLH GHOOR VFULWWRUH q JLj DQ GDWD DO ODYRUR /HL JOL VFULYH SLFFROH QRWH VX IRJOLHWWL FRORUDWL DGHVLYL FKH GLVVHPLQD XQ SR· RYXQTXH QHOOH YDULH FDPHUH ,O JLRFR FRQVLVWH QHO UDFFR JOLHUQH LO PDJJLRU QXPHUR SRVVLELOH SHU FRQVHUYDUOL QHOOD VFDWROD GD FLRF FRODWLQL FKH VL WURYD DIILDQFR DOOD VFUL YDQLD 2JQL JLRUQR OHL JOL VFULYH XQ ELJOLHWWR GLYHUVR /R VFULWWRUH SUHWHQ GH GL DPDUOD 3HUFKp OD PRJOLH GHOOR VFULWWRUH q VHPSUH OD VWHVVD /R VFULWWRUH SDVVD XQD VHWWLPDQD FRPSOHWDPHQWH DVVRUELWR GDOOD OHW WXUD 1RQ FRQRVFHYD 0DUDL H OD VXD VWRULD GL HVXOH JOL SDUH PROWR LQWHUHV VDQWH &RPH DQFKH OD VXD VFULWWXUD FKH SXUH JOL GLFH TXDOFRVD &RVu ULFRQFL OLDWR FRQ LO PRQGR GHOOH OHWWHUH ULHVFH D VXSHUDUH WXWWL L SDVWLFFL FKH OD YLWD TXRWLGLDQD JOL SUHVHQWD RJQL JLRUQR D PR· GL FRQWR HG HIIHWWLYDPHQWH VL WUDW WD SULQFLSDOPHQWH GL SDJDPHQWL GHOOH IDWWXUH R GL SDVVDUH O·DVSLUDSROYHUH /H VXH SLDQWH ILGDWLVVLPH UHDJLVFRQR FRQ QXRYH IRJOLH DOOH DWWHQ]LRQL FKH JOL GHGLFD H OD PRJOLH GHOOR VFULWWRUH KD PDQLIHVWDWR D SL ULSUHVH OD JLRLD GL HVVHUJOL IHGHOH ILQFKq PRUWH QRQ OL VHSDUL R SHJJLR DQFRUD XQ DYYRFDWR 9D WXWWR D ¶JRQILH YHOH· ( VHQ]D XQ ILOR GL YHQWR 4XHVWD PDWWLQD FRPH RJQL PDWWLQD GD TXDOFKH VHWWLPDQD D TXHVWD SDUWH VL UHFD DOOD OLEUHULD LQ TXHVWLRQH WXWH ODWR GDO FOLPD GL ILGXFLD FKH UHJQD WUD OXL HG LO FRPPHVVR D FXL KD SHUILQR UHJDODWR XQ OLEUR GHO FHOHEUH IXPHWWL VWD DUJHQWLQR VXR DPLFR 0XxR] FRQ WDQWR GL GHGLFD 3HUFKp TXHOOD GHO OLEUDLR QRQ q XQD SURIHVVLRQH Qp XQ·DUWH PD XQD PLVVLRQH XQD YRFD]LRQH ,O OLEUDLR q XQ IDUPDFLVWD ( OD SUHYLGHQ]D VRFLD OH GRYUHEEH SURYYHGHUH D XQ WLFNHW XQ ULPERUVR SHU TXHVW·DWWLYLWj GHGLWD DOOD FXUD GHO SHQVLHUR FRQYDOHVFHQWH (G HFFR FKH OXL YD H ULWRUQD H RJQL YROWD FDULFR GL OLEUL GDOOH FRSHUWLQH SDVWHOOR RFUD EOX URVVR ROWUHSDVVD OD VRJOLD GHOOD VXD FDVD²FRUULGRLR 3HUFKp QHOO·DSSDUWDPHQWR GRYH DELWD FRQ VXD PRJOLH F·q XQ JUDQGLVVLPR FRUULGRLR GRYH VXOOD VLQLVWUD LQ ILOD VL DSURQR LO VDORWWR H OH DOWUH FDPHUH ² 9HGL L QRVWUL VRJQL VDUDQQR VHPSUH VXOOD VLQLVWUD OHL JOL KD GHWWR XQ JLRUQR &HUWR SURYDYD IDVWLGLR GLFLDPR OR SXUH SHU O·DVSHWWR HFRQRPLFR GHOOD FRVD 7DQWL EHL OLEUL SHU TXDWWUR VROGL« 1H KD RUPDL DFTXLVWDWD XQD FLQ TXDQWLQD D XQ SUH]]R VWUDFFLDWR TXD
Z\K «iÀ ` V Ê` ÊVÕ ÌÕÀ> >ÀÌiÊiÊ iÌÌiÀ>ÌÕÀ>
UHGD]LRQH 1XQ]LDWHOOD &HVDUH $]DQ 0DULR %HUQDUGL 'RPHQLFR *ULIRQL FRO 'DQWH =DPSD
Ê 1 Ê À> X ÃÊ/> > ` iÀÊ1 ½> ÌÀ>Ê }Õ> ÀÀ Ê iÊ ÕV>]Ê Êà ÊÕ Ê «>ÌÀ Ì> 9>à >Ê >`À>]Ê6 Û>Ê Ê Ì> i Ì , Ê / Ê Ê / Ê > vÀ> V Ê ÀÀi ]Ê, Ãi Ì i Ì Ê>Ê >« V i iÊ- Ûi Ìi]Ê ÌÀiÊÛ V ]Ê > ÌÀiÊv>VVi i ViÊ* i ÌiÃi]Ê Õ V Ê «iÀ«iÌÕ > «> Ê À>â > ]Ê/À ÃÌ Ê ÌÀ>vwÊV Õ > Ê iÃ> , Ê,"--"Ê i À>Ê*Õ Ì ]Ê >ÊÌiÀÀ>Ê ÊÌÀi >
>À Ê ÛÛ Ã>Ì ]Ê } Ê`i >Ê vÕ}>
µÕiÊ i V ÕÀÌ]Ê 6Õ V> >VµÕiÃÊ Ü> Ã Þ]Ê À>ÌiÊ v V
LQGLUL]]L UHGD]LRQL YLD 0H]]RFDQQRQH 1DSROL ELV 5XH 6HGDLQH 3DULV 1XQ]LDWHOOD YLD *HQHUDOH 3DULVL 1DSROL LQIR WHO ID[
*, 1 Ê6 6 , Ê « ÃÌ>ÌiÊ >Ê ÊV ÀÀiÌÌi® > ÃÊ*À ` }Õ Ã]Ê, Ì À Ê>Ê * >Ì iÊÛ >Ê*>Ì V >
À i ÕÃÊ >Ì À >` Ã]Ê
V >À>â iÊ` Ê*À>}>Ê£xÊ >} ÃÌ Ê£ Ç® > Ê*>Ì >]Ê ÌiÀ>â ÊÌÀ>Ê À Û ÃÌi
i V Ê iÀÛ ]Ê*>Ì V >Ê wÊ Ã v ÊÀià ÃÌi Ìi°
LQIR#GDQWHGHVFDUWHV LW IUDQFHVFR IRUODQL#ZDQDGRR IU
VL XQD PDQQD GDO FLHOR SHU XQ OHWWRUH SXUR H GXUR FRPH OXL 8Q DIIDUH GD VHQWLUVL TXDVL LQ FROSD PD SRL« %URGVNLM 6LPpQRQ /DQGROIL 6FLD VFLD 0LORV] :DOFRWW &LRUDQ WXWWL YROXPL L FXL WLWROL JOL GLFRQR TXDO FRVD PD FKH LQ IRQGR QRQ FRQRVFH H FKH JLRUQR GRSR JLRUQR IDQQR EUHFFLD QHO PXUR FKH YROHYD VHSDUDUH YLWD H FRVFLHQ]D FRPH VH OR VFRSR IRVVH ULXVFLUH D IDUQH XQD VROD XQLFD FRVD (VFH GL EXRQ·RUD VWDPDWWLQD )XR UL ID IUHGGR H DQFKH VH JOL q GLIILFLOH DEEDQGRQDUH VXD PRJOLH H LO WHSRUH GHO VXR FROOR VFKLDFFLDWR VXO VXR SHW WR OXL VD FKH GHYH UHFDUVL LQ OLEUHULD DOO·DSHUWXUD HG DFTXLVWDUH O·XOWLPD SDUWH GHOOR VWRFN FLQTXH OLEUL SULPD FKH D TXDOFXQ DOWUR YHQJD LQ PHQWH GL IDUH OD VWHVVD FRVD *OL SLDFHUHEEH D PLVVLRQH FRP SLXWD JXVWDUH XQD FROD]LRQH D EDVH GL FDIIq H FRUQHWWR GL IURQWH DO FLHOR 'D ORQWDQR OR VFULWWRUH V·DFFRUJH FKH OD OL EUHULD q FKLXVD (SSXUH YHGH XQ WLSR ² QRQ q LO FRPPHVVR VXR DPLFR ² SL DQ]LDQR DEEDVWDQ]D FRUSXOHQWR FKH SULPD VROOHYD OD VDUDFLQHVFD SRL WLUD IXRUL XQ DOWUR PD]]R GL FKLDYL SHU DSUL UH OD SRUWD /R VFULWWRUH JOL VWD GLHWUR TXDVL DGGRVVR 8QD IUD]LRQH GL WHPSR H TXHOOR VL YROWD GL VFDWWR FRPH VH WH PHVVH XQ·DJJUHVVLRQH ² $K q /HL Ë GD WDQWR FKH &RPH VWD" 7XWWR D SRVWR" /R VFULWWRUH QRQ VL ULFRUGD GL OXL ²0L FRQIRQGH FHUWDPHQWH FRQ XQ DO WUR ² SHQVD WUD Vp H Vp /D OXFH LQYDGH OD OLEUHULD 8Q YHF FKLR PDQLIHVWR LQJLDOOLWR GL 2UVRQ :HOOV VL VWDFFD GDO PXUR /R VFULWWRUH UHVWD LPPRELOH /D PDQR QHOOD WDVFD DSSHVDQWLWD GDOOH PRQHWH QHFHVVDULH DOO·XOWLPR DFTXLVWR ² 3UHJR VL DFFRPRGL ² JOL GLFH O·XR PR LO SURSULHWDULR GHOOD OLEUHULD $ SURSRVLWR QH KR XQD YHUDPHQWH EHOOD GD UDFFRQWDUOH 6L ULFRUGD GHL OLEUL XVD WL FKH PL KD YHQGXWR O·DQQR VFRUVR D XQ SUH]]R VLPEROLFR" 6·LQWHQGH JLX VWR SHU QRQ EXWWDUOL YLD 4XHL EHL OLEUL GL XQ HGLWRUH LWDOLDQR WXWWL FRORUDWL VH QH ULFRUGD" /R VFULWWRUH UHVWD LQ VLOHQ]LR DG RVVHUYDUOR VHQ]D EDWWHUH FLJOLR 1RQ GLFH QLHQWH $VFROWD VROWDQWR ² 6XYYLD L OLEUL L VXRL OLEUL 0D OR VD FKH OL KR WXWWL YHQGXWL" 2 TXDVL 0H QH UHVWDQR JLXVWR TXDWWUR R FLQ TXH 0D 6L ULFRUGD RUD" 1R /XL OR VFULWWRUH QRQ VH QH UL FRUGD $IIDWWR
- 1- / Ê Ê, / , "Ê `Ài>Ê } iÃi 7ÕÊ }Ê£]Ê i}>ÀÃi >Ê> Ê` Ì Ûi ÌÕ> iÊ ` Ì À > i ,> ` Ê Ê > ]Ê >ÊÛiÀ ÌDÊ `i Êv> Ì>ÃÌ V Ì Ê Ài ]Ê i>Ê` Ê vÕ V
" / " ÀÕ Ê ÃÃ>]Ê Ê ` À Ê` Ê >« ` Ê iÊ- i]Ê" ÌÀiÊ À ViÊ Ãi}Õi® "À i >Ê â> iÃÊÞÊ,iÃiÀ ]Ê Ê` VÕ i Ì Ê` Ê >Ê >À >Ê "ÀÌiÃiÊ«iÀʺ-1 » Õ}i Ê >ÀL>]Ê >ÊV>Ã>Ê `i iÊ À } ÊiÊ`i Ê} À Õ ÃiÊ ÕÀ}i ÃÊ/ iÊ *ÕÀ Ì>
2)6)34! %52/0%! 2%65% %52/0³%..% %52/0%!. 2%6)%7 %52/0¯)3#(% :%)43#(2)&4 2%6)34! %52/0%!
LÀiÀ >Ê > ÌiÊEÊ iÃV>ÀÌiÃ
"
"Ê6 " Û iÀÊ > >ÀÌ]Ê ÀiÛ Ê «À i} i À> ViÃV Ê iÊ À à v À ]Ê Ê ÃiÃÌ i> Ê >Õ`iÊ V i>]Ê *>ÃÃ>}} Ê`i ½ LL } "À > Ê6i ]Ê ÊÃ Ê Ã« i}>À Ê
1" "Ê " LÀ } Ê ÀÃ> ]Ê Ê*>Õ Ê Ü iÃÊiÊ` Ê> ÌÀ Ê-Õ` * iÌÀ Ê `À Ã> ]Ê >ÊV > V >Ê «iÀÊ >ÊV > V > >À Ê iÀ >À` ]Ê
ÌÀ vÕ V Ê>Ê* ââ v> V i ,i >Ì Ê i Ìi ` ]Ê6>iÊ 6 VÌ ÃtÊ Õ V Ê> V Ê>Ê >iÌ>
Ê " Ê Ê* , *> Ê/À> >]Ê ÕÌ Ì ÃÃ V>â iÊ «Ã V } V>Ê >} Ê i« >À ]Ê i `> i Ì Ê`i Ê}Õ>ÃÌ 6> iÀ >Ê*>ÀÀi >]Ê Ê} Ûi` Ê V ÌÀ >ÌÌi Ê*> Õ L ]Ê*>`À ÊiÊ wÊ}
i V Ê À v ]Ê >« ÊiÊ iÌâÃV i >À > Ê > ]Ê-« ÊÀ ÛiÀÊ Ã iÌ -" / Ê , i>ÌÀ ViÊ i }j]Ê*>} iÊ ÃÌÀ>««>Ìi 9> ÃÊ ÕÀÌÃ> Ã]Ê ½ ÃÕ >À ÌDÊV iÊiëiÀ i â>Ê ià ÃÌi â > i }Õi Ê/ À}>]Ê >Ê` DÀ Ê8 Ê DÊ` DÀ Ê86 >ÀVÊ* ÀVÕ]Ê Ê>VV ÃÌiÀ¢Ê > ½ à > ÕV > Ê >ÀÕà ]ʼ"ÊVÕ À« Ê ¼ Ê >«Õ i
, / Ê /, Ê Ê6 / >ÃÃ Ê, ââ> Ìi] ÃÃiÀiÊ vi`i Ê> >ÊV ` â iÊ Õ > >°
i V Ê-V>À«>]Ê-i Ì Ì Ê Õ - Û Ê*iÀÀi >]Ê iÀ }\ÊÕ Ê >`iÊÃÌ> â > i *iÌÀÊ À> ]Ê ÊÃÕ` / >ÃÊ ÀÞLiÀÌ]Ê >««ÞÊ iÜ 6 ,-"Ê-1
* «iÊ Ê V ]Ê/ÕÌÌ Ê«iÀÊ Õ Ê« ½Ê` ÊÌi iÀiââ> iÀ > ` Ê À>Ìi ]Ê,iÃÌ>ÊÃiÊ «Õ V>Ê<Õ V>]Ê-ÌÕ« ` Ê À Ãi Ì i Ì >ÝÊ6> À ]Ê1 Ê } ÕÃÌ Ê À> V Ài ,i >Ì>Ê*ÀÕ >Ã]Ê >ÊÀ ViÀV>Ê ` Ê > `Ài>Ê > iÀ ]Ê-i //1, Ì Ê->VV i] ÕÃi««iÊ > >VV i] 1- /
iÊ ÕÃV À> ViÃV Ê À > ]Ê/ Ì Ê` Ê V `> * ««iÊ-V i }iÀ , LiÀÌ>Ê i >Ê6 «iÊ * ««iÊ-V i }iÀ
â >Ê iÊ >â
> Ì> Ê >Õ LiÀÌÊ ÕL ÕÌ >À Ê >« ÀÌ> V i Ê À `i i ÕV>Ê â> * ««iÊ-V i }iÀ
>Õ` Ê ÀÀi> i
¥²
ÃÕ`
Ó
¥²
Ì Ì/1 ""$Ì .. 8 " $ $QGUHD ,QJOHVH (UR DFFDUWRFFLDWR LQ YLD 'H &D VWLOOD XQ EUDFFLR LQILODWR WUD OH VEDUUH GL XQ FDQFHOOR H OD JXDQFLD DGHUHQWH DOO·DVIDOWR WLHSLGR 0L JXDUGDYR XQD VFDUSD 8QR VSHW WDFROR DVVDL GHVRODQWH /D VFDUSD HUD YHFFKLD GL SHOOH VJXDOFLWD RSDFD JUDIILDWD VXOOD SXQWD /H VWULQJKH HUDQR FRQVXPDWH GDO FRQWLQXR VIUHJDPHQWR FRQWUR JOL DQHOOLQL PHWDOOLFL (UR VWUDQD PHQWH DOOHJUR $QFKH SHUFKp GD TXDOFKH PLQXWR FDPSHJJLDYD GL IURQWH D PH XQD EDPELQD LQ ELFL FOHWWD 1RQ DYHYD SL GL FLQTXH R VHL DQQL /D ELFLFOHWWD VHPEUDYD XQ JLRFDWWROR (SSXUH HQWUDPEH VL VWDJOLDYDQR PDVVLFFH QHOO·DULD FRPH VFROSLWH LQ XQ PDWHULDOH SHVDQWH H SHUHQQH ,R PHGLWDYR XQD IUDVH JHQWLOH PD WHPHYR FKH SHU SDUHFFKL PLQXWL QRQ VDUHEEH XVFLWR DOFXQ VXRQR GDOOD PLD ERF FD )X DOORUD FKH OD EDPELQD FR PLQFLz D FDQWDUH ©/RV DPDULOORV \D HVWDUiQ OOHJDQGR ORV DPDULO ORV \D HVWDUiQ OOHJDQGRª $ GLUH LO YHUR JULGDYD SL FKH FDQWDUH &RPH LQ XQR VWDWR GL WUDQFH ,R FHUFDYR GL FDSLUH VH PL VWHVVH JXDUGDQGR QHJOL RFFKL VH LQVRP PD TXHOOD IDFFHQGD PL ULJXDUGDV VH )RUVH VL WUDWWDYD GL XQ SLFFR OR RUDFROR IHPPLQLOH H QHOOD VXD FDQWLOHQD DVWUXVD VL QDVFRQGHYD LO VHJUHWR GHO PLR GHVWLQR 0D XQ UDJJLR GL VROH EDWWHQ GRPL VXJOL RFFKL GLVLQWHJUDYD L OLQHDPHQWL GHOOD EDPELQD 9H GHYR LO YROWR PD XQ SXQWR FLH FR PL LPSHGLYD GL VFRUJHUQH OD ERFFD H JOL RFFKL 0L VSD]LHQWLL ©/RV DPDULOORV VWR· FD]]R %D VWD 9DWWHQH YLD ª '·DOWUD SDUWH VRQR FRQYLQWR FKH JOL RUDFROL QRQ YDGDQR WUDWWDWL WURSSR EHQH 6R SUDWWXWWR QRQ ELVRJQD PRVWUDUH GL DYHUOL ULFRQRVFLXWL &L VRQR RUDFROL SHVWLIHUL FKH VH ULFRQRVFLXWL PXWDQR DOO·XOWL PR PRPHQWR LO FRQWHQXWR GHOOD ORUR SURIH]LD 3HU SXUR GLVSHWWR &KL SXz LQIDWWL SXQLUH XQ RUDFR OR" &HUWLILFDUH GHOOD VXD LQHIIL FLHQ]D R DGGLULWWXUD SHUILGLD" $ FKL VL GRYUHEEH ULYROJHUH O·RUD FRODWR SHU GHQXQFLDUH LO GDQQR GHOO·RUDFRODQWH" /D ELPED HUD WUDFRWDQWH 1RQ FHVVDYD GL XUODUH ( QRQ VL HUD PRVVD GL XQ PLOOLPH WUR )RUVH GRSRWXWWR OD IDFFHQGD QRQ PL ULJXDUGDYD DIIDWWR 9H QLVVHUR SXUH L JLDOOL H VL GLVSR QHVVHUR XQ SR· FRPH YROHYDQR DOOD EXRQD 'L VSD]LR LQ YLD 'H &DVWLOOD FH Q·HUD D VXIILFLHQ]D 0L PLVL DQFK·LR D IDUH HFR DOOH VXH JUL GD GDSSULPD PHQWDOPHQWH H LQ ILQH DQFKH LQ IRUPD VRQRUD ©/RV DPDULOORV \D HVWDUiQ OOHJDQGR ª (UR GLYHQXWR G·XQ WUDWWR LPSD ]LHQWH 9ROHYR XQ FDPELR GL VFH QD 8QD FRQFOXVLRQH VSHWWDFROD UH 0D TXHVWL JLDOOL FKL SRWHYDQR HVVHUH" 8QD PLQDFFLD" *HQWDJOLD GHO TXDUWLHUH FLQHVH" 8QD EDQGD GL FXFLWRUL FODQGHVWLQL GL 9LD 3DR OR 6DUSL VFHVL FRQ L FROWHOOL SHU OH VWUDGH H SRL ULVDOLWL D JUXSSL VSDU VL YHUVR O·,VROD FRUUHQGR OXQJR LO SRQWH FKH VFDYDOFD OD VWD]LRQH *DULEDOGL" 2SSXUH HUDQR L JLUD VROL GHO 9DQ *RJK FKH OH SLFFKLD YDQR GHQWUR OD WHVWD DOOD SLFFROD" $FLGLVVLPL H URYHQWL JLUDVROL FKH URWHDYDQR GLHWUR TXHOOD IURQWH IUDJLOH H EDWWHYDQR QHOOR VSXJQR VR FHUYHOOR FRQ SHWDOL GL IHUUR" (UD GXQTXH VROR XQD SUHFRFLVVL PD VEURFFDWD H URPSLSDOOH" 1RQ SRWHYR FHUWR GDUOH FRUGD IDUH FRQ OHL FRUR H FRPSLDFHUOD QHO VXR GL YDULR SVLFKLFR $GRWWDL XQ PHWR
./ Ì Ì 1$
8 "13 Ì 1$.
5DQFRUL FROWLYDWL FRQ GHGL]LR QH (VLVWH XQ ¶SROOLFH YHUGH· GHL UDQFRUL F·q FKL q LQ JUDGR GL IDUOL FUHVFHUH H FKL QR FKL FUHD SHU ORUR XQ SHUIHWWR PLFURFOLPD H KD OD FRVWDQ]D GL DQQDIILDUOL WXWWL L JLRUQL SULPD GL XVFLUH GL FDVD H FKL LQYHFH OL ODVFLD VXO WHUUD]]R QRQFXUDQWH OL ODVFLD D FRQVXPDUH OD VWDJLRQH ILQFKp OH IRJOLH QRQ FDGRQR YRODQR QHL JLDUGLQL VRWWR FDVD WRUQDQR FRQFLPH SHU LO FLFOR GHOOD YLWD ¶5DQFRUH· KD D FKH IDUH FRQ O·HVVHUH UDQFLGL 6WDQWLL H XQ SR· SX]]ROHQWL 5L VHQWLPHQWR q LO JLj VHQWLWR HPR]LRQL VILDQFDWH GDOOD ULSHWL]LRQH FRDWWD FRPH SUROHWDUL JLj HVDXVWL FKH YHGRQR DOORQWDQDUVL O·HWj GHOOD SHQVLRQH /LYRUH OHJDUVHOD DO GLWR H RJQL JLRUQR JXDUGDUVL TXHO QRGR SHQVDUH FKH TXHO GLWR q LO FHQ WUR GHO PRQGR WXWWR FLz FKH WL FLUFRQGD q LQ UHOD]LRQH D TXHOOD FRVD R SHUVRQD OHJDWD DO GLWR 9HGL QHPLFL GDSSHUWXWWR LQWUD YHGL OH WHQVRVWUXWWXUH GL FRP SORWWL GHVWLQDWL D VOHJDUWL TXHOOD FRVD SHUVRQD GDO GLWR /D FRSUL FRQ O·DOWUD PDQR D FRQFD H FRQ WLQXL D JXDUGDUWL LQWRUQR 7UDL OD WXD LGHQWLWj GD TXHVWR JHVWR H OD GLIHQGL FRPH OD VSDGD GLIHQ GH LO VROFR 'LYHQWL SDUDQRLFR WH OR IDQQR QRWDUH WX FDQFHOOL L QRPL GDOO·DJHQGD H VFULYL QHO WXR GLDULR ´&·q XQ FRPSORWWR YROWR D IDUPL FUHGHUH FKH VRQR SDUDQRLFRµ 3URIRQGL FUHSDFFL VL DSURQR DL ODWL GHOOD ERFFD SDUDOL]]DWD LQ XQ JKLJQR 6RQR TXHOOL L VROFKL FKH GLIHQGL $OO·RSSRVWR LO OD QRQFXUDQ WH VH VL OHJD TXDOFRVD DO GLWR OR ID SHU UDPPHQWDUVL GL QRQ SHUGHUH WHPSR FRQ OD WDO FRVD R OD WDO SHUVRQD 6H OD OHJD DO GLWR SHU OLEHUDUVL ULFRUGDUH GL GLPHQWLFDUVL QRQ SHU VHPSUH PD ILQR D GDWD GD GHVWLQDUVL 'D WRUQDUFL VRSUD FRQ SL FDOPD ,O ULJRUH QHOOH VFHOWH YLHQH RVWD FRODWR GDOOD ULJLGLWj GHL UDQFRUL FKH ULFKLHGRQR SHUFRUVL REEOL JDWL WHPSL PQHVWLFL VWDQGDUGL] ]DWL /R VWLOH q QHPLFR GHOO·DE EDQGRQR DO ULVHQWLPHQWR /R VWL OH q JXHUUD GL PRYLPHQWR
$ YROWH ULWRUQDQGR VXOOH SURSULH VFHOWH H ULSHUFRUUHQGR OH PRWLYD ]LRQL FKH LQGXVVHUR D QRQ DQGDUH YLD GD 1DSROL VL YLHQH VLOHQ]LR VDPHQWH DVVDOLWL GDO UL VHQWLPHQ WR QHO YHGHUH WDQWL ¶H[· FRPSLD FHUVL ² QHO WHPSRUDQHR VDOWXDULR ULWRUQR ² GHL FDPELDPHQWL DYYH
:X 0LQJ
GR YLROHQWR 0L DGGRUPHQWDL &RPH PL VXFFHGH VSHVVR GRU PR SRFR PD FRVu LQWHQVDPHQWH FKH TXDQGR PL ULVYHJOLR QRQ PL ULFRUGR QHSSXUH SL FKL VRQR ,O PLR VRQQR q FRPH XQ·HYDFXD ]LRQH XQ GRUPLUH OHWDOH ( LQ IDWWL QRQ PL ULFRUGDYR GL HVVHU PL DVVRSLWR LQ XQD FXFLQD FRQ OD IDFFLD SRJJLDWD VX GL XQ WDYROR LQJRPEUR GL VWRYLJOLH H WRYDJOLR OL 1p PL ULFRUGDYR GL LQGRVVDUH XQD FUDYDWWD FRVu HOHJDQWH H GHO OH VFDUSH GL YHUQLFH QHUH ,QYHFH VRWWR LO WDYROR VFLYRODYDQR VX H JL VXO SDYLPHQWR LQ XQD IDOVD SHGDODWD OH GXH OXFLGLVVLPH VFDU SH FKH FDO]DYR 0L SUHRFFXSDL SHUVLQR FKH SRWHVVHUR ODVFLDUH VFLH GL YHUQLFH IUHVFD VXO SLDVWUHO ODWR FKLDUR 1RQ DFFDGGH QXOOD GL FRVu VSLDFHYROH 'XQTXH DFFROVL FRQ XQ JHVWR GL FRUWHVLD LO FDIIq FKH PL YHQLYD VHUYLWR H PL FRQFHQWUDL VXO VXR SURIXPR HFFLWDQWH $V VXQVL IRUVH XQ·DULD EHDWD ©0D FKH W·DWWHJJL FKH W·DW WHJJL PDQDJJLD ·D PRUWH ª PL JULGz LPPHGLDWDPHQWH XQ WL]LR FKH VDSHYR FKLDPDUVL 3XQ]R LQ ILODQGRVL LO ERUGR GHOOD PDQR GH VWUD LQ ERFFD FRQ LO SDOPR ULYRO WR YHUVR O·DOWR H PRUGHQGRVHOR 1RQ ULXVFLYR D FDSLUH VH VWHVVH VFKHU]DQGR RSSXUH IRVVH GDYYHUR DUUDEELDWR (UD VWDWR SURSULR OXL D VHUYLUPL OD WD]]D GL FDIIq 'RYH YR JXDGDJQDUH WHPSR SHU WUDUPL GD TXHOO·LPSDFFLR VHQ]D SHJJLR UDUH OD PLD VLWXD]LRQH ©1RQ WL SLDFFLRQR OH PLH QXR YH VFDUSH"ª SURYDL D GLUH ©0D YD ID· PPRFFD ª PL ULVSRVH OXL VHFFR (UD XQ QDSROHWDQR HYL GHQWHPHQWH ( PROWR DJJUHVVLYR ,QGRVVDYD XQD YHVWDJOLD JLDOOD FKH TXDVL OR FRQIRQGHYD FRQ OD SDUHWH DQFK·HVVD JLDOOD SHU XQ UDJJLR GL VROH FKH VL GLIIRQGHYD FRPH XQ SLFFROR LQFHQGLR UL IOHVVR GDOOD VXSHUILFLH GL OHJQR FKLDUR LQ FXL HUD LQFDVWRQDWR O·DF TXDLR ©6HQWLª JOL GLVVL ©VH WL XUWR D WDO SXQWR q PHJOLR FKH PH QH YDGDª /R GLVVL FRQ XQ WRQR FRQ FLOLDQWH PD QHO FRQWHPSR PL HUR DO]DWR LQ PRGR ULVROXWR 3HQVD YR FKH TXHVWD FRQGRWWD DPELJXD O·DYUHEEH GLVRULHQWDWR H XQ SR· FDOPDWR 1RQ IX FRVu 7RJOLHQ GRVL OD PDQR GDL GHQWL JULGz ©( YDWWpQQH RPP· H PPHUGDª 6L JLUz GL VFKLHQD H VH QH DQGz OXL WUDVFLQDQGR L SLHGL LQ XQ·DO WUD VWDQ]D 5LPDVL IHUPR FRPH XQ DOORF FR LQ PH]]R DOOD FXFLQD VHQ]D ULVROYHUPL D IDUH TXDOFRVD ,Q XQ FHUWR VHQVR OD PLD UHD]LRQH HUD VWDWD HIILFDFH PD QRQ VL WUDWWDYD GL XQD VWUDWHJLD GL OXQJD GXUDWD 2UD GRYHYR LQYHQWDUPL TXDOFR VD GL QXRYR 8QD JLRYDQH GRQQD FRPSDUYH VXOOD SRUWD GHOOD FXFL QD (UD ELRQGD H DYHYD L ILDQFKL FRPH VFROSLWL QHOOD SLHWUD , VHQL GL SRUILGR /L VHQWLYR FRPSDWWL PLQHUDOL VRWWR LO FRWRQH JLDOOR GHOOD PDJOLD 5HVR DXGDFH GD TXHVWR GLYHUVLYR HURWLFR PL EDOH Qz XQ·LGHD ©0L FKLDPL XQ WD[Lª OH GLVVL ©WRUQR LQ YLD 'H &DVWLO ODª (UD RUD FKH WRUQDVVL D FDVD /j GD GRYH HUR SDUWLWR /D ULVSRVWD GHOOD ELRQGD PL VRUSUHVH DSSHQD ©,O WD[L WL VWD JLj DVSHWWDQGR GD EDVVR GDWWL XQD PRVVD ª 7HQWDL GL VWULQJHU OH OD PDQR PD OHL VL ULWUDVVH FRQ IDVWLGLR 'DYYHUR LQFD]]DWR PL SUHFLSLWDL IXRUL GDOO·DSSDUWDPHQ WR H SRL JL SHU OH VFDOH EDWWHQGR L SLHGL FRPH XQ IRUVHQQDWR $YHYR FDSLWR LO ORUR JLRFR (UDQR GHL QD SROHWDQL 'L VLFXUR VL HUDQR DFFRU
GDWL FRQ LO WDVVLVWD /L FRQRVFR LR L QDSROHWDQL 9HGL XQ UHJLVWUDWRUH VWHUHR EHOOR FKH FRVWD SRFR /R SDJKL WH OR PHWWRQR QHOOR VFDWR OD $UULYL D FDVD H FL WURYL GHQWUR XQ PDWWRQH 2SSXUH KDL YRJOLD GL FRPSUDUWL XQ EDEj H QRQ KDL VROGL LQ WDVFD 7L VSRVWL YHUVR LO SULPR VSRUWHOOR EDQFRPDW ,QILOL OD FDU WD H GLJLWL LO FRGLFH JLXVWR &RP SDUH XQD VFULWWD ´6L q YHULILFDWR XQ HUURUH GL WLSR (EE < SUHJDVL ULWLUDUH OD VXD FDUWD SUHVVR OD VXD DJHQ]LDµ 7H QH YDL VPDGRQQDQ GR FRQWUR LO EORFFR PLOLWDU LQGX VWULDOH &HUFKL GL FRQWDWWDUH OD WXD DJHQ]LD /RUR QRQ QH VDQQR QXO OD 7RUQL DOOR VSRUWHOOR EDQFRPDW PD q VWDWR VPRQWDWR XQ TXDUWR G·RUD SULPD (UD LQIDWWL GL SROLVWL UROR ( F·HUD XQ SLFFROR VFLXVFLj FKLQDWR GHQWUR &RVu IXQ]LRQD D 1DSROL 1RQ HVLVWH TXHO VHQVR GL UHVSRQVDELOLWj GLIIXVR TXD VL FDSLOODUH FKH FDUDWWHUL]]D QRL SRSROL QRUGLFL GLVFHQGHQWL GHL ORQJREDUGL 4XLQGL KDQQR IDWWR XQD FRPELQD FRQ LO WDVVLVWD ,R JOL GLUz ©$OOD VWD]LRQH GHOOH IHUURYLH VWDWDOL ª H OXL DQQXLUj YLUDQGR YHUVR )RUPLD H SRL D ]LJR]DJR WRUQHUj YHUVR LO FHQWUR 6LPXOH Uj XQ PDORUH H DFFRVWHUj GL ODWR EXWWDQGRVL FRQ OH EUDFFLD D FURFH GL 6DQW·$QGUHD VXO YRODQWH H OD IDFFLD VXOOH EUDFFLD 0D QRQ VWDF FKHUj LO WDVVDPHWUR $FFXVHUj XQ DWWDFFR GL ODELULQWLWH ©( LR QRQ SDJR H LR QRQ SDJRª FRPLQFLDL D JULGDUH XVFHQGR GDO SRUWRQH GHO SDOD]]R 1RQ F·HUD QHVVXQ WD[L 6ROR XQD YHFFKLD FRQ OH FDO]H QHUH OR VFLDOOH QHUR OD PDJOLD QHUD H OD JRQQD QHUD $YHYD SHU IRUWXQD L FDSHOOL JULJL 0L VFUXWDYD FRQ RFFKL IHVVXUDWL 7XWWD RUJRJOLRVD GHOOH VXH GXHPLOD UXJKH 'HOOD VXD PDQR WUHPDQWH VXO EDVWRQH 'HOOH JDPEH GLYDULFDWH SHU QRQ SHUGHUH O·HTXLOLEULR 'HL SRFKL GHQWL FKH DIILRUDYDQR GDOOH TXD VL ODEEUD 'RSR WDQWR RUJRJOLR ILVVDQGRPL PHQWUH OD ILVVDYR PL GLVVH ©1RQ SDJD"ª 5LVSRVL DOOD SURYRFD]LRQH ©+D FDSLWR EHQLV VLPR VLJQRUD QRQ SDJR ª ©/H WDVVH"ª PL LQFDO]z DQFRUD ©,O WD[Lª ©)D EHQH OHL FKH q JLRYD QH SXz EHQ DQGDUH D SLHGL FKH VL FRQVHUYD OD VDOXWHª ©(VDWWD PHQWHª 0D DUULYz LO WD[L LQ XQ RVFHQR EDJOLRUH VROOHYDQGR SROYHUH H GLIIRQGHQGR XQ RGRUH GL FDSUD (FFR OH YHUWLJLQL GHO EDVVR PH GLWHUUDQHR FRPLQFLDYDQR D FRQ TXLVWDUPL 1RQ YROHYR FHGHUH IDFLOPHQWH 3RVDL OD PDQR GHVWUD VXO SROVR VLQLVWUR H ILVVDL O·RUD FRPSUHVD GL PLQXWL H VHFRQGL QHO TXDGUDQWLQR DO TXDU]R GHO O·RURORJLR 5HVSLUDL FRQ FDOPD /D WHFQRORJLD HUD OD PLD XOWLPD ERD 'LUDGDWD OD QXEH LO WD[L VL GLVYHOz LQ WXWWD OD VXD DIULFDQL WXGLQH /D FDUUR]]HULD HUD GL XQ JLDOOR ULGLSLQWR LQILQLWH YROWH XQ JLDOOR D PDFFKLD GL OHRSDUGR VX JLDOOL DQWHULRUL SUHFHGHQWL DWDYL FL ,O QHUR SXOVDYD PLQDFFLRVR VXL ILDQFKL LQWRUQR DOOD UXRWH H VXO WHWWR $QFKH LO QHUR HUD VWDWR SL YROWH GLSLQWR H OLEHUDYD QHOO·DULD D LQWHUYDOOL UHJRODUL XQD SROYHUH VRWWLOH XQD IXOLJJLQH 0D OD ILEUD GHOO·DXWR O·DUPDWXUD PHWDOOLFD HUD LO YHUR FDSRODYRUR VFDUWD YHWUDWD UDQGHOODWD FULYHOODWD LQ RJQL PLQLPR FHQWLPHWUR 8QD VX SHUILFLH GHYDVWDWD PLQXWDPHQWH H DOWUHWWDQWR PLQXWDPHQWH ULFXFLWD VDOGDWD VWXFFDWD 6L SHUFHSLYDQR RUJDQL PRWRUL FRQJHVWLRQDWL DU URFKLWL GD UXJJLQL H LQWDVDPHQ WL FKH WRVVLYDQR VRWWR LO FRIDQR
VELOHQFDPHQWH ILVVDWR FRQ GHL ODFFLXROL GL FXRLR , IDUL PL JXDU GDYDQR IHVVL FRQ OH RUELWH YXRWH VHQ]D FRSHUWXUD H OXFL LQWHUQH ,O SDUDEUH]]D HUD XQD UDJQDWHOD GL FUHSH DWWUDYHUVR FXL HUD LPSRVVL ELOH VFRUJHUH OD VDJRPD GHO FRQ GXFHQWH $ XQ WUDWWR OD SRUWLHUD VL DSUu FRPH VRWWR XQD SUHVVLRQH UDEELRVD VJDQFLDQGR D WHUUD SLF FROL IUDPPHQWL GL IHUUR 8QD YRFH DIILRUDYD &DOPD H LPSXGHQWH 0L FKLQDL VXOO·LQWHUQR GHOOD FDU FDVVD $O YRODQWH F·HUD XQ QHJUR &L PDQFDYD DQFKH TXHVWD 0L UDGGUL]]DL GL VFDWWR FHU FDQGR LQWRUQR D PH SHUVRQDJJL LQGDIIDUDWL FKH FRQ RFFKLDOL GD VROH ILODYDQR QHO IXWXUR VWULQ JHQGR XQD VDPVRQLWH QHOOD PDQR &HUFDL XRPLQL DEEURQ]DWL GDOOH FDPLFLH EOX LQWHQWL D SDUODUH QHL FHOOXODUL FLRQGRODQGR VXO SRVWR 0D DOOH PLH VSDOOH F·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·DOWUD SRUWLHUD VL DSUu 6SURIRQ GDL LQ XQD SROWURQFLQD VIRQGDWD DFFDQWR D OXL &KLXVL OD SRUWD FKH VL LQFDVWUz GHILQLWLYDPHQWH 2UD QHVVXQR VDUHEEH PDL SL ULXVFLWR DG DSULUOD 6ELUFLDL LO WDVVLVWD 6HPEUD YD XQ SXJLOH LO FUDQLR UDVDWR H VTXDGUDWR FRPH XQ·LQFXGLQH GD SRWHU VIDVFLDUH XQ PXUR GL VDVVL 5LGDFFKLDYD FRQ JOL RFFKL VHPL FKLXVL ©$O PDUHª GLVVL ©6HL PLODª ULVSRVH ©1RQ VH QH SDUOD QHDQFKHª /D UDGLR FRQWLQXDYD D URQ]DUH IXRUL VLQWRQLD VHQ]D FKH OXL VL GHFLGHVVH D VSHJQHUOD R D WURYDUH XQ FDQDOH ©6HLPLODª 1RQ VDSHYR LQ TXDOH PRQHWD SUH WHQGHVVH TXHOOD FLIUD 0D GHFLVL GL PHUFDQWHJJLDUH FRPXQTXH FRQ GHFLVLRQH ©0LOOHFLQTXHFHQ WRª 6FRSSLz D ULGHUH LQFDVVDQGR OD WHVWD QHOOH VSDOOH H WUHPDQGR WXWWR QHOOD SDQFLD 3RL VL DSSLVR Oz ,R ILVVDL OD VWUDGD LQ FRQWUROX FH 9HGHYR L QDSROHWDQL FKH DQ GDYDQR D ]RQ]R SHU OH VWUDGH 6L GDYDQR XQ JUDQ GDIIDUH PD SHU ULGHUH $OFXQL VFDYDYDQR EXFKH SRVDYDQR SLDVWUHOOH FDULFDYDQR SXOPLQL VWURILQDYDQR L YHWUL PD SHU VFKHU]R &·HUDQR SXUH TXHOOL FKH VL PHQDYDQR RJQL WDQWR 0D PDL VXO VHULR 4XDQGR FL ULPDQH YD TXDOFXQR ERFFRQL VXOO·DVIDO WR FRQ XQ SURLHWWLOH FKH JOL DYHYD VSDFFDWR LO FUDQLR DOORUD VL IDFH YDQR WXWWL VHUL SHU XQ SR· 6L UL FRUGDYDQR GHOOD JUDYLWj &DSLYD QR OD WULVWH]]D GHO FDVR 0D QRQ GXUDYD PROWR *Lj QHO FDULFDUOR VXOOD OHWWLJD SHU SRUWDUOR DOO·REL WRULR L EDUHOOLHUL VL VIRWWHYDQR H VIRWWHYDQR LO PRUWR )DFHYDQR ILQWD GL URYHVFLDUOR SHU WHUUD LQ FLDPSDYDQR DSSRVWD ( ULFRPLQ FLDYDQR D ULGHUH 6HQ]D SUHDYYLVR LO WD[L SDUWu ( YLDJJLz 9LDJJLz YLDJJLz YLDJ JLz 'L WDQWR LQ WDQWR SHUGHYD SH]]L PD O·DXWLVWD YLUDYD YHUVR JUXPL GL SDWWXPH LQ ELOLFR VXL PDUFLDSLHGL 5DOOHQWDYD DOOXQJD YD LO EUDFFLR IXRUL GDO ILQHVWULQR
H SHVFDYD DO YROR JOL DJJHJJL GL ULFDPELR FKH JOL VHUYLYDQR 3RL IUHQDYD /R YHGHYR VFRPSDULUH VRWWR LO YHLFROR /R VHQWLYR VD FUDPHQWDUH LQ ZRORI H GDUH WH VWDWH QHO PHWDOOR 7XWWR DOOHJUR H VDQJXLQROHQWR VH QH WRUQDYD DOOD JXLGD 3HU SL GL XQ JLRUQR YLDJ JLDPPR 3RL QRQ IHFL SL DWWHQ ]LRQH D QXOOD ,O WD[L IUHQz GL FROSR ©6HL PLODª PL JULGz QHOOH RUHFFKLH LO QHJUR (UDYDPR DUULYDWL DO PDUH &·HUD XQD OXQJKLVVLPD VSLDJJLD /D VDEELD HUD JLDOOD ( XQ VDFFR GL SHUVRQH FRUUHYDQR GD XQD SDU WH DOO·DOWUD /L ULFRQREEL &·HUD QR PROWL QDSROHWDQL *LRFDYDQR SHU OR SL D FDOFLR PD LQ PRGR DQDUFKLFR H DGUHQDOLQLFR $OFX QL DQFKH D PRUUD H D ULQFRUUHUVL 1RWDL FRPH SDUHFFKL QDSROHWDQL IRVVHUR DOWL GL SHOOH QHUD FRQ OH ODEEUD FDUQRVH ( SDUODYDQR PDOLQNp R ZRORI 0D ROWUH DL QD SROHWDQL ELDQFKL H QHUL F·HUDQR GHL VHQHJDOHVL H GHL EDPEDUj $OFXQL HUDQR ELRQGL DOWUL DYH YDQR LO FXOR SLDWWR H JOL RFFKL D PDQGRUOD $QFKH ORUR JLRFDYDQR D SDOORQH PD LQ PRGR DQDUFKLFR H IOHPPDWLFR 2JQL WDQWR QDSR OHWDQL ELDQFKL H QHUL H DIULFDQL ELRQGL H FRQ JOL RFFKL D PDQGRUOD RUJDQL]]DYDQR GHOOH FRPSOLFDWH H FDRWLFKH SDUWLWH FRLQYROJHQGR SL GL VHVVDQWD JLRFDWRUL /H UH JROH HUDQR DVVDL GLIILFLOL GD VWD
ELOLUH , JLRFDWRUL FRQWLQXDYDQR D SDVVDUH GD XQD VTXDGUD DOO·DOWUD H OH VTXDGUH VWHVVH SRWHYDQR VXGGL YLGHUVL LQ IRUPD]LRQL SL SLFFROH $ YROWH VL DIIURQWDYDQR FLQTXH R VHL VTXDGUH DOWUH YROWH LO JLRFR VL IDFHYD QRLRVR SHUFKp WXWWL HUDQR FRQIOXLWL LQ XQ·XQLFD VTXDGUD /H ULVVH QRQ VL GLVWLQJXHYDQR QHWWD PHQWH GDL PRPHQWL GL IHVWD PD GL WDQWR LQ WDQWR TXDOFXQR ULPD QHYD IHULWR 'HFLVL GL XQLUPL DQFK·LR DOOD IROOD FKH VWDYD JLRFDQGR D SDO ORQH ©0LOOHFLQTXHFHQWRª GLVVL FRQ IHUPH]]D DOO·DXWLVWD 0D VL HUD DVVRSLWR GL QXRYR H UXVVD YD OHJJHUPHQWH 6EXFDL IXRUL GDO ILQHVWULQR 0L VJUDQFKLL OH JDPEH 'HFLVL GL JLRFDUH FRPH VWRSSHU 5DJJLXQJHQGR LO FDPSR GL JLRFR GDL ERUGL LPSUHFLVDWL H GDOOH SRUWH LQHVLVWHQWL PL FKLHVL VH IRVVL DQFRUD D 1DSROL ,O JLDOOR GHOOD VDEELD PL ULFRUGDYD 'DNDU 0D TXHL QHUL FKH GULEEODQGR JOL DIULFDQL ELRQGL XUODYDQR ©FKL W·H PPXRUWRª HUDQR GHL QDSROHWDQL EHOOL H EXRQL
3#53!4%
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
Î " Ì Ì 3$ $
D FXUD GHOOD UHGD]LRQH
$QWRQLR *KLUHOOL
QXWL LQ ORUR DVVHQ]D H WDOYROWD DGGLULWWXUD JUD]LH D TXHVWD ORUR DVVHQ]D QHO VHQVR FKH HVVD DV VXQVH O·DVSHWWR GL XQ HVLOLR FRO SHYROPHQWH LQIOLWWR GDOOD FLWWj PDWULJQD QHL FRQIURQWL GHL ILJOL GL FXL QRQ VD ULFRQRVFHUH LO JHQLR LQGXFHQGR TXLQGL UL SHQVDPHQWL
GLIILFLOPHQWH ULPRUVL 0D L FDP ELDPHQWL QRQ VRQR RYYLDPHQWH WXWWL SRVLWLYL H IUD TXHOOL SRVL WLYL PDQFDQR DQFRUD PROWL FKH GRYUHEEHUR HVVHUH O·RELHWWLYR GL FKL VFULYH H GL FKL OHJJH 'RSR LO QXPHUR ]HUR DSSDUVR OR VFRU VR PDJJLR ² GHQVR GL ULFRUGDQ]H
H ULHYRFD]LRQL ROWUH FKH GL QRYLWj SURSRVWH DL OHWWRUL FRQ O·LQYLWR D ULIOHWWHUH VXOOD SDUROD VFULWWD H VXO QRQ VHQVR GHOOH PROWH SDUR OH FKH YHQJRQR HPHVVH YHUVR GL QRL ² LO QRVWUR 68' ULSDUWH FRQ O·LQWHQWR ² PD QRQ q LO VROR ² GL ULQWUDFFLDUH OLQJXDJJL FDSDFL GL UDJJLXQJHUH TXDQWL VRQR HVFOXVL GD RJQL FRPXQLFD]LRQH FKH QRQ VLD FRQVXPLVWLFD H LPPRUDOH 3RUVL LO SUREOHPD GHL WDQWL FKH SHU TXHVWR PRWLYR YHQJRQR PHVVL QHOO·LPSRVVLELOLWj GL FRQWULEXLUH DOOD VDOYH]]D GHOO·DPELHQWH DOOD VROLGDULHWj DOOD SDFH QRQ SR WHQGR GHFLIUDUH WHPSHVWLYDPHQWH OH WUXIIH SROLWLFKH VXDGHQWHPHQWH SURSRVWH VLJQLILFD SXUH FKLHGHU VL FKH FRVD IDUH H TXDOH RELHWWLYR UDJLRQHYROPHQWH UDJJLXQJLELOH q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² PD VH OR IRVVH QRQ FL SLDFHUHE EH ² FRQIRUWDWL GD FRQVHQVL FKH FL KDQQR VRUSUHVR H VRSUDWWXWWR KDQQR UDIIRU]DWR OD QRVWUD FRQ YLQ]LRQH FKH OD GLIIHUHQ]D IUD LO 68' GL TXDVL VHVVDQWD DQQL ID H TXHVWR QRVWUR GL RJJL VWD QHO OD DOORFD]LRQH WHPSRUDOH DOORUD XQ GRSRJXHUUD SLHQR GL VSHUDQ]H SRVLWLYH RJJL XQD JXHUUD FRQ WLQXD LQ XQ PRQGR JOREDOL]]DWR GRYH OD JLXVWL]LD QRQ ULHVFH D YLQFHUH PD QRQ YLHQH PDL VFRQ ILWWD H L VXRL VRVWHQLWRUL ULQDVFR QR VHPSUH H RYXQTXH
©2UD PL FKLDPL LO ´7XR FDUR *ULOOLQRµ QRQ q YHUR" 0D WL UDP PHQWL GL TXDQGR SHU FDFFLDUPL GL FDVD WXD PL WLUDVWL XQ PDQL FR GL PDUWHOOR" ª $ 3LQRFFKLR YLHQH ULFRUGDWD D WHPSR GHELWR OD UHD]LRQH IXULRVD H LQJLXVWD DL FRQVLJOL VDJJL H XWLOL GHO *ULOOR SDUODQWH ©8Q ELFFKLHUH GL ODWWH FRVWD XQ VROGR &RPLQFLD LQWDQWR GDO GDUPL LO VROGRª Ë XQ DOWUR SDVVR DYDQWL 3LQRFFKLR LQFRQWUD O·HFR QRPLD GL PHUFDWR QRQ KD VROGL PD SXz VFDPELDUH LO ELFFKLHUH GL ODWWH FRQ OD SURSULD IRU]D ODYRUR ©( GD TXHO JLRUQR LQ SRL FRQWL QXz SL GL FLQTXH PHVL D OHYDUVL RJQL PDWWLQD SULPD GHOO·DOED SHU DQGDUH D JLUDUH LO ELQGROR H JXDGDJQDUH FRVu TXHO ELFFKLHUH GL ODWWHª 0D QRQ VROR ©SHUFKp D WHPSR DYDQ]DWR LPSDUz D IDEEUL FDUH DQFKH L FDQHVWUL H L SDQLHUL GL JLXQFR H FRQ L TXDWWULQL FKH QH ULFDYDYD SURYYHGHYD FRQ PRO WLVVLPR JLXGL]LR D WXWWH OH VSHVH JLRUQDOLHUHª 3LQRFFKLR QRQ VROR DFFHWWD O·HWLFD GHO VDFULILFLR PD VD DPPLQLVWUDUH EHQH TXDQWR JXDGDJQD ULXVFHQGR D PHWWHUH GD SDUWH TXDOFKH ULVSDUPLR ©1HOOH YHJOLH SRL GHOOD VHUD VL HVHUFLWDYD D OHJJHUH H D VFULYHUHª O·DXWRHGXFD]LRQH SHU UHFXSHUDUH LO WHPSR SHUGXWR $GHVVR RFFRU UH FDPELDUH O·DELWR LQIDWWL ©DYH YD SRWXWR PHWWHUH GD SDUWH DQFKH TXDUDQWD VROGL SHU FRPSUDUVL XQ YHVWLWR QXRYRª
©3XU WURSSR &ROSLWD GD PLOOH GLVJUD]LH VL q JUDYHPHQWH DP PDODWD H QRQ KD SL GD FRPSUDU VL XQ ERFFRQ GL SDQHª OD VROLGD ULHWj SHU OD )DWLQD PDGUH VRUHOOD q LPPHGLDWD OD VRFFRUUH LQYLDQ GROH L VROGL FKH RFFRUUHYDQR SHU O·DELWR QXRYR H GD EUDYR ILJOLR GL IDPLJOLD DQQXQFLD FKH ©GD RJJL LQ Oj ODYRUHUz FLQTXH RUH GL SL SHU PDQWHQHUH DQFKH OD PLD EXR QD PDPPDª ©3D]LHQ]D /R FRPSUHUz XQ·DOWUD YROWDª 4XHVWR ULQYLDUH D XQ DOWUR WHPSR OD VRGGLVID]LRQH GHO GHVLGHULR q O·DWWR GL XQ HVVH UH UD]LRQDOH FKH VD FRQWUROODUH LO GHVLGHULR OD PDJJLRUH OHYD GHOOD QDWXUD XPDQD ©$ TXHVWR SXQWR LO VRJQR ILQu H 3LQRFFKLR VL VYHJOLz «ª H ©VL DFFRUVH FKH QRQ HUD SL XQ EXUDWWLQR GL OHJQR PD FKH HUD GLYHQWDWR LQYHFH XQ UDJD]]R FRPH WXWWL JOL DOWULª 3LQRFFKLR QRQ LQFLDPSHUj SL QHOOD IDQWDVLD SHUFKp O·DXWRUH KD GHFLVR FKH LO EXUDWWLQR SDVVD LQ TXHVWR DO GL TXD ODVFLDQGRVL DOOH VSDOOH OD SRVVLELOH HVLVWHQ]D IDQWDVWLFD SLHJDQGRVL DOOD GXUD UD]LRQDOLWj GHOO·HVLVWHQ]D H DOOR VWHVVR WHPSR DOOH FRQVHJXHQ]H H DOOH VRUWL SURJUHVVLYH GL XQD VR FLHWj LUUHJRODUL]]DELOH 0L FKLHGR VL SXz DFFHWWDUH XQ ILQDOH FRVu" Ë IDWLFRVR WRUQDUH DO SULPD TXDQGR SDJLQD GRSR SDJL QD DEELDPR DPDWR XQ SHUVRQDJ JLR DQWLERUJKHVH H DQWLHURH FKH KD VFUHGLWDWR OD UHDOWj RSSUHVVLYD
LQYLDQGR PHVVDJJL FKH FL KDQQR IDWWR GLIILGDUH GHOO·RUGLQH FRVWL WXLWR DSUHQGR RUL]]RQWL IDQWDVWLFL GL OLEHUWj 4XHVWD FRPRGD FRQ FOXVLRQH FKH DVVHFRQGD O·REEOLJR GHOOD PRUDOH VH FRVu VL SXz GLUH QRQ DFFRQWHQWD LQQDQ]LWXWWR OR VWHVVR &ROORGL $ (UPHQJLOGR 3LVWHOOL FKH JOL FKLHGHYD UDJLRQL GL WDOH ILQDOH ULVSRVH FRQ XQD ULPR]LRQH VL JQLILFDWLYD ©6DUj PD LR QRQ KR PHPRULD G·DYHU ILQLWR D TXHVWR PRGRª ,Q XQD OLEUHULD VFRSULL XQ YHF FKLR HVHPSODUH GHOOH $YYHQWXUH GL 3LQRFFKLR GL FXL QRQ FRQRVFH YR O·HGL]LRQH H PHQR DQFRUD O·LO OXVWUDWRUH , GLVHJQL FKH DFFRP SDJQDQR GL YROWD LQ YROWD TXHVWR OLEUR FRPSRQJRQR XQD SDUDOOHOD VWRULD LQWHUSUHWDWLYD GHOO·RSHUD 3UHQGR D VIRJOLDUOR PD FRQ PLD VRUSUHVD TXDQGR JLXQJR LQ SURV VLPLWj GHOOD ILQH VFRSUR FKH LO OHWWRUH KD PDQLIHVWDWR LO VXR GLV VHQVR VWUDSSDQGR SL SDJLQH GHO OD FRQFOXVLRQH ,O ULILXWR SL HVSOLFLWR H LQHTXL YRFDELOH GHO ILQDOH SHUz q SUH VHQWDWR QHO VXJJHVWLYR GLVHJQR GHOO·DUWLVWD IUDQFHVH 0LFKHO %UL GHQQH FKH SURSRQH XQD SURSULD RULJLQDOH VROX]LRQH QRQ FKLXGHUH GHILQLWLYDPHQWH LO FLUFROR IDQWDVWL FR SHUFKp LO EXUDWWLQR SLXWWRVWR FKH IDUVL LPEULJOLDUH QHL ILOL GHOOD UHDOWj VFHJOLH GL QRQ SDUWHFLSDUH GL QRQ HVVHUFL H SXz IDUOR SURSULR JUD]LH DOOD VXD QDVFLWD PDJLFD
Ì8 . 1 Ì Ì "1 /1 $ 5DLPRQGR 'L 0DLR
/·LGHQWLWj q JXHUUD GL WULQFHD /·LGHQWLWj q VWLOH IRVVLOL]]DWR /·LGHQWLWj q FDGXWD GL VWLOH LVWLWX]LRQDOL]]DWD 6XL SDOD]]L GL TXHOO·LVWLWX]LR QH YLJH LO GLYLHWR GL VRUYROR /H FRQWUDHUHH QRQ VPHWWRQR PDL GL VSDUDUH /·LGHQWLWj q QHPLFD GHL PR YLPHQWL , PRYLPHQWL GHYRQR DSSXQWR IDU JXHUUD GL PRYL PHQWR /·LGHQWLWj UHQGH OH VXROH SHVDQWL GHOOR VWHUFR FKH FROPD OH WULQFHH $G DPEXODUH FRQ JOL VFDUSRQL LPPHUGDWL VRQR JOL HVSRQHQWL GHJOL DXWRSURFODPDWL ¶FHWL SROLWLFL· GHL PRYLPHQWL , UDSSRUWL WUD L FHWL SROLWLFL VRQR LPPHUVLRQL VHQ]D PDFKHWH LQ JLXQJOH GL OLYRUL H ULVHQWLPHQ WL 5H FULPLQD]LRQL LO FRQWLQXR WRUQDUH VXO OXRJR GHO GHOLWWR O·DQJROR GLHWUR LO TXDOH IX SX JQDODWR OR VWLOH ,O FRQWLQXR UL FRVWUXLUH LO GHOLWWR FRPH QHL GRFXGUDPD 6DUj XQD PHWDIRUD IUXVWD YD EHQH FRVu OD IUXVWD VRYHQWH LQFLWD JOL VFKLDYL DOOD IXJD R DOOD ULYRO WD PD RFFRUUH YRODUH DOWR $SUL UH OH DOL H L SROPRQL &DJDUH VXO FRFX]]ROR GHO FUDQLR D FKL ODJJL GLIHQGH L VROFKL Ë TXHVWD OD PLVVLRQH GD FRP SLHUH /DVFLDUH LO OXRJR GHO GHOLW WR DOOH YLVLWH GHL FRDWWL /DVFLDUH FKH OH FRQWUDHUHH VSD ULQR D XQ FLHOR YXRWR
$O OHWWRUH FKH VL DSSURSULD GL XQD VWRULD SXz FDSLWDUH GXUDQWH OD OHW WXUD GL LQFRQWUDUH XQ SXQWR XQ GHWWDJOLR PLQLPR SXz WUDWWDUVL DQFKH GHO ILQDOH TXDQGR SUHQGH D SHUFHSLUH LO SURSULR GLVDSSXQWR &RPLQFLD FRVu LO FUHDWLYR IDQWD VWLFDUH GRYH LO OHWWRUH IDFHQGR YDOHUH LO SURSULR SXQWR GL YLVWD GLVSRQH VROX]LRQL DOWHUQDWLYH DO WHVWR /H DYYHQWXUH GL 3LQRFFKLR q XQD VWUDRUGLQDULD PDFFKLQD QDU UDWLYD FRVWUXLWD GD PDWHULDOL FRP SOHVVL H DUWLFRODWH VWUDWHJLH FKH IDQQR ODYRUDUH LQVLHPH IDQWDVWLFR H UHDOH Ë LO OLEUR GHL PXWDPHQWL QHO TXDOH OH ULSHWXWH PHWDPRUIRVL D FXL SDUWHFLSD 3LQRFFKLR LO EX UDWWLQR VHQ]D ILOL WUDFFLDQR SRV VLELOL FDPELDPHQWL PD VRSUDW WXWWR O·LWLQHUDULR GD VHJXLUH SHU GLYHQWDUH XQ UDJD]]R DVVHQQDWR QRUPDOH ¶SHUEHQH· 4XDQGR VL JLXQJH DO ;;;9, FDSLWROR LO WL WROR VRPPDULR FL DQQXQFLD TXDQ WR DFFDGUj QHO ILQDOH )LQDOPHQWH 3LQRFFKLR FHVVD G·HVVHUH XQ EX UDWWLQR H GLYHQWD XQ UDJD]]R ,Q TXHVW·XOWLPR FDSLWROR LQIDWWL OHJ JLDPR HVSOLFLWL LQGL]L FKH GHVFUL YRQR L SDVVDJJL GHOOD PHWDPRUIRVL FKH YHGUHPR UHDOL]]DUVL ©XGLURQR XQD YRFH GL FKLWDUUD VFRUGDWD«ª q FDPELDWD OD UHDOWj FDPELD SXUH OD PXVLFD ©0L DYHWH LQJDQQDWR XQD YROWD H RUD QRQ PL ULSLJOLDWH SL ª 3LQRFFKLR UHSOLFD DO *DWWR H DOOD 9ROSH FKH FKLHGRQR DLXWR Ë O·DPDUR IUXWWR GHOOD VDJJH]]D DF TXLVLWD FRQ O·HVSHULHQ]D
), 2)4!2$/
8QD OLQHD GL IXRFR DWWUD YHUVD FRPH XQ·RUUHQGD IHULWD O·(XURSD HG q XQ IXRFR DPLFR XQ À XPH URYHQWH GL RGLR GL RW WXVLWj GL JURWWHVFR DQWDJRQLVPR FKH VFDYD XQ VROFR VHPSUH SL SURIRQGR WUD JOL LQWHOOHWWXDOL L PLOLWDQWL JOL DPLFL GHOOD VLQL VWUD GHPRFUDWLFD RFFLGHQWDOH 6RQR L SL YLFLQL L SL VLPLOL L IUDWHOOL GL LHUL FKH VL GHWHVWDQR H VL GLVSUH]]DQR GL SL LQ QRPH GL GXH PRORFK DVWUDWWL SL IHUR FL GL RJQL GLWWDWRUH VELUUR O·LQ WUDQVLJHQ]D PRUDOH WUDYHVWLWD GD YHVVLOOR ULYROX]LRQDULR VX XQD VSRQGD LO JUHWWR FRPSUR PHVVR VSDFFLDWR SHU UHDOLVPR SROLWLFR VXOO·DOWUD VSRQGD /·LQWUDQVLJHQ]D DFFHFD LO FRPSURPHVVR VQHUYD /D OLQHD GL IXRFR LQDULGLVFH L FXRUL OH LQWHOOLJHQ]H OH VSHUDQ ]H ² H LQWDQWR GLODJDQR L QXR YL PRVWUL LO 6XFFHVVR OD 7HF QRORJLD LO *UDQGH )UDWHOOR OD 0XOWLQD]LRQDOH LO *LURWRQGR LO %HVW 6HOOHU OD )LFWLRQ LO 4XL] O·$QDOIDEHWLVPR GL ULWRUQR ,O IXRFR DPLFR LQ UHDOWj q OD FRQVHJXHQ]D GHOOR VPDUULPHQ WR GHOLUDQWH FKH KD WUDYROWR OH DYDQJXDUGLH GHOOD GHPRFUD]LD H GHOOD FXOWXUD TXDQGR VRQR FURO ODWH VRSUD GL QRL OH VWUXWWXUH FKH FL VHPEUDYDQR HWHUQH GL XQ PRQGR QXRYR GL XQD SHUIHWWLV VLPD VRFLHWj GHOO·HJXDJOLDQ]D LQ FXL VDUHEEH VWDWR DJHYROH FR VWUXLUH QHO ODERUDWRULR GHOO·LGHR ORJLD LQ WHPSL PLUDFRORVDPHQ WH VWUHWWL XQ XRPR DQFK·HVVR QXRYR OLEHUDWR GDOOH RVVHVVLR QL GHOO·(JRLVPR GHO 3URÀ WWR GHO 3RWHUH H JXDGDJQDWR D XQD VROLGDULHWj SL UREXVWD H WHQHUD GL TXHOOD HYDQJHOLFD /R VJR PHQWR SHU LO FUROOR GL XQD FRVu JHQHURVD LOOXVLRQH LO IXURUH SHU XQD VFRQÀ WWD FKH FL q SDUVD LU UHSDUDELOH H GHÀ QLWLYD FL KDQQR LPSHGLWR GL FRJOLHUH L EHQHÀ FL FKH QRQRVWDQWH WXWWR OD JUDQ GH PXWD]LRQH DYHYD SURGRWWR LQWRUQR H GHQWUR FLDVFXQR GL QRL OD FRQGDQQD VHQ]D ULPHGLR GHO FRORQLDOLVPR GHO UD]]LVPR GHOOD GLVFULPLQD]LRQH GL RJQL GLYHUVLWj LO OHQWLVVLPR FRQWUD VWDWR PD LQDUUHVWDELOH ULVFDW WR GHJOL LQGLYLGXL H GHL SRSROL PDOHGHWWL O·DYDQ]DWD LPSHWXRVD GHOOD VFLHQ]D H GHOOD PHGLFLQD FRQ ULFDGXWH VWXSHIDFHQWL VXO OD TXDOLWj H VXOO·DVSHWWDWLYD GL YLWD GHPRFUDWL]]D]LRQH GHL VR JQL GHO VHVVR GHOOH VFXROH SUR IHVVLRQDOL GHL YLDJJL GL DELWL H IRJJH GHL GLULWWL LQGLYLGXDOL /R VJRPHQWR H LO IXURUH FL KDQQR LPSHGLWR GL UHDOL]]D UH FKH FRPH DYHYD DXVSLFDWR LO FROOHULFR SURIHWD GL 7UHYLUL FHQWLQDLD GL PLOLRQL GL XRPLQL HUDQR XVFLWL DQFKH H VRSUDW WXWWR JUD]LH DOO·XEULDFDWXUD GHO O·LGHRORJLD GDOOH FDYHUQH GHOOD SUHLVWRULD LQ FXL HUDQR VWDWL FRQ GDQQDWL D PDUFLUH SHU PLOOHQQL /R VPDUULPHQWR FL KD FRQIXVR OH LGHH À QR D LQLELUFL XQD OLP SLGD YLVLRQH GHOOD QXRYD UHDOWj FKH QHO EHQH H QHO PDOH DQGD YD HPHUJHQGR GDO FUROOR GHOOH LOOXVLRQL ULYROX]LRQDULH H GHOOD ORUR FRQWDPLQD]LRQH 1RQ DEELDPR FDSLWR FKH QRQ VL WUDWWDYD GHOOD À QH GL XQ·HSR FD PD GL XQD VXD LPSUHYLVWD UD GLFDOH JOREDOH WUDVIRUPD]LRQH FKH SURSRQH SUREOHPL LQWULFD WLVVLPL HG HVLJH VROX]LRQL FUHD WLYH GL HQRUPH GLIÀ FROWj (G q VWDWR TXHVWR DFFHFD PHQWR TXHVWR QDXIUDJLR GHOOD QRVWUD VXSHUELD JLDFRELQD D SHUGHUFL Ë VWDWD OD JURWWHVFD SUHVXQ ]LRQH GL DYHU FRPEDWWXWR H SHUVR O·XOWLPD EDWWDJOLD GHOOD 6WRULD D VFDWHQDUFL O·XQR FRQ WUR O·DOWUR D JHWWDUFL LQ IDFFLD O·DFFXVD GL WUDGLPHQWR D IDUFL DSULUH H VXELUH LO )XRFR $PLFR GLVWUXJJHQGRFL UHFLSURFDPHQWH DQ]LFKp WRUQDUH D XQLUFL SHU WUR YDUH LQVLHPH TXHOOR FKH 0RQWD OH FKLDPz ´OD IRUPXOD FKH PRQ GL SRVVD DSULUFLµ (SSXUH VH ULQXQFLDPR DO )XRFR $PLFR VH UHFXSHULDPR VHUHQLWj H UD]LRQDOLWj FL DFFRU JHUHPR FKH OH RFFDVLRQL VRQR DQFRUD LQÀ QLWH FRPH q DSSXQWR LQÀ QLWD OD VWRULD GHOO·XRPR
-!,!
3"¿ 1. Ì " 3
IRWR GL 3KLOLSSH 6FKOLHQJHU
)UDQoRLV 7DLOODQGLHU WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DUWLQD 0D]]DFXUDWL H 3DROR 7UDPD
, SHUVRQDJJL GL 5DFLQH SDUODQR LQ DOHVVDQGULQL Ë TXHO FKH VL GHILQL VFH XQD FRQYHQ]LRQH OD TXDOH FL SRQH DJOL DQWLSRGL GHO ¶UHDOLVPR· FRQFHSLWR FRPH ¶SUHVD GLUHWWD· VXOO·HVLVWHQWH ,Q TXDQWR FRQYHQ ]LRQH TXLQGL HVVD QRQ KD QXOOD GL QDWXUDOH 3HQVR WXWWDYLD FKH O·HOHPHQWR GDYYHUR VWUDQR VXO TXDOH ULIOHWWHUH QRQ VLD WDQWR LO IDWWR FKH L SHUVRQDJJL GL 5DFLQH SDUOLQR LQ DOHVVDQGULQL TXDQWR LO IDWWR FKH QRL LQ DOHVVDQGULQL QRQ DEELDPR PDL SDUODWR , SHUVRQDJJL GL 5DFLQH SRVVLH GRQR XQD SDUROD SUHFLVD H FRGLIL FDWD FKH LQ RJQL LVWDQWH GHO ORUR GLYHQLUH LQGLFD FRQ HVDWWH]]D OH IRU]H FKH OL DQLPDQR H TXHO OH FXL HVVL VL RSSRQJRQR $QFKH TXDQGR OD SDUROD q SRUWDWULFH GL PHQ]RJQH LOOXVLRQL R WXUEDPHQ WL HVVD DVVHJQD ORUR XQR VSD]LR JLXVWR H GHOLPLWDWR 1RL SHU OR SL SDUOLDPR IDOVR SDUOLDPR PDOH SDUOLDPR GL WUD YHUVR $EELDPR D GLVSRVL]LRQH XQ OLQJXDJJLR H FL OLPLWLDPR D LQJDUEXJOLDUOR $SSHQD SURIHUL WD XQD SDUROD JLj VHQWLDPR FKH HVVD ODVFLD GLHWUR GL Vp WXWWR FLz GL FXL DYUHPPR YROXWR FDULFDUOD /DSVXV DSSURVVLPD]LRQL GHULYH q VHPSUH WXWWR GD ULIDUH 1RQ ULX VFLDPR PDL VH QRQ SHU FDVR D UDSSUHVHQWDUH DJOL DOWUL XQ EHQFKp PLQLPR IRWRJUDPPD GL QRL VWHV VL &L PXRYLDPR LQ XQD FRPXQL FD]LRQH FKH JLDPPDL SHUYLHQH VDOYR LQ TXDOFKH FDPSR SUDWLFR D FLUFRVFULYHUH LO VXR RJJHWWR Ë TXHOOR FKH FL ULYHOD D FRQWUDULR OD OHWWXUD GL TXHVWH WUDJHGLH 9L VL VFRSUH XQD SDUROD FKH DOPHQR SURYYLVRULDPHQWH UDJJLXQJH LO VXR RJJHWWR H OD VXD SLHQD HVSUHV VLYLWj XQD SDUROD FKH ¶ULHVFH· /·DOHVVDQGULQR q LO VLPEROR GL TXHVWD HFRQRPLD ULJRURVD PD WHULDOL]]D OR VSD]LR GL XQD SDUROD VHSDUDWD $ SURSRVLWR GHOOD SRH VLD $OIUHG GH 0XVVHW KD VFULWWR ©(VVD SRVVLHGH TXHVWD TXDOLWj &KH WXWWL OD FDSLVFRQR H QHVVXQR OD SDUODª 8QD OLQJXD VHSDUDWD q XQD OLQJXD QHOOD TXDOH VL LQWUR GXFRQR GHOOH UHJROH VSHFLDOL FKH HVLJRQR XQ SDUWLFRODUH DSSUHQGL PHQWR Ë XQD OLQJXD VWUDQLHUD LQ VHGLDWD QHOOR VSD]LR GHOOD OLQJXD VSRQWDQHD 7UDGL]LRQDOPHQWH O·(XURSD KD FROWLYDWR FRQ SDVVLRQH OH OLQJXH VHSDUDWH $Q]L GLVSRQHYD ILQR D WHPSL UHFHQWL GL XQD OLQJXD DQ WLFD FKH DYHYD SHU WXWWL LO UXROR GL OLQJXD VHSDUDWD H VHSDUDQWH LO ODWLQR /D &KLHVD FDWWROLFD QH q VWDWD OD GHSRVLWDULD ILQR DJOL DQQL · SRL FL KD ULQXQFLDWR ,Q )UDQFLD OD FRGLILFD]LRQH DF FDGHPLFD H ILQR D SRFR WHPSR ID LO FXOWR GHJOL DXWRUL FODVVLFL VDQ FLYDQR TXHVWD VHSDUD]LRQH QHO O·DPELWR OLQJXLVWLFR 6XL EDQFKL GL VFXROD VL DSSUHQGHYD XQD OLQ JXD FRQRVFLXWD SRLFKp VL WUDWWDYD GHOOD OLQJXD PDWHUQD H QRQ FR QRVFLXWD YLVWR FKH OD JUDPPDWL FD OD UHWRULFD H OD VWLOLVWLFD OD UHQ GHYDQR RJJHWWR GL VWXGLR &LWDUH QHOOD FRQYHUVD]LRQH OH PDVVLPH GHL JUDQGL DXWRUL H OH HVSUHVVLR QL ODWLQH SURYHUELDOL HUD XQ VHJQR GL GLVWLQ]LRQH 6LJQLILFDYD DYHUH XQD SDGURQDQ]D GHOOD OLQJXD VH SDUDWD GXQTXH GHOOD SDUROD 0D DOORUD D FKH VHUYH OD OLQJXD VHSDUDWD" /D VLQFHULWj GHOO·HVSUHVVLRQH q TXDVL VHPSUH XQ·LOOXVLRQH H O·DPRUH GHOOD VLQFHULWj XQ YL]LR 1RQ F·q LQ QRL FKH FRQIXVLRQH DPELYDOHQ]D H LJQRWR 1RL QRQ VLDPR WUDVSDUHQWL D QRL VWHVVL 4XHOOR FKH SHQVLDPR GL HVVHUH QRQ q DOWUR FKH XQ UDFFRQWR XQ SXUR H VHPSOLFH DWWR GL HQXQFLD ]LRQH 1RQ DSSHQD SRVWXOLDPR OD VLQFHULWj RVVLD OD SRVVLELOLWj GL XQD SDUROD ¶YHUD· FL LPSDQ WDQLDPR QHL JRUJKL GHOO·DWWR H
GHOOD SDUROD PDQFDWD 8QD SDUR OD ¶VLQFHUD· FKH VL FRQIRQGHVVH LGHDOPHQWH FRQ LO VXR ¶VRJJHWWR· QRQ HVLVWHUHEEH SL ULVXOWHUHEEH LQFRPSUHQVLELOH 4XHOOR FKH FL LQVHJQD OD OLQJXD q SHU O·DSSXQWR OD UHWRULFD OD GLVWDQ]D LO JLRFR O·LQWHQ]LRQH GHO VHQVR QDVFRVWR QHOOD IRUPD VDSSLDPR LQGLUL]]DU FL VROR YHUVR DWWL H SDUROH OLPLWDWL H FRVWUXLWL DUWLILFLDOL H FRQVDSH YROL GL HVVHUOR +R VFRSHUWR OD OHWWHUDWXUD QHOOD SULPD SDJLQD GL (XJpQLH *UDQ GHW GL %DO]DF H QHO SRHPD GL 5R VWDQG &\UDQR GH %HUJHUDF 1HO SULPR FDVR KR FDSLWR FKH OD OHW WHUDWXUD SHUPHWWHYD GL GHVFULYHUH H GXQTXH GL ODVFLDUVL DQGDUH D VHQWLPHQWL RVFXUL H IRUWL FRPH OD WULVWH]]D FKH LVSLUDQR OH VWUDGH GHVHUWH GL XQD FLWWDGLQD GL SUR YLQFLD 'DL YHUVL GL 5RVWDQG KR FDSLWR FKH VL SRWHYD JLRFDUH FRQ OH SDUROH WHDWUDOL]]DUOH +R VHQ WLWR VXELWR FKH TXHVWH VFRSHUWH PL OLEHUDYDQR PL VDOYDYDQR /LEH UDUPL H VDOYDUPL GD FRVD q XQ·DO WUD VWRULD /D OHWWHUDWXUD PL VDO YDYD DSUHQGR XQR VSD]LR LQVLQFH UR H ULWXDOL]]DWR GHOOD OLQJXD 6ROR FRQ XQD OLQJXD FRVWLWXLWD GD DUWLILFL DFTXLVLWL VL SRVVRQR SURSRUUH LQ XQD FHUWD PLVXUD GHL WHPL FKH QRQ VLDQR VHPSUH H VRO WDQWR ODSVXV R SUHVVDSSRFKLVPR ,O ILORVRIR IUDQFHVH 0DUFHO *DXFKHW FKLDULVFH EHQH TXHVWR DVVXQWR ©1RL YHQLDPR LPPHGLD WDPHQWH FDODWL ï VFULYH ï QHOO·HOH PHQWR GHOOD VLJQLILFD]LRQH 1RQ OR FDSLDPR QRQ OR GRPLQLDPR PD VDSSLDPR FKH LQ HVVR q FRQ WHQXWR FLz FKH FL ULJXDUGD FKH VL SDUOD GL QRL &L VLDPR GHQWUR D WDO SXQWR FKH LPSDUDUH D SDUOD UH D GLVSRUUH GL XQ VLJQLILFDWR FRQVLVWH QHO SDVVDUH XQ SR· DO GL IXRUL DWWUDYHUVR XQ SURFHVVR FKH FH QH Gj LO FRQWUROOR DQFKH VH XQ FRQWUROOR OLPLWDWR 5HVWLDPR SHU XQD SDUWH HVVHQ]LDOH ULQFKLXVL DOO·LQWHUQR GL TXHVWR OLQJXDJ JLR D FXL DEELDPR DFFHVVR VROR GDOO·HVWHUQRª *DXFKHW SURSRQH XQ LQWHUHVVDQWH SDUDOOHOR FRQ OD VIHUD VHVVXDOH ©1RQ HVLVWHUHEEH LO SUREOHPD GHOOD VHGX]LRQH VH LO EDPELQR QRQ ¶LQGRYLQDVVH· LO VHQVR VHVVXDOH FKH JOL VL VRWWUDH >«@ (JOL ¶VD· FKH GRYUj SDVVDUH ¶GDOO·DOWUD SDUWH· SHU VDSHUH H FD SLUH GDYYHURª 6HQ]D GLVWDQ]D VHQ]D JLRFR VHQ]D DSSDUDWR GL VHJQL VHQ]D ¶VFHQD· FL VDUHEEH VROR XQ HUR WLVPR LVWLQWLYR LPSRYHULWR H WXWW·DO SL ULSURGXWWRUH ï GL IDW WR QHVVXQ HURWLVPR DOOR VWHVVR PRGR HVLVWHUHEEH Vu XQ·HVSUHV VLRQH ï JUXJQLWL SL R PHQR HOD ERUDWL ï PD QRQ XQD VROD SDUROD GL VHQVR FRPSLXWR 6RWWR O·DVSHWWR SROLWLFR O·(X URSD GL RJJL VL DOORQWDQD GDOOD OLQJXD VHSDUDWD SHU LO PRGR LQ FXL FRQGXFH OD VXD UHDOH VWUD WHJLD VHQ]D GLUOR H SUREDELO PHQWH VHQ]D VDSHUOR /D URWWXUD FRQ OH OLQJXH ¶PRUWH· YD GL SDUL SDVVR FRQ OD VXD LQGLIIHUHQ]D D WXWWR TXHOOR FKH QHOO·DSSUHQGL PHQWR GHOOH OLQJXH SRUWD DO GL Oj GHOO·XWLOLWDULVWLFR $G HVHP SLR LQ )UDQFLD VL VFRQVLJOLD DL SURIHVVRUL GL OLQJXD VWUDQLHUD GL IDUH VFRSULUH DL ORUR DOXQQL L JUDQGL DXWRUL FODVVLFL GHOOD OLQ JXD FKH HVVL DSSUHQGRQR SHU WDQWR OD WUDGL]LRQH DFFDGHPL FD H LO FXOWR GHL FODVVLFL FRPH TXHOOL FLWDWL SULPD VRQR RJJHWWR GL XQ GLVSUH]]R VHPSUH SL FRQ FODPDWR /D SURVRGLD WUDGL]LR QDOH LQYHQWDWD QHOO·DOWR 0HGLR (YR GDO FOHUR FULVWLDQR q D PDOD SHQD VWXGLDWD PDL IDWWD SURSULD &KL q DQFRU RJJL LQ JUDGR GL VD SHUH TXHOOR FKH IX SHU O·(XURSD LO YHUVR FRPXQH D 'DQWH 4XH YHGR 6KDNHVSHDUH H DOOD &KDQ VRQ GH 5RODQG"
,Q FDPSR OHWWHUDULR LQWDQWR OD SDUROD G·RUGLQH WULRQIDQWH QRQ q SL ¶FUHD]LRQH· PD ¶HVSUHVVLRQH· ,O VXUUHDOLVPR FL KD PHVVR GHO VXR TXDQGR HEEH O·DPEL]LRQH GL LQYHQWDUH XQ·HVSUHVVLRQH SUL PDULD VRUWD GLUHWWDPHQWH GDOOD SURIRQGLWj GHOO·DQLPR 1RQ FL q ULXVFLWR EHQLQWHVR 4XDQGR $Q GUp %UHWRQ VFULYH ©OD PLD GRQQD GDOOH VSDOOH GL FKDPSDJQHª q JLj DJOL DQWLSRGL GHOOD VXD LGHD GL HVSUHVVLRQH QRQ F·q QLHQWH GL PHQR QDWXUDOH QLHQWH GL SL SUH ]LRVR H OHWWHUDULR GL XQ WDO PRGR GL HVSULPHUVL 6H IRVVH VWDWR FRH UHQWH FRQ LO VXR SURJHWWR QRQ DYUHEEH VFULWWR ©OD PLD GRQQD GDOOH VSDOOH GL FKDPSDJQHª QRQ DYUHEEH VFULWWR XQ EHO QLHQWH OH VDUHEEH VROR VDOWDWR DGGRVVR 7DOH WHRULD PDOJUDGR WXWWR VL q DPSLDPHQWH LPSRVWD /D SRH VLD FHUFD O·DULWPLD OD SURVD FHUFD O·DVVHQ]D GL UHWRULFD , GDQQL FDX VDWL DOOD OHWWHUDWXUD IUDQFHVH FRQ WHPSRUDQHD GDOOD IUDVH EUHYH R QRPLQDOH LQDXJXUDWD GD 0DUJXH ULWH 'XUDV VRQR LPPHQVL &L VL FRPSLDFH GL QRQ IDUH OHWWHUDWXUD 4XHVWD VLWXD]LRQH VIRFLD QHO SDWHWLFR WHQWDWLYR GHO UDS XQD YLD GL PH]]R WUD LGHRORJLD GHO O·HVSUHVVLRQH PL VYLVFHUR XUOR OD PLD ULYROWD H XQ ELVRJQR YLROHQWR GL ULWURYDUH XQD OLQJXD VHSDUDWD ULFRVWLWXLWD DOWUD ELVR JQR YLROHQWR PD LQFRQVDSHYROH FKH SRUWD VROR D XQD FRVWUX]LRQH EDVDWD VX ULPH GLVFXWLELOL H ULWPL IDOVL /D YHHPHQ]D GHO UDSSHU OD VXD UDEELD H OD VXD ULYROWD QRQ KDQQR SHU RJJHWWR Qp LO GHJUDGR XUEDQR Qp LO UD]]LVPR Qp OD SR YHUWj Qp WXWWH OH FDXVH FKH FUH GH HVSULPHUH q VROR XQ LPSHWR LQGHILQLWR VHQ]D ILDWR FRQWUR OD SURSULD LQFDSDFLWj GL GLVWULFDUVL QHOOD SDUROD 1RQ ELVRJQD ODVFLDUH FKH O·(X URSD FKLXGD WURSSH SRUWH 0D RFFRUUH DQFKH JXDUGDUH YHUVR TXHOOH FKH DSUH ,O EL OLQJXLVPR R WUL OLQJXLVPR VL IDQQR VWUDGD 8QD YDORUL]]D]LRQH VRFLDOH FUH VFHQWH q LVWLQWLYDPHQWH ULVHUYD WD D FKLXQTXH SHU RULJLQH R SHU HVSHULHQ]D YRJOLD ULIDUVL D GXH XQLYHUVL OLQJXLVWLFL 0DL SULPD G·RUD O·DSROLGH DYHYD JRGXWR GL XQ WDOH SUHVWLJLR Ë DOO·LQVLHPH GHOOH OLQJXH SDUODWH VXO WHUULWRULR FKH q SULQFLSDOPHQWH FRQIHULWR RUDPDL OR VWDWXWR GL OLQJXD VH SDUDWD q TXL FKH QRL IDFFLDPR H IDUHPR O·HVSHULHQ]D GL TXHVWD SULYD]LRQH H GHOOD VILGD GL FXL SDUOD 0DUFHO *DXFKHW 4XDQWL GL QRL VL VRQR DVFROWDWL FRQ VFRUD PHQWR SDUODUH LO SLHWRVR LQJOHVH ¶YHLFRODUH· FKH ID OD IRUWXQD GL PLJOLDLD GL (XURSHL" 0LODQ .XQGHUD DOO·LQL]LR GHO VXR XOWLPR URPDQ]R VL GHGLFD DOO·HVSORUD]LRQH GL WXWWH OH SDUROH FKH LQ (XURSD VHUYRQR D HVSULPH UH LO VHQWLPHQWR GHOOD QRVWDOJLD &RVu OD YLD GL XQD PXOWLSRODULWj LQ TXHVWD QHFHVVDULD HVWUDQHLWj ©VWUDQLHULWjª" GHOOD OLQJXD q DSHUWD 0L VRQR DYYHQWXUDWR LQ TXHVWD GLUH]LRQH QHO PLR URPDQ ]R /H FDV *HQWLOH VIRU]DQGRPL GL FDUDWWHUL]]DUH DWWUDYHUVR DOFX QL DJJHWWLYL LWDOLDQL ² JLRFDQGR VXO IDWWR FKH LO QRPH q DQFK·HVVR XQ DJJHWWLYR ² L GLYHUVL VWDWL PHQ WDOL GHO PLR SHUVRQDJJLR *HQWL OH SLR *HQWLOH PDOULGRWWR H FRVu YLD /·LPSRUWDQWH q FKH VFULYHQ GR SHU HVHPSLR ©*HQWLOH SLRª LR ULHVFD D HYRFDUH TXDOFRVD FXL O·DJJHWWLYR IUDQFHVH ©SLHX[ª QRQ ULPDQGD $QFKH OH SDUROH GLDOHW WDOL KDQQR VSHVVR TXHVWD YLUW 6RQR FHUWR TXHVWH GHOOH SURSR VWH LQFRPSOHWH LQWHUURJDWLYL SL FKH ULVSRVWH &UHGR SHUz GL SRWHU WUDUUH XQD FRQFOXVLRQH FKH PL LQ WHUHVVD WXWWR FLz FKH QRQ SRVVR HVSULPHUH LQ XQD OLQJXD FKH QRQ VLD OD PLD PL q QHJDWR
ÃÕ`
"$"Ì/$"$Ì3"Ì, 1. $1 (UUL 'H /XFD
1RQ VRQR XQ SDWULRWD QRQ VL DFFHOHUD LO EDWWLWR DOOD IDQIDUH GHOO·LQQR QD]LRQDOH Qp KR JUL GDWR ´)RU]D ,WDOLDµ QHDQFKH SULPD FKH GLYHQWDVVH OR VORJDQ GL XQ·D]LHQGD /D PLD SDWULD q OD OLQJXD LWDOLDQD /·KR DYXWD GD PLR SDGUH GDL VXRL OLEUL GDOOD VXD SUHWHVD GL SDUODUOD LQ FDVD VHQ]D DFFHQWR 1HOOD FLWWj GL PH]]R 1RYHFHQ WR LO QDSROHWDQR HUD OD OLQJXD VFKLDFFLDQWH O·LWDOLDQR SRFR H PDOLQWHVR +R VDSXWR FKH HUDQR GXH OLQ JXH FHUWR QHRODWLQH PD UHPRWH SL GL VSDJQROR H SRUWRJKHVH 6WDYD QHL OLEUL QHOOH VWDQ]H FKLXVH O·LWDOLDQR H TXHVWR PH OR UHQGHYD FDUR $ VFXROD HUD JRIIR XQ FDWDVWR GL SDVWDVFLXWWH VSHQWH DOFXQH DO GHQWH 'DQWH DOWUH VWUDFRWWH 3HWUDUFD 0LR SDGUH HUD LO FX VWRGH GHOOD OLQJXD LR O·HUHGH Ë VWDWR XQ GRQR LPPHQVR OD SD WULD WHUULWRULR GHO SDGUH +R DPDWR OD OLQJXD XIILFLDOH GHL OLEUL H GHOOH VHUH OHQWD SD UROH OXQJKH SL VLOODEH GHO QD SROHWDQR DQFKH LO GRSSLR SHU FKp VHQ]D OD IUHWWD /·LWDOLDQR VL SRWHYD SHUPHWWH UH OH SDUROH SLDQH QRQ GRYHYD WURQFDUOH SHU ODQFLDUOH QHOO·DULD DUURYHQWDWD GL XUOL VRSUD LO IUD FDVVR DFXVWLFR GHJOL DOWUL
,O QDSROHWDQR YHQLYD GDOOH JROH GHL PHUFDWL GHJOL VSD]L VWUHWWL VYHOWH GL VLOODEH H GL FRO WHOOR VHUYLOH H JXDSSR IHURFH H VGROFLQDWR GL YH]]HJJLDWLYL HUD XQD OLQJXD GL FRQVROD]LR QH GDYD IRU]D H ILJXUD D FKL OD VDSHYD XVDUH D FKL ¶WHQHYD OHQJXD· (UD SXUH GHVWUH]]D FRUVD D FKL XVDYD PHQR VLOODEH H FKL FDQWD YD PHJOLR D FKL LQJLXULDYD SL D IRQGR D FKL VIRWWHYD SL VFRU WLFDWDPHQH /·KR LPSDUDWR D RUHFFKLR D IRU]D GL VFRQILWWH VXO FDPSR GHOOD VWUDGD 8Q GLDOHWWR VL DFTXLVWD SHU OHJLWWLPD GLIHVD 6WD QHOOD ERFFD FRPH GHQWUR XQ IRGHUR GL FXRLR ,Q XQD YLWD SXRL VWXGLDUH GLHFL OLQJXH H PHWWHUOH LQ DUFKLYLR GXH GLDOHWWL QR $QGDQGRPHQH GDO VXR OXRJR GL YRFH O·KR FRQVHUYDWR LQWDWWR 6XO SRVWR VL VWD LQYHFH ULWL UDQGR VRWWR O·RFFXSD]LRQH GHOOD OLQJXD QD]LRQDOH FKH JOL FDQFHO OD LO GL]LRQDULR H OR ULGXFH D XQD FDGHQ]D XQD FDODWD PHULGLRQD OH FRPH O·DFFHQWR PDUVLJOLHVH LQ PDUJLQH DO IUDQFHVH /D FLWWj H OD OLQJXD GLYHQWD QR VIXPDWXUH GHO QRUG QRQ SL VXG 3HU PH q VWDWD OLQJXD GL PDGUH H GL QRQQD FKH PL SHUVH JXLWDURQR OD VWRQDWXUD PXVLFDOH GL SDUWHQ]D ILQR D UDGGUL]]DUPL LO SHQWDJUDPPD LQ JROD 0L KD DGGHVWUDWR DOOH SDXVH 2JJL PL VXFFHGH GL HVVHUH QRPLQDWR VFULWWRUH LWDOLDQR 6R SUDSHQVLHUR H DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH FRUUHJJR H SRL PL VSLHJR VFULW
WRUH LQ LWDOLDQR 3HUFKp q OLQJXD VHFRQGD PHVVD DFFDQWR H LQ VRUGLQD DOO·DOWUD YRFH 6FULYR LQ LWDOLDQR GHQWUR LO VXR UHFLQWR ,Q XQD VWRULD GHOOH PLH FKH KR VFULW WR H SXEEOLFDWR SXUH OD VFULWWXUD q XQ LWDOLDQR WUDGRWWR GDO QDSROH WDQR ULJLUDWR FRVu ,O QDSROHWDQR KD UHVR LO PLR LWDOLDQR XQD OLQJXD UDJJLXQWD /D DPR q GLYHQWDWD OD PLD SDWULD 3HU O·DOWUD QRQ XVR LO YHUER DPDUH Ë SHU PH SL SUH FLVR GLUH FKH YRJOLR EHQH DVVDL DO QDSROHWDQR /XL SXUH PH QH YXROH JOL SURWHJJR OD VLHSH QRQ FL IDFFLR HQWUDUH O·LWDOLDQR 6RQR GXH OLQJXH LQGLSHQGHQWL H SXUH SUHSRWHQWL 9RJOLR EHQH DVVDL DO QDSROHWD QR FKH PHWWH IRU]D GL UDGGRSSLR QHOOD SDUROD ¶DPPRUH· H DO SRVWR GHO GHOLFDWR ¶DPRUH· H QHO ¶GLP PDQH· FKH GHYH HVVHUH PLJOLRUH GHO VROLWR ¶GRPDQL· *OL YRJOLR EHQH SHUFKp DO FRQWUDULR GHOO·LQ GLFDWLYR ¶DEELDPR· WRJOLH SHVR H SUHVXQ]LRQH DO YHUER DYHUH FRQ ¶DYLPPH· 0L SLDFH FKH QRQ HVL VWD LQ QDSROHWDQR OD SDUROD ¶HURH· H FKH ¶JXDSSR· VLD VSHVVR XQD UHFLWD LQFUXHQWD *OL YRJOLR EHQH SHUFKp UDGGRSSLD ¶SULPPD· H ¶GRSSR· Gj FRQVLVWHQ]D DO WHP SR WUDVFRUVR H D TXHOOR YHQWXUR 0HQWUH LO SUHVHQWH q XQ IUDWWHP SR H VL ULGXFH D XQ ¶Pz· ( VRQR DIIH]LRQDWR DO VXR YHUER DQGDUH FKH q LO SL YHORFH GHO PRQGR ¶u· SL FRUWR DQFRUD GHO JLj EUH YH ¶LUH· GHO ODWLQR 3HUFKp TXDQ GR WX WH QH GHYL DQGDUH WH Q·u j u VXELWR DPSUHVVR Pz
,Q TXHOOD PHGHVLPD VHWWLPDQD PHQWUH L )UDQFHVL HVXPDYDQR LO ORUR *UDQGH (VWLQWR SHU SRUWDUOR DOOH VWHOOH LQ $OJHULD VL FRQWLQXD YD D SURIDQDUH OH WRPEH H D UHVX VFLWDUH L QRVWUL FDUL GLVSHUVL VROR SHU EXWWDUOL QHO IDQJR 8Q VXSHUER SRHWD 7DKDU 'MDRXW DVVDVVLQDWR GDJOL LQWHJUDOLVWL QHO YLHQH EUXVFDPHQWH VWUDSSDWR DO VRQQR HWHUQR SHU HVVHUH HVSRVWR DJOL DQD WHPL (G q FRVu FKH XQ WDOH VFULWWR UH IDOOLWR 7DKDU 2XHWWDU DXWRUH GL OLQJXD DUDED QRQFKp JXUX QHL VXRL PRPHQWL EXL WURYD FKH LO IDWWR GL VFULYHUH LQ IUDQFHVH VLD JUDYHPHQ WH ROWUDJJLRVR 2OWUDJJLRVR SHU FKL" 3HU OD OHWWHUDWXUD DOJHULQD R SHU TXHL SHQQLYHQGROL GD VHUUDJOLR D OXQJR DGXODWL LQ PDQFDQ]D GL FRQFRUUHQ]D QHOO·HSRFD LQ FXL OH YHUH YRFD]LRQL HUDQR LPEDYDJOLD WH GDOOD FDQDJOLD PHVVLDQLFD FKH FL JRYHUQDYD H FKH RJJL VL ULWURYDQR IDFFLD D IDFFLD FRQ OD ORUR PHGLR FULWj" $ TXHL QRVWDOJLFL GHO WHPSLR YLU WXDOH YRUUHL GLUH FKH OD OHWWHUDWXUD QRQ q XQD TXHVWLRQH GL OLQJXD PD XQD TXHVWLRQH GL YHUER ( LO YHUER q LQQDWR YLVFHUDOH ² OR VL SRVVLHGH R QRQ OR VL SRVVLHGH ( FHUWR QRQ V·LPSURYYLVD Qp VH QH ID PHUFH GL VFDPELR H VH ² SHU OH HVLJHQ ]H GHOOD &DXVD ² OR VL GRYHVVH FRVWUXLUH GL WXWWR SXQWR QRQ GXUH UHEEH FKH LO WHPSR GL XQR VORJDQ SHUFKp O·DXWHQWLFLWj GHO WDOHQWR VL YDOXWD D FRQWL IDWWL LQ IXQ]LRQH GHOOD VXD ORQJHYLWj *RJRO QRQ q XQ JHQLR SHUKq q UXVVR OR q JUD]LH DOOH HFFH]LRQDOL GRWL GL GRPDWRUH GL SDUROH FRPH &DPXV 1DJKLE 0DKIX] 0XWLV R 0XVLO 4XHVWL HVVHUL GLYLQL DGGRPHVWLFDQR OD OLQJXD D EHQHILFLR GHOOH SDUROH TXDQGR VFULYRQR VL LQQDO]DQR DO GL VRSUD GHL YRFDEROL SHU UDJJLXQ JHUH JOL VSLULWL GLYHQWDQR PDJKL LQFDQWDWRUL YLVLRQDUL LOOXPLQDWL H PHWWRQR LO ORUR WDOHQWR DO VHUYL]LR GHJOL XRPLQL GL WXWWL JOL XRPLQL VHQ]D GLVWLQ]LRQH GL UD]]D R GL FRVWXPL SHUFKp OD OHWWHUDWXUD q OD SDWULD GL WXWWL /R VFULWWRUH FKH QRQ KD DQFRUD FHQWUDWR LO SUREOHPD FRPPHWWH XQ JURVVRODQR HUURUH GL SURFHVVR LO VXR SRVWR QRQ q QHL OLEUL PD QHO GLVSUH]]R GHJOL DVVHQQDWL 6FULYHUH QRQ KD ELVRJQR GL FRPSOHPHQWL q XQ YHUER DXWRVXI ILFLHQWH ,Q DUDER LQ FLQHVH SRFR LPSRUWD WXWWL JOL LQFDQWHVLPL VL DVVRPLJOLDQR D SDWWR FKH QRQ FL VLDQR JXDVWDIHVWH /D IHOLFLWj GL XQR VFULWWRUH VWD QHOO·HVVHUH OHWWR , OHWWRUL QRQ VRQR SL $XVWUDOLDQL
,QGLDQL )LDPPLQJKL &URDWL ,WD OLDQL R /LEDQHVL VRQR L VXRL OHWWR UL /H IURQWLHUH QRQ KDQQR VHQVR TXDQGR JOL XRPLQL VL FDSLVFRQR ( TXDQGR GHJOL HQHUJXPHQL ULH VFRQR D SHUGHUH LO WUHQR TXDQGR VDQQR FKH QRQ KDQQR QLHQWH GD GDUH TXDQGR OD ORUR LQVLJQLILFDQ ]D OL ULDFFLXIID GLYHQWDQR PDOYDJL FRPH LHQH 1RQ F·q SHJJLRUH RUURUH GHOOD JHORVLD ,QYHFH GL PRELOL]]DUVL LQWRUQR D XQR VSOHQGLGR SURJHWWR GL FRQ VROLGDUH L EDVWLRQL GHOOH QRVWUH DPEL]LRQL H GL RSHUDUH SHUFKp O·LQWHOOLJHQ]D GLD VFDFFR PDWWR DO JLRFR G·DVWX]LD H DOOH FRQQLYHQ ]H QHO PLR SDHVH FL VL DFFDQLVFH D VJR]]DUH OH WHVWH FKH SUHGRPL QDQR %UDKLP /ORE VFULYH DO ULJXDU GR ©,Q $OJHULD OH FRVH YDQQR FRVu VHQ]D VFDPSR &·q LQ QRL XQD VRUWD GL SLDFHUH SHUYHUVR QHO QRQ GLVVRFLDUH LO VXFFHVVR DOWUXL GDOO·HUHVLD R GDOOD IHOORQLD 4XH VWR SUHJLXGL]LR HVHUFLWD VX GL QRL XQ SUXULWR GRORURVR H SLDFHYROH DO WHPSR VWHVVR SRWUHPPR JUDWWDU FL D VDQJXH VHQ]D SHUWDQWR YROHU FL IHUPDUH &RVD YROHWH" &L VRQR SHUVRQH VWUXWWXUDWH FRVu FRQWRUWH SHUFKp LQFDSDFL GL UHVWDUH GULWWH FDWWLYH SHUFKp KDQQR SHUVR OD IHGH LQIHOLFL SHUFKp DPDQR SUR IRQGDPHQWH HVVHUOR $ PHPRULD GL $OJHULQR QRQ DEELDPR PDL QHPPHQR WHQWDWR GL ULFRQFLOLDUFL FRQ OD QRVWUD YHULWj 4XDOH VDO YH]]D SRVVLDPR PDL SUHVFULYHUH D XQD QD]LRQH TXDQGR LO ILRU ILRUH GHL VXRL ILJOL FKH GRYUHEEH ULVYH JOLDUH OH FRVFLHQ]H FRPLQFLD FRQ LO WUDYHVWLUH OD VXD"ª 4XHOOR FKH GRYUHPPR ULWHQH UH GHOOD QRVWUD URYLQD RGLHUQD q VHQ]D RPEUD GL GXEELR TXHVWD FHFLWj PRUERVD FKH FL LPSHGLVFH GL YHGHUH OD EHOOH]]D GL RJQX QR GL QRL TXHVWD RVWLOLWj FUHWLQD FKH FL DL]]D FRPH XQ·RUGD GL FDQL UDEELRVL FRQWUR OH QRVWUH SURGH] ]H TXHVWD JUHWWH]]D FKH FL UHQGH IUDJLOL RJQL YROWD FKH OD QRWRULHWj DSUH OH EUDFFLD D XQR GL QRL 'DO PRPHQWR FKH XQD URQGLQH QRQ ID SULPDYHUD QHVVXQR VFULWWRUH SXz GD VROR LQFDUQDUH OD OHWWHUDWXUD &RVu FRPH TXDQGR LO WDOHQWR HFFHOOH GLYHQWD ULGLFROR FRQ WHVWDUOR $Q]L ELVRJQD VDSHUOR VDOXWDUH Ë Oj FKH ULVLHGH LO EXR QVHQVR /D JUDQGH]]D QRQ FRQ VLVWH QHOOR VPLQXLUH JOL DOWUL QHO OR VFRSR GL VRYUDVWDUOL HVVD q LO FRUDJJLR H OD SURELWj LQWHOOHWWXDOL GL LQFKLQDUVL GDYDQWL DOOD PDJQL ILFHQ]D FKH OL GLVWLQJXH
x
8 8 Ì Ì1 "1$
<DVPLQD .KDGUD WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DUWLQD 0D]]DFXUDWL
6RQR ULPDVWR SHQVRVR TXHO VDED WR QRYHPEUH 3HQVRVR H VFRVVR /HWWHUDOPHQWH SUHVR LQ FRQWURSLHGH /D )UDQFLD VHPSL WHUQD UHQGHYD RPDJJLR D XQR GHL VXRL SL VEDORUGLWLYL URPDQ]LHUL $OH[DQGUH 'XPDV LQQDO]DQGROR DOO·HPSLUHR GHO 3DQWKHRQ ,O SUHVL GHQWH &KLUDF RVWHQWDYD OD VXD SL VROHQQH JUDWLWXGLQH QHO ULYROJHUVL DOOD VSRJOLD GL $OH[DQGUH 'XPDV TXHO PXODWWR GDL FDSHOOL FUHVSL OD FXL SHOOH QRQ DEEDVWDQ]D FKLDUD RIIULYD LQ SDVVDWR LO ILDQFR D WDQWD LQGHOLFDWH]]D 4XHOOD VHUD LQ XQD 3DULJL FRPSOHWDPHQWH VHGRWWD DE ELDPR FDSLWR XQD FRVD HVVHQ]LDOH LO JHQLR VL VRWWUDUUj VHPSUH DOOD PHVFKLQLWj (SSXUH LQ DOWUL WHPSL TXHVWD VWHVVD )UDQFLD QRQ HUD VWDWD FRVu WHQHUD FRQ L VXRL VFULWWRUL +XJR =ROD -XOHV 9DOOqV SHU FLWDUQH VROR DOFXQL HUDQR VWDWL PHVVL DO EDQGR FRQ VFKLHUH GL FUHGLWRUL DOOH FDOFD JQD GL VELUUL ]HODQWL TXDQGR QRQ VL WUDWWDYD GL RVFXUL FULWLFL DOOHUJLFL DOOD OXFH UDGLRVD GHO WDOHQWR 4XDQWL SRHWL HFFHOVL YHUR %DXGH ODLUH" 4XDQWL URPDQ]LHUL LOOXPLQDWL JLJDQWL VWUDRUGLQDUL KDQQR GRYXWR VXELUH O·HVFOXVLRQH H OD FUXGHOWj GHL ORUR GHWUDWWRUL UHVWDQGR D YHJHWDUH LQ FRQGL]LRQL SHQRVH DVSHWWDQGRVL LO SHJJLR VROR SHUFKp RIIULYDQR DL ORUR VLPLOL LO PHJOLR GL Vp" 0D OD )UDQFLD FKH QRQ SHUGRQD PDL VD FRPH IDUVL SHUGRQDUH 'RSR OH JUHWWH]]H H OH SLFFROH LQJUDWLWXGL QL HFFR DUULYDWD O·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j OH FRQVRUWHULH VHJUHJD]LRQLVWH GL LHUL VL SUHSDUD QR D LQILHULUH /D FHULPRQLD q DSSHQD WHUPL QDWD H JLj OD IDOVD ERKqPH ULPHWWH LQ FDPSR OH VXH IUXVWUD]LRQL OH OLQJXH ELIRUFXWH DELOLVVLPH QHO GLUH WXWWR H LO FRQWUDULR GL WXWWR ULSUHQGRQR LO YROR H L JXUX GHOOH /HWWHUH ULQQRYDQR OD ORUR VWXSH IDFHQWH YRFD]LRQH SURVFULYHUH LO FROSR GL JHQLR GHVWLWXLUH L PHULWL GHTXDOLILFDUH LO WDOHQWR DXWHQWLFR H FRQVDFUDUH YROJDUL VFHPSLDJJL QL D VFDSLWR GL RSHUH VXEOLPL
¥²
Ê â>
ÃÕ`
v Ì Ê` Ê ÕV>
{
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
,%.'5!
ÃÕ`
È *LDQIUDQFR %RUUHOOL
6HPSUH KDQQR IDWWR VRUULGHUH QRQ SL GL WDQWR TXHOOH DQDOLVL VRFLRORJLFKH FKH KDQQR ULFRQGRW WR 1DSROL H L QDSROHWDQL QHL SHU FRUVL GHOOD PRGHUQL]]D]LRQH GHO OR VYLOXSSR IRU]DWR LQ UHDOWj VL SXz FRQ EXRQH UDJLRQL DUJRPHQ WDUH FKH LO FULWHULR SL LGRQHR D VSLHJDUH OR VFRPELQR SDUWHQRSHR q TXHOOR FODVVLFR GHOO·DQDWRPLD GHOOD FLWWj GD $ULVWRWHOH D 0D FKLDYHOOL FRPH D GLUH OD FLWWj q DWWUDYHUVDWD GD FRQIOLWWL SHUPD QHQWL GD DQWDJRQLVPL LUULGXFLEL OL GD GLYLVLRQL FKH QRUPDOPHQWH ODFHUDQR LO FRUSR QDWXUDOH GHOOD FRPXQLWj SHUDOWUR FRVu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j FRQWUR O·DOWUD GD XQ LQGLYLGXR FRQWUR O·DOWUR FRQ OD FRQYLQWD GH WHUPLQD]LRQH GL SURGXUUH D RJQL FRVWR VRSUDIID]LRQH H GDQQL H DQFKH OH UHD]LRQL GL UHVLVWHQ]D GL GLIHVD DVSLUDQR VHPSUH H FR PXQTXH DG DYYLOLUH H D VILJXUDUH O·DOWUR FRQVLGHUDWR QHPLFR (FFR SHUFKp ELVRJQD ULVFULYHUH LO WHU PLQH GL FXL WUDWWLDPR LQ TXHVWR PRGR GLVWLQWR H VOHJDWR UL VHQWL PHQWL DOWUR FKH VRFLHYROH]]D FR PXQLFDWLYD GHL QDSROHWDQL SLXW WRVWR SURLH]LRQL QHJDWLYH FRQ FUHWDPHQWH LPPDJLQDULH ULYROWH LQ SHUPDQHQ]D FRQWUR JOL DOWUL 'D XQ ODWR LO WHPSR GHOOD SDVVLYL Wj GL FKL XWLOL]]D OD FKLDFFKLHUD SHU DIIHUPDUH OD SURSULD GLIIHUHQ]D H OD GLVWDQ]D TXL LO UL VHQWLPHQWR FRYD QHJOL DQLPL FUHVFH QHL FRP SRUWDPHQWL PRWLYDWL IRUWHPHQWH DOO·DXWRFRQVHUYD]LRQH HJRLVWLFD YLYH GL OHQWH]]H HVDVSHUDQWL 3RL LO UL VHQWLPHQWR GLYHQWD UHSHQWLQD PHQWH WHPSR GHOO·HFFHGHQ]D HVD VSHUD]LRQH LPSURYYLVD GHL FRQIOLW WL WHQWDWLYL GLURPSHQWL GL LQQRYDUH XQD FRPXQLWj GL LQGLYLGXL LQFDSD FL GL DXWRGLVFLSOLQD (FFR OH ULYRO WH IRUWXQDWDPHQWH TXDVL WXWWH GL EUHYH GXUDWD PD DQFKH OD UHWRULFD GHOOH ULYROWH 'D WXWWR TXHVWR GH ULYD SXUH XQ·DOWUD FRQVWDWD]LRQH RIIULUH FRQWLQXLWj DOOD YLWD FRPX QH ULFRQRVFHUH H VHGDUH L FRQIOLWWL DQFKH VHQ]D DOFXQD SUHWHVD GL UL VROYHUOL LQ EUHYH RSHUDUH SHU OD VRSUDYYLYHQ]D GHOOD FRPXQLWj GL YHQWD OD YLUW SULQFLSDOH DWWULEXLWD H LQHYLWDELOPHQWH LQYLGLDWD D FKL IDWLFRVLVVLPDPHQWH ² H LPPXWD ELOPHQWH GDOO·DOWR ² HVHUFLWD O·DUWH GHO JRYHUQR RSSXUH RIIUH VHUYL]L DOOD FLWWj , FRQWHQXWL FKH PRWLYDQR TXH VWL UL VHQWLPHQWL LQWHUPLQDELOL H GLVWUXWWLYL VHPEUDQR LUULFRQRVFL ELOL VRQR FHUWDPHQWH QDVFRVWL FRPXQTXH GL GLIILFLOH FRPSUHQ VLRQH HSSXUH VRQR VRWWR JOL RF FKL GL WXWWL YLYRQR QHJOL XPRUL TXRWLGLDQL GL RJQL QDSROHWDQR PD VROR XQD YRFH HVWHUQD JHQLDOH H PDOHGHWWD DJOL LQL]L GHJOL DQQL 6HWWDQWD SRWHYD ULYHODUOL ©,R >3D VROLQL@ VR TXHVWR FKH L QDSROHWDQL RJJL VRQR XQD JUDQGH WULE FKH DQ]LFKp YLYHUH QHO GHVHUWR R QHO OD VDYDQD FRPH L 7XDUHJ R L %RMD YLYH QHO YHQWUH GL XQD JUDQGH FLWWj GL PDUH 4XHVWD WULE KD GHFLVR ² LQ TXDQWR WDOH VHQ]D ULVSRQGHUH GHOOH SURSULH SRVVLELOL PXWD]LRQL FRDWWH ² GL HVWLQJXHUVL ULILXWDQGR LO QXRYR SRWHUH RVVLD TXHOOD FKH FKLDPLDPR OD VWRULD R DOWULPHQWL OD PRGHUQLWj /D VWHVVD FRVD IDQQR QHO GHVHUWR L 7XDUHJ R QHOOD VDYDQD L %RMD R IDQQR DQFKH GD VHFROL JOL ]LQJDUL q XQ ULILXWR VRUWR GDO FXRUH GHOOD FROOHWWLYLWj VL VD DQ FKH GL VXLFLGL FROOHWWLYL GL PDQGULH GL DQLPDOL XQD QHJD]LRQH IDWDOH FRQWUR FXL QRQ F·q QLHQWH GD IDUH (VVD Gj XQD SURIRQGD PDOLQFRQLD FRPH WXWWH OH WUDJHGLD FKH VL FRP
SLRQR OHQWDPHQWH SHUFKp TXHVWR ULILXWR TXHVWD QHJD]LRQH DOOD VWR ULD q JLXVWR q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p L YHUL QDSROHWDQL FL VDUDQQR FL VDUDQQR TXDQGR QRQ FL VDUDQQR SL VDUDQQR DOWUL QRQ VDUDQQR GHL QDSROHWDQL WUDVIRUPDWL , QDSROH WDQL KDQQR GHFLVR GL HVWLQJXHUVL UHVWDQGR ILQR DOO·XOWLPR QDSROH WDQL FLRq LUULSHWLELOL LUULGXFLELOL H LQFRUUXWWLELOLª (EEHQH Vu DOOD UDGLFH SL SUR IRQGD GHL UL VHQWLPHQWL q LO VHQVR YLVVXWR GHOOD SHUGLWD WUHPHQGD TXHO GHVWLQR GL PRUWH GHOOD FLWWj FKH FLDVFXQR DWWULEXLVFH DOO·DOWUR SURLHWWD VXOO·DOWUR LQ TXHVWR PRGR VROOHYDQGR OD SURSULH FROSD H ULFD ULFDQGR VXOOD ILJXUD QHJDWLYD GHO O·DOWUR /D ILORVRILD FODVVLFD GHOOD FLWWj DUJRPHQWDYD QDVFLWD VYLOXS SR H PRUWH GHOOD FRPXQLWj GDOOD SHVWH DO FROHUD GDOOH HUX]LRQL DL WHUUHPRWL GDOOD JLUDQGROD GHOOH LQYDVLRQL FRVu 6DOYHPLQL DOOH UL YROWH LQ RJQL PRPHQWR GHOOD SUR SULD VWRULD L QDSROHWDQL KDQQR YLV VXWR H YLYRQR TXHVWR GHVWLQR GHOOD SHUGLWD GL XQ·DQWLFD DUPRQLD" VL FKLHGH /D &DSULD 'HVWLQR DQFKH ULFRQRVFLXWR H GLIIXVDPHQWH LQWHU SUHWDWR JUD]LH DOOD JUDQGH DWWLWX GLQH DOOD ULIOHVVLRQH ² QDWXUDOLVWLFD R PHWDILVLFD ² FKH TXL VHPSUH KD DOORJJLDWR QRQRVWDQWH L WHRORJL HG L ILORVRIL GL SURIHVVLRQH FKH DQFKH GD VHPSUH KDQQR FHUFDWR GL UHQ GHUH SULYDWR H FRPPHUFLDOH XQ EHQH FKH q GL WXWWL 0D YLHQH IXRUL TXDOFKH YDQWDJ JLR GD TXHVWL UL VHQWLPHQWL YLVVXWL H ULIOHVVL" 6HPEUD DYYHQJD PDL FRQ TXDOFKH HFFH]LRQH 5L VHQ WLPHQWL VILGXFLD GLIILGHQ]H LQ GXFRQR D YLYHUH QHOOD SUHVHQ]D FRQ LO ULVXOWDWR GL QXOOD SRWHU SUH ILJXUDUH GL FRQYLQFHUWL FKH SXRL FRQWDUH VX WH H VROR VX WH VWHVVR FHUWDPHQWH SHU SRUWDUH LQ SRUWR XQ SURJHWWR GL ODYRUR GRYUDL DVVXPH UH VX GL WH WXWWH TXHOOH FRPSHWHQ]H FKH DOWURYH VHJXRQR L SHUFRUVL DX WRQRPL GL XQD UD]LRQDOH GLYLVLRQH GHO ODYRUR WUD L VRJJHWWL GRYUDL TXLQGL IDUWL FDULFR DQFKH GHL SLF FROL FRQFUHWL SDVVDJJL FKH QRQ WL VHQWL GL SRWHUH DIILGDUH DG DOWUL DJJUDYDQGR L ULWDUGL GHOOD WXD HVL VWHQ]D ,QROWUH TXHVWL UL VHQWLPHQ WL FRQWULEXLVFRQR D ODVFLDUH HVSR VWL ² VHQ]D DOFXQ ULWHJQR ² VHJQL H WUDFFH GHOOD SHUGLWD JLj YLVVXWD GHOOD FRPXQLWj JLj JUDYHPHQWH ODFHUDWD UDUR q O·DWWHJJLDPHQWR GL FRRSHUD]LRQH PHQWUH GDSSHUWXWWR H VHQ]D VRVWD GLODJDQR GLVRUGLQH YLROHQ]H JHQHUDOPHQWH SLFFROH FRPXQTXH GRORURVLVVLPH GLVLQ WHUHVVH SHU OD YLWD GHJOL DOWUL L UL VHQWLPHQWL VSLQJRQR L VLQJROL DOOD FXUD HJRLVWLFD GL Vp DQFKH PRWL YDQR TXHVWD JHQWH EL]]DUUD D OHJ JHUVL LQ SURIRQGLWj YHUVR O·LQWHUQR PD VRSUDWWXWWR VXJJHULVFRQR DG DFFRPRGDUVL FRQ UDJLRQDWD SLDFH YROH]]D YHUVR O·HVWHUQR JRGHQGR QHOO·LPPHGLDWR GHOOH VSOHQGLGH EHOOH]]H QDWXUDOL GHOO·DUWH FXOL QDULD GHOO·HVWUR GHL JLRFKL GHO O·LQWHOOLJHQ]D LQYHQWLYD WXWWD YLD LQ RJQL PRPHQWR YLYHQGR OH SUHPRQL]LRQL GHOO·HYHQWR WUDJLFR LQFRPEHQWH YDOH D GLUH OD PRUWH GHILQLWLYD SURVVLPD YHQWXUD GHO OD FLWWj PHQWUH D RJQL DQJROR GL VWUDGD O·DUPRQLD EHOOLVVLPD GL XQD FDQ]RQH ² DQWLFD GL VHFROL SXUH GD WXWWL ULFRQRVFLXWD FRQWHPSRUD QHDPHQWH UDYYLYD OD SURVSHWWLYD GHOOD SHUGLWD SDVVDWD H IXWXUD H QH DGGROFLVFH L FRQWRUQL RVFXUL H GUDPPDWLFL ,Q IRQGR D 1DSROL L UL VHQWLPHQ WL SDUWRQR GDO WHUULWRULR GHOOD SHUGL WD H FRQGXFRQR WUD SLFFROH H JUDQ GL VRIIHUHQ]H DOOH VWUDGH FKH DSUR QR DOOD YLWD ILQDOPHQWH LQVHQVDWD VHQ]D FRSHUWXUH ULPR]LRQL LQILQ JLPHQWL L UL VHQWLPHQWL LQGXFRQR D GLIILGDUH GHOO·DOWUR D HVHUFLWDUH FRQ QHFHVVLWDWR PHVWLHUH OD SURSULD VROLWXGLQH PD DQFKH DG DPDUH FRQ LQWHQVLWj VWUDRUGLQDULD OD FRPXQLWj YLVVXWD FRPH LPSRVVLELOH
¥_ÌÊ_ÌÉ
OXFH GL OXFH
VWDUH QHOO·RPEUD FRPH XQD OXFH VSHQWD QRQ FRPH QRQ SL ODVFLDUH FKH GLYHQJD FKH WL GLYHQJD VFXUD OD WXD OXFH
*LXOLDQR 0HVD
GLH OHHUH 0LWWH 3DXO GRY·q" GRYH WL VWR FHUFDQGR SHU O·RUD GHOOD WXD PRUWH GDQV O·HDX GLU IROJHQG 3KOHEDV
ULWRUQD FLz FKH ULPDQH ULWRUQD LQDULGLWR G·RVVLGR QRQ FRPH QRQ FRQFDYR VROR SDUROH DQGDWH FKH ULPDQJRQR D IDUH SLDJKH XQD GRSR O·DOWUD OjPLQD IUDQJLD LQWDJOLR D IDUH XQ FRUSR QXRYR IDWWR GL SLDJKH ILWWH XQD DFFDQWR DOO·DOWUD SDUROH SLDJKH SDUROH YHUH QRQ SL YHUH SDUROD WDFH WDFL WDFL
M
LO FRORUH GHO SUHFLSL]LR q TXHOOR GL XQ FDUERQH VSHQWR 0D OD QDWXUD VD VSDUJHUH GHOOH JUD]LH SHU¿ QR VXJOL RJJHWWL SL RUULELOL
D
GDO FUDWHUH HVFRQR YRUWLFL GL IXPR ELDQFR IHWLGR VFKL]]DQR IXRUL JHWWL GL ODYD H VDVVL URYHQWL H VRWWR LO IXPR JLDFH H UXWWD 6DWDQD
q WXWWR XQ IXRFR GL IXOLJJLQH" > WUH VLOODEH IUHGGH $UQDXW VRSUD WUH VXRQL XJXDOL ² PDL ² QRQ VL ULSHWH PDL @
N
H FUHGR FKH FLz FKH XQR VWUDQLHUR SXz IDUH GL PHJOLR q GL HYLWDUH RJQL IUHTXHQWD]LRQH FRQ TXHVWR SRSROR FRUURWWR
E
VWUDQH EHVWLH L VXRL YHFFKL DELWDWRUL SROSL VWHOOH PDULQH FRQFKLJOLH ( PRVWUL FKH XQ SR¶ VRPLJOLDQR D VHUSHQWL OR VJXDUGR PDOLJQR XQ PXVR LPPHQVR H XQ JR]]R FKH VHPEUD XQ VDFFR
YLWD FKH WL q VHJUHWD FKH VDUj VHPSUH ILQFKp > XQR VFKLRFFR GL OLQJXD XQR VFURVFLR XQ FUHSLWDUH ² FUqSLWD DGHVVR DQFRUD ULFzSULWL GL FUHSH GL YRUDJLQL GL OXFL QRQ q YXRWR @
Q
OH VXH DFTXH VRQR LPPRWH H ULFRSURQR XQD SURIRQGLWj YHUWLJLQRVD H XQ SDVVDWR WUHPHQGR S
PLOLRQL GL WRSL LQYDVHUR OD SDUWH EDVVD GHOOD FLWWj ,QWRVVLFDWL GDOOH HVDOD]LRQL GL ]ROIR H GL DFLGR IHQLFR VL SUHFLSLWDYDQR QHL TXDUWLHUL EDVVL FRPH FDQL DUUDEELDWL (UDQR FRPSOHWDPHQWH FDOYL FRQ OD FRGD VWUDRUGLQDULDPHQWH OXQJD H URVVD JOL RFFKL IHURFL LQLHWWDWL GL VDQJXH H GHQWL QHUL H DSSXQWLWL
F
PRQWDJQ LQWHUH VFRPSDLRQR PRQWDJQH HPHUJRQR GDO PDUH $OWUH DOO¶LPSURYYLVR VL WUDVIRUPDQR LQ YXOFDQL
JHQQDLR IHEEUDLR
RJQL QRQ GLUH FKH QRQ WDFH YRUWLFH YRUDJLQH QRQ F·q QRQ FHVVD VLOHQ]LR FKH VLD VLOHQ]LR FKH VLD VLOHQ]LR > DUGHUH GDQGR @ PDL VROWDQWR LO EHQH SHU RJQL JHVWR XQ JHVWR QRQ FRPSLXWR > RJQL ULFRUGR LO QRQ ULFRUGR RJQL UDPPHQGR VFXFH @
WDJOLD OD PDQR PRQFD DQFRUD SDUROD SUHPH PHPRULD FKH ID SUHPXUD WDJOLD O·XOWLPR QHUYR FKH KD PHPRULD H SUHPH > WjJOLDWL YLD GD TXL GD VROR @
G
LO VXROR VL q VROOHYDWR GLFRQR JOL DELWDQWL FRPH VH GRYHVVH VDOWDUH LQ DULD /R VWHVVR IHQRPHQR VL ULSHWq QHL GXH JLRUQL VHJXHQWL DOOD VWHVVD RUD 0D QRQ F¶HUD SL QLHQWH GD GLVWUXJJHUH
V
O¶LQJUHVVR LQ TXHVWD FLWWj PRUWD q VSDYHQWRVR 1LHQWH q VWDWR ULFRVWUXLWR QLHQWH ULSDUDWR QLHQWH
H
VHQRQFKp OH VLUHQH KDQQR XQ¶DUPD DQFRUD SL WHUULELOH GHO FDQWR HG q LO ORUR VLOHQ]LR
X
OD FLWWj HUD DOORUD XQ FXPXOR GL URYLQH 6L YHGHYDQR VROR SDOD]]L VYHQWUDWL SLHWUH /D SROYHUH HQWUDYD GDSSHUWXWWR ,Q OXQJKH ¿ OH L PDULQDL V¶LQ¿ ODYDQR LQ TXHOOH VWUDQH FDVH FKH DYHYDQR XQD ODPSDGD URVVD DOO¶LQJUHVVR
I
L FRORUL VRQR O¶D]]XUUR H O¶ROWUHPDUH LO JLDOOR H O¶DUDQFLRQH 0D FL VRQR DQFKH EORFFKL GL JUDQLWR FKH LO IXRFR KD FXUYDWR DOOH HVWUHPLWj FRPH SDOPH FRPH IRJOLH GL DFDQWR
. Ì! "1
]
LQWRUQR D THOOH PDFHULH JLRFDQR DOFXQL UDJD]]L 6RQR FRQWHQWL SHUFKq VFDYDQGR KDQQR WURYDWR TXDOFRVD 3HU PDQGDUOL YLD GD XQD ¿ QHVWUD JOL EXWWDQR DGGRVVR XQ FDQH PRUWR
L
D FDXVD GHOOH SDOXGL H GHOOH HVDOD]LRQL GHOOD WHUUD YXOFDQLFD O¶DULD q LQIHWWD H SURYRFD HSLGHPLH JOL XRPLQL DOORUD PXRLRQR FRPH PRVFKH IRWR GL 5REHUWD 'HOOD 9ROSH
Ì "1
PROWR SHU PROWR FKH VLD VL ID VLOHQ]LR ID VLOHQ]LR > LO VHPSUH FKH ULPDUUj FKH VDUj VHPSUH WURSSR SDUROH WURSSH WXWWH OH QRQ WDFLXWH SDUROD WDFH WDFL WDFL @ q WXWWR XQ GLVWRJOLHUH OR VJXDUGR SHU QRQ JXDUGDUH RJQXQR L QRVWUL RFFKL FLHFKL QRQ SL SDUROH VFXUH" QRQ SL Qp PDL VROR FKL JXDUGD YHGH > WLpQLJOL VWUHWWD OD VXD PDQR SzUWDOR SLFFROR ILJOLR WXR LO WXR DFFHFDWR @ SzUWDPL FLHFR FLHFD > FKL GLWL JOL RFFKL WXWWL L WXRL RFFKL FLHFKL@ > FRPH VHPSUH FRPH VH IRVVH > FRPH XQD OXFH JUDQGH TXDQGR DUULYD QHOO·RUD OXFH GL OXFH
Ç
)HOLFH 3LHPRQWHVH
WL YRUUHL QRPH QRPH WL YRUUHL FRVD FRVD YRUUHL VDSHUH H QRQ VDSHUH VHQ]D SDUROH VHQ]D SL SDUROH
SDUROD SUHPH QRQ VD SDUROD SUHPH H WDJOLD H SRL ID OD SUHPXUD V·DFFRGD VL VWUDVFLFD SHU IDUH QHQLD QuQQROR SDUROD ILQH PDL
ÃÕ`
3$ $Ì, ., 13$
IRWR GL 3KLOLSSH 6FKOLHQJHU
. / "1 ! "1 Ì Ì" ,$
¥²
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
1. /1 Ì1. 3DROR *UD]LDQR
1. Ì8$ _Ì 1. Ì
SHU $QWRQLR &DSXDQR 0LFKHOH 6RYHQWH
$OLDH YRFHV DOLDH IDFLHV $OLDH YRFHV DOLDH IDFLHV 1DVFXQWXU GH REWULWLV 1HDSROLV YLLV 7DEHVTXH PXURV HW SHWUDV FLQJLW 2PQLD LQ VLOHQWLR ORTXXQWXU GXP 1HJDW YLWDV FRWLGLDQD YLWD ,Q SXWUHGLQH PHUVD LQ OX[XULD 2SHUD QRYD SDULW QHEXOD &DYH FDQHP ,Q DQWULV FDQLV ODWHW $OLDH ODQLDWDH KLVWRULDH SHU 3ODJDV FXUUXQW DQWLTXDV SHU 8PLGDV XUELV UDGLFHV 6LPXODFUD $FFHQGLW SKDQWDVPDWD PHQV REWULWD 1HJDQV UHUXP GROXP DF LQ UHEXV 2VWHQGLW DOLDV YRFHV DOLDV IDFLHV
$OWUH YRFL DOWUH IDFFH
$WL YYyFH DWL IIDFFH«
$OWUH YRFL DOWUH IDFFH 1DVFRQR GDOOH YLH VJDQJKHUDWH GL 1DSROL 7UD PXIIH H UHOLWWL GDSSHUWXWWR 2JQL FRVD OHQWDPHQWH VL ULYHOD PHQWUH 1HJD RJQL DOWUD YLWD OD TXRWLGLDQD YLWD ,PPHUVD QHOOR VIDFHOR H QHOO·HFFHVVR 2SHUH QXRYH GDOOD QHEELD VFKL]]DQR
$WL YYyFH DWL IIDFFH« 1jVFHQR U· ·L YYLH VFDPD]]DWH ·L 1jSXOH 7XWWD QD PDUFLXPPD ·L SUqWH H PXUH 2JQL FRVD DXPPR DXPPR PEUXPPXQpD 1LHQW·DWR FHUFDQQR FD QD YUpQ]ROD ·, YLWD ULQW· ·X UUHYXyWR ·L VqPSH 2SHUH QXYqOOH U· ·D QpJOLD VFKLySSDQR &DQH YDWWpQQH ·8 FDQH V·DQQDVFyQQH $WL VWRULH R VWUySSROH VWUDFFLDWH I MHQR 3H· IXyVVH SH· VDLWWqOOH SR· 8PPHWD ·L WLpPSR q VWD FLWWj )L UH $SSLFFLD ·D IDQWDVLD VEqWHFD WXWWH 1LDQQR ·L ·PEUXRJOLH H ·L FFRVH DFFXVVu 2JQH YzWD DPPyVWD DWL YYyFH DWL IIDFFH
&DQH YD· YLD 1HJOL DQWUL LO FDQH VWD $OWUH VEUDQDWH VWRULH H VWRULXFROH 3HU SODJKH DQWLFKH H SHU OH UDGLFL 8PLGH GHOOD FLWWj V·LQVHJXRQR )DQWDVPL $FFHQGH OD FRQWXVD PHQWH FKH VHPSUH 1HJD O·LQJDQQR ² O·LQFDQWR" ² VFRYDQGR 2VWLQDWD DOWUH YRFL DOWUH IDFFH
9LVWD GDOO·DOWR QHOO·RUD GL SXQ WD GL XQ TXDOVLDVL SRPHULJJLR 1DSROL GHYH DSSDULUH FRPH XQ ODERULRVR IRUPLFDLR EUXOLFDQWH GL ODPLHUH FRORUDWH 1HVVXQ LQGLYL GXDOLVPR QHVVXQ VROLWDULR VFDWWR LQ DYDQWL QHO OHQWR H VLQFRSDWR LQFHGHUH FROOHWWLYR GL FHQWLQDLD GL FRUSXVFROL PHWDOOHVFHQWL OXQ JR OD GRUVDOH FRVWLHUD GHOOD FLWWj 6L GLUHEEH GDOO·DOWR XQD VXSH ULRUH HVSUHVVLRQH GL DUPRQLD H FRRUGLQD]LRQH G·LQWHQWL PD q XQ·LOOXVLRQH GHOOD GLVWDQ]D OH FDUUR]]HULH IRU]RVDPHQWH LUUHJ JLPHQWDWH QHO IOHPPDWLFR IOXVVR DXWRPRELOLVWLFR GL YLD 3DUWHQRSH RVSLWDQR FRUSL VSD]LHQWLWL H UDQ FRURVL YHUVR LO YLFLQR LPPRELOH OH VLQXRVH VHUSHQWLQH GHO WUDIILFR VL VQRGDQR DWWUDYHUVR FRQIOLWWL OD WHQWL FRQWRUWH FROOHUH UHSUHVVH ,Q XQ·HSLFD DQFRUD DOLHQD GDOOH LQVLGLH GHOOD PHWURSROL PRGHUQD TXHOOD GHL FDQWjUL PHGLRHYDOL GL DUJRPHQWR FDYDOOHUHVFR OD FROOH UD LQHVSUHVVD LQGLYLGXD XQR VSH FLILFR VWDWR SDVVLRQDOH VHJQDWR GDOOD FRQWHQ]LRQH H LWHUD]LRQH GHOO·RVWLOLWj LO ULVHQWLPHQWR
7HQWDQGR XQD GHVFUL]LRQH VLQ WDWWLFD GHL FRPSRUWDPHQWL SDV VLRQDOL $OJLUGDV - *UHLPDV FODVVLILFD OD FROOHUD H OD VXD YD ULDQWH LQYROXWD WUD OH SDVVLRQL FRPSOHVVH SRLFKp D GLIIHUHQ]D GHOO·DYDUL]LD QRQ VL DSSOLFDQR DG XQ RJJHWWR GL YDORUH PD DG XQD UHOD]LRQH IUD VRJJHWWL LQFDV VDWD WUD XQ IDUH H XQ GLVIDUH WUD O·DWWHVD GL XQ·D]LRQH H XQ·D]LRQH GLVDWWHVD /D YLFHQGD SDVVLRQDOH GHOOD FROOHUD VL GLVSLHJD WUD TXHVWH GXH FRQGL]LRQL GHO VRJJHWWR LQYHVWL WR GDO VHQWLPHQWR QHO SURORJR O·DVSHWWDWLYD GL XQ EHQHILFLR FKH VL ULWLHQH QHL SURSUL GLULWWL R VX FXL VL FUHGH FRPXQTXH GL SRWHU FRQWDUH QHOO·HSLORJR XQD YLR OHQWD H LPSURYYLVD HVSORVLRQH GL DJJUHVVLYLWj ,O FOLPD[ GHOOD VWRULD FKH GHWHUPLQD O·LUULPH GLDELOH PRGLILFD]LRQH GHOOR VWD WR GHOO·LQGLYLGXR FRLQFLGH FRQ O·HVSHULHQ]D GHOOD IUXVWUD]LRQH H O·LQWHUYHQWR GHOOR VFRQWHQWR SHU O·RUPDL LQHTXLYRFDELOH VWHULOLWj GHOO·DWWHVD H OD SHUPDQHQWH VHSD UD]LRQH GDOO·RJJHWWR GHO GHVLGH
ULR 5HVSRQVDELOH GHOOD GHOXVLR QH ² SHUFKp OD FROOHUD ULFKLHGH XQ LQGLUL]]R HG HVLJH GXQTXH XQ UHVSRQVDELOH ² q O·DOWUR LQ YHVWLWR GHOOD ILGXFLD GDO VRJJHWWR SDVVLRQDOH FKH OR ULWHQHYD LQ JUD GR GL FRURQDUH OD SURSULD DVSHW WDWLYD /·DWWHVD VL ULYHOD FRVu LQ VFULWWD LQ XQ UDSSRUWR ILGXFLDULR SUHFHGHQWHPHQWH FRQWUDWWR H LQ VHJXLWR WUDGLWR LQ FXL XQ VRJJHW WR SDVVLYR KD DVSHWWDWR LQYDQR XQ LQWHUYHQWR LQ SURSULR IDYRUH GL XQ VRJJHWWR SUHVXQWLYDPHQWH DWWLYR QHOOD FDWHQD UHOD]LRQD OH GHO WUDIILFR FLWWDGLQR FROXL FKH GRYHYD PXRYHUVL SHU SRUUH ILQH DOO·DOWUXL LPPRELOLWj QRQ ID QXOOD VL RVWLQD D ULPDQHU IHUPR &KH O·DVSHWWDWLYD IRVVH DVVROXWD PHQWH LUUDJLRQHYROH KD SRFD LP SRUWDQ]D /·DWWHVD q XQ DOOXFLQDWR GHOLULR SHQVD %DUWKHV FKH FUHD H ULFUHD FRQWLQXDPHQWH O·HYHQWR GHVLGH UDWR D SDUWLUH GDOO·XUJHQ]D GL XQD SDVVLRQH PD TXDO q VL GRPDQ GD *UHLPDV LO PRPHQWR LQ FXL LQWHUYLHQH LO GLVFRQWLQXR D URP SHUH OD FRQWLQXLWj TXDQGR SXz
GLUVL FKH O·DWWHVD V·LQWHUURPSH H LO VRJJHWWR SD]LHQWH VL VSD]LHQWL VFH" 1H VLD FDXVD LO WHPSR WUD VFRUVR LQYDQR R XQD LPSURYYLVD VRSUDJJLXQWD FRQVDSHYROH]]D OD URWWXUD GHOO·LQFDQWDPHQWR FRQ GXFH DOOD FDOPD UDVVHJQD]LRQH R DOO·HVSORVLRQH GL FROOHUD 7UD TXHVWH RSSRVWH WUDVIRUPD]LRQL GHO VRJJHWWR LQ DWWHVD VL FROOR FD O·DSSDUHQWH DFTXLHVFHQ]D H OD FRQWHQXWD LUD UDSSUHVHQWDWD GDO ULVHQWLPHQWR FKH VHFRQGR *UHLPDV VL GLVWLQJXH GDOOD FROOH UD VRSUDWWXWWR SHU LO VXR FDUDWWHUH GXUDWLYR &Lz FKH LO VHPLRORJR QRQ VSLH JD q LO PRWLYR GL TXHVWD PDQFD WD HVSORVLRQH GL UDEELD FKH VL VXEOLPD QHOOD SUROXQJDWD LQGH WHUPLQDWH]]D GL XQ·DYYHUVLRQH PDL FRPSOHWDPHQWH HVSUHVVD 0HWWLDPR DOORUD XQ SDGUH GL IDPLJOLD QDSROHWDQR LQFDSSDWR DOO·XVFLWD GDO ODYRUR QHOO·LQVSLH JDELOH LQJRUJR GHOOH GLFLRWWR WUD YLD 0DULQD H SLD]]D 0XQLFLSLR VXOOH SULPH DWWHQGHUj ILGXFLR VR LO PRYLPHQWR ULVROXWLYR GHL YHLFROL FKH JOL LPSHGLVFRQR OD
VWUDGD O·DWWHVD VL QXWULUj GL SD ]LHQ]D H EXRQL DXVSLFL ILQFKp OD VSHUDQ]D FRPLQFHUj DG HVVHUH LQ WDFFDWD GDOOH FUHSH GHO GXEELR H GHOOD IUXVWUD]LRQH /D SULPD SUR OXQJDWD SUHVVLRQH GHOOD PDQR VXO FODFVRQ ² XQ JHVWR FKH VL HVWHQGH FRPH XQ FRQWDJLR DJOL DOWUL DXWR PRELOLVWL LQ ILOD ² PDQLIHVWHUj LO ULVHQWLPHQWR SHU OD PDQFDWD SUR JUHVVLRQH GHO YHLFROR DQWHULRUH QRQ VHQ]D OD VSHUDQ]D SHUVLQR LUUDJLRQHYROH FKH O·DOWUR QRQ VLD LPEULFDWR QHOOD VWHVVD SDVVLYLWj H SRVVD FRPSLHUH GLHWUR VROOHFLWR O·D]LRQH DXVSLFDWD (FFR XQR VSHFLILFR GHO ULVHQWLPHQWR VWD SUREDELOPHQWH QHOO·LQFDSDFLWj GL ULQXQFLDUH FRPSOHWDPHQWH DG XQ·DVSHWWDWLYD LOOXVRULDPHQWH UL SRVWD QHOO·DOWUR FKH QRQ OHJLWWL PD OD GHIODJUD]LRQH OLEHUDWRULD GHOOD FROOHUD 6H LO WUDIILFR QDSROHWDQR FRPH YXROH 0DULQR 1LROD q XQD PH WDIRUD GHOOD IUDPPHQWD]LRQH VRFLDOH H PRUDOH GHO 0HULGLRQH WURYLDPR SL G·XQD UDJLRQH DO O·LPSDVVH LQ FXL VL GLEDWWH TXH VWR WHUULWRULR GDOO·LGHQWLWj PD
ODWD FRQGDQQDWR DOO·LQFDSDFLWj GL SURJHWWDUH DXWRQRPDPHQWH LO SURSULR VYLOXSSR &RQ ILGXFLRVD GHOHJD HVVR YLHQH SHULRGLFD PHQWH GHPDQGDWR DG DOWUL FKH EDUDWWDQR O·HPDQFLSD]LRQH GHO VXG FRQ OD VXD VXERUGLQD]LR QH DG HVLJHQ]H GL YROWD LQ YROWD GLYHUVH PD VHPSUH HVWUDQHH DL VXRL ELVRJQL LHUL 1DSROL VXFFXU VDOH GHOOD SURGX]LRQH VLGHUXUJL FD GRPDQL PDJDUL SDUFR JLRFKL SHU IDFROWRVL YDFDQ]LHUL (SSXUH LHUL H RJJL OD IUXVWUD]LRQH SHU O·DVSHWWDWLYD WUDGLWD QRQ VL ULYHU VD QHOOD FROOHUD FDWDUWLFD PD QHO FRQWHQXWR ULVHQWLPHQWR FKH DQ FKH GL IURQWH DO WUDGLPHQWR QRQ VD VRUWLUH GDOOR VWDWR GL SDVVLYLWj Qp ULQXQFLDUH DOOD VSHUDQ]D GHO O·LQWHUYHQWR DOWUXL ,Q TXHVW·LQJRUJR GL DFFXVH WD FLXWH H VHQVL GL FROSD ² SHUFKp VHPSUH LO ULVHQWLPHQWR q DQFKH GHOXVLRQH GL VH VWHVVL SHU OD SURSULD FUHGXOLWj ² V·LQFDJOLD ULSHWXWDPHQWH OD VWRULD UHFHQ WH GHO 0HULGLRQH LQ DWWHVD FKH TXDOFRVD R TXDOFXQ DOWUR SURY YHGD D VJRPEHUDUH OD VWUDGD
ÃÕ`
n
¥²
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
$ $Ì Ì 3 &DUOR $YYLVDWL
©)XMLWH IXMLWH IXJJLWH IXJ JLWH SDSj PLR HUD XQ SH]]R G·XRPR QRQ WHQHYD SDXUD GL QLHQWH DQGDYD LQ JLUR SHU OH FDVH VSURQDQGR OD JHQWH D VFDS SDUH ¶1WUDWDQWR QHO IUDWWHPSR ¶R IIXRFR LO IXRFR FRQWLQXDYD D FDGp GD FLHORª $ VHWWHPEUH LO 0DULD $QWRQLHWWD &LULOOR QRQQD ¶1WXQHWWLQD FRPSLYD FHQWRTXDWWUR DQQL OHL GLFH GL HVVHUH XQD ©UDJD]]D GHO · ª H DVVLHPH D $QWRQLR 6DQJHUPDQR FDSULFFLRVR LO GHVWLQR L GXH KDQQR OR VWHVVR QRPH H XJXDOH HWj GL 6DQ 3DROR %HOVLWR FLWWj LQ FXL QDFTXH O· DJRVWR GHO q O·XQLFD WHVWLPRQH YLYHQWH GHOOD VSDYHQWRVD HUX]LRQH YHVXYLDQD FKH O·RWWR DSULOH VFRQYROVH LO WHUULWRULR VHPLQDQGR PRUWH H GLVWUX]LRQH WXWW·DWWRUQR $OWUR FKH OR ©VSHWWDFROR VLQJRODUH EL] ]DUUR LQGLFLELOH FKH UDPPHQWDYD LQ XQD YLVLRQH VWUDQD LO JLRUQR GL IHVWD LQ FXL 3RPSHL IX GLVWUXWWD PHQWUH WXWWL HUDQR DO FLUFRª GL 'RQQD 0DWLOGH 6HUDR FKH GL TXHOOD WUDJHGLD VFULVVH FRPH LQYLDWD GL VH VWHVVD HUD GLUHWWUL FH GHO TXRWLGLDQR ´,O *LRUQRµ H GL WHVWDWH QD]LRQDOL FRPH ´/D 6WDPSDµ GL 7RULQR 4XHOOD GHO IX GRSR O·DOWUD GHO O·HUX]LRQH SL WHUULELOH GHO VHFRQGR PLOOHQQLR ©&DGHYDQR WXWWH YULFFLOOH ¶H IXRFR WDQWH SLH WUX]]H LQIXRFDWH ODSLOOL H SRPL FL UXVVH UXVVH URVVL URVVL QRQ VL FDSLYD FFKL QLHQWHª ,O UDFFRQWR GL $QWRQLHWWD q YLYR SXQWHJJLDWR GD HVSUHVVLRQL GLD OHWWDOL DQWLFKH GRYH VL ULWURYDQR SDUROH GL FXL VL VRQR SHUVH OH WUDFFH H GL FXL TXDVL SL QHVVXQR ULHVFH D FDSLUH LO VLJQLILFDWR ©·(
Ì1 .. Ì"$"Ì1. ! ÌÌ (OHRQRUD 3XQWLOOR
/·$FURSROL KD SRWXWR ULYHODUVL ILQDOPHQWH 2UD ODVFLD VHQ]D ILDWR L YLVLWDWRUL GL TXHVWR IUDPPHQWR GL 0DJQD *UHFLD DOWR VXO PDUH QRQ SL JUXPR GL FDVH GHL SHVFDWRUL PD FDQWLHUH GHOO·DUFKHRORJLD H GHO EDURFFR LQ XQ LQVLHPH VFDQGLWR GDL VHFROL 8QD YLVWD FKH QRQ FDQFHOOD LO ULVHQWLPHQWR H OD UDEELD SHUFKp L SRVLWLYL HYHQWL DUULYDQR FRQ WDQWR ULWDUGR ( QRQ VROR SHU TXHVWR 7UH GHFHQQL H WUH DQQL FL VRQ YROXWL SHU SRWHU WRUQDUH QHO FXRUH SL DQWLFR GL 3R]]XROL TXHOO·DFURSROL SRL FKLDPDWD 5LRQH 7HUUD FKH VRYUDVWDYD LO JUDQGH SRUWR GHOO·LPSHUR URPDQR FDSROLQHD GHL FRPPHUFL FRQ LO IHUWLOH (JLWWR H FRQ LO ULFFR JUDQDLR OLELFR 7UH GHFHQQL H WUH DQQL FL VRQ YROXWL SHUFKp XQ FRQFRUVR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH GL DUFKLWHWWXUD SRVVD IDU WRUQDUH OD WHUUD GHO PLWR H GHOOD FODVVLFLWj DOO·DWWHQ]LRQH GHOOD FXOWXUD DUFKHRORJLFD H DUFKLWHWWRQLFD GHOO·(XURSD H ROWUH OR KD EDQGLWR OD 5HJLRQH &DPSDQLD HQWUR TXDOFKH PHVH VDSUHPR FKL H FRPH UHVWDXUHUj LO WHPSLR FRVWUXLWR LQ RQRUH GL $XJXVWR GDO OLEHUWR DUFKLWHWWR /XFLR &RFFHLR $XFWR FRQ L GHQDUL GHO ULFFR SXWHRODQR /XFLR &DOSXUQLR 7HPSLR PDHVWRVR QRYH OH DOWH FRORQQH GL PDUPR SDULR VXL ODWL
OXQJKL VHL VX TXHOOL FRUWL FKH YHQQH VRPPHUVR QHOOH PXUD GHOOD FDWWHGUDOH PHGLRHYDOH H SRL VRQWXRVDPHQWH EDURFFD ULVFRSHUWR FRQ O·LQFHQGLR GHO PDJJLR LO IXRFR VDFULILFz VSOHQGLGL DIIUHVFKL H PHUDYLJOLRVL PDUPL SROLFURPL PD UHVWLWXu SRVVHQWL VWUXWWXUH FKH UHVLVWHYDQR GD GXHPLOD DQQL 4XHO FKH DYHYD ULYHODWR LO IXRFR VHL DQQL SULPD GHO EUDGLVLVPR GHO DYUHEEH SRWXWR VDOYDUH 3R]]XROL H L &DPSL )OHJUHL GDOOD WUHPHQGD FULVL SURYRFDWD GDOO·LQFDXWR VJRPEHUR GHOO·$FURSROL H GDO FRQVHJXHQWH SDQLFR FKH PLVH LQ IXJD XQD EXRQD PHWj GHOOD SRSROD]LRQH 0D OD SXU HORTXHQWH ULYHOD]LRQH ² FRORQQH H PXUDWXUH DOWLVVLPH DYHYDQR VXSHUDWR LQGHQQL VHFROL GL LQQDO]DPHQWL H WHUUHPRWL ² QRQ IX GHJQDWD GL DWWHQ]LRQH )UHWWRORVDPHQWH VL GLVVH FKH TXHOOR HUD LO SRVWR SL YXOQHUDELOH TXHOOR GD VJRPEHUDUH D RJQL FRVWR ,O FRVWR IX WUHPHQGR H TXHOOR QRQ HUD H QRQ q LO OXRJR SL YXOQHUDELOH GHO WHUULWRULR IOHJUHR $Q]L ² PD TXHVWR VL VHSSH D WUDJHGLD LUUHSDUDELOPHQWH DYYHQXWD ² q XQ JUDQGH VDVVR GDOOD VWUXWWXUD XQLIRUPH LQ JUDGR GL UHVLVWHUH PHJOLR ULVSHWWR DO WHUULWRULR FLUFRVWDQWH OD SURYD SL HYLGHQWH HUD TXHO WHPSLR PDL FUROODWR QHDQFKH TXDQGR O·LQWHUR WHUULWRULR IX VFRQYROWR GDL VRPPRYLPHQWL SHU OD QDVFLWD GHO 0RQWH 1XRYR VHWWHPEUH 3L DQWLFD GL 1DSROL H DSSHQD
SL JLRYDQH GL &XPD TXDQGR OH FRVWH LWDOLFKH HUDQR SHU L SURIXJKL GHOOH JXHUUH FLYLOL H GHOOH FDUHVWLH TXHOOD VSHUDQ]D GL VRSUDYYLYHQ]D FKH VRQR WRUQDWH D HVVHUH RJJL SHU L PRGHUQL IXJJLWLYL GDOOD PLVHULD JOREDOL]]DWD IX FKLDPD WD 'LNHDUFKLD FLWWj GHO JLXVWR JRYHUQR GDJOL HVXOL JUHFL FKH 3ROLFUDWH DYHYD VFDFFLDWR GDO O·LVROD GL 6DPR 3HU ORUR HUD VROR XQ WLUDQQR PD HUD DQFKH DPLFR H SURWHWWRUH GL ,ELFR H $QDFUHRQWH SRHWL H GL (XSDOLQR PDJQLILFR DUFKLWHWWR GL XQ DFTXHGRWWR VFD YDWR QHOOD URFFLD FRQ WDQWD SUHFL VLRQH GD VXVFLWDUH PHUDYLJOLH LQ WXWWD (XURSD H GD LQGXUUH 3DXO 9DOpU\ DULVWRFUDWLFR SRHWD GHO VLPEROLVPR D IDUOR SHUVRQDJJLR GL XQ GLDORJR DO PRGR GL 3ODWRQH VX WHFQLFD H DUWH (XSDOLQRV RX O·$UFKLWHFWH 7HFQLFD H DUWH QHOOR VFDYR H QHOO·RUQDPHQWR FKH WUDVPLJUDURQR FRQ L SURIXJKL H VL HVWHVHUR DOOD JHQV ODWLQD D HVVL GREELDPR O·LPPHQVR JLDFL PHQWR DUFKHRORJLFR GHL &DPSL )OHJUHL IDWWR QRQ VROR GL JUXSSL PDUPRUHL H PRVDLFL PD DQFKH GL JDOOHULH WUDIRUL VWUDGH WHUPH DFTXHGRWWL 0D QRQ HUDQR TXHVWL L ULFRUGL H OH FRQVDSHYROH]]H GHO SRWHUH DFFDGHPLFR H SROLWLFR LQ TXHO QRQ IUHGGR IHEEUDLR GHO &KL VFULYH RJJL TXHVWH ULJKH VL q SRVWD GD DOORUD OD GRPDQGD VH FKL SURGXFH FRPXQLFD]LRQH q LQ TXDOFKH PRGR DQFKH UHVSRQVDEL OH GHOO·XVR FKH DOWUL IDQQR GHOOH QRWL]LH TXDQGR HVVH FRPSRUWDQR
VXJJHVWLRQL H SDXUH DQFHVWUDOL FRPH TXHOOH ULIHULWH D IHQRPHQL QDWXUDOL FKH SRVVRQR HVVHUH VFRQ YROJHQWL 1RQ HUDQR WHPSL GL ILGXFLD QHOOH LVWLWX]LRQL 6HWWH DQQL SULPD QHOOD FDOGD VHUD GHO RWWREUH XQ LQWHUR SH]]R GL PRQWDJQD HUD IUDQDWR QHO ODJR DUWLILFLDOH IRUPDWR GDOOD GLJD SL DOWD GHO PRQGR FKH DYHYD VEDU UDWR OD YDOOH GHO 9DMRQW /·RQGDWD DYHYD VXSHUDWR OD GLJD H GHYD VWDWR LQ SRFKL DWWLPL LQWHUL SDHVL LQJRLDQGR TXDVL GXHPLOD YLWH LO TXDUDQWHVLPR DQQLYHUVDULR KD YLVWR ULHYRFD]LRQL FRQVDSHYROL 'LVDVWUR SUHYHGLELOH ULVFKLR SL YROWH GHQXQFLDWR GDOOD JLRU QDOLVWD 7LQD 0HUOLQ VXOO·8QLWj TXRWLGLDQR GHOO·DOORUD 3DUWLWR &RPXQLVWD PD WDFLXWR GDL JLRUQDOL DVVDL ULVSHWWRVL YHUVR L SRWHQWL H LQDVFROWDWR DQFKH QHO PRQGR VFLHQWLILFR SL DYYHGXWR FKH DOO·HSRFD HUD FRPH DQQLFKL OLWR GDOOD SURWHUYLD GHO SRWHUH HFRQRPLFR H SROLWLFR 1RQ SRWHYD HVVHUH WHPSR GL ILGXFLD VH DOWL HVSRQHQWL GHOOH SXEEOLFKH LVWLWX]LRQL VXELWR GRSR TXHOOD WUDJHGLD VFHVHUR LQ FDPSR SHU GLIHQGHUH DQFKH QHOOH DXOH JLXGL ]LDULH TXDQWL DYHYDQR FROSHYRO PHQWH VRWWRYDOXWDWR LO ULVFKLR H OR DYHYDQR IDWWR DO VROR VFRSR GL IDU OXFUDUH SURILWWL D XQD SRWHQWH VRFLHWj HOHWWULFD 1LHQWH D FKH YHGHUH FRQ LO EUDGLVLVPR $SSXQWR QHV VXQ UHVSRQVDELOH DOWRORFDWR H LQWRFFDELOH SHU XQ IHQRPHQR
,3"1 . Ì Ì 3$ $
/D VFLHQ]D FRPLQFLD FRQ GHOOH HYLGHQ]H %DVWD PHWWHUH XQD SHQ WROD VXO IXRFR SHU FRQYLQFHUVHQH TXDQGR VL ULVFDOGD QDVFH LO PR YLPHQWR 3RL XQ JLRUQR VFRSULD PR FRQ VWXSRUH FKH FRPLQFLD D IUHPHUH VXL ERUGL SULPD GL FRQ TXLVWDUH O·LQWHUD SHQWROD H QRQ YL SUHVWLDPR SL DWWHQ]LRQH Ë FDOGR H TXLQGL F·q DJLWD]LRQH WXWWR PRO WR QDWXUDOH 0D OD QDWXUD DYUHEEH SRWXWR FRPSLHUH XQ·DOWUD VFHOWD D FRPLQFLDUH GDO VXR FRQWUDULR JHOR SHU LO FDOGR H EROORUH SHU LO IUHGGR 6H FL UDSSUHVHQWLDPR LO VROH FRPH XQ·HQRUPH SHQWROD VXO IXRFR LPPDJLQLDPR LO SHJJLR ( QRQ DEELDPR WRUWR /H SDUWLFHOOH VL PXRYRQR IUHQHWLFDPHQWH LQ WXWWH OH GLUH]LRQL 3LXWWRVWR FKH HVVHUH OHJDWH LQVLHPH HVVH HVL VWRQR ULFDGHQGR OH XQH VXOOH DO WUH H WUDVFLQDWH GDO ORUR VODQFLR PDQFDQR OD PHWD 3L OD PDQFD QR SL ID FDOGR OD WHPSHUDWXUD q XQ VHJQR LQQHJDELOH GL YLWDOLWj ,Q TXHVWR PRGR FL UHQGLDPR FRQ WR GL FRPH JOL DFFHVVL GL IHEEUH VL YHULILFKLQR FRVu IDFLOPHQWH $O O·DOWUR FDSR GHOOD VFDOD O·XQLYHU VR VL IHUPD D PHQR JUDGL VL FKLDPD OR ]HUR DVVROXWR ,Q DOWUH SDUROH XQR VWDWR GL LPPRELOLWj WRWDOH H LQDFFHVVLELOH 'LIILFLOH GD LPPDJLQDUH 4XDQGR FL SHQVLD PR JLj OR VSLULWR VL DJLWD OH LGHH VL VFDOGDQR H OD WHPSHUDWXUD VDOH
,O VROH IXRFR DVVROXWR FKH TXH VW·HVWDWH EUXFLD GLVVHFFD H XFFL GH DPLFR R QHPLFR" *OL RVSHGDOL H DOWUL VHUYL]L GL HPHUJHQ]D GL IURQWH DOOD PDODW WLD H DOOD PRUWH DFFHUWDWD GL PL JOLDLD GL SHUVRQH DWWUDYHUVR WXWWD O·(XURSD KDQQR XQD SURSULD RSL QLRQH VXOO·DUJRPHQWR QRQ DPD QR DIIDWWR LO IXRFR H OD FDOXUD GL TXHVW·HVWDWH GHO , YLWLFROWRUL LQFRQWUDWL QHO FRUVR GHOOH YDFDQ]H FL YDQQR LQYHFH SL FDXWL $ VHQWLUQH XQR SUR SULHWDULR GL DQWLFKH YLJQH SUR IRQGDPHQWH UDGLFDWH QHO FDOFDUH O·XYD q ULFFD LPEHYXWD GL VXFFR SURPHWWH ¶HPR]LRQL· HQRORJLFKH SHU XQ DOWUR L FXL FHSSL VRQR SL JLRYDQL L FKLFFKL VRQR WURSSR SLFFROL OD PDWXUD]LRQH WURSSR UDSLGD OD YHQGHPPLD GLIILFLOH OD YLQLILFD]LRQH SHJJLR DQFRUD H OD TXDOLWj q EHQ ORQWDQD GDOO·HVVHUH DVVLFXUDWD
FRQ ODPSL FKH GDQ]DYDQR WUD OD FHQHUH H OD QXYRODJOLD GL ODSLOOL VFDJOLDWD LQ DOWR ( OD ODYD FRPLQ FLz D FRUUHUH YHUVR %RVFRWUHFDVH ©&RUUHYD IRUWH ² WHVWLPRQLD $QWRQLHWWD ² PH OD ULFRUGR EHQH WHQHYR VHWWH DQQL SDUHYD QX PDUH ¶H IXRFR HUD MDYHWD MDYHWD VHPEUDYD XQ PDUH GL IXRFR HUD DOWLVVLPD )DFHYDQR SXUH L WHUUH PRWL FRPP·q EUXWWR ¶R WHUUDPR WR QXQ VH ¶QFDUUDYD D VWD DOOHUWD FRPH q EUXWWR LO WHUUHPRWR QRQ VL ULXVFLYD D VWDUH DOO·LPSLHGL 3DSj PLR MHWWH D SLJOLD· DQGz D SUHQGHUH 6DQ *HQQDUR D 7UHFDVH DOORUD IUD]LRQH GHO &RPXQH GL %RVFRWUHFDVH H ¶R SXUWDMHQR ILQR D ¶R FROORFDPHQWR XQD ]RQD GL 7UHFDVH FRVu FKLDPDWD SHU OD SUHVHQ]D VXFFHVVLYD GHOO·XIIL FLR GL FROORFDPHQWR ¶QIDFFLD D ¶D ODYD LVVR IDFHWWH DFFXVVu ² PRVWUD OH WUH GLWD GHOOD PDQR GHVWUD SROOLFH LQGLFH H PHGLR
,"--"t
IRWR GL &ODXGLR &RUUHDOH
,
83 "$
'RPLQLTXH 'HOFRXUW WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DULD /DXUD 9DQRULR
]ROIR VL GHSRVLWDURQR LQ JUDQ GLVVLPD TXDQWLWj ©/O·RUR OXFHYD OO·RUR SH· QFRSSR ¶R WHUUHQR VHPEUDYD FKH VXO WHUUHQR OXFFL FDVVH O·RUR ² q DQFRUD $QWRQLR ² H ¶D 0XQWDJQD VSDUDYD VHPSUH OD PRQWDJQD HVSORGHYD FRQWL QXDPHQWH IDFHYD SDXUD VROR D VHQWL· 3HU SRFR QXQ DSSLFFLz ¶D 7RUUH /Oj VWHYD ¶D 0DURQQD G··D 1HYH SHU SRFR QRQ EUXFLz 7RUUH Oj F·HUD OD 0DGRQQD GHOOD 1HYH WX GHYL IHUPDUH OD ODYD GLFHYD ¶D JHQWH ( HVVD IDFHWWH ¶R PLUDFROR IHUPDMH ¶D ODYD H OHL IHFH LO PLUDFROR EORFFz OD ODYD GL IURQWH ¶R FLPLWHUR 3DWHPR H PDPPHPD PLR SDGUH H PLD PDGUH DQGDURQR D 7RUUH D FRP SUDUH OD SDVWD H YROOHUR YHGHUH TXHOOD ODYD FKH EUXFLDYD DQFRUD VL IHUPDURQR D YHQWL SDVVL H V·DSSLFFLDMHQR ¶H VFDUSXQH ¶H SDSj H VL EUXFLDURQR OH VFDUSH GL SDSj ª ,QWDQWR D 7UHFDVH H D %RVFRWUHFDVH PHQWUH OH FDP SDQH VXRQDYDQR D GLVWHVD VFDS SDYDQR WXWWL $QWRQLHWWD ULFRUGD FKH LO SDGUH OH WHQHYD OD PDQR IXJJLURQR YHUVR 3RQWH 3HUVLFD XQD IUD]LRQH GL &DVWHOODPPDUH SRUWDQGRVL GLHWUR SHUVLQR XQD FDSUHWWD ULWRUQDURQR D FDVD GRSR XQD VHWWLPDQD ©3RL GRSR TXDO FKH PHVH DUULYDURQR L IRUHVWLHUL ¶( JXLGH ¶H PXQWDJQD ¶H SSXU WDYDQR OH JXLGH GL PRQWDJQD OL FRQGXFHYDQR D YHGHUH OD ODYD OL IDFHYDQR VDOLUH VXL FDYDOOL H OL SRUWDYDQR LQ DOWR YHUVR OH FROD WH ¶( IXUDVWLHUH V·DFFDWWDYDQR ¶H SSUHWH MDQFKH L WXULVWL FRPSUD YDQR OH SLHWUH SRPLFL ELDQFKH H VH OH SRUWDYDQR D FDVD VRSUD L FDYDOOL PR· QXQ FH VWD FFKL QLHQWHª
YXOFDQLFR FKH SURYRFD SHULRGLFL LQQDO]DPHQWL GHO VXROR VHJXLWL GD DEEDVVDPHQWL SHU XQR VFKHU]R FKH OD QDWXUD ULSHWH GD PROWH PLJOLDLD GL DQQL GRFXPHQWDWR DQFKH QHL WHVWL VFRODVWLFL ( DOORUD VL SXz VSDUDUOH JURVVH VROOHFLWDUH UHVSRQVL SVHXGRVFLHQWLILFL WLWROD UH IRUWH VXOO·LPPLQHQWH QDVFLWD GL XQ FRORVVDOH YXOFDQR ULIDUVL FRVu GHOO·RQWD GHOOR VFRRS PDQFDWR HG HYLWDUH OH GRPDQGH GHL FROOHJKL H GHJOL VFLHQ]LDWL VWUDQLHUL PHUD YLJOLDWL FKH VROWDQWR XQD FURQLVWD GHOO·8QLWj VL IRVVH DFFRUWD FKH OH EDQFKLQH GHO SRUWR HUDQR GLYHQWD WH SL DOWH XQ PHWUR H PH]]R QHO JLUR GL XQ DQQR H FKH GHFLQH GL SDOD]]L ² FRPSUHVR LO 0XQLFLSLR ² VL ULHPSLYDQR GL FUHSH /·DOODUPLVPR H OD VILGXFLD VRPPHUVHUR OD UD]LRQDOLWj H OH DQWLFKH VDSLHQ]H SRSRODUL DO SXQWR FKH TXDQWR SL OH QRWL]LH HUDQR SDXURVH WDQWR SL HUDQR ULWHQXWH FUHGLELOL FRQ SRVLWLYL ULIOHVVL VXOOH YHQGLWH« DQFKH VH YLVLELOPHQWH DVVXUGH H LPSUR EDELOL DFFXVH YHHPHQWL GL YROHU QDVFRQGHUH OD YHULWj GL ¶PLQL PL]]DUH· SHU FKLVVj TXDOL WUDPH DL GDQQL GHOOD SRSROD]LRQH WRF FDYDQR D TXHL JLRYDQL VWXGLRVL H D TXDOFKH SXU DXWRUHYROH PD LQD VFROWDWR VFLHQ]LDWR VWUDQLHUR FKH LQYRFDYDQR SUXGHQ]D ( DQFKH D FKL ULILXWDYD GL VSDUJHUH SDQLFR D PH]]R VWDPSD ,O 5LRQH 7HUUD HUD GDYYHUR VRYUDIIROODWR H IDWLVFHQWH TXDO FXQR SHQVz FKH TXHOOD HUD O·RFFD VLRQH EXRQD SHU O·LQWHUYHQWR GHO ¶SLFFRQH ULVDQDWRUH· GL IDVFLVWLFD PHPRULD 0HQWUH OH IDPLJOLH GHL SHVFDWRUL YHQLYDQR SRUWDWH YLD 3R]]XROL VL VYXRWz LQ SUHGD D XQ SDQLFR LQFRQWUROODELOH XQD IXJD GL PDVVD XQD FLWWj FKH GLYHQWz VSHWWUDOH QHO JLUR GL SRFKH RUH 3HU PHVL LO VXROR FRQWLQXz DG DO]DUVL FRQ VFRVVH VLVPLFKH QRQ GLVWUXWWLYH PD DSSRUWDWULFL GL GDQQL DOOH PXUDWXUH VL IHUPz
DOO·DOWH]]D GL FHQWLPHWUL GRSR FLUFD XQ DQQR H SUHVH D ULGLVFHQGHUH OHQWDPHQWH ILQR D TXDQGR QHO JHQQDLR GHO VL FRQVWDWz XQD FRQVLVWHQWH ULVDOLWD GL FLUFD WUHQWD FHQWLPHWUL /·DQQR GRSR OH VFRVVH VL LQWHQVLILFDURQR SHU QXPHUR HG HQHUJLD OD SRSR OD]LRQH JLj SHVDQWHPHQWH VWUHVVD WD GDOOD VFRVVD GHO QRYHPEUH SURYHQLHQWH GDOO·,USLQLD ULSLRPEz QHOOD SDXUD PD DIIURQ Wz OD QXRYD FULVL FRQ PDJJLRUH FRQVDSHYROH]]D /D OH]LRQH GHO · HUD VHUYLWD $O 5LRQH 7HUUD WRFFz GL GLYHQ WDUH XQ VLPEROR &RQ XQD OHJJH SURSRVWD GDO 3FL H DSSURYDWD QHO PD SDVVDWD TXDVL LQRVVHU YDWD IX TXHOOR O·DQQR GHO FROH UD WDQWR SHU FDPELDU WUDJHGLD O·DQWLFD $FURSROL IX GLFKLDUDWD ¶GHPDQLR LQGLVSRQLELOH· RVVLD XQD SURSULHWj SXEEOLFD FKH QHV VXQD DPPLQLVWUD]LRQH R JRYHUQR SXz YHQGHUH 0D L IRQGL SHU OH LQGHQQLWj GL HVSURSULR QRQ HUDQR FHUWR DEERQGDQWL H D GHFLQH L SURSULHWDUL ULFRUVHUR DO WULEXQDOH FLYLOH SHU RWWHQHUH GL SL IUD JOL RSSRVLWRUL F·HUD OD &XULD DUFLYH VFRYLOH SURSULHWDULD GL QXPHURVL LPPRELOL ,O FRQFRUVR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH SHU LO UHVWDXUR DELWDWLYR VL FRQFOXVH QHO PD QRQ F·HUD XQD OLUD SHU LQL]LDUH GDYYHUR L ODYRUL H SRL HUDQR LQ SLHGL GHFLQH GL FRQWURYHUVLH OHJDOL PHQWUH SUR VHJXLYDQR LQGLVWXUEDWH OH GHYD VWD]LRQL FRQ DVSRUWR GL PDUPL LQIHUULDWH DQWLFKL SRUWRQL UHSHUWL DUFKHRORJLFL )LQR D WUH DQQL ID TXDQGR ILQDOPHQWH OD 5HJLRQH KD VWDQ]LDWR GDYYHUR L IRQGL H OH 6RSULQWHQGHQ]H KDQQR SRWXWR HVHJXLUH QXRYL VFDYL H UHVWDX UL HGLOL]L $GHVVR SURWHVWD XQ YHVFRYR GDOOD PHPRULD EUHYH ©UHVWDXUDQR L WHPSOL SDJDQL H QRQ OD FDWWHGUDOH«ª $OWUR JHQHUH XQ SR· VLQJRODUH GL ULVHQWLPHQWR
VXOGDWH SLJOLDYDQR ¶H SSUHWH L VROGDWL SUHQGHYDQR GHL PDVVL OH PHWWHYDQR GDYDQWL DOOD ODYD PD FKH YXOHYDQR ID·"ª VL IHUPD XQ DWWLPR VRUULGH VFXRWH OD WHVWD ©4XHOOL HUDQR FDYDOOHWWL RQGH GL IXRFR H SRL ILRFFDYD FRPH VH IRVVH QHYH PD HUD FpQQHUH YXO OHQWH FHQHUH EROOHQWH ª &HUWR q FKH TXDQGR LO 9HVXYLR UDJJLXQVH OD IDVH GL QRQ ULWRUQR QHVVXQR SHQVDYD FKH VDUHEEH DQGDWD D ILQLUH LQ TXHO PRGR 9LVWR FKH QHOOD PDWWLQD GHO G·DSULOH WXWWR HUD DFFDGXWR LQ PDQLHUD ¶QRU PDOH· HUDQR GD SRFR SDVVDWH OH FLQTXH H PH]]D TXDQGR OD ODYD FRPLQFLz D IXRULXVFLUH GD XQD VSDFFDWXUD DSHUWDVL D GXHFHQWR PHWUL G·DOWH]]D VXO ODWR VXG /H VFRVVH VLVPLFKH GDO FDQWR ORUR QRQ SDUHYDQR SL DOODUPDQWL GL DOWUH YROWH /·HIIXVLRQH FRQWLQXz DQFRUD DWWUDYHUVR DOWUH ERFFKH VLQR D TXDQGR OD VHUD GHO QRQ VL PDQLIHVWDURQR HVSORVLRQL VWURP EROLDQH GL QRWHYROH SRWHQ]D ( IX O·LQL]LR GHOOD ILQH )RQWDQH GL ODYD YHQQHUR ODQFLDWH D XQR GXH FKLORPHWUL G·DOWH]]D VXOOD FLPD GHOOD PRQWDJQD VL VFDWHQz XQD WHPSHVWD GL VFDULFKH HOHWWULFKH
² H ¶D ODYD VH IHUPDMHª 6L EORF Fz TXHO UDPR GHOOD FRODWD D SRFD GLVWDQ]D GDOOD VWDWXD GHO 6DQWR H GDOOD UHOLTXLD RVVLD XQ ¶9HVXYLR· FKH HUXWWD UHDOL]]DWR FRQ XQ RVVR GHO 3DWURQR 8Q DOWUR ULYROR FRQ XQ DPSLR IURQWH LQYHFH VFHVH YHUVR OD FKLHVD GL 6DQW·$QQD D 2UDWRULR GL %RVFRWUHFDVH /j UDFFRQWD RJJL 6DYHULR ,]]R FKH OR VHSSH GDO SDGUH OD ODYD QRQ HQWUz QHOO·HGLILFLR UHOLJLRVR SHU FKp ©6DQ *LDFFKLQR ¶R PDULWR ¶H 6DQW·$QQD FKLXUHWWH D SRUWD Q·IDFFLD D ODYD H V·DEEUXFLDMH SXUH ¶H GGHWH 6DQ *LRDFFKLQR LO PDULWR GL 6DQW·$QQD VEDUUz OD SRUWD GL IURQWH DOOD ODYD H VL EUXFLz DQFKH OH GLWD ª 'DOO·DOWUD SDUWH GHO YXOFDQR D 1RUG QHO O·DUHD QRODQD OD JHQWH RVVHUYDYD FRQ SDXUD LO IHQRPHQR $QFKH TXHO WHUULWRULR VWDYD VXEHQGR OH FRQVHJXHQ]H GHOO·HUX]LRQH ©4XDQQR FKLXYHWWH ¶D UHQD WHQHYR GXMH IUDWH ² ULFRUGD $QWRQLR ² FRQ OH VFDOH DGGRVVR FRUUHYDQR WXWWR LO JLRUQR GL TXD H GL Oj SHU OLEHUDUH L WHWWL GDO SHVR GHOOD FHQHUH 'RSSR VFXSSLDMH D 0XQWDJQD ¶H 6RPPD H IHFH ¶D ODYD ¶H IXRFR 1XMH IXMHWWHPR ¶QFDPSDJQD VFDSSDPPR LQ FDPSDJQD SHU TXDWWUR JLRUQL PDQJLDPPR ¶R SSDQH DVFLXWWR ¶$ UHQD DWWHUUDMH WXWWH FRVH ¶PPLH]R ¶D FDPSDJQD VWHYDQR ¶q YYLWH FKLHQH G·XYD OD FHQH UH ULFRSUu WXWWR F·HUDQR OH YLWL FDULFKH G·XYD WXWWR EUXFLDWR 3DWHPR WXUQDMH D UHYXWj D WHUUD VFKLXSSDMH Q·DWD YRWD WXWWR D GRS SLR PLR SDGUH WRUQz D ULYROWDUH LO WHUUHQR H VERFFLz GL QXRYR WXWWR DO GRSSLR , IDJLROL ULSLDQWDWL LQ YHQWL PRJJL GL WHUUHQR UHVHUR SHU FLQTXHFHQ WR TXLQWDOLª ,QVRPPD WXWWR LO WHUULWRULR VH GD XQ ODWR IX LQWHUHVVDWR GD FUROOL H GLVWUX]LRQL GDOO·DOWUR IX UHVR IHUWLOLVVLPR $QFKH SHUFKp L PLQHUDOL PDVVLPDPHQWH OR
QRQ F·q YLD G·XVFLWD /H YDPSH GL FDORUH VRQR XQ GHVWLQR HG q FRVu FKH FL VL DIIH]LRQD DL YXOFDQL 4XDQGR VL DUULYD D PHWj DOWH]]D GHOO·(WQD XQD JXLGD FKH q IHUPD Ou VSLHJD FKH q SURLELWR SURVH JXLUH ILQR DO FUDWHUH PD FKH VH YRJOLDPR F·q XQ SHUFRUVR FKH SDUWH GDO ODWR VLQLVWUR ,Q EDVVR OD SLDQD RUL]]RQWDOH GL &DWDQLD 7DRUPLQD H L ODERUDWRUL GL SDVWLF FHULD ,Q DOWR LO FUDWHUH FHQWUDOH 'LIILFLOH GLUH VH LO SHUFRUVR FKH SDUWH GD VLQLVWUD FHUFD GL UDJJLXQ JHUOR R GL HYLWDUOR 'HO UHVWR XQ SR· SL ORQWDQR XQD FRODWD GL ODYD KD FDQFHOODWR WXWWR /·LQWHUQR GHO SLDQHWD ULYROWDWR FRPH XQ JXDQ WR 0D GD GRYH ULHQWUD WXWWR FLz FKH HVFH" 0HQR JUDGL UHVWD XQD FLIUD PROWR EDVVD VH VL FRQ VLGHUD TXDQWR LO FDOGR SXz HVVHUH FDOGR *UDGL FKH VL FRQWDQR D PL JOLDLD 6WUDQDPHQWH OD YLWD ILQLVFH LQ SURVVLPLWj GHOO·DVVROXWDPHQWH IUHGGR &Lz ODVFLD PROWH SRVVLEL OLWj DO FDOGR 3HU HVHPSLR TXHO OD GHOO·HVWDWH FKH FL DYYROJH VL q IRUPDWD QHO IRQGR GL XQD VWHOOD H KD YLDJJLDWR SHU LO FRVPR PD QRQ PRVWUD QLHQWH QHVVXQD WUDF FLD GHO ODYRUR SHVDQWH GHOOH RULJL QL /·(WQD q WXWWR LO FRQWUDULR OD QDWXUD q DOO·RSHUD LQ SLHQD OXFH SHUFHSLDPR O·HVSHULHQ]D WHUPR GLQDPLFD XOWLPD ,Q FLPD WURYLD PR XQD EUHFFLD H SUHFLSLWLDPR QHO FUDWHUH &L DVSHWWDYDPR XQD FDOGDLD H VFRSULDPR XQ UHFLQWR VLOHQ]LRVR LQJRPEUR GL IXPDUR OH GL YDSRUL JULJL H EUXQL 2YXQTXH ERFFKH GL FDOGR FKH DVVRPLJOLDQR D JDUJRXLOOHV UR YHQWL XQ PRQGR LQ SLHQD DWWL YLWj PD QRQ VHOYDJJLR ,O FDOGR TXL KD XQ RGRUH FKH LPSUHJQD OD SHOOH H L YHVWLWL 7HQWLDPR GL VFRUJHUOR PHQWUH FL DYYLFLQLD PR DOOD YRUDJLQH FKH VFHQGH QHO SLDQHWD $ XQ OLYHOOR LQIHULRUH HPHUJRQR GHOOH FUHVWH GDO YDSR UH ILQ TXL QXOOD GL VWUDQR 0D GRYH FRPLQFLD LO FDOGR"
-DFTXHV .RYDOVN\ WUDGX]LRQH GL )UDQFHVFR )RUODQL
0D DOORUD IXRFR DPLFR R QH PLFR" /·XQR H O·DOWUR RUD XQR RUD O·DOWUR« $PLFR FKH ULVFDOGD ULXQLVFH H QXWUH QHPLFR FKH EUX FLD FRQVXPD H XFFLGH ,Q TXHVWR VWHVVR PRPHQWR LQ FXL LO VXG GHOO·(XURSD H SL LQ SDUWLFRODUH OH ULYH GHO 0HGLWHU UDQHR EUXFLDQR GRYH L SDHVDJJL YLWDOL VRQR VDFFKHJJLDWL GDOO·LQ FHQGLR ² VSHVVR GRORVR ² FRPH SDUODUH GL IXRFR DPLFR" ,O SRPSLHUH VROGDWR GHO IXRFR VL WURYD RJQL JLRUQR IDFFLD D IDF FLD FRQ WDOH DPLFR QHPLFR OXL LO IXRFR OR WHPH PD DOOR VWHVVR WHP SR OR VSLD O·DVSHWWD DO YDUFR WDO YROWD TXDVL OR GHVLGHUD 6ROGDWR GHO IXRFR PD DQFKH DWWRUH GL WXWWL L SLFFROL GUDPPL GHOOD YLWD TXRWLGLDQD XRPR GHJOL LQFLGHQWL TXRWLGLDQL H VDOYDWRUH
QHOOH FDWDVWURIL LO SRPSLHUH QRQ VL PLVXUD GDYYHUR FRQ VH VWHVVR VH QRQ D FRQWDWWR FRQ OH ILDPPH $PD DIIURQWDUH TXHOOR FKH q XQ DQLPDOH WDOYROWD SUHYHGLELOH PD LO SL GHOOH YROWH VRUSUHQGHQWH VFRQFHUWDQWH 0HVVRYL GL IURQ WH VRIIUH SRWUHEEH PRULUQH PD HURH DQQHULWR GDOOH FHQHUL FKH VD GL IXPR ILQLVFH VHPSUH FRO YLQ FHUH DO FRVSHWWR GHO SODXVR SR SRODUH $UPDWR GL ODQFLD SURWHWWR GDO O·DUPDWXUD LQ PDWHULDOH WHVVLOH PRGHUQR FRO VXR FDVFR OXFHQWH q FRPH LO FDYDOLHUH GHOOH FDQ]RQL PHGLHYDOL GL IURQWH DO GUDJR HURH GL XQ JHVWR PRGHUQR JORULILFDWR GDOOH WHOHFDPHUH RQQLSUHVHQWL &KL D SDUWH OXL XVD DQFRUD OD
ODQFLD DL QRVWUL JLRUQL" ,O SLFDGRU GHOOH FRUULGH LO SLJPHR GHOOD IR UHVWD DIULFDQD O·DODEDUGLHUH GHOOD *XDUGLD 6YL]]HUD YDWLFDQD QHO OH JUDQGL RFFDVLRQL« LQVRPPD PLWL R UHVLGXDWL GHO SDVVDWR /D ODQFLD PD DQFKH O·DFTXD (FFR DOORUD LO QRVWUR HURH DOOH SUHVH FRQ JOL HOHPHQWL GL EDVH GHOOD YLWD FHQWUR GHOO·XQLYHUVR LO IXRFR H O·DFTXD &RPEDWWH O·XQR FRQ O·DOWUD SHU OD SDFH H OD YLWD GLYHQWD SDODGLQR GHL GXH HOHPHQ WL (URV H 7KDQDWRV OXFL H RPEUH FRPH VHPSUH ,O IXRFR VDUj DOORUD XQ QHPLFR FKH VL GHYH FRPEDWWHUH H VFRQILJ JHUH SHU DFFHGHUH DOOR VWDWXWR GL HURH PLWLFR (SSXUH TXDQWL SRPSLHUL SLUR PDQL" ,O IXRFR GXQTXH DOOHDWR FRQ FXL WDOYROWD VL IUDWHUQL]]D FKH VL DPPLUD SHUFKp OR VSHWWDFROR SXz HVVHUH JUDQGLRVR H IDU GLPHQWLFD UH LO UHVWR 6L YD YHUVR LO ¶IXRFR· QHOOD PDJJLRU SDUWH GHL FDVL FRQ LPSD ]LHQ]D JLRLD H ² SHUFKp QR ² HQ WXVLDVPR 6H QH ULWRUQD VWDQFKL GLVLGUD WDWL LQ]XSSDWL PD IHOLFL G·DYHUH FRPEDWWXWR DQFRUD XQD YROWD OH ILDPPH H GL HVVHUQH XVFLWL YLQ FLWRUL &L VL UDFFRQWD GHOOD ULFR QRVFHQ]D GHL VDOYDWDJJL GHJOL DWWDFFKL H FRQWUDWWDFFKL GHJOL HSLVRGL WDWWLFL ULXVFLWL R GL TXHOOL PHQR JORULRVL GHJOL DPLFL LQFRQ WUDWL QHO FXRUH GHOOD EDJDUUH &L VL FRPSOLPHQWD FRQ JOL HURL GHO JLRUQR TXHOOL GHOO·DXWRSRP SD JLXQWD SHU SULPD VXO SRVWR FKH KDQQR SRUWDWR LO SULPR VRF FRUVR H VHQ]·DOFXQ GXEELR VDOYD WR OH SULPH YLWWLPH DFTXLVWDQGR TXHO JLRUQR XQD JORULD HIILPHUD FKH QRQ GXUHUj ROWUH OD SURVVLPD PLVVLRQH FDQFHOODWD D VXD YROWD GD TXHOOD FKH VHJXLUj« SHUFKp VL VD FKH JLXQJHUj SUHVWR IRU VH SL DYDQWL WDOYROWD VHPSUH GL FHUWR 4XHVWR IXRFR GXQTXH FRP EDWWXWR PD DQFKH DWWHVR FRPH XQ VDFUDPHQWR FKH UHQGH O·XRPR SL GL TXHOOR FKH q QHO TXRWLGLDQR DPLFR R QHPLFR QRQ VR« 8QD VROD FRVD q FHUWD TXHVWR IXRFR GLYHQWD XQ QHPLFR LUULGX FLELOH TXDQGR XFFLGH XQ DPLFR XQ FROOHJD XQ FRPSDJQR G·DU PL $OORUD QRQ JOL VL SHUGRQD SL QLHQWH H WDOYROWD VL VPHWWH VL DEEDQGRQD LO PHVWLHUH 8Q SR· FRPH VH TXHVWD LQLPLFL]LD IRVVH GLYHQXWD LQFRPSDWLELOH FRQ OD FRQWLQXD]LRQH GHOOD PLVVLRQH« $OORUD LO IXRFR DPLFR R QHPL FR" 1RQ VR FUHGR FL VLD ELVRJQR GL SURYDUH XQ VHQVR GL DPLFL]LD YHUVR TXHVWR QHPLFR SHU SRWHUQH IDUH XQ QHPLFR DFFHWWDELOH«
ÃÕ`
£ä
¥²
. 1$."$Ì Ì, 1$" Ì 8 Ì, 1$Ă
. > $" Ì Ì ,. ̯¥zÌ ÅΠ̥ É°
GD .DLQRV ULYLVWD WHOHPDWLFD GL ILORVRILD
&RUQHOLXV &DVWRULDGLV WUDGX]LRQH GL )UDQFHVFD &DGHO
/DNLV 3URJXLGLV
WUDGX]LRQH GL /DXUD 7RSSDQ
6RQR SDVVDWL JLj YHQW·DQQL (UD LO ,Q TXHOOR VWHVVR DQQR HEEL OD IRUWXQD XQLFD GL ¶LQFRQWUDUH· FRORUR FKH FRQVLGHUR GD DOORUD FRPH L GXH XOWLPL JUDQGL ILORVR IL GHOOD FLYLOWj RFFLGHQWDOH -DQ 3DWRĀND H &RUQHOLXV &DVWRULDGLV 'L -DQ 3DWRĀND GL FXL VHQWLYR LO QRPH SHU OD SULPD YROWD FL DYH YD SDUODWR 0LODQ .XQGHUD QHO VXR VHPLQDULR VXO URPDQ]R GHOO·(X URSD FHQWUDOH WHQXWR D SDUWLUH GDO SUHVVR O·eFROH GHV +DX WHV eWXGHV HQ 6FLHQFHV 6RFLDOHV 3HU &DVWRULDGLV IX SL VHPSOLFH TXHOO·DQQR LQL]LDL D VHJXLUH L FRU VL FKH WHQHYD QHOOH VWHVVH DXOH GL .XQGHUD (UD O·DQQR LQ FXL DQD OL]]DYD LO SHQVLHUR H OD OHWWHUDWXUD JUHFKH QHO ORUR OHJDPH HVVHQ]LD OH FRQ O·LVWLWX]LRQH GHPRFUDWLFD 9HQW·DQQL /R VWXSRUH GHOOD VFR SHUWD DSUu OD SRUWD DOOR VWXGLR /R VWXGLR SRUWz DOO·DPPLUD]LRQH 2JJL LO VHQWLPHQWR FKH SUHGR PLQD q OD QRVWDOJLD q FKLDUR FKH QRQ ULYHGUHPR SL VSLULWL VLPLOL /D IRUWXQD SURVHJXLYD LO VXR FRUVR TXHOO·DQQR OH HGL]LRQL 9HUGLHU SXEEOLFDURQR LQ IUDQFH VH XQR GHL OLEUL SL LPSRUWDQWL GL -DQ 3DWRĀND 6DJJL HUHWLFL VXO OD ILORVRILD GHOOD VWRULD FRQ XQD SUHID]LRQH LOOXPLQDQWH GL 3DXO 5LF±XU H XQ FRPPHQWR FRQFOXVL YR GL 5RPDQ -DNREVRQ LQWLWRODWR ,O FXUULFXOXP YLWDH G·XQ ILORVRIR FHFR 1HL GLHFL DQQL FKH VHJXL URQR OD SULPD SXEEOLFD]LRQH GLYHUVL HGLWRUL PLVHUR D GLVSRVL ]LRQH GHO SXEEOLFR IUDQFHVH FLU FD GRGLFL ODYRUL GL -DQ 3DWRĀND WUD FXL 3ODWRQH H O·(XURSD FKH SXEEOLFDWR DQFK·HVVR GD 9HUGLHU XQ DQQR GRSR O·XVFLWD GHL 6DJJL HUHWLFL q ï VHFRQGR PH ï LO SL UDSSUHVHQWDWLYR GHOOD VXD YLWD H GHOOD VXD RSHUD 3DWRĀND q QDWR QHO $OOLH YR H FRQWLQXDWRUH GL +XVVHUO KD LQDXJXUDWR OD VXD FDUULHUD PRYL PHQWDWD GL SURIHVVRUH QHO FRQ XQ·RSHUD FRQFHSLWD VXOOD VFLD GHOOD IHQRPHQRORJLD KXVVHUOLDQD ,O 0RQGR QDWXUDOH FRPH SUREOH PD ILORVRILFR 6HPLQDULR SULYDWR GHO VHPHVWUH HVWLYR WUDGX ]LRQH IUDQFHVH GDO FHFR GL (ULND $EUDPV /DJUDVVH 3DULV 'XH DQQL SL WDUGL QHO LQ RFFDVLRQH GHO VXR GLVFRUVR LQ PHPRULD GL +XVVHUO ² q DWWUDYHU VR TXHVWR WHVWR FKH .XQGHUD FH O·KD SUHVHQWDWR ² 3DWRĀND FRJOLH O·RFFDVLRQH SHU HVSULPHUH TXHOOR FKH GLYHQWHUj SRL OD SLHWUD PLOLDUH GHOOD VXD ULFHUFD ILORVRILFD LO GL ULWWR GHOO·XRPR DOOD YHULWj H DOOD GHWHUPLQD]LRQH GHO Vp WUDGX]LR QH IUDQFHVH GDO FHFR GL -HURPLO 'DQHN H +HQUL 'HFOqYH 1LMKRII /D +D\H Ë HYLGHQWH FKH FKL SURIHVVDYD WDOL LGHH QRQ SRWH YD FHUWR SLDFHUH DL UHJLPL QD]LVWD H FRPXQLVWD FKH VL VRQR VXFFH GXWL LQ &HFRVORYDFFKLD D SDUWLUH GDO · FRQ XQD SDXVD GHPRFUD WLFD GL WUH DQQL 3DWRĀND KD LQIDWWL SHUVR OD FDWWHGUD XQLYHUVLWDULD QHO · LQ VHJXLWR DOO·RFFXSD]LRQH WHGHVFD H O·KD ULRWWHQXWD D GXH UL SUHVH GDO · DO · FLRq GDOOD /LEHUD]LRQH VLQR DO FROSR GL VWDWR FRPXQLVWD H QHO · DQQR GHO OD 3ULPDYHUD GL 3UDJD (SSXUH QRQRVWDQWH IRVVH VWDWR LQWHUGHW WR GDOO·LQVHJQDPHQWR XIILFLDOH 3DWRĀND QRQ KD PDL ULQXQFLDWR DOOD VXD YRFD]LRQH GL SHGDJRJR 6SHVVR JOL DPLFL WUDVIRUPDYDQR XQ·DELWD]LRQH LQ DXOD XQLYHUVLWD ULD RYH HJOL FRQWLQXDYD D WHQHUH L VXRL FRUVL LQ IRUPD SULYDWD H FODQGHVWLQD Ë SURSULR XQR GL TXHVWL FRUVL TXHOOR GHOO·HVWDWH · FKH YHQQH SXEEOLFDWR FRQ LO WLWROR GL 3OD WRQH H O·(XURSD , VXRL VFULWWL L VXRL LQWHUYHQWL L VXRL FRUVL HUD QR FLFORVWLODWL H GLIIXVL FODQGH VWLQDPHQWH JUD]LH DOO·LQWHUHVVH GL DPLFL H DOOLHYL ( VSHVVR DFFD GHYD FKH XQR GL TXHVWL WHVWL DQ FRUD FODQGHVWLQDPHQWH WURYDVVH OD YLD GHOO·HVWHUR FLz VSLHJD OD FHOHEULWj GL 3DWRĀND DOPHQR QHO FLUFROR ULVWUHWWR GHL IHQRPHQR ORJL GDOOD PHWj GHJOL DQQL · 6HPSUH LJQRUDWR QHO SURSULR SDH
8Q ULQDVFLPHQWR GHPRFUDWLFR D OLYHOOR PRQGLDOH RSSXUH OD SRVVLELOLWj GL XQ LQFXER GLVX WRSLFR
IRWR GL 0DULR /DSRUWD
02)-5VH PDOYLVWR GDO SRWHUH FHQWUDOH 3DWRĀND QRQ KD PDL VPHVVR GL UL IOHWWHUH VXO SURSULR VHFROR VXOOH GXH JXHUUH PRQGLDOL GHYDVWDWULFL H VXLFLGDULH FKH KD FRQRVFLXWR O·(XURSD H VXO PRQGR FKH DSSD ULYD DOO·RUL]]RQWH 1HO DQQR GHOOD PRUWH GLYHQWD LO SRUWDYRFH GHL ILUPD WDUL GHOOD &DUWD 0XRUH GRSR XQ OXQJR LQWHUURJDWRULR GD SDUWH GHOOD SROL]LD ,Q RVSHGDOH PHQ WUH YLHQH FXUDWR LQYDQR WURYD DQFRUD XQD YROWD O·RFFDVLRQH GL ULYROJHUVL DL SURSUL FRPSDWULRWL FRQ SURSRVLWL FKH IDFHYDQR HFR DO VXR GLVFRUVR GHO · ©2FFRU UH TXDOFRVD GL IRQGDPHQWDOPHQ WH QRQ WHFQLFR QRQ XQLFDPHQWH VWUXPHQWDOH RFFRUUH XQ·HWLFD HYLGHQWH D VH VWHVVD QRQ GHWWD WD GDOOH FLUFRVWDQ]H XQD PRUDOH LQFRQGL]LRQDWD« /D PRUDOH QRQ HVLVWH SHU IDU IXQ]LRQDUH OD VR FLHWj PD VHPSOLFHPHQWH SHUFKp O·XRPR VLD O·XRPRª FLWDWR GD 5RPDQ -DNREVRQ -DQ 3DWRĀND QRQ q VWDWR XQ GLV VLGHQWH QHO VLJQLILFDWR FKH JOL LQ WHOOHWWXDOL RFFLGHQWDOL KDQQR DWWUL EXLWR D TXHVWR WHUPLQH QHJOL DQQL · H · (JOL KD VHPSUH FUHGXWR IHUPDPHQWH FKH LO GRYHUH SULPR GHOO·XRPR QRQ IRVVH GL RSSRUVL DO 0DOH PD GL FUHDUH RYYHUR G·LP PDJLQDUH H GL SUDWLFDUH DQFKH LQ FRQGL]LRQL GLIILFLOL XQD YLWD SURSULD SHU ULDSULUH DOOD FLYLOWj XQ QXRYR VSD]LR GL VSHUDQ]D H GL OLEHUWj 6H QRQ KD PDL DEGLFDWR DOOH SURSULH UHVSRQVDELOLWj ULVSHW WR DOO·RSSUHVVLRQH TXRWLGLDQD H DL PLVIDWWL GHOOH IRU]H SROLWLFKH HFRQRPLFKH H JHR VWUDWHJLFKH GHO WHPSR QRQ KD FRPXQTXH PDL YROXWR OLPLWDUH LO SURSULR SHQVLH UR H OD SURSULD D]LRQH DOOH RSSR VL]LRQL LGHRORJLFR SROLWLFKH FKH VHPEUDYDQR GRPLQDUH OD SURSULD HSRFD H SL WDUGL LO SURSULR VH FROR ©/D TXHVWLRQH SURSULD GHO O·LQGLYLGXR QRQ VL SRQH TXLQGL FRPH XQD VFHOWD WUD LO OLEHUDOLVPR H LO VRFLDOLVPR WUD OD GHPRFUD]LD H LO WRWDOLWDULVPR FKH QRQRVWDQ WH OH ORUR SURIRQGH GLIIHUHQ]H VL ULFRQJLXQJRQR LQ XQ·LQGLIIHUHQ]D FRPXQH ULVSHWWR D WXWWR FLz FKH QRQ q RJJHWWLYR D WXWWR FLz FKH QRQ q XQ UXROR /D VROX]LRQH GHO
FRQIOLWWR FKH OL RSSRQH QRQ LP SOLFD OD VROX]LRQH GHO SUREOHPD GHWHUPLQDWR GDO SRUUH O·XRPR DO SURSULR SRVWR H OD VROX]LRQH GHOOD SURSULD HUUDQ]D DO GL IXRUL GL VH VWHVVR H GHO SRVWR FKH JOL DSSDU WLHQHª 6DJJL HUHWLFL 2UD SRQHQGR OD EDUUD GHOOD FULWLFD FRVu LQ DOWR GHVLJQDQGR VL FRPH DYYHUVDULR GHO PRQGR QHO VXR LQVLHPH 3DWRĀND QRQ UL VFKLDYD IRUVH O·LVRODPHQWR WRWDOH GDL SURSUL VLPLOL" &RPH UHDJLYD GL IURQWH DL SUREOHPL UHDOL H XU JHQWL FRQ L TXDOL VL FRQIURQWDYD QR QHOOD VXD HSRFD OXL L VXRL FRPSDWULRWL H DQFRUD PLOLRQL GL SHUVRQH LQ WXWWR LO PRQGR" 3DWRĀND QRQ SDUOD PDL LQ QRPH GHOOH YLWWLPH GHJOL RSSUHVVL H GHJOL VIUXWWDWL ,O VXR ¶SRSROR· q FRPSRVWR GD FKL KD VDSXWR VFXR WHUVL FLRq GD TXHJOL XRPLQL H GD TXHOOH GRQQH FKH KDQQR VHQWLWR DO ORUR LQWHUQR LO FUROOR GHOOD SURSULD FLYLOWj H FKH FRVFLHQWL VL LPSH JQDQR D FUHDUH LQVLHPH VROLGDOL JOL XQL FRQ JOL DOWUL TXL H RUD XQ PRQGR GLYHUVR XQ PRQGR FHQ WUDWR QXRYDPHQWH VXL YDORUL XPD QL $ TXHVWR PRQGR 3DWRĀND KD GDWR LO QRPH GL ¶FLWWj SDUDOOHOD· 1RQ q XQ·XWRSLD PD XQD SUDWLFD H XQ HVHUFL]LR SHUPDQHQWH H LO FLFOR GL FRUVL FODQGHVWLQL OH GL VFXVVLRQL ILORVRILFKH LPSUHJQDWH GL LQTXLHWXGLQL SHU O·DYYHQLUH GHO PRQGR WHFQRORJLFR QH VRQR VWDWL O·LOOXVWUD]LRQH SHUIHWWD /D ¶FLWWj SDUDOOHOD· SURSRVWD H UHDOL]]DWD GD 3DWRĀND QRQ q Qp XQ PRYLPHQWR GL SURWHVWD Qp XQ PRQDVWHUR SHU L GHOXVL Qp XQD OHJD GL ULIRUPD WRUL VRFLDOL 6L WUDWWD GL XQ PRGR GL YLWD FKH PHWWH WUD SDUHQWHVL OH FHUWH]]H H OD ORJLFD GHO PRQGR DW WXDOH GHO PRQGR GHOOD WHFQLFD H GHOOD IRU]D JHQHUDWD SHUFKp O·XR PR HXURSHR DFFHGD QXRYDPHQWH DO PRQGR SUREOHPDWLFR YDOH D GLUH DO PRQGR FKH q DOO·RULJLQH GHOOD SURSULD FLYLOWj Ë FRQ 3ODWRQH FKH VHFRQGR 3DWRĀND WDOH PRQGR SUREOHPD WLFR VL LQDXJXUD LQ PDQLHUD VLVWH PDWLFD FRPLQFLDQGR D GHILQLUH OH VRUWL H O·HYROX]LRQH GHOO·2F FLGHQWH 3DWRĀND QRQ q Qp SODWRQLFR Qp QHRSODWRQLFR q IHQRPHQRORJR
&RVu OD VXD SULPD SUHRFFXSD]LR QH GL SHQVDWRUH QRQ q GL HODERUDUH XQ QXRYR FRPPHQWR GHOOD GRWWUL QD SODWRQLFD PD ² HUHGLWDWD GLUHW WDPHQWH GD +XVVHUO H +HLGHJJHU ² TXHOOD GHOOD FULVL GHOOD PHWD ILVLFD FULVL ODWHQWH QHOO·RSHUD VWHVVD GHO VXR IRQGDWRUH 3ODWRQH DIILRUDWD GL SUHSRWHQ]D QHO ;9,, VHFROR SHU GLYHQWDUH SRL LQHOXGL ELOH DOOD ILQH GHO ;,; H QHL SULPL GHFHQQL GHO ;; Ë FKLDUR FKH ´VH LO YHUPH q JLj QHO IUXWWR VLQ GDOO·LQL]LRµ XQD GHOOH VROX]LRQL R TXHOOD LQ RJQL FDVR SUHIHULWD GDL QRVWUL VRILVWL H GD DOWUL GHFRVWUX]LRQLVWL FRQWHP SRUDQHL VDUHEEH GL SDVVDUH ROWUH GL SHQVDUH OD ILORVRILD LO PRQGR H O·2FFLGHQWH SUHVFLQGHQGR GD 3OD WRQH $O FRQWUDULR FRQVLGHUDQGR FKH LO PRQGR GHL SUREOHPL ULWHQX WL ULVROWL VROR SHUFKp LJQRUDWL QRQ GHYH HVVHUH LO QRVWUR 3DWRĀND ULWRUQD D 3ODWRQH SHU GLPRVWUDUH FKH OD SUREOHPDWL]]D]LRQH GHO O·HVVHUH q LO VHJQR RQWRORJLFR GHOO·(XURSD H FKH XQD YROWD GH WHULRUDWR TXHVWR VHJQR O·(XURSD QRQ DYUj SL UDJLRQH G·HVVHUH /D SUREOHPDWL]]D]LRQH GHO O·HVVHUH FKH LQL]LD UHDOPHQWH FRQ 3ODWRQH q SL LPSRUWDQWH VHFRQ GR 3DWRĀND GHOOH FRQWUDGGL]LRQL LQVRUPRQWDELOL JHQHUDWH GDOOD VH SDUD]LRQH FKH LO SDGUH GHOOD ILOR VRILD KD LQVWDXUDWR WUD LO PRQGR GHOOH ,GHH GL ODVV H OD YLWD GH JUDGDWD GL TXL JL 6H FL VL OLPLWD HVFOXVLYDPHQWH DJOL DELVVL VX FXL VL DSUH OD PHQWH D FDXVD GL TXHVWD VHSDUD]LRQH LQL]LDOH HG LQL]LDWLFD ULVFKLDPR QRQ VROWDQWR GL SHU GHUFL PD VRSUDWWXWWR GL SHUGHUH GL YLVWD LO IUXWWR UHDOH GL TXHVWD GLFRWRPLD PLVWHULRVD 3RLFKp TXHO FKH SHU QRL q SL LPSRUWDQWH GHO SHQVLHUR GL 3ODWRQH TXDQWR q FRVWLWXWLYR GHOOD VWRULD GHOO·(XUR SD H FRQVXVWDQ]LDOH DOOH QRVWUH YLWH XPDQH q DOGLOj GHJOL HQLJPL ORJRFHQWULFL FLz FKH KD SUREOH PDWL]]DWR OH QRVWUH HVLVWHQ]H Ë OD FUHD]LRQH GL TXHVW·HQWLWj SD UDGRVVDOH GL TXHVWR WHU]R VWDWR FRPXQHPHQWH FKLDPDWR DQLPD FKH GD 3ODWRQH LQ SRL DVSLUD D ULHPSLUH OR VSD]LR LQILQLWR WUD OD VIHUD FHOHVWH H OD YLWD YROJDUH Ë TXHVWD QXRYD GLPHQVLRQH GHOO·HV
VHUH XPDQR FKH SXU DIILRUDQGR GD VH VWHVVR WHQGH D VWUDSSDUOR GD XQD SDUWH DOOD ¶TXRWLGLDQLWj· GHO PLPHWLVPR FKH OD YLWD LQ VRFLHWj H OD VRWWRPLVVLRQH DOOD GR[D LP SRQJRQR H GDOO·DOWUD DO SHULFROR SHUPDQHQWH G·HVVHUH VHGRWWR GDOOD EDUEDULH GDO FDWDVWURILVPR GDOOD SXUD EHVWLDOLWj GHOO·¶RUJLDVWLFR· ,O ULWRUQR DOO·DQLPD FKH FL VXJ JHULVFH 3DWRĀND QRQ q VROR GL RU GLQH WHRULFR &HUWR OD SUREOHPD WL]]D]LRQH GHOO·HVVHUH R LQ WHUPL QL SODWRQLFL OD FXUD GHOO·DQLPD SXz FRVWLWXLUH LQ Vp XQD ULVSRVWD VDOXWDUH DO YLFROR FLHFR FKH YLYH DWWXDOPHQWH OD ILORVRILD 6RVWL WXHQGR O·LQWHUURJD]LRQH VXOO·HVVH UH XPDQR FRQ O·HVVHUH XPDQR FKH V·LQWHUURJD FRQ O·XRPR FKH VL SUREOHPDWL]]D FKH VL SUHRFFXSD SULPD GL WXWWR GHOOD SURSULD DQL PD 3DWRĀND KD JHWWDWR XQ SRQWH DO GL VRSUD GHOOH DQWLQRPLH GHOOD PHWDILVLFD 0D TXHVWR UL RULHQ WDPHQWR GHOO·LQWHUHVVH ILORVRILFR KD DQFKH GHOOH FRQVHJXHQ]H SUD WLFKH ©6L SDUOD FRQWLQXDPHQWH GHOO·(XURSD LQ VHQVR SROLWLFR PD VL WUDODVFLD OD TXHVWLRQH GL VDSH UH FKH FRVD VLD HVDWWDPHQWH H GD GRYH VLD QDWD 6HQWLDPR SDUODUH GL LQWHJUD]LRQH GHOO·(XURSD 0D O·(XURSD q GXQTXH TXDOFRVD FKH SRVVD HVVHUH LQWHJUDWD" 6L WUDWWD GL XQ FRQFHWWR JHRJUDILFR R SXUD PHQWH SROLWLFR" 1R H VH YRJOLD PR DIIURQWDUH OD TXHVWLRQH GHOOD QRVWUD VLWXD]LRQH SUHVHQWH GRE ELDPR LQQDQ]LWXWWR FRPSUHQGHUH FKH O·(XURSD q XQ FRQFHWWR FKH VL EDVD VX IRQGDPHQWL VSLULWXDOLª 3ODWRQH H O·(XURSD '·DOWUD SDUWH VDUHEEH SL JLXVWR GLUH FKH O·LQWHUHVVH ¶WHRULFR· FKH SRUWD 3DWRĀND DOOD FXUD GHOO·DQL PD H LO VXR ULWRUQR D 3ODWRQH VRQR OD FRQVHJXHQ]D GHOOD VXD SUHRF FXSD]LRQH SURIRQGD SHU O·(XURSD GHO SURSULR WHPSR ,Q TXHVWL YHQW·DQQL QRQ KR PDL VPHVVR GL ULWRUQDUH VX 3DWRĀND 'DO IRQGR GHO VXR SDHVH FRPX QLVWD WUHQW·DQQL ID HVSULPHYD OH QRVWUH VWHVVH LQTXLHWXGLQL GL TXH VWL JLRUQL GL IURQWH DOO·(XURSD FKH VL VWD FRVWUXHQGR ( EHQ LQWH VR QRQ KR PDL FHVVDWR GL OHJJHUH H ULOHJJHUH &DVWRULDGLV &XULRVD PHQWH QRQ PL VRQR PDL SUHRFFX
SDWR GL FLz FKH OL VHSDUD GD XQD SDUWH OD FLWWj SDUDOOHOD O·DQLPD H 3ODWRQH GDOO·DOWUD OD ULYROX ]LRQH O·LPPDJLQDULR H $ULVWRWH OH $ GLUH LO YHUR QRQ KR DOFXQD YRJOLD GL RSSRUOL PL q VXIILFLHQWH FKH HQWUDPEL QHL PRPHQWL QHID VWL FL SURSRQJDQR GL ULSHQVDUH O·HUHGLWj JUHFD PL q VXIILFLHQWH FKH HQWUDPEL FRHVLVWDQR LQ PH H ULQQRYLQR LO GLDORJR LQL]LDWR GDOOD ILORVRILD JUHFD '·DOWURQGH L VHJQL PL VRQR IDYRUHYROL $ 3UDJD OD FLWWj GL 3DWRĀND QHO &DVWRULDGLV TXDOFKH PHVH SULPD GHOOD VXD PRUWH IHFH LO VXR XOWLPR LQWHU YHQWR SXEEOLFR GDO WLWROR 2 XQD ULQDVFLWD GHPRFUDWLFD R OD EDU EDULH JHQHUDOL]]DWD ( GL UHFHQWH KR WURYDWR LQ 3DWRĀND XQ FRP PHQWR GHO IUDPPHQWR GL (UDFOLWR FKH ILJXUD LQ HSLJUDIH VXOOD WRP ED GL &DVWRULDGLV DO FLPLWHUR GL 0RQWSDUQDVVH ©/H IURQWLHUH GHO O·DQLPD QRQ VL SRVVRQR WURYDUH LQ RJQL FDPPLQR SHUFKp OD SDUROD O·HVSUHVVLRQ
, 1$Ă _Ì $/$ $Ì. / /1 "1 'RPHQLFR -HUYROLQR
3HU 3DWRĀND ¶ILORVRIR UHVLVWHQ WH· OD YLWD XPDQD LQ WXWWH OH VXH IRUPH FRQWLHQH LO JHUPH GL XQD YLWD QHOOD YHULWj YHULWj ILQLWD FKH QRQ YXRO GLUH YHULWj UHODWLYD PD YHULWj GD ULFRQTXLVWDUH VHPSUH QHOOD ORWWD TXRWLGLDQD FRQWUR WXW WL L WHQWDWLYL GL ULGXUUH O·XRPR D FRVD D RJJHWWR PDQLSRODELOH /D SRVWD LQ JLRFR q OD GLIHVD PLOLWDQ WH GHOO·XPDQLWj GHOO·XRPR FRQ WUR LO IDOVR UD]LRQDOLVPR GL XQD UDJLRQH VWUXPHQWDOH DVVHUYLWH DL WRWDOLWDULVPL SDOHVL R ODWHQWL QHOO·HWj GHOOH JXHUUH PRQGLDOL H GHOOD SDFH SRVW EHOOLFD GRPLQDWD GDOOD VWHVVD ORJLFD PDQLSRODWULFH H WRWDOL]]DQWH FKH VL q PDQLIHVWD WD QHOOH JXHUUH GHO QRVWUR VHFROR &KLDPDWR GDOOD VRUWH D ULYLYHUH OD ILJXUD ¶VRFUDWLFD· GHO ILORVRIR WHVWLPRQH 3DWRĀND FL DPPRQL VFH DQFRUD ULFRUGDQGRFL OD VXD VWUDGD SHU XVFLUH GDOOD FRQGL]LR QH WUDJLFD GHOO·XRPR FRQWHPSR UDQHR OD VROLGDULHWj GL FRORUR FKH QRQ VL UDVVHJQDQR D VRSUDYYLYHUH FRPH PHUL LQJUDQDJJL GL XQ VLVWH PD DQRQLPR H DOLHQDQWH
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
7UD L QRVWUL DUJRPHQWL JOL RUJD QL]]DWRUL GHO QRVWUR )RUXP KDQQR VDJJLDPHQWH LQFOXVR DQFKH VH LQ PRGR DXWR HYLGHQWH XQD GLVFXV VLRQH GHOOH DUPRQLH GLVDUPRQLH H WHQVLRQLÄ GHO PRQGR DWWXDOH ( YRUUHL SUHFLVDUH FKH OD IRUPXOD ]LRQH GHO QRVWUR WHPD RJJL LP SOLFD FKH QRQ WXWWR VLD GHVWLQDWR D PLJOLRUDUH SHU QRL QHO PLJOLRUH GHL PRQGL SRVVLELOL ,Q PRGR SL VSHFLILFR YD VRWWROLQHDWR LO IDW WR FKH QRQ F·qÄ DOFXQ HOHPHQWR LQHUHQWH DOOD ¶QDWXUD XPDQD·FKH SRVVD JDUDQWLUH XQ LQLQWHUURWWR 3URJUHVVR PRUDOH SROLWLFR VSLUL WXDOH /R VWHVVR 3URJUHVVR WHFQL FRÄ q QRWDPHQWH SDVVDWR QHO FRU VR GHOOD VWRULD DWWUDYHUVR SHULRGL GL VWDJQD]LRQH VH QRQ DGGLULWWXUD GL UHJUHVVLRQH ,O PRQGR FKH DE ELDPR HUHGLWDWR SXz HVVHUH GH ILQLWR GDOOD ULFFKLVVLPD YDULHWjÄ H JUDQGH HWHURJHQHLWjÄ GHL VXRL SXQWL GL SDUWHQ]D TXL LQ SDUWH UDSSUHVHQWDWL GDL GLYHUVL SDUWHFL SDQWL H GDOO·HQRUPH VSLQWD YHUVR O·RPRJHQHL]]D]LRQH LQL]LDWD FRQ OH RULJLQL GHOO·HVSDQVLRQH HXUR SHD D SDUWLUH GDOOD ILQH GHO ;9 VHFROR HG HQWUDWD LQ XQD IDVH WR WDOPHQWH QXRYD FRQ OD ILQH GHOOD 6HFRQGD *XHUUD 0RQGLDOH H VSH FLDOPHQWH QHO FRUVR GHJOL XOWLPL YHQW·DQQL 1HL FLQTXH VHFROL FKH FL SUHFHGRQR TXHVWD HVSDQVLRQH q VWDWD TXDVL VHPSUH GL WLSR FROR QLDOH R VHPL FRORQLDOH LQ IRUPH GLYHUVH GL VWDQ]LDPHQWL FRORQLDOL DFFRPSDJQDWL GD XQR VWHUPLQLR SUHVVRFKp WRWDOH GHJOL DELWDQWL SUHFHGHQWL 1RUG $PHULFD 1XR YD =HODQGD 6LEHULD H D XQ OLYHO OR VLJQLILFDWLYR $PHULFD /DWLQD RSSXUH GL XQD GRPLQD]LRQH GLUHW WD R LQGLUHWWD GHOOH SRSROD]LRQL ORFDOL $IULFD H ,QGLD GD XQ ODWR LO UHVWR GHOO·$VLD FRQ OD SULQFLSD OH HFFH]LRQH GHO *LDSSRQH GDO O·DOWUR ,Q JHQHUDOH TXHVWR QRQ q VWDWR XQ SURFHVVR GL HVSDQVLRQH FXOWXUDOH VH QRQ LQ SRFKL FDVL H SHU DOFXQL JUXSSL HOLWDUL /D SR SROD]LRQH GHL SDHVL VRWWRPHVVL DYHYD PDQWHQXWR TXDVL LQDOWHUD WH OH SURSULH FUHGHQ]H DQFHVWUDOL L FRVWXPL H L PRGL GL YLWD '·DOWUR FDQWR QHJOL XOWLPL FLQTXDQW·DQ QL FRQ O·DFFHVVR GHOOH SRSROD ]LRQL LQ SUHFHGHQ]D FRORQL]]DWH DOO·LQGLSHQGHQ]D IRUPDOH VL q UHDOL]]DWD VX YDVWD VFDOD XQD SUR IRQGD SHQHWUD]LRQH GHL PRGL GL YLWD H GHOOD RUJDQL]]D]LRQH HFR QRPLFD RULJLQDWDVL QHOO·(XURSD 2FFLGHQWDOH H QHJOL 6WDWL 8QLWL ,Q RJQL FDVR YLHQH DGRWWDWD VROR PHWj GHOOD WUDGL]LRQH HXURSHD HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH TXHOOD UHODWLYD DOOD WHFQRORJLD H DOOH DELWXGLQL GL FRQVXPR DO SXQWR FKH TXHVWH XOWLPH VRQR FRQGL]LRQDWH GDO OL YHOOR GL ULFFKH]]D UDJJLXQWR 'HO UHVWR LQ PROWL FDVL HVWUHPDPHQWH VLJQLILFDWLYL PRGL GL YLWD SL SUR IRQGDPHQWH UDGLFDWL ï H LQ PRGR SDUWLFRODUH JOL VFKHPL SROLWLFL L
FRVWXPL FRUULVSRQGHQWL H OH DWWL WXGLQL YHUVR LO SRWHUH ï VRQR UL PDVWL HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH LQDOWHUDWL $WWULEXLVFR HQRUPH LPSRUWDQ]D D TXHVWR IDWWR SHUFKp QHO PRGR SL DVVROXWR QRQ FUHGR FKH O·HVSDQ VLRQH GL XQ FDSLWDOLVPR LQFRQ GL]LRQDWR H JOL SVHXGR PHUFDWL RGLHUQL SRUWLQR FRQ VpÄ DXWRPD WLFDPHQWH OLEHUWj H JLXVWL]LD &UH GR DQ]L IHUPDPHQWH FKH OH VROH VSHUDQ]H SHU LO IXWXUR GHO QRVWUR PRQGR VLDQR OHJDWH DOOD FRQVDSH YROH]]D SROLWLFD H DOO·DWWLYLWj GHO OH JHQWL 'L WDOH FRQVDSHYROH]]D H DWWLYLWj HVLVWRQR DO PRPHQWR SLF FROL VHJQL SUH]LRVL 4XHVWR q YHUR SHUILQR H LQ PRGR SL LQFLVLYR QHOOH UHJLRQL LQ FXL IX LQDXJXUD WR OR VWRULFR SURJHWWR GL OLEHUWj XJXDJOLDQ]D H JLXVWL]LD FLRq GL DXWRQRPLD LQGLYLGXDOH H FROOHW WLYD QHO FRVLGGHWWR PRQGR 2F FLGHQWDOH 4XHVWR q XQ SXQWR FKH FRQGXFH D XQ· XOWHULRUH HODERUD]LRQH /D WUDGL]LRQH HXURSHD FRQWLHQH XQD DQWLQRPLD FRVWLWXWLYD 'DO ;,, VHFROR LQ SRL RVVHUYLDPR LQ WXWWL L FDPSL L SULPL VHPL GL XQ PRYLPHQWR GLUHWWR YHUVR OD OLEHU Wj QHOOH VIHUD SROLWLFD FRVu FRPH QHL GRPLQL GHOOD FXOWXUD H GHO SHQVLHUR /H JLXULVGL]LRQL FLWWD GLQH SURWRERUJKHVL ULFKLHGRQR H RWWHQJRQR GDL SRWHUL UHDOL LPSH ULDOL HG HFFOHVLDVWLFL YDUL OLYHOOL GL DXWRQRPLD /H DUWL URPSRQR FRQ OH OLQHH H JOL VWHUHRWLSL HUHGLWDWL SRL VL DIIHUPDQR 5LQDVFLPHQWR 5LIRUPD ,OOXPLQLVPR OH ULYROX ]LRQL GHL VHFROL ;9,, ;9,,, H ;,; LO PRYLPHQWR GHL ODYRUDWR UL LO JUDQGH PRYLPHQWR GL ILRUL WXUD FXOWXUDOH GHOOD PRGHUQLWj GDO DO O·HPDQFLSD]LR QH GHOOH GRQQH H GHL JLRYDQL /R FKLDPR SURJHWWR VWRULFR VRFLDOH GL DXWRQRPLD FROOHWWLYD H LQGLYL GXDOH 1RQ ULWHQJR FKH WDOH SUR JHWWR VLD VWDWR VYLOXSSDWR D VXI ILFLHQ]D ILQRUD JOL HIIHWWL GL WXWWL TXHVWL PRYLPHQWL VRQR VWDWL SDU ]LDOPHQWH ILVVDWL LQ IRUPH LVWLWX ]LRQDOL PD SULQFLSDOPHQWH LQ XQ WLSR DQWURSRORJLFR O·LQGLYLGXR GHPRFUDWLFR H OLEHUR SHQVDWRUH 0D VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH HPHUJH LQ (XURSD DQFKH XQ DOWUR SURJHW WR DQWLQRPLFR DO SULPR TXHOOR GL XQD LOOLPLWDWD HVSDQVLRQH GHO ¶SUHGRPLQLR UD]LRQDOH· LQL]LDO PHQWH LQFDUQDWR GDOOD VIHUD GHOOD SURGX]LRQH HFRQRPLFD 6RVWHQX WR FRQ IRU]D GD XQR VYLOXSSR WHF QRORJLFR VHQ]D SUHFHGHQWL ï FKH HVVR D VXD YROWD DOLPHQWD H LQFUH PHQWD ï WDOH SURJHWWR ID VRUJHUH LO VLVWHPD FDSLWDOLVWLFR QHOO·DF FH]LRQH SL DPSLD GHO WHUPLQH H GLYHQWD RUJDQL]]D]LRQH VRFLD OH 1HJOL XOWLPL DQQL SHUzÄ LO FOLPD HÄ FDPELDWR LO FRQIOLWWR SROLWLFR H VRFLDOH VL q LQGHEROLWR O·LPSLHJR D WHPSR SLHQR q XQD SDUROD GD QRQ PHQ]LRQDUH :DOO 6WUHHW ILRULVFH RJQL YROWD FKH XQD VRFLHWj DQQXQFLD LO OLFHQ]LDPHQ WR GHL VXRL ODYRUDWRUL OD GLVRF FXSD]LRQH RUJDQL]]DWD q RIIHUWD HVSUHVVDPHQWH FRPH PH]]R SHU ULGXUUH OD UHVLVWHQ]D VRFLDOH $SDWLD SULYDWL]]D]LRQH UH JUHVVLRQH LGHRORJLFD H XQ YXR WR SLDWWR FDUDWWHUL]]DQR OD VFHQD SROLWLFD , SDHVL RFFLGHQWDOL QRQ RIIURQR SLXÄ DO UHVWR GHO PRQGR XQ HVHP SLR GL ORWWD SHU OD OLEHUWj
, JRYHUQL VL VRQR SULYDWL GHL PH]]L SHU UHJRODPHQWDUH O·HFR QRPLD 8Q GRPLQLR EUXWDOH H LQFRQWUROODWR GHOOH VRFLHWj LQWHU QD]LRQDOL VL q HVWHVR VX WXWWR LO SLDQHWD H O·LQGXVWULDOL]]D]LRQH GHL SDHVL SRYHUL DYYLHQH LQ FRQ GL]LRQL SHJJLRUL GL TXHOOH GHOO·DF FXPXOD]LRQH SULPLWLYD LQ (XURSD DJOL HVRUGL GHO FDSLWDOLVPR O·DP ELHQWH q UDSLGDPHQWH GLVWUXWWR 4XLQGL O·RPRJHQHL]]D]LRQH GHO PRQGR LQ DWWR q HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH XQ· RPRJHQHL]]D]LRQH HFRQRPL FDÄ SURGX]LRQH FRQVXPR H FXO WXUD FRPPHUFLDOH R QHO PLJOLRUH GHL FDVL GLIIXVLRQH GL DOWD FXOWX UD QHOOH UDUH pOLWHV ï PD QRQ GHL VLJQLILFDWL GHPRFUDWLFL FRQ XQD EDVH DPSLD WUD OD SRSROD]LRQH 5HJLPL DXWRFUDWLFL R SVHXGR GH PRFUDWLFL DEERQGDQR RYXQTXH PHQWUH OD GLVWUX]LRQH GHOOH FXO WXUH WUDGL]LRQDOL VHQ]D DOFXQD VL JQLILFDQWH DOWHUQDWLYD FRQGL]LRQD LO ULWRUQR GL IDQDWLVPL UHOLJLRVL HG HWQLFL FRQ HIIHWWL VSDYHQWRVL , IDWWL SURYDQR FKH OD 0DGRQQD QRQ SXz RIIULUH XQD YDOLGD DOWHU QDWLYD DO &RUDQR ,O WUDVIHULPHQWR YHUVR DOWUH FXOWXUH GL TXDQWR WUD L SURGRWWL GHOOD VWRULD RFFLGHQWD OH SRVVD ULYHQGLFDUH XQD YDOLGLWj XQLYHUVDOH D PLR DYYLVR OLEHUWj QHO SHQVLHUR H QHOOD YLWD SROLWLFD VRYUDQLWj SRSRODUH H VHSDUD]LRQH WUD OD VIHUD UHOLJLRVD H TXHOOD SR OLWLFD QRQ q DXWRPDWLFR 4XHVWL SURGRWWL QRQ VRQR XQ SULYLOHJLR UD]]LDOH R HWQLFR R GDQQD]LRQL GHOO·XRPR RFFLGHQWDOH PD LO UL VXOWDWR GL PROWL VHFROL GL ORWWD D FRPLQFLDUH GDOO·;, ,O ORUR ILRULUH QHL SDHVL QRQ RF FLGHQWDOL QRQ SXz HVVHUH XQ·LPL WD]LRQH PD XQ DSSURSULDUVL DW WLYR GD SDUWH GHOOH SRSROD]LRQL LQGLJHQH FKH SXz DYHU OXRJR VROR QHO FRQWHVWR GL XQD FUHD]LRQH RUL JLQDOH GL XQD VLQWHVL WUD WUDGL]LR QL ORFDOH H RFFLGHQWDOH 6L SRVVR QR ULVFRQWUDUH VHJQDOL GL XQ WDOH SURFHVVR LQ GLYHUVL SDHVL LQ YLD GL VYLOXSSR D HVHPSLR LQ ,QGRQHVLD +RQJ .RQJ &LQD %XUPD )LOLS SLQH LQ YDUL OXRJKL GHOO·$PHULFD /DWLQD H DOWURYH 4XHVWR GLPRVWUD D PLR DYYLVR FKH WXWWL L SRSROL GHO PRQGR KDQQR XQ SRWHQ]LD OH ULYROWR D XQD DWWLYLWj SROLWLFD DXWRQRPD PD DQFKH FKH LO FDP PLQR YHUVR OD OLEHUWj q OXQJR H LQFHUWR 3HU LO IXWXUR GXH DOWHU QDWLYH VHPEUDQR GHOLQHDUVL &KH JOL RFFLGHQWDOL VL ULYHOLQR LQ JUD GR GL UHFXSHUDUH OD ORUR FUHDWLYLWj SROLWLFD H VSLULWXDOH H LQIOXHQ]DUH LQ PDQLHUD GHFLVLYD XQD IHUWLOH IXVLRQH GHOOD WUDGL]LRQH SROLWL FD HXURSHD FRQ OH DOWUH FXOWXUH /·LQL]LR GL XQ WDOH SURFHVVR SXz QDWXUDOPHQWH DYHU OXRJR DQFKH QHO PRQGR QRQ RFFLGHQWDOH 2 SXz DFFDGHUH FKH LO PRQGR LQ WHUR VL ULWURYL DVVRJJHWWDWR DO SURFHVVR RUPDL DXWRQRPR GHOOD WHFQRVFLHQ]D H GL XQR VYLOXSSR HFRQRPLFR LQ QRPH GHOOR VYLOXS SR 4XLQGL QRQ VL SXz HVFOXGHUH WRWDOPHQWH OD SURVSHWWLYD GL XQ LQFXER GLVXWRSLFR &KH FRVD GRYUHEEH VLJQLILFD UH H FRPSRUWDUH XQ ULQDVFLPHQ WR GHPRFUDWLFR" 1RQ VRODPHQWH GHOOH FODXVROH FRVWLWX]LRQDOL PD XQD JHQXLQD VRYUDQLWj GHOOH FRO OHWWLYLWj VXOOD SURSULD YLWD H VXO IXWXUR LQVLHPH DG XQD FDSDFLWj GL WROOHUDQ]D HWQLFD H UHOLJLRVD
WHPSR R VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH L UHJL PL QHRWRWDOLWDUL KDQQR UHVR SUHV VRFKp LQHYLWDELOH OD QHFHVVLWj GL UD]LRQDPHQWL GHOOH VFDUVH ULVRUVH GL EDVH XQ·LQWHQVLILFD]LRQH SDURV VLVWLFD GHL FRQIOLWWL HWQLFL H UH OLJLRVL H R XQD ORWWD LQFRQWURO ODELOH SHU LO GRPLQLR PRQGLDOH FRQGRWWD GD JUXSSL GL SRWHUH FRQWLQHQWDOL R WUDQVFRQWLQHQWDOL LQFOXVH RUJDQL]]D]LRQL GLFKLDUD WDPHQWH PDILRVH
RJQL SRVVLELOH FRPELQD]LRQH GHL SXQWL VXGGHWWL &LDVFXQR GL HVVL FRUULVSRQGH DOO·DIIHUPDUVL GL WHQGHQ]H QRQ VROR JLj LQ DWWR PD VWUXWWXUDO PHQWH UDGLFDWH QHOOD VLWXD]LRQH RGLHUQD &L VL WURYD SHUFLz FR VWUHWWL D IRUPXODUH GHJOL DPPR QLPHQWL WHQHQGR EHQ SUHVHQWH FKH FDWDVWURIL VWRULFKH JLj QRWH VL VRQR VYLOXSSDWH SL R PHQR IUH TXHQWHPHQWH VXOOD EDVH GL IDWWL H IDWWRUL QRQ SUHVDJLWL
6)6%2% 6SLHJD]LRQL VXOOD GHPRFUD]LD $OFXQL GHJOL LQFXEL GLVXWRSLFL JLj LQGLYLGXDELOL LQFOXGRQR XQ GRPLQLR LQFRQWUDVWDWR H PRQGLDOH GHOOH FRPSDJQLH WUDQ VQD]LRQDOL VFLROWH GD RJQL FRQ WUROOR SROLWLFR H GDOO·RSSRVL]LRQH VRFLR SROLWLFD XQD GLVWUX]LRQH LQLQWHUURW WD GHOO·DPELHQWH SODQHWDULR FKH FRQGXFH D XQ LUUHYHUVLELOH VTXLOL EULR HFRORJLFR 3ULPD DOOR VWHVVR
££
IRWR GL 0DULR /DSRUWD
$/$ Ì "1.$Ì Ì 3$. Ì Ì!$" $
GD .DLQRV ULYLVWD WHOHPDWLFD GL ILORVRILD
-DQ 3DWRĀND WUDGX]LRQH GL *DEULHOOD %DSWLVW
,O QRVWUR SURSRVLWR QRQ q TXL TXHOOR GL IDUH ILORVRILD &L OLPL WHUHPR D XQ PRGHVWR WHQWDWLYR GL VWUDSSDUH OD ILORVRILD DOO·REOLR ² DG XQ·DQDPQHVL TXLQGL FKH QRQ VPHWWD GL UHQGHUVL FRQWR GHL UL VFKL DL TXDOL VL HVSRQH ,Q HIIHWWL WDQWR YDUUHEEH SDUODUH GHOOD WHU]D GLPHQVLRQH LQ XQ PRQGR VHQ]D SURIRQGLWj ,O TXDGUR ULVWUHWWR GL FXL GLVSRQLDPR QRQ FL SHUPHWWH GL JLXVWLILFDUH OH QRVWUH WHVL FRPH OR DYUHPPR GHVLGHUDWR QRQR VWDQWH HVVH DEELDQR VHQ]D GXE ELR XQD OHJLWWLPLWj SL SURIRQGD ULVSHWWR DOO·LQVXOVDJJLQH DILOR VRILFD GHOOD SURGX]LRQH FKH RVD SUHVHQWDUVL DO JLRUQR G·RJJL VRWWR LO WLWROR GL ILORVRILD ,QFRPLQFLDPR GXQTXH GDO OD WHVL GDOO·LGHD JHQHUDOH GL FXL OD ILORVRILD q OD UHDOL]]D]LRQH FRQFUHWD 7UD OH SRVVLELOLWj GHOO·XRPR ILJXUD OD FDSDFLWj GL FRQRVFHUH LO PRQGR QRQ OH VLQ JROH FRVH PD OD ©WRWDOLWjª ,O VRJJHWWR QRQ SXz FRJOLHUH TXHVWD SRVVLELOLWj VH QRQ DEEDQGRQDQGR LQ XQD FHUWD PDQLHUD LO VXROR GHO PRQGR WUDVFHQGHQGROR $ GLI IHUHQ]D GHOOD FRQRVFHQ]D GHOOH VLQJROH FRVH TXHVWD FRQRVFHQ]D GHOOD WRWDOLWj QRQ q FRQWLQJHQWH QRQRVWDQWH QRQ VLD PDL GHILQL WLYD HVVD q GL XQ DOWUR RUGLQH ULVSHWWR DOOD FRPSUHQVLRQH LQWUD PRQGDQD GHOOH VLQJROH FRVH 6ROR OD FRQRVFHQ]D GHO PRQGR LQ TXDQWR ¶WRWDOLWj· FRQIHULVFH DO VDSHUH TXHOO·XQLWj ULFKLHVWD GDOOD FRQRVFHQ]D GHO FRQWHQXWR PRQGDQR YDOH D GLUH GHOOH VLQ JROH FRVH $SSURIRQGLUH TXHVWH LGHH VD UHEEH ILORVRIDUH PD TXHVWD QRQ q TXL OD QRVWUD LQWHQ]LRQH 3RQLD PR SLXWWRVWR XQD TXHVWLRQH 6H LO ILORVRIR q VHSDUDWR GDO PRQGR GD XQ DELVVR FRVu SURIRQGR VHSDUDWR GXQTXH GDOO·XPDQR QHOOD VXD WR WDOLWj YLVWR FKH O·XRPR VWHVVR ID SDUWH GHO ©FRQWHQXWR PRQGDQRª OD VXD DWWLYLWj QRQ FL q DOORUD SHU IHWWDPHQWH LQGLIIHUHQWH" &RQFUHWL]]LDPR TXHVWD LGHD YHGLDPR TXDOL VRQR LQ FDVL GLI IHUHQWL L UDSSRUWL UHFLSURFL WUD LO PRQGR H OD ILORVRILD ,O PRQGR QRQ SXz YHGHUH QXOOD GHOOD IL
ORVRILD VH QRQ OD VXD SURLH]LRQH PRQGDQD OD ILORVRILD GD SDUWH VXD YHGH LO PRQGR TXDOH HVVR q HIIHWWLYDPHQWH ² SHUFKp TXHVWR q LO VXR WHPD ,O ILORVRIR q HVWH ULRUPHQWH VHQ]D GLIHVD FRQWUR LO PRQGR LO PRQGR LQWHULRUPHQWH VHQ]D GLIHVD FRQWUR OD ILORVRILD 1H FRQVHJXH FKH QRQ SXz HVVHU FL WUD LO ILORVRIR H LO PRQGR DOFX QD GLVFXVVLRQH VXOOD ILORVRILD /H WHVL DWWUDYHUVR OH TXDOL LO PRQGR LQWHUSUHWD OD ILORVRILD ² L GLYHUVL PDWHULDOLVPL SRVLWLYLVPL HFRQR PLFLVPL SVLFRORJLVPL SVLFKLD WULVPL VRFLRORJLVPL WHRORJLVPL HFF ² VL IRQGDQR WXWWL VXO SUH VXSSRVWR HUUDWR VHFRQGR LO TXDOH VDUHEEH SRVVLELOH LQFRPLQFLDUH XQD GLVFXVVLRQH FRQ OD ILORVRILD VXO WHUUHQR GL TXHVWR PRQGR ,O ILORVRIR QRQ SXz DFFHWWDUH TXHVWD SRVL]LRQH ² DGDWWDUYLVL VDUHEEH DPPHWWHUH OD SRVVLELOLWj FKH OD ILORVRILD GLSHQGD GD XQ TXDOVLD VL IDWWR LQWUDPRQGDQR H SHUWDQWR FRQGDQQDUOD LQ TXDQWR FRPSUHQ VLRQH GHOOD WRWDOLWj &·q DQFRUD XQ DOWUR DVSHWWR VWUHWWDPHQWH FROOHJDWR D WXWWR FLz ² O·LPSRVVLELOLWj SHU LO ILORVRIR GL GLPRVWUDUH OD VXD YHULWj DJOL DOWUL &RORUR FKH LQWHQGRQR OD IL ORVRILD LQ XQD PDQLHUD FKH HVFOX GH D SULRUL RJQL FRPSUHQVLRQH QRQ YHGRQR QHL VXRL DUJRPHQ WL FKH GHOOH SH]]H G·DSSRJJLR SHU OH ORUR WHVL 1RQ VL SRVVRQR IRUQLUH SURYH VH QRQ ODGGRYH VL ULFRQRVFDQR JOL VWHVVL SULQFLSL H QRQ q TXHVWR LO FDVR JOL DUJR PHQWL DGGRWWL FRQWUR OD ILORVRILD VL FROORFDQR DO OLYHOOR GHL IDWWL LQWUDPRQGDQL H QRQ VXO SLDQR LQ FXL LO ILORVRIR VWHVVR VL VLWXD 'D FLz SURYLHQH DQFKH O·LPEDUD]]R GHO ILORVRIR FRVWUHWWR D GLUH FKH FRVD VLD OD ILORVRILD ©'L TXHOOR FKH q LO ORUR RJJHWWR >GHOOH UL FHUFKH ILORVRILFKH@ QRQ VL GHYH SDUODUH FRPH VL ID SHU OH DOWUH VFLHQ]Hª 3ODWRQH &RPH GLPR VWUDUH TXDOFRVD FKH QRQ KD DQD ORJR QHO PRQGR H FKH QHOOD VXD SURLH]LRQH PRQGDQD q LQWDFFDWR GDOOD UHODWLYLWj FRPXQH D WXWWH OH FRVH XPDQH" $QFKH LO VLOHQ]LR GLYHQWD XQD PRGDOLWj GHOOD ULVSR VWD ILORVRILFD 6H q LPSRVVLELOH DO ILORVRIR SURYDUH OD VXD YHULWj VL SXz GLUH DPSOLDQGR DQFRUD LO GLVFRUVR FKH LO VXR OLQJXDJJLR QRQ SRWUj PDL HVVHUH FRPSUHVR 8QD VWRULD GHOOD ILORVRILD FKH YROHVVH HVVHUH DOWUR FKH QRQ XQD FODVVLILFD]LRQH
GL GRWWULQH GRYUHEEH DSSRJJLDUVL D XQD GHPRQRORJLD D XQD FRQFH ]LRQH GHOOH SRWHQ]H LQWHUQH FKH JRYHUQDQR LO FRQIOLWWR WUD LO ILOR VRIR H LO PRQGR &KH VWUDQR VSHWWDFROR TXHVWR FRQIOLWWR &RPH SXz HVVHUFL XQ FRQIOLWWR VHQ]D FRQWDWWR" ,O FRQ WDWWR QRQ q SRVVLELOH FKH VX XQ WHUUHQR FRPXQH ² LO FKH VHPEUD TXL SUHFLVDPHQWH PDQFDUH ,O PRQGR SXz FDQFHOODUH O·HVLVWHQ ]D GHO ILORVRIR PD ² SDUDGRVVR ² q FRVu FKH OD ILORVRILD HQWUD QHO OD VWRULD 1XOOD LOOXVWUD PHJOLR D FKH SXQWR WDOL PH]]L VLDQR SRFR DGHJXDWL D PLVXUDUVL DOOD SRWHQ]D LQWHUQD GHOOD ILORVRILD /D UDJLRQH SHU OD TXDOH OD ILORVRILD QRQ SXz QRQ HVVHUH SHUVHJXLWDWD D SDUWLUH GDOO·LVWDQWH LQ FXL VL FULVWDOOL]]D QHOOD VXD IRUPD SXUD q TXHOOD FKH 1LHW]VFKH KD FROWR FRVu EHQH QHO OH VXH LQYHWWLYH FRQWUR 6RFUDWH LO IDWWR FKH OD SURLH]LRQH PRQGDQD GHOOD ILORVRILD DSSDUH QHOO·RWWLFD GHOOD YLWD FRPH XQD GHFDGHQ]D /D ILORVRILD q XQD IRUPD GL UDO OHQWDPHQWR GHOOD YLWD XQD IRUPD QHOOD TXDOH OD YLWD FHVVD GL HVVHUH LQJHQXDPHQWH H VSRQWDQHDPHQWH FUHDWULFH /D ILORVRILD QRQ SUHVFULYH QXO OD QRQ FRPDQGD QLHQWH *OL ED VWD ULPDQGDUH D FLz FKH KD OXRJR QHOOD YLWD SUH ILORVRILFD HG HOX FLGDUQH LO VLJQLILFDWR *OL EDVWD ULPDQGDUH D XQD FRVD FKH VHQ ]D YLROHQ]D VHQ]D FRQYXOVLRQL Qp FRPPHGLH ULHPSLH OD YLWD VHQ]D SHU IRU]D FRLQYROJHUH XQD TXDOFKH LVWDQ]D FKH VL WURYHUHEEH DO GL IXRUL GHOO·XRPR Ë OD SRV VLELOLWj FKH KD FLDVFXQR LQ YLUW GHOOD SURSULD GHFLVLRQH GL IDUVL FDULFR GHO SURSULR GHVWLQR RSSX UH GL VFKLYDUOR /D ULVROX]LRQH DXWHQWLFD SHU LO GHVWLQR SL SUR SULR QRQ WLHQH FRQWR GHOOH FLUFR VWDQ]H GHOOD IDWWLELOLWj R PHQR GHOOH YDULH SURVSHWWLYH YLVWR FKH O·XRPR FUHVFH WDQWR SL TXDQWR SL VL VFRQWUD FRQ GHJOL RVWDFROL 5HVWD VHQ]D LPSRUWDQ]D FKH FRVD HJOL VLD HVWHULRUPHQWH LO SRVWR FRQWLQJHQWH FKH RFFXSD QHOOD VR FLHWj 3L XQD YLWD q HVWHULRUPHQ WH IULYROD H LUUHVSRQVDELOH PHQR FL VDUDQQR LQ HVVD OH SRVVLELOLWj GL XQD VRVWDQ]LDOLWj DXWHQWLFD /RQ WDQL GDOOH FRVWUL]LRQL H GDOOH YRO JDULWj GHOOD YLWD JOL XRPLQL GLVVL PXODQR OD ORUR VWHVVD FROSHYROH] ]D H YLYRQR VXO VROR SLDQR GHOOH DSSDUHQ]H ,O IHQRPHQR DO TXDOH OD ILORVRILD SXz ULQYLDUH q OD SRV VLELOLWj FKH KD O·XRPR QRQ VROR GL DSSDULUH PD DQFKH GL HVVHUH ,Q ILQ GHL FRQWL OD ILORVRILD VL ULYHOD FRVu XQ DSSHOOR DOO·XRPR HURLFR (FFR OD SDUROD FKLDYH XPDQD GHOOD ILORVRILD /·HURLVPR QRQ q XQD SDVVLRQH FLHFD DPRUH R YHQGHWWD DPEL]LRQH R YRORQ Wj GL SRWHQ]D /XQJL GD TXHVWR O·HURLVPR LPSOLFD XQD FKLDUH]]D VHUHQD VXOOD WRWDOLWj GHOOD YLWD H LQ FROXL FKH QH q FDSDFH OD FR VFLHQ]D FKH TXHVWD PDQLHUD GL DJLUH q SHU OXL XQD QHFHVVLWj OD VROD PRGDOLWj SRVVLELOH GHOOD VXD HVLVWHQ]D DO PRQGR /·HVVHU FL GHOO·HURH LO VXR HVVHUH DO PRQGR QHOO·LVWDQWH QRQ DWWHQGH DOFXQD FRQIHUPD DOFXQD FRQWLQXD]LRQH LQ XQ DOGLOj /·HURLVPR DVVXPH OD SURSULD ILQLWH]]D 1RQ q QLHQ W·DOWUR FKH XQD DWWHVWD]LRQH LUUH IUDJDELOH GHOOD VRVWDQ]D SURSULD LUULGXFLELOH DOOH FRQWLQJHQ]H GHO PRQGR /D ILORVRILD q DOORUD LQ JUDGR GL SXULILFDUH O·DXWRFRP SUHQVLRQH GHOO·XRPR HURLFR GL IDUJOL FRPSUHQGHUH OD VXD IHGH QRQ FRPH XQD ULYHOD]LRQH GHO WUDVFHQGHQWH PD LQ TXDQWR DWWR XPDQDPHQWH OLEHUR &Lz FKH VL PDQLIHVWD LQ TXHVWD IHGH QRQ q LO FRPDQGDPHQWR WUDVFHQGHQWH GHO OD GLYLQLWj PD LO SULQFLSLR GHO O·XRPR FROORFDWR LQ XQD VLWXD ]LRQH VWRULFD /D FRPSUHQVLRQH GHOO·HVVHUH FKH OD ILORVRILD UHD OL]]D WUDVFHQGHQGR LQWHOOHWWXDO PHQWH LO PRQGR VL UDSSRUWD DO O·HVLVWHQ]D XPDQD DXWHQWLFD UDS SUHVHQWDWD GDOO·DWWR OLEHUR )RUVH SRVVLDPR TXLQGL SHU FRQFOXGHUH IRUPXODUH O·LGHDOH GL XQD ILORVR ILD VRYUDQD VRWWR OD GRSSLD VSHFLH GL XQD ILORVRILD GHOO·HURLVPR H GL XQ HURLVPR GHOOD ILORVRILD (VWUDWWR GD 2VVHUYD]LRQL VXOOD SR VL]LRQH GHOOD ILORVRILD GHQWUR H IXRUL GDO PRQGR
ÃÕ`
£Ó
,/.4!./
IRWR GL 3KLOLSSH 6FKOLHQJHU
FXRLR GL VWRIIH VL PROWLSOLFDYDQR D GLVPLVXUD HUD O·RGRUH GL XQ OD YRUR RQHVWR H DUWLJLDQDOH FKH DYH YD UHVR 1DSROL FHOHEUH XQ SR· GR YXQTXH H FKH RJJL GRSR OD FULVL GHO VHWWRUH DYYHQXWD JLj YHUVR OD ILQH GHJOL DQQL VHVVDQWD q TXDVL GHO WXWWR VFRPSDUVR D YDQWDJJLR G·LQGXVWULH H GL D]LHQGH GRYH O·RGRUH q GL WXWW·DOWUD QDWXUD , &DUERQDL
Ì$ $. Ì Ì" ,$ %UXQR ,RVVD
8QD FLWWj SXz PRGLILFDUH LO VXR DVSHWWR H GL IDWWR OR PRGLILFD LQ FRQVHJXHQ]D GL WDQWL IDWWRUL FDPELD O·DUFKLWHWWXUD PXWDQR OH VWUDGH VL PRGLILFDQR OH SLD]]H VL ULGLVHJQDQR L SDUFKL VL DPSOLDQR L SDUFKHJJL VL ULVWUXWWXUDQR JOL HGLILFL VL VYHQWUDQR TXDUWLHUL VL FUHDQR YLH GL FRPXQLFD]LRQH QXRYL FROOHJDPHQWL WDQJHQ]LD OL DXWRVWUDGH VL DSURQR QHJR]L FHQWUL FRPPHUFLDOL JUDQGL PD JD]]LQL VL LQQDO]DQR JUDWWDFLHOL VL FRVWUXLVFRQR PHWURSROLWDQH VL DPPRGHUQDQR DHURSRUWL VWD]LRQL IHUURYLDULH SRUWL 0D XQD FLWWj FDPELD DQFKH LQ EDVH DL VXRL RGRUL RGRUL DQWLFKL RGRUL QXRYL RGRUL GL VHPSUH 1DSROL OD QRELOLVVLPD 1DSROL KD L VXRL RGRUL SDUWLFRODUL VSH FLDOL R FRPXQL D TXHOOL GL WDQWH PRGHUQH PHWURSROL RGRUL FKH OD UHQGRQR XQLFD R XJXDOH DJOL DO WUL FHQWUL G·,WDOLD G·(XURSD GHO 0RQGR 5LFRQRVFHUH TXHVWL RGR UL VHJXLUOL QHO WHPSR H QHL OXRJKL VLJQLILFD ULWURYDUH OH WUDFFH GL XQD FXOWXUD DQWLFD H PRGHUQD SDVVD WD H DWWXDOH *OL RGRUL LQVRPPD VRQR OD VWRULD GL XQ OXRJR FKH FDPELD FRQ LO PXWDUH GHO WHPSR H FKH WXWWDYLD FRQVHUYD XQ·RUPD VHQVLELOH GHO VXR PRGR GL HVVHUH H GL SUHVHQWDUVL DOO·DWWHQ]LRQH GL WXWWL 1HJOL XOWLPL FLQTXDQWD VHV VDQW·DQQL FHUWL RGRUL VRQR ULPDVWL VROR QHOOD PHPRULD ROIDWWLYD GH JOL XRPLQL H QH FRVWLWXLVFRQR OD VWRULD H OD ORUR SHUVRQDOH WHVWLPR QLDQ]D G·HVVHUH FLWWDGLQL GHO WHP SR H GHL OXRJKL DELWDWL 1DSROL H L VXRL RGRUL LR OL UDF FRQWHUHL H OL ULFRUGHUHL FRVu *OL RGRUL GL FDVD , SULPL RGRUL GL XQD FLWWj VRQR RYYLDPHQWH JOL RGRUL GL FDVD 8QD FLQTXDQWLQD GL DQQL ID DEL WDYR QHO &HQWUR VWRULFR GL 1D SROL LQ YLD 6DQ *LRYDQQL D &DU ERQDUD WUD YLD )RULD H 3RUWD &D SXDQD XQD ]RQD SRSRODUH PD ULFFD GL VWRULD LQ TXHOOD VWUDGD YL HUD WUD ¶ H ¶ OD %LEOLR WHFD GHO &DUGLQDOH 6HULSDQGR RUPDL VFRPSDUVD H OD VWXSHQGD &KLHVD PHGLRHYDOH GL YLD &DU ERQDUD GDQQHJJLDWD GDL ERP EDUGDPHQWL GHJOL $OOHDWL GXUDQ WH OD VHFRQGD JXHUUD PRQGLDOH PD RJJL PDJQLILFDPHQWH UHVWDX UDWD VLWD SURSULR VRSUD O·DWWXDOH &KLHVD GL 6DQWD 6RILD
¥²
(EEHQH L SULPL RGRUL HUDQR TXHOOL WLSLFL GL XQD FXFLQD DOORUD D FDUERQH SDUWHQRSHD SDVWD H ID JLROL SDVWD H SLVHOOL FDYROL UDJ TXHL SULPL SLDWWL LQVRPPD VSHV VR GHVFULWWL QHL UDFFRQWL GHL QRVWUL DXWRUL (GXDUGR FRPSUHVR 2GR UL GL XQ·LQIDQ]LD ULWURYDWL WDQWH YROWH QHL VXFFHVVLYL DQQL GHOOD PLD YLWD PD TXHOOL FKH PL HVDO WDYDQR GL SL HUDQR L SURIXPL FKH SURYHQLYDQR GD XQD ¶EDQFDUHOOD· SRVWD SURSULR DFFDQWR DO SRUWRQH G·LQJUHVVR FDUDPHOOH OLTXLUL]LD ]XFFKHUR ILODWR H FHUWL GROFL FDUD PHOODWL SUHSDUDWL DUWLJLDQDOPHQ WH FKH RJJL PL IDUHEEHUR LQRUUL GLUH PD FKH DOORUD PL HVDOWDYDQR H PL IDFHYDQR HQWUDUH LQ XQ GROFH SDUDGLVR FRORUDWR /·XRPR GHOOH LPPRQGL]LH &RQIRUWDWR GD TXHVWL RGRUL ULHQWUDQGR D FDVD ULWURYDYR SHU OH VFDOH XQ RGRUH DFXWR GL UDQFL GR XQ IHWRUH GL FRVH LQ GHFRP SRVL]LRQH XQD VFLD LPPRQGD HUD GD SRFR SDVVDWR O·XRPR FKH FRQ LO VXR YROXPLQRVR VDFFR UDFFR JOLHYD FDVD SHU FDVD L ULILXWL FKH RJQL LQTXLOLQR ULYHUVDYD GDO SUR SULR VHFFKLR GHOOD VSD]]DWXUD QHO VDFFR GHOOR VSD]]LQR $OORUD IRUVH HUD SL FRPR GR OLEHUDUVL GHL ULILXWL LQ TXHVWR PRGR PD LO FRVWR GD SDJDUH LQ WHUPLQL G·ROIDWWR HUD WUHPHQGR WDQWR SL FKH VSHVVR TXHVW·RSH UD]LRQH GL VFDULFR DYYHQLYD DQ FKH GXH YROWH DO JLRUQR 3RL SHU IRUWXQD JLj QHJOL DQQL VHVVDQWD IXURQR ´LQYHQWDWLµ QXRYL VLVWHPL SHU OD UDFFROWD GHOOH LPPRQGL]LH ELGRQL LQ VWUDGD VDFFKL LQ SODVWL FD HFF H L QRVWUL QDVL VL VDOYDUR QR GD FRQVHJXHQ]H FDWDVWURILFKH ,O SHOODPH LQ FDVD ,Q FDVD SRL DJOL RGRUL GL FXFLQD VL DJJLXQJHYDQR TXHOOL DOWUHWWDQWR LQWHQVL SURYHQLHQWL GDO ODERUDWR ULR GL PLR SDGUH SDSj VYROJHYD OD QRELOH DUWH GHOO·DUWLJLDQR JXDQ WDLR H SHU LO VXR ODYRUR HUD VROLWR DFTXLVWDUH XQD QRWHYROH TXDQWLWj GL SHOODPL SHOOL GL FLQJKLDOH GL HOHIDQWH H GL WDQWL DOWUL WLSL FKH JLj FRQFLDWL ODVFLDYDQR LQ FDVD XQ RGRUH SHQHWUDQWH H IRUWH FRQ LO TXDOH VRQR LQ SUDWLFD FUHVFLX WR 6L WUDWWDYD DOORUD GL XQ·DWWL YLWj PROWR GLIIXVD D 1DSROL XQD YHUD H SURSULD UHWH GL IDEEULFKH GL JXDQWL VL HVWHQGHYD XQ SR· LQ WXWWD OD FLWWj QHO ULRQH 6DQLWj LQ FRUVR *DULEDOGL QHO ERUJR 6DQ W·$QWRQLR $EDWH LQ SHULIHULD YL HUDQR WDQWH FDVH ODERUDWRULR GRYH TXHVWL RGRUL GL SHOODPL GL
9LD 6DQ *LRYDQQL D &DUERQDUD q D XQ SDVVR GDOOH DQWLFKH 0XUD $UDJRQHVL FKH VHJQDYDQR O·DQ WLFR FRQILQH GL 1DSROL QHO ¶ GDOOD SDUWH GL &DSXD RJJL UHVWD QR SRFKH WUDFFH GL WDOL PXUD OXQ JR YLD &HVDUH 5RVDUROO SHU OR SL IDJRFLWDWH GDO QHJR]LR GL XQ SH VFLYHQGROR DOO·DOWH]]D GL VDOLWD 3RQWHQXRYR H GD XQ YHQGLWRUH GL PDUPLWWH WUD YLD 5RVDUROO H YLD )RULD FKH KD OHWWHUDOPHQWH LQ FDPHUDWR WDOL PXUD LQ XQD SDUWH GHO VXR PDJD]]LQR ,Q YLD &DU ERQDUD GLFHYR HVLVWHYDQR ILQR DOOD ILQH GHJOL DQQL FLQTXDQWD QXPHURVH ULYHQGLWH GL FDUERQH WUD FXL XQD SRVWD D SRFKL SDVVL GD FDVD DOO·LQL]LR GL YLFR 6DQWD &DWHULQD D )RUPLHOOR FKH FROOHJD OD PLD VWUDGD FRQ YLD 5RVDUROO XQ FHUWR RGRUH DFUH PD VRSUDWWXWWR XQD SROYHUH QHUD VL VROOHYDYD GD TXHVWR IRUQLWRUH FKH LQGRVVDYD SHUHQQHPHQWH D PR· GL FDSSXF FLR XQ VDFFR GL LXWD LQ WHVWD SHU LO WUDVSRUWR GHO FDUERQH D FKL QH IDFHYD ULFKLHVWD 2GRUL GHO YLFROHWWR FLHFR D YLD &DUERQDUD $IILDQFR DO PLR SDOD]]R VL HVWHQGHYD XQ YLFROHWWR FKH QRQ VEXFDYD GD QHVVXQD SDUWH q LO 9L FROHWWR FLHFR GL YLD &DUERQDUD DELWDWR GD IDPLJOLH SRYHUH FKH VEDUFDYDQR LO OXQDULR FRPH SRWH YDQR ,Q TXHO WHPSR D SRFKL DQQL GDOOD ILQH GHOOD JXHUUD OD PLVHULD HUD WDQWD H PRGHVWLVVLPH HUDQR OH FRQGL]LRQL GL YLWD GL PROWD JHQWH 3RL VHPEUz FKH OD ULFRVWUX]LRQH H LO ERRP HFRQRPLFR GHVVHUR RVVLJHQR H YLWDOLWj D WXWWL PD OD FRQGL]LRQH GL SRYHUWj GL TXHOOH IDPLJOLH ULPDVH H VROR QHJOL DQQL RWWDQWD OHQWDPHQWH VL FRPLQFLD URQR D YHGHUH PLJOLRUL RFFDVLRQL GL HVLVWHQ]D 0D DOORUD OD PLVHULD HUD WDQWD H OD PLVHULD KD XQ SUR SULR RGRUH VWDQWLR SHQHWUDQWH LPEDUD]]DQWH EDPELQL VSRUFKL H VHPLQXGL DQFKH LQ SLHQR LQ YHUQR SDQQL ODYDWL VL ID SHU GLUH H VWHVL DO VROH DG DVFLXJDUH SL VSRUFKL GL SULPD FUHROLQD YHUVDWD D OLWUL QHL EDVVL DELWD]LRQL SRVWH DO SLDQR WHUUD SHU GLVLQIHWWDUH L OXRJKL IRUPDYDQR XQ RGRUH FKH PL q ULPDVWR LPSUHVVR QHOOD PH PRULD H FKH SLDQR SLDQR VL q GLV VROWR LQ TXHOOD VWUDGD PD FKH KR ULWURYDWR QHO TXDUWLHUH 6FDPSLD VRUWR SRFKL GHFHQQL ID DOOD SHULIH ULD GL 1DSROL TXDQGR QHO SHU UDJLRQL GL ODYRUR FHUFDYR XQD FHUWD VWUDGD XQ FHUWR LQGL UL]]R 4XHOO·RGRUH GL UDQFLGR FRVu SHQHWUDQWH H LPEDUD]]DQWH GL PLVHULD PL ULSRUWz LQGLHWUR FRQ OD PHPRULD D TXHOOH DOWUH VHQVD]LRQL YLVVXWH GD EDPELQR *OL RGRUL GHO UDJ /D GRPHQLFD EHQ DOWUL HUDQR JOL RGRUL FKH VL DYYHUWLYDQR SHU VWUDGH H VWUDGLQH GL 1DSROL VR SUDWWXWWR QHOOH ]RQH SL WLSLFKH H SRSRODUL JLj DOOH SULPH RUH GHO PDWWLQR SDVVDQGR VRWWR OH ILQH VWUH H L EDOFRQL GL FHUWL YLFROL GL 9LD )RULD R GHO FHQWUR DQWLFR VL DYYHUWLYD XQ LQFRQIRQGLELOH SUR IXPR GL VXJR GL FDUQH H GL VDOVD GL SRPRGRUR XQ RGRUH PLVWLFR H VHQVXDOH DG XQ WHPSR LPSHULRVR H PHOOLIOXR GROFH H LQWHQVR XQD VHQVD]LRQH ROIDWWLYD FKH WL FRQFL
OLDYD FRQ LO PRQGR H FKH WL IDFHYD SUHJXVWDUH H SUHYHGHUH XQ VLJQRU SUDQ]R QHOOD FDVD VFRQRVFLXWD QHO OD TXDOH VL GDYD DYYLR DO JUDQGH ULWR GRPHQLFDOH GHO UHJDOH UDJ /H WHQWD]LRQL GHOOD VWUDGD 0ROWL DOWUL RGRUL LQROWUH UDSSUH VHQWDYDQR H DQFRUD RJJL UDSSUH VHQWDQR XQD YHUD WHQWD]LRQH SHU OD JROD ´SDQ]DURWWLµ FURFFKq GL SDWD WH SL]]H IULWWH PDUJKHULWH ULSLH QL FDVWDJQH DUURVWLWH RµDOOHVVHµ EROOLWH FRQ IRJOLH GL ODXUR VSL JKH DUURVWLWH VXL FDUERQL R EROOLWH ODQFLDQR LQ PROWL DQJROL GL VWUDGD RGRUL LUUHVLVWLELOL H LQYLWDQWL VRQR SLHWDQ]H SRYHUH H VHPSOLFL DVVDL GLIIXVH XQ SR· LQ WXWWD 1DSROL H FKH ULPDQGDQR D RGRUL H VDSRUL GL VHPSUH 2GRUL GL 1DWDOH 0D JOL RGRUL SL EHOOL H WLSLFL VRQR TXHOOL GL 1DWDOH D YLD 7UL EXQDOL D 3RUWD &DSXDQD D 3RUWD 1RODQD SHVFKHULH QHJR]L GL VRW WDFHWL HG ROLYH VDOXPHULH PDQGDQR RGRUL SUHVVDQWL IDPLOLDUL SUHVHQWL D YROWH SHU WXWWR O·DQQR FRPH DL 7ULEXQDOL GRYH DQFKH DG DJRVWR OL ULWURYL H Ou VHPEUD VHPSUH 1DWDOH 2GRUL YLYDFL FUHDWLYL FRPH TXHO OL GHOOH SLJQH EUXFLDWH VXO IXRFR R FRPH TXHOOL GHOOH SLUH GL OHJQD YHFFKLD FKH QHO JLRUQR GL ´6DQ W·$QWXRQRµ LO JHQQDLR FRQ OH ORUR ILDPPH DXVSLFDYDQR OD ILQH GHOO·LQYHUQR H GHL WHPSL GL PDJUD
Ì $ 3! "1 Ì Ì "" Ì! . Ì$.1 / Ì , .̼/×b½ 2UQHOOD *RQ]DOHV \ 5H\HUR
/D FROODERUD]LRQH GL $QQD 0DULD 2UWHVH D ´6XGµ VL DSUH WUD LO H LO FRQ LO UDFFRQWR LQFKLH VWD 'ROHQWH VSOHQGRUH GHO YLFROR FKH VLQ GDO WLWROR RVVLPRULFR FL FRQGXFH ©LQ TXHVWD YDVWD FLW Wj FKH VHPEUD VRUWD GDO VRJQR GL JHQHUD]LRQL VILQLWH YHQXWH D VR VWDUH SHU FDVR LQ PH]]R D OXRJKL LQFDQWHYROLª Ë OD 1DSROL GHO GR SRJXHUUD XQD 1DSROL ©PDODWDª VHQ]D LHUL Qp RJJL OD 1DSROL ©GHL SRYHUL GHOO·HVHUFLWR GHL SRYHULª GRYH VRQR ©PHQGLFDQWL DQFKH L ULFFKL VHQ]D XQ SHQVLHUR GD GDUH FKLXVL QHOOH ORUR IUHVFKH RDVLª /D GHJUDGD]LRQH GHO SRSROR q ILVVDWD QHL YROWL GL (XJHQLR 6DQWLOOR ©LO ODGURª GDJOL ©RFFKL YLYL H QHUL LQTXLHWL FRPH VFDUDIDJJL R WRSL VRWWR OD IURQWH EDVVD H SULYD GL SHQVLHURª GL VXD VRUHOOD $QJH OLQD ©UREXVWD URVVD VEUDFFLDWD DQFKH LQ PH]]R DO YHQWR G·LQYHU QR FRQ XQR VJXDUGR DFXWR H LQ QRFHQWH XQ FDORUH GLVDUPDQWHª GL GRQQD &DWLOLQD OD ©SRUWLHUDª GHO ILJOLR ©XQ LQGLYLGXR FDGHQ WH GDOO·DVSHWWR PDODWR H JOL RFFKL DYLGL HWHUQDPHQWH GLVRFFXSDWRª GHOOD QXRUD &HOHVWH ©XQD JLR YDQH SLFFROD H ELRQGD GDO YLVR RVVXWR H LQILDPPDWR WXWWD QDVR H EUDFFLDª YLWWLPD GHOO·RGLR GHOOD VXRFHUD FRPH XQD ©PR VFD SULJLRQLHUDª GL XQ ©UDJQRª LPSODFDELOH SHUVRQDJJL GHO YL FROR FRPH WDQWL DOWUL ©GDQQDWL GDQQDWL GDQQDWLª /·DQLPD GHO SRSROR QDSROHWDQR q FROWD GDOOD 2UWHVH QHL VXRL FRVWXPL SL WLSL FL FRPH OH SURFHVVLRQL GRPHQL FDOL FDUDWWHUL]]DWH ©GDOO·DVVHQ]D GL TXDOVLDVL VHQWLPHQWR GHO VD FURª FRQ 0DGRQQH ©VLPLOL D EHQ DGRUQH PRJOL GL ULFFKL PHUFDQWLª FKH ©QHVVXQD UHJLQD DYUHEEH SR WXWR XJXDJOLDUHª ODGUL H SURVWLWX WH SURQWL D GRQDUH DOOH ©ERUJKHVL UHJLQHª GHQDUR ©IUXWWR GHOOD ORUR FROSHYROH DWWLYLWj RIIHUWD FKH GR YHYD FDOPDUH O·DQJRVFLD GHO ORUR
FXRUH H LQVLHPH SURWHJJHUOL VXOOD QHFHVVDULD YLD GHO SHFFDWRª 8Q FRUWHR VIDU]RVR H YXRWR XQ ©VXV VLHJR DSSDUHQWHª H ² GLHWUR ² LO SRSROR ©FRPH XQD OXQJD SR]]D GL DFTXD QHUDª /D 6WRULD FKH ID GD VIRQGR DOO·HVSUHVVLRQLVWLFR ULWUDWWR GHOOD FLWWj VHPEUD LQ SL SXQWL LQGLHWUHJJLDUH SHU ODVFLDUH DIILRUDUH LO VHQVR GL XQ PDOHVVHUH SL JUDQGH SRQHQGR 1DSROL QHO OD FRQVDSHYROH]]D FKH ©OH UDGLFL GHO PDOH HUDQR QHOOD YLWD VWHVVD FRVu DPDWD QHOOD SURGLJDOLWj FRQ FXL XQ SRSROR SRYHUR HODUJLYD OD YLWDª QHOOD FRVFLHQ]D FKH ©ELVR JQDYD PRULUH Vu QRQ ULPDQHYD GL PHJOLRª VH QRQ IRUVH XQ WHRJQL GHR > GD FXL O·DXWULFH VHPEUD YHUJKLDQDPHQWH QRQ WURSSR GLVWDQWH 1HO QXPHUR SXEEOLFDWR QHO O·HVWDWH GHO ¶ OD 2UWHVH LQWHU YLHQH FRQ 5RPD OD FDSLWDOH LQ FXL WUDFFLD XQR VSDFFDWR GHL VD ORWWL FXOWXUDOL URPDQL YL VL GHVFUL YRQR L VDORWWL GL 0DULD %HOORQFL ©FRPH XQ VDJJLR GL FLz FKH SR WUHEEH HVVHUH OD YLWD ² FXOWXUD H SLDFHUH ² RYH QRQ HVLVWHVVHUR L VR JQL LO VDQJXH OD IHEEUH GHO IXWX UR XQD VRFLHWj GHYDVWDWD O·RUUR UH GHO SUHVHQWH OD VWDQFKH]]D OD SDXUD OD PLVHULD OD JXHUUDª /D SUHVHQ]D SL ULOHYDQWH q $OEHUWR 0RUDYLD LO ©PLJOLRUH HVSRQHQWH GHOOD YLWD LQWHULRUH GHOOD FLWWjª $OOR VFULWWRUH URPDQR VRQR GH GLFDWH SDUROH GL JUDQGH IRU]D ©OD FDSLWDOH PRUHQWH DYHYD DSSURILW WDWR GHOO·LQJHJQR SL YLJRURVR FKH VL WURYDVVH SUHVHQWH DOOD VXD DJRQLD SHU DIIHUUDUVL D OXL H WUD PDQGDUH TXDOFRVD GL Vp DJOL DQQL DYYHQLUH 'LVIDWWD OR DYHYD JXDU GDWR SULPD FRQ LQGLIIHUHQ]D SRL FRQ XQ FHUWR LQWHUHVVH TXLQGL FRQ DYLGLWj (JOL VWDYD GLULWWR H VHULR DO OHWWR GHOOD YDQD YHFFKLD &UH GHYD GL VWXGLDUQH OD PRUWH /u D SRFR D SRFR VHQ]D FKH HJOL VH QH DYYHGHVVH GRSR DYHUOR D OXQJR ILVVDWR H UHVR DWWRQLWR OHQWDPHQ WH LPSHUFHWWLELOPHQWH HVVD V·HUD VROOHYDWD H DJJUDSSDWD D OXL FRQ WXWWD OD VXD YRUDFLWj PXWD OD VXD DPEL]LRQH VWUD]LDQWH &RPH XQD SLDQWD PRVWUXRVD OR DYHYD VWUHW WR D Vp FKLXVR WUD OH VXH EUDF FLD LQJRLDWR VYXRWDWR DVVRUELWR DO VHPSOLFH VFRSR GL UHQGHUOR GRSR QXWULWR GHOOD VXD PRUWH GL HVSULPHUH DWWUDYHUVR GL OXL OD VXD SURSULD PRUWH SHUFKp WXWWL KDQQR ELVRJQR GL HVSULPHUH TXHOOR FKH KDQQR QRQ F·q GLIIHUHQ]Dª 1HOOR VWHVVR QXPHUR WURYDQR SRVWR GXH SRHVLH /D VWRULD GHO O·$QLPD q ILQLWD H ,R VRQR SHU PRULUH /D SULPD HVSULPH XQD SURIRQGD GHVROD]LRQH H VL FKLXGH ULFKLDPDQGR LO WLWROR H O·LQFLSLW ©/D VWRULD GHOO·$QLPD q ILQLWD (FFR VLDPR LQ PLOOH QRQ DEELD PR SDUROH FL DOORQWDQLDPR PH GLWDERQGL VEDORUGLWL VXOOD VWUDGD GHOO·2YHVWª /D VHFRQGD KD L WRQL GL XQ·LURQLD GROHQWH ©1R QRQ F·q JUD]LD SHU PH 7UD PH H OD 9HU JLQH 0DULD QXOOD GL FRPXQH FRPH WUD LO SRYHUR H LO VLJQRUHª 4XHVWL L ¶GRFXPHQWL· GHOOD UHDO Wj GHO WHPSR FHUFDWL H WURYDWL SHU 3DVTXDOH 3UXQDV XQ UHDOH ©TXDVL LQWROOHUDELOHª SHU ©XQD ]LQJDUD DVVRUWD LQ XQ VRJQRª
$ 1. Ì .$
¯/ $" Ì, .1 ° $OGR 'H 6LPRQH
1HOO·DPELHQWH XQLYHUVLWDULR HUD GLYHQXWR XQD ILJXUD DQHGGRWLFD H TXDVL HPEOHPDWLFD TXHOOD GL XQ DWWHPSDWR ERKpPLHQ VFRPRGR H XQ SR· IXRUL SRVWR QHJOL DQQL GHO OD RSXOHQ]D GHO ILGXFLRVR RWWLPL VPR PD OH FRQYHUVD]LRQL ULIHUL WHPL GD /D 9LD FRQ 5HQDWR &DF FLRSSROL ´DQFRUD VHPSOLFH DQFR
UD YLYR VRWWR OD FHQHUH GHJOL DQQL PDWXULµ PHWWHYDQR LQ QXRYD GLUHL DIIHWWXRVD FDWWLYDQWH SUR VSHWWLYD LO JLRYDQH PDWHPDWLFR PXVLFLVWD ROWUH FKH ILQH LQWHQGL WRUH GL OHWWHUH TXHOO·DFFDGHPLFR GHL /LQFHL FKH JLj VDSHYR IDPRVR SHU OD VXD PRGHUQD HVHJHVL SHU OD WHRULD GHOO·LQWHJUD]LRQH SHU L VXRL ODYRUL VXOO·DQDOLVL IXQ]LRQD OH OD TXDGUDWXUD GHOOH VXSHUILFL LO FDOFROR GHOOH YDULD]LRQL /D 9LD H &DFFLRSSROL HUDQR FLDVFXQR VHFRQGR LO VXR VWLOH JOL LQWHOOHWWXDOL DWWRUQR DL TXDOL VL ULXQLYDQR L JLRYDQL GHO FRVLG GHWWR &ODQ GL 3RVLOOLSR GRYH DOOH GLVFXVVLRQL DSSDVVLRQDWH VXL WHPL SL VFRWWDQWL H VWLPRODQWL GHOO·DU WH GHO FRVWXPH R GHOOD VWRULD DW WXDOH DL GUDVWLFL JLXGL]L DL FULWLFL UDIIURQWL VL DOWHUQDYDQR QRQ GL UDGR LQWHUYHQWL PXVLFDOL GHOOR VWHVVR &DFFLRSSROL DO SLDQR 0D LO YHUR UHJLVWD LO YHUR DQLPDWRUH LO SROR YLYHQWH GL TXHOOH ULXQLRQL HUD 3LHWUR /D 9LD FKH VL PRVWUD YD FRPH LQGLFDWR H VFHOWR GD XQD EXRQD VRUWH SHU GXH QRWH EDVLODUL LO FXOWR GHOO·DUWH ILQR DOO·HQWXVLD VPR DOOD IUHQHVLD GHOOR VSLULWR TXRW HUDQW YDWHV WRW UHEDU HVVH GHRV H O·DEEDQGRQR GL RJQL FXUD PRQGDQD EHQLQWHVR DOO·LQWHUQR GHO WHPSLR $OWUD QRWD SUHFLSXD HUD O·DVVROXWH]]D OD VLFXUH]]D GHO JLXGL]LR 2FFRUUHYD VDSHU VXELWR ULFRQR VFHUH LQ XQD SDJLQD LQ XQ EUDQR GL SURVD R GL SRHVLD OD ´SUHVHQ ]D GHO QXPHµ FKL HVSULPHYD LO SURSULR GLVDFFRUGR R HVLWDYD QHO JLXGL]LR ULVFKLDYD O·HPDUJLQD ]LRQH GDO FODQ O·LQFOXVLRQH WUD L SURIDQL ©TXHOOL FKH QRQ FDSLVFR QR QLHQWHª '·DOWURQGH O·HQWXVLD VPR OD YHQHUD]LRQH GHL VRPPL DYHYD GD WHPSR LQ (XURSD VR VWLWXLWR RYYLDPHQWH SUHVVR XQD pOLWH LO IHUYRUH UHOLJLRVR GDOOD FULWLFD H WDOYROWD GDOOD GHFDGHQ]D GHOOH IHGL FRQVDFUDWH HUD VFDWXULWR XQ QXRYR DVSHWWR GHO VDFUR XQD VRUWD GL UHOLJLRQH ODLFD FKH DYHYD L VXRL OXRJKL GL FXOWR QHL VDORWWL H FLUFROL H QHL 0DHVWUL L VXRL VD FHUGRWL (SRFD G·RUR GLUHPPR RJJL OH LGHH QRQ QDVFHYDQR DUPDWH VH QRQ QHOOH EHOOH PHWDIRUH L JUDGL GHOLWWL IDFHYDQR VWRULD VSHVVR LQ JDUD FRQ JOL DPRUL LO WHUURUH HUD XQR VSHWWUR GHO SDVVDWR RUPDL HVRUFL]]DWR SHU VHPSUH DL SRHWL QRQ VL UDFFRPDQGDYD FRQ IUXW WR GL DQGDUH D VFXROD GDL SD]]L H TXHVWL HUDQR GHQWUR VHSSXUH D FRVWR GL EHQ QRWL RUURUL 0DU[ H )UHXG QRQ VL FRQWHQGHYDQR DQ FRUD OH WHVWH SHQVDQWL L EDIIHWWL PR]]L GL &KDUORW DYHYDQR DSSHQD DQQXQ]LDWR O·DYYHQWR GL +LWOHU LO UHVWR GHO ILOP OD VWRIID GHO WHP SR GRUPLYD DQFRUD FRPH VHSROWD SULPD GL QDVFHUH QHL SHQHWUDOL GHO IXWXUR $OOD OXFH GL XQ FUHSXVFROR IUHGGR H YHQWRVR LQ XQ JLRUQR GHQVR GL ULFRUGL H DYLGR GL LGHH YROOL FKH O·DPLFR 3LHWUR PL FRQ GHQVDVVH LQ SRFKH SDUROH OH UD JLRQL GHOOD VXD HUHVLD XQ GLVVHQ VR FKH WUHQW·DQQL SULPD DYHYD JHQHUDWR 0HQWH H 5HDOWj ,O YHQWR HUD FDGXWR 'DO WHUUD] ]R GRQGH DYHYDPR VDOXWDWR WDQWL WUDPRQWL VL SRWHYD JLj VFRUJHUH OD OXQD ULFRSULUH G·DUJHQWR L GRO FLVVLPL FROOL QHUD]]XUUL GLJUD GDQWL D PDUH FRQ UDSLGL EDO]L 3L ROWUH ,VFKLD H &DSUL O·LVROD GDYYHUR LQVXODUH GHO *ROIR DQ]L GL WXWWR LO 0HGLWHUUDQHR /·XOWLPR GLVFHQGHQWH GHO O·RPRQLPR YLVFRQWH GL &DOYL JQDF H VLJQRUH GL 9LOOHPXU 3LHWUR /D 9LD FRQ YRFH SDFDWD H UDFFROWD PL SDUOz DOORUD GHOO·DYL WD WHUUD GL &DKRUVH QHO 4XHUFH GL TXHOO·DQWLFKLVVLPD DVFHQGHQ ]D FXL ULFROOHJDYD TXDOFKH YROWD LO VXR DPRUH SHU OD OLQJXD H OD OHWWHUDWXUD GL )UDQFLD
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
Ì / Ì Ì$. " Ì Ì Ì $."$ (XJHQLR %DUED
H[ DOOLHYR GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD
'LVFRUVR LQ RFFDVLRQH GHO FRQ IHULPHQWR GHOOD /DXUHD +RQRULV &DXVD GD SDUWH GHOO·8QLYHUVLWj GL 9DUVDYLD PDJJLR
3HUPHWWHWHPL FRPH VHJQR GL JUDWLWXGLQH LQ TXHVWD FHULPRQLD FKH RQRUD L PLHL FRPSDJQL GHO O·2GLQ 7HDWUHW H PH GL ULFRUGDUH JOL LQL]L /H SULPH SDUROH GL XQ QRWR WHVWR WHDWUDOH 0HUGUH ,O SL FRQRVFLXWR IUD JOL LQFLSLW GHO GUDPPD HXURSHR IRUVH DQ GUHEEH HYLWDWR LQ TXHVWR VROHQQH FRQVHVVR 0D QRQ VL SXz SHUFKp TXHVWD VRUSUHQGHQWH HVFODPD]LR QH q VHQ]D GXEELR OD SL VLJQL ILFDWLYD /D SURYRFD]LRQH FRQ FXL -DUU\ DSUu 8EX 5RL TXDQGR IX VFULWWD H GHWWD OD SULPD YROWD GRYHWWH HV VHUH GHIRUPDWD 0HUGUH SHU UL VXOWDUH DFFHWWDELOH 2JJL VH QRQ IRVVH GHIRUPDWD H FRQWUDIIDWWD VDUHEEH WDOPHQWH EDQDOH GD SDV VDUH LQRVVHUYDWD 4XHVWD SDUROD GLVWRUWD GRYUHEEH HVVHUH VFULWWD VXOOH EDQGLHUH GHL QRVWUL WHDWUL VH L WHDWUL DO]DVVHUR DQFRUD EDQGLHUH LQ FLPD DL ORUR WHWWL FRPH D /RQ GUD DL WHPSL GL 6KDNHVSHDUH 4XHOOD SDUROD VXOOD EDQGLHUD QRQ q XQ LQVXOWR Ë XQ ULILXWR Ë TXHVWR FKH LO WHDWUR OR VDSSLD R QR GLFH DO PRQGR FKH OR FLU FRQGD ( SHU GLUOR FRQ HIILFDFLD H FRHUHQ]D GHYH DOORQWDQDUVL GDO OLQJXDJJLR TXRWLGLDQR ULHODER UDUOR H VLWXDUOR LQ XQR VSD]LR SD UDGRVVDOH /R VSD]LR SDUDGRVVDOH q O·XQLFD SDWULD GHO WHDWUR 3HU TXHVWD SDWULD -DUU\ KD FUHDWR XQ·LPPDJLQH VDUFDVWLFD H DQWLWH WLFD GHJQD GL ILJXUDUH FRPH HP EOHPD VX XQD EDQGLHUD ©4XDQW j O·DFWLRQ TXL YD FRPPHQFHU HOOH FH SDVVH HQ 3RORJQH F·HVW j GLUH 1XOOH 3DUWª (UD LO GLFHPEUH TXDQ GR DOOD ULEDOWD GHO 7KpkWUH GH /·2HXYUH GL 3DULJL -DUU\ SUR QXQFLz TXHVWH SDUROH FKH SRV VRQR ULVXOWDUH DPDUH LURQLFKH SHUVLQR GLVSHUDWH ² WXWWR WUDQQH FKH WULVWL R SURYRFDWRULH 6RQR DOOHJUH H SLHQH GL YLWDOLWj FRPH O·KXPRXU QRLU FKH KR LPSDUDWR D FRQRVFHUH H DG DSSUH]]DUH TXL LQ 3RORQLD 'RYUHPPR SHUz UL IOHWWHUH VX XQ IDWWR TXDQGR -DU U\ PLVH VXOOD FDUWD TXHOOH SDUROH JLRLRVH H QLFKLOLVWH 1XOOH 3DUW OR VFULVVH FRQ OH LQL]LDOL PDLXVFROH 1RQ FRPH XQ·DVVHQ]D PD FRPH XQ·LGHQWLWj /D 3RORQLD q OD PLD SDWULD SUR IHVVLRQDOH /·KR VHPSUH SHQVDWR SHUFKp TXL KR YLVVXWR JOL DQQL IRQGDPHQWDOL GHO PLR DSSUHQGL VWDWR 4XL DVVLPLODL OD OLQJXD GL ODYRUR O·DWWHJJLDPHQWR FULWLFR YHUVR OD VWRULRJUDILD OH EDVL GHO
VDSHUH H OH WHQVLRQL LGHDOL GHO O·DUWLJLDQDWR WHDWUDOH /D 3RORQLD IX O·DPELHQWH FKH JXLGz L PLHL SULPL SDVVL YHUVR LO PLR GHVWLQR 2JJL QHO PRPHQWR GHO ULWRUQR DOOD FDVD GHOOH PLH RULJLQL GRSR TXDVL PH]]R VHFROR PL FKLHGR VH OD 3RORQLD QRQ VLD ULPDVWD OD PLD SDWULD SURIHVVLRQDOH VRSUDW WXWWR SHU OD VXD IRUWH YRFD]LRQH D UDSSUHVHQWDUH SHU PH LO UHDPH GL 1XOOH 3DUW &KH FRVD YROHYD GLUH -DUU\ FRQ TXHOO·HVSUHVVLRQH QHO ORQ WDQR " $FFHQQDYD VROWDQ WR DOOR VPHPEUDPHQWR SROLWLFR GHOOD QD]LRQH SRODFFD" ( D FKH FRVD DFFHQQDYD VFULYHQGR OH SD UROH PDLXVFROH" ,O JUHFR O·DYHYD VWXGLDWR VHULDPHQWH D VFXROD ( LQ JUHFR QXOOH SDUW GLYHQWD RX WySRV 8WRSLD (UD DQFKH D TXH VWR FKH DOOXGHYD QHO VXR JDLR H YLWDOH KXPRXU QRLU" 1RL OR VDS SLDPR ILQ WURSSR EHQH DWWUDYHUVR OH QRVWUH HVSHULHQ]H H OD 6WRULD FKH KD DFFRPSDJQDWR OH QRVWUH YLWH TXDQWR O·8WRSLD DEELD D FKH YHGHUH FRQ O·KXPRXU QRLU 3DUOR GL -DUU\ SHQVDQGR DOOD PLD 3RORQLD GL SL GL TXDUDQW·DQ QL ID HG HFFR HPHUJHUH :LWROG *RPEURZLF] H LO VXR )HUG\GX UNH /R VDSHYDPR D PHPRULD ,O OLEUR GL *RPEURZLF] FRPH XQ JUDQGH PLWR EHIIDUGR IRUQLYD OH SDUROH L SDUDGLJPL H OH WLSROR JLH DWWUDYHUVR FXL *URWRZVNL H LR FL SDUODYDPR ( LPPHGLDWD PHQWH QHO WHDWUR LQWHULRUH GHOOD PLD PHQWH *RPEURZLF] H -DUU\ VL DFFRVWDQR D XQ DUWLVWD FKH KD SRSRODWR GL LPPDJLQL LQGHOHELOL LO WHDWUR GHO VHFRQGR 1RYHFHQWR H GHO TXDOH YRUUHL HYRFDUH OD SUH VHQ]D 7DGHXV] .DQWRU 'L QDVFLWD H VFXROD VRQR LWDOLD QR '·HGXFD]LRQH SROLWLFD QRU YHJHVH 3URIHVVLRQDOPHQWH SR ODFFR 1HO TXDQGR QHO WHD WUR ODERUDWRULR 5]HGyZ GL -HU ]\ *URWRZVNL H /XGZLFN )ODV]HQ GRYHYR PHWWHUH LQ VFHQD XQ WHVWR SHU LO PLR VDJJLR GL UHJLD SHQVDL DOOH PLH UDGLFL DOOD 'LYLQD &RP PHGLD GL 'DQWH $OLJKLHUL 3URJHW WDYR XQR VSD]LR WHDWUDOH GRSSLR GXH SDOFRVFHQLFL DL GXH HVWUHPL GHOOD VDOD H LO YLDJJLR GL 'DQWH LQ PH]]R IUD JOL VSHWWDWRUL QHOOR VSD]LR GHO 'LVRUGLQH ² XQD SDUR OD DQFKH TXHVWD GD VFULYHUH FRQ OD PDLXVFROD FRPH 1XOOH 3DUW &HUFDYR XQR VFHQRJUDIR H PL UL YROVL D .DQWRU &L LQFRQWUDPPR H SDUODPPR D OXQJR (UD FXULRVR H JHQWLOH 1RQ PRVWUz DIIDWWR LO FD UDWWHUDFFLR FKH VL GLFHYD D 2SR OH" ( LQ TXDOH WHDWUR DO =LHPL 2SROVNLHM" *OL ULVSRVL FKH ODYR UDYR FRQ *URWRZVNL 5LFRUGR LO ODPSR GHO VXR VJXDUGR .DQWRU VL DO]z VHQ]D XQD SDUROD H PL SLDQWz LQ DVVR 1RQ O·KR SL ULYLVWR 4XHVWD q DQHGGRWLFD QRQ q VWRULD /H ULYDOLWj OH JHORVLH OH JORULH H OH SDXUH VRQR VFKLXPD HIILPHUD H QRQ YDQQR FRQIXVH FRQ OH SRWHQWL RQGH GHO PDUH FKH VL DFFDQLVFRQR FRQWUR OD VWDELOLWj GHOOD WHUUDIHUPD 6H ULFKLDPR DOOD PHPRULD OH RQGH DSSDUHQWHPHQWH VFRPSDUVH
QRQ IDFFLR O·DSSHOOR G·XQD XPDU OD NODVD GL XQD ¶FODVVH PRUWD· 7DGHXV] .DQWRU +HLQHU 0 OOHU -XOLDQ %HFN &DUPHOR %HQH -HU ]\ *URWRZVNL 4XHVWH RQGH VRQR GLYHQWDWH FRUUHQWL SURIRQGH WHP SHUDQR LO FOLPD LQ FXL QRL DJLDPR SURIHVVLRQDOPHQWH VRQR LO QRVWUR PRQGR 6H TXHVWR PRQGR TXHVWR SRWHQWH UHDPH GL 1XOOH 3DUW WHQ WLDPR GL ULQFKLXGHUOR QHL FRQILQL FKH FKLDPLDPR ¶SDVVDWR· VLDPR QRL LQ UHDOWj D PRULUH 4XHOOH SHUVRQH DSSDUHQWHPHQ WH VFRPSDUVH QRQ VRQR L QRVWUL ULFRUGL 6RQR LO QRVWUR VDQJXH VRQR OR VSLULWR FKH FL PDQWLHQH LQ YLWD &KL PL FRQRVFH OR VD SL G·RJQL DOWUD HVSHULHQ]D SHU PH OD 3RORQLD IX *URWRZVNL 1RQ VHU YH ULSHWHUH FLz FKH KR GHWWR JLj WDQWH YROWH 4XHVWD FHULPRQLD GHO q OD VFHQD SL UHFHQWH GL XQ LQWUHFFLR FKH FRPLQFLz QHO FRQ O·LQFRQWUR D 2SROH G·XQ LWD OLDQR GL DQQL HPLJUDWR LQ 1RU YHJLD FKH DYHYD PROWR YLDJJLD WR FRQ XQ UHJLVWD SRODFFR GL DQQL FKH DYHYD JLUDWR SRFR SHU LO PRQGR PD DYHYD FRPLQFLDWR D HVSORUDUH OD JHRJUDILD YHUWLFDOH FRQRVFHYD O·DUWH GHOOD SROLWLFD H GHOOD GLVVLGHQ]D H VDSHYD PHW WHUOH DO VHUYL]LR GHOOD VROD OLEHUWj VSLULWXDOH 5LFRQRVFR LQ -HU]\ *URWRZVNL LO PLR 0DHVWUR (SSXUH QRQ PL VHQWR Qp XQ VXR DOOLHYR Qp XQ VXR VHJXDFH /H VXH GRPDQGH VRQR GLYHQXWH OH PLH /H PLH UL VSRVWH VRQR VHPSUH SL GLYHUVH GDOOH VXH -HU]\ *URWRZVNL DYHYD EXRQ VHQVR SHU TXHVWR HUD GLVWUXWWRUH GHO VHQVR FRPXQH H GHOOH LOOXVLR QL (UD O·XRPR GHO SDUDGRVVR H WUDVIRUPz LO SDUDGRVVR LQ XQ FRQ FUHWR SDHVH &RQTXLVWz OD SURSULD DXWRUHYROH]]D QHL WHUULWRUL GHO WHDWUR (UD XQ SURIHWD QHO VHQVR RULJLQDULR GHOOD SDUROD SHUFKp QRQ SDUODYD LQ QRPH SURSULR PD LQ QRPH GL XQ·RJJHWWLYLWj SRFR HYLGHQWH 3RVH OD GRPDQGD IRQGDPHQWDOH SHU LO WHDWUR GHO QRVWUR WHPSR OD SL GRORURVD H GHFLVLYD SHU LO VXR DYYHQLUH ,O WHDWUR FRPH DUWH OR LQWHUHVVDYD VROR FRPH SXQWR GL SDUWHQ]D Qp VL LOOXGHYD FKH GDO O·HVWHWLFD H GDOO·RULJLQDOLWj GLSHQ GHVVH LO VXR SRWHQ]LDOH IXWXUR &KLHVH VHPSOLFHPHQWH ©&KH FRVD YRJOLDPR IDUQH GHO WHD WUR"ª /H GRPDQGH SURIHWLFKH QRQ FR QLDQR SDUROH QXRYH 6RYYHUWRQR OH HVSUHVVLRQL FRPXQL 4XDQWH YROWH O·DEELDPR VHQWLWD ULSHWHUH TXHVWD GRPDQGD D FKH VHUYH LO WHDWUR" /H YHUH ULVSRVWH QRQ FL UDJJLXQJRQR DWWUDYHUVR OH SDUROH VRQR IDWWL &KH FRVD YRJOLDPR IDUQH GHO WHDWUR" 'REELDPR UDVVHJQDUFL D HVVHUH FXVWRGL GHOOH VXH IRUPH JRYHUQDWL GDL WXULVWL GDL IXQ]LR QDUL GHO PHFHQDWLVPR GDL UHJR ODPHQWL GHO VROHQQH PXVHR GHOOR ¶VSHWWDFROR YLYHQWH·" 2 YRJOLD PR GHFLGHUH FRQ OH QRVWUH D]LRQL SHUFKp TXHVWR DUWLJLDQDWR VLD FRVu
QHFHVVDULR D RJQXQR GL QRL FKH FRVD YDGD HVWUDWWR GD TXHVWR SUH VWLJLRVR UHSHUWR G·XQD VRFLHWj FKH QRQ F·q SL FRQ FKL ORWWDUH SHU UL FRQRVFHUH L VHJUHWL H OH SRWHQ]LD OLWj GHO QRVWUR DUWLJLDQDWR FRPH H GRYH ULIRQGHUH H XWLOL]]DUH L VXRL PDWHULDOL H OH VXH VRVWDQ]H" *URWRZVNL KD WUDVIRUPDWR XQ PRGR GL GLUH XQ GLVDJLR GLIIXVR H OD VFRQWHQWH]]D GHOOD JHQWH GL WHD WUR LQ XQD YHUD GRPDQGD ( KD ULVSRVWR FRQ O·HYLGHQ]D GHL IDWWL FRPSLXWL +D SUHVR GDOOD SURIHV VLRQH WHDWUDOH FLz FKH VHUYLYD SHU FUHDUH XQD ULJRURVD GLVFLSOLQD GL OLEHUWj VJDQFLDWD GD OHJDPL FRQ TXDOVLDVL PHWDILVLFD R GRWWULQD +D FLUFRVFULWWR XQD UHJLRQH PRO WR SDUWLFRODUH GHO UHDPH GL 1XOOH 3DUW XQR \RJD VHQ]D XQD PLWROR JLD FRQGLYLVD +D WUDFFLDWR OD URW WD GL XQ YLDJJLR YHUWLFDOH D SDUWLUH GDO WHDWUR $OOD UDGLFH GHOOD GRPDQGD IRQ GDPHQWDOH *URWRZVNL SLDQWz XQ WRWHP OD WHFQLFD 1RQ VL ULIHULYD DOOD PDQLSROD]LRQH GHJOL RJJHWWL H GHOOH PDFFKLQH PD DOO·LQGD JLQH HPSLULFD GHOO·D]LRQH XPD QD GHOO·HVVHUH XPDQR QHOOD VXD LQWHUH]]D H LQWHJULWj /D WHFQLFD HUD OD SUHPHVVD SHU XQ·XQLRQH GLIILFLOH D YROWH SUHFDULD GL TXHO FKH QHOOD YLWD TXRWLGLDQD q GLYLVR LO FRUSR H OD PHQWH OD SDUROD H LO SHQVLHUR O·LQWHQ]LRQH H O·D]LRQH ,O WRWHP HUD OD WHFQLFD GHOO·DWWRUH FLRq GHOOD UHOD]LRQH IUD XQ HVVHUH XPDQR H O·DOWUR ¶$WWRUH· VL GLFH DO VLQJRODUH PD VRWWLQWHQGH VHP SUH GXH SHUVRQH VHQ]D VSHWWDWRUH QRQ F·q DWWRUH ² H QHSSXUH 3HU IRUPHU DQFKH VH VFULWWR FRQ OHWWH UD PDLXVFROD 4XDOXQTXH VLD SRL LO PRGR LQ FXL OD QR]LRQH GL ¶VSHW WDWRUH· YHQJD GD QRL LQWHUSUHWDWD GHILQLWD LQFDUQDWD R LPPDJLQDWD 'RPDQGH LGHQWLFKH ² ULVSRVWH GLYHUJHQWL 1RQ q O·RUWRGRVVLD IH GHOH PD O·LQFRQWUR DWWUDYHUVR OH GLIIHUHQ]H FKH SHUPHWWH DO SDVVD WR GL FLUFRODUH LQ QRL FRPH LQ XQ VLVWHPD VDQJXLJQR ,O UHDPH GL 1XOOH 3DUW SURPHWWH DFFHWWD]LRQH LVSLUD VHQVR GL LVR ODPHQWR HVDOD FKLPHUH H LQ DOFX QL UDUL FDVL VSLQJH YHUVR OD SUR IRQGLWj Ë TXHVWR FKH OD WHFQLFD UHJDOD TXDQGR VL DYDQ]D OXQJR OD VXD VWUDGD OD FRQVDSHYROH]]D FKH OD FRVWUL]LRQH GLYHQWD XQR VWUXPHQWR GL OLEHUWj 1HO UHDPH GL 1XOOH 3DUW VHQWLH UL FKH SDUWRQR GD OXRJKL GLVWDQWL VL LQFRQWUDQR H VL IRQGRQR $OWUL FKH KDQQR OD VWHVVD RUL JLQH H VHPEUDQR LQGLVVROXELOL VL ELIRUFDQR 3RVVLDPR VFRSULUYL OH VFDOH FKH HVSORUDQR 9HUVR O·DO WR H YHUVR LO EDVVR OD JHRJUDILD YHUWLFDOH ( SRVVLDPR WURYDUH IRU WH]]H ¶GDOOH PXUD GL YHWUR· LQ FXL WHFQLFD H WHQVLRQL LGHDOL LQYHQ WDQR VWUDWHJLH FKH FL SHUPHWWRQR GL YLYHUH QHO QRVWUR WHPSR VHQ]D HVVHUH GHO QRVWUR WHPSR 1HOOR VSD]LR SDUDGRVVDOH GHO WHDWUR VL SRVVRQR FRVWUXLUH VWRULH SDUDOOH OH D TXHOOD 6WRULD FKH FL LQJORED H FL WUDVFLQD H WUDVIRUPDUH LQ VR OLGH UHOD]LRQL XPDQH L YDORUL FKH SDLRQR VROR VRJQL H LQJHQXLWj
7+( 385,7$1 3$,17(' )/$7 75,37<&+ 6(7 GHWDLO RI SO WULSW\FK VHWV RI HQJUDYLQJ WH[W HQJUDYLQJ [ µ [ FP &RXUWHV\ &KHLP 5HDG 1HZ <RUN 3KRWR 3HWHU %HOODP\
£Î 3DUOR GL IDWWL FRPSLXWL %DVWD DYHUH XQR VJXDUGR VXIILFLHQWH PHQWH DFXWR H VSHULPHQWDWR SHU GLVWLQJXHUH OD VWRULD VRWWHUUDQHD GHO WHDWUR QHO PRQGR PRGHUQR &RVD IDUQH GHO WHDWUR" /D PLD ULVSRVWD VH GHEER WUDGXUOD LQ SDUROH q XQ·LVROD JDOOHJJLDQ WH XQ·LVROD GL OLEHUWj 'HULVRULD SHUFKp q XQ JUDQHOOR GL VDEELD QHO YRUWLFH GHOOD VWRULD H QRQ FDPELD LO PRQGR 6DFUD SHUFKp QRQ FDP ELD QRL 6SHULPHQWR LO UHDPH GL 1XOOH 3DUW FRPH XQ UHJQR DEEDQGRQDWR GDL VXRL UH H GDOOH VXH UHJLQH /D VXD YLWD q UHJRODWD GD PROWH GLVFL SOLQH H QHVVXQD /HJJH Ë LO OXRJR LQ FXL VL SXz GLUH ©QRª VHQ]D VSURIRQGDUH QHOOD QH JD]LRQH GHJOL REEOLJKL H GHL OHJD PL Ë LO OXRJR GHO 5LILXWR FKH QRQ VL VHSDUD GDOOD UHDOWj FLUFRVWDQWH DQ]L GRYH O·DWWR GL ULILXWDUH SXz HVVHUH FHVHOODWR FRPH XQ JLRLHO OR FRPH XQD IDYROD DWWUDHQWH FKH SRL FL VRUSUHQGH TXDQGR FL VHPEUD FKH SDUOL GL RJJL H SUR SULR D QRL 2JJL LR VRQR FRPPRVVR SHU FKp VRQR GHQWUR XQD IDYROD H TXHVWD IDYROD q D 9DUVDYLD FKH PL YLHQH UDFFRQWDWD 4XDOH OXRJR SXz UDSSUHVHQWDUH LO FDVWHOOR GHO OH IDYROH PHJOLR GHOO·XQLYHUVLWj GHOOH RULJLQL GHO PLR SHUFRUVR SURIHVVLRQDOH DOOD TXDOH ULWRUQR FRPH GRFWRU KRQRULV FDXVD QHO TXLQWR DWWR GHOOD PLD YLWD" (SSXUH LQ TXHVWR VWHVVR PR PHQWR ULYHGR OH RVVD FKH L EXO OGR]HU VFDYDYDQR DOOD OXFH IUD OH PDFHULH GL 9DUVDYLD DQFRUD DOO·LQL]LR GHJOL DQQL 6HVVDQWD $SSDUWHQJR D TXHOOD JHQHUD]LR QH GL JLRYDQL DIIDPDWL GL OLEUL FKH TXDQGR DO]DYDQR JOL RFFKL ULVFKLDYDQR GL YHGHUH RVVD IUD OD WHUUD H OH PDFHULH SRUWDWH YLD GDL FDPLRQ FKH ULFRVWUXLYDQR O·(X URSD GRSR OD 6HFRQGD *XHUUD 0RQGLDOH 6FRSULYDQR XQ·DOWUD IDPH ROWUH TXHOOD SHU LO VDSHUH H L OLEUL &RPH VH VHQ]D OHJJHUH QRQ VL SRWHVVH UHVSLUDUH PD WXWWL L OL EUL SRL IRVVHUR Ou SHU QDVFRQGHUH OD YHULWj 3HU DOFXQL GL QRL FKH KDQQR JR GXWR O·HORTXHQ]D H OD SRHVLD GHL OLEUL DFFDQWR DOO·RUULGR PXWLVPR GHOOH RVVD GHJOL DQRQLPL DVVDV VLQDWL LO WHDWUR q VWDWR XQ SRQWH IUD OD IDPH GL VDSHUH H OD IDPH GL TXHO FKH VL ULYHOD TXDQGR VL DEEDQGRQD LO VDSHUH 8Q SRQWH FKH VL SXz FRVWUXLUH FRQ PHWR GR VHFRQGR OH PLJOLRUL UHJROH GHOO·DUFKLWHWWXUD PD FKH QRQ q IDWWR SHUFKp FL VL IHUPL VX GL HVVR FRPH VH IRVVH XQ WUDJXDUGR 6u LO WHDWUR q XQ·DUWH 0D OD VXD EHOOH]]D QRQ EDVWD D UDSLUFL 4XH VW·DUWH q VWDWD D OXQJR VYDOXWDWD 3RL ILQDOPHQWH q VWDWD DSSUH]]D WD H SUHPLDWD FRPH PHULWD 'H JOL DSSUH]]DPHQWL H GHL SUHPL L PLHL FRPSDJQL GHOO·2GLQ H LR YL ULQJUD]LDPR FRPPRVVL 0D DE ELDPR YLVWR OH RVVD 1RQ VL SXz SUHWHQGHUH FKH OD SRPSD GHOOH FH ULPRQLH WHDWUDOL H OD ORUR VROHQQL Wj DSSDJKL OD QRVWUD IDPH , YRVWUL SDOD]]L GHOOH IDYROH VRQR IDWWL SHU
HVVHUH YLVLWDWL H ODVFLDWL 6H FL DW WDFFKLDPR D HVVL FL WUDVIRUPLDPR LQ ILJXUH LOOXVRULH QHOOH PDQL GHO OH VWUHJKH H GHJOL RUFKL FKH VLDPR GLYHQWDWL $PR LO WHDWUR SHUFKp PL ULSX JQDQR OH LOOXVLRQL 1RQ FUHGR FKH OR VFRQWHQWR ² TXHVWR VSLULWR GL ULEHOOLRQH FKH PL FDYDOFD ² SRV VD DOOD ILQH DFTXLHWDUVL 4XDQGR VHPEUD ULGRWWR DO VLOHQ]LR VHQ WR O·RGRUH GHOOD PHQ]RJQD VDOL UH DOOH QDULFL 6H OR VFRQWHQWR VL DFTXLHWDVVH GHO WHDWUR QRQ VDSUHL SL FKH IDUPHQH 5LSHWHUH ULSHWHUH ULSHWHUH /·D]LRQH LQ WHDWUR q IDWWD SHU HV VHUH ULSHWXWD QRQ SHU UDJJLXQJH UH XQR VFRSR H DQGDUH ROWUH 5L SHWHUH VLJQLILFD UHVLVWHUH RSSRUUH UHVLVWHQ]D DOOR VSLULWR GHO WHPSR DOOH VXH SURPHVVH H PLQDFFH 6ROR GRSR HVVHUH VWDWD ULSHWXWD H ILVVDWD XQD SDUWLWXUD SXz FRPLQ FLDUH D YLYHUH &DGUj DQFRUD PROWD QHYH LO JHOR WRUQHUj 'DOO·LQWHUQR GL TXH VWR ODERULRVR VFRQWHQWR IDWWR GL D]LRQL DSSOLFDQGR TXHVWR DUWLJLD QDWR GHOOD GLVVLGHQ]D FKH FKLDPR WHDWUR L PLHL FRPSDJQL GHOO·2GLQ H LR FL VIRU]LDPR GL QRQ FHGHUH DOOH WHQWD]LRQL GHO SURJUHVVR H DO O·LPSHWR GHO WHPSR 6HQ]D WXUED PHQWR FRQ DFFDQWR L QRVWUL PRUWL DPDWL H SHU QRL VHPSUH LQ YLWD JXDUGLDPR TXHO FKH GL QRL JLRUQR SHU JLRUQR VH QH YD $QFRUD XQD YROWD L PLHL FRPSD JQL GHOO·2GLQ 7HDWUHW H LR YL ULQ JUD]LDPR 'D TXHVWD FDWWHGUD QRQ DEELDPR DOWUD OH]LRQH GD WUDVPHW WHUH D SDUROH D FRORUR FKH KDQQR RJJL YHQWL R YHQWLFLQTXH DQQL
Ì,3. 1 "$ /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV
WUDGX]LRQH GL )UDQFHVFD &DGHO &RQRVFL LO FLHOR GL 1HZ <RUN" 'RYUHVWL XQ FLHOR GD FRQRVFHUH ,PSRQHQWH 8QD FRVD VHULD 7L UL FRUGL LO FLHOR GL 3DULJL" &RVu LQDI ILGDELOH LO SL GHOOH YROWH JULJLR VSHVVR DIRVR H XPLGR PDL SHU IHWWR GDYYHUR WHQWDWR GD QXYROH H RPEUH SLRJJLD EUH]]D H VROH D YROWH VL PDQLIHVWDQR LQVLHPH 0D LO FLHOR GL 1HZ <RUN q EOX UD GLFDOPHQWH EOX /D OXFH q ELDQFD GL XQ ELDQFR FKH UHQGH JORULRVL H O·DULD q IRUWH UHVSLUDUOD ID EHQH 1RQ VL VFKHU]D FRQ TXHO FLHOR 8QD FRVD EHOOD 3XUD &RQ ,O SXULWDQR KR DQDOL]]DWR XQ HSLVRGLR DFFDGXWR TXDUDQW·DQQL SULPD +R SRWXWR YHGHUH OH FRVH FRQ XQD FHUWD GLVWDQ]D« OH KR PHVVH LQ SURVSHWWLYD /D JHR PHWULD HUD XQR VWUXPHQWR SHU FDSLUH« HUD XQ SLDFHUH« F·HUD RUGLQH ,QYHFH GL SHUFHSLUH XQD SHUVRQD QHOO·DWWR GL SHUGHUH LO UHVSLUR KR FRQVLGHUDWR OD VLWXD ]LRQH LQ PRGR RJJHWWLYR VFLHQ WLILFR QRQ HPRWLYR 1RQ PL LQ WHUHVVDYD OR VWDWR G·DQVLD PD OD SURVSHWWLYD OD FDSDFLWj GL YHGHUH OH FRVH GD SXQWL GL YLVWD GLYHUVL *XDUGDUH H YHGHUH« WX JXDUGL FRPH LQWHQGL JXDUGDUH« WX YHGL TXHOOR FKH SXRL &·q OD JHRPHWULD HXFOLGHD PD FL VRQR DQFKH QXPHURVH DOWUH JHR PHWULH FRVu FKH SXRL WURYDUH XQD YLD G·XVFLWD GDOOD ULJLGLWj GHO VL VWHPD HXFOLGHR LQ XQD GLUH]LRQH GL OLEHUWj ,O VLVWHPD HXFOLGHR q UDVVLFXUDQWH SHUFKq QLHQWH SXz DQGDUH VWRUWR« PD QRQ q OD JHR PHWULD GHO SLDFHUH 3HU VRSUDY YLYHUH GHYL DYHUH GHJOL LWLQHUDUL GLIIHUHQWL« JHRPHWULH GLIIHUHQWL 0D OD JHRPHWULD q XQR VWUXPHQ WR« VROWDQWR XQR VWUXPHQWR Ë XQ PH]]R QRQ XQ ILQH 7XWWH TXHVWH LQFLVLRQL VRQR GLYHU VH 6RQR LOOXVLRQL RWWLFKH« WXWWH KDQQR SL GL XQ VLJQLILFDWR 7X KDL XQD UHDOWj LR QH KR XQ·DOWUD 'L TXDQWD OLEHUWj DYUj ELVRJQR OD JHRPHWULD« GL TXDQWD QH DYUDL ELVRJQR WX" 4XDOL VRQR L OLPLWL SULPD FKH VL SURGXFD XQD IUDWWX UD" &·q VHPSUH SDXUD GL SHUGHUH OD FRVFLHQ]D GHL SURSUL OLPLWL« 0D OH LOOXVLRQL RWWLFKH VRQR UDV VLFXUDQWL« KDQQR XQD GLPHQVLR QH GL VHJUHWR« OD JHQWH QRQ VD GL FRVD VWDL SDUODQGR 7L FRVWULQJRQR D FDOLEUDUH LO WXR PRGR GL YHGHUH 1RQ VL SXz HVVHUH FRVu ULJLGL« ELVRJQD DGDWWDUVL DOOD ILJXUD
ÃÕ`
£{ . 8 Ì,.$ $! " Ì
VROR HVVHUH XQ VHJQR GL PDODW WLD /H FLWWj SRVVRQR GLYHQLUH GHOOH VFHQRJUDILH LQWHUVFDPELD ELOL H -XGLWK *RGUqFKH DYHUH XQ PDORUH WDQWR VXOOD 7RUUH (LIIHO TXDQWR VXOOD 6DJUDGD )DPLOLD
2OLYLHU 0DLOODUW
WUDGX]LRQH GL /DXUD 7RSSDQ
( DGHVVR O·(XURSD 3URSULR O·(X URSD ( SRLFKp FL YLYR q FRPXQ TXH VHPSUH SL IDFLOH $OPHQR D SULRUL SHUFKp PL VRQR UHVR FRQWR FKH q IRUVH GLYHQXWR SL GLIILFLOH YHGHUH D 3DULJL XQ ILOP HXURSHR QRQ IUDQFHVH FKH XQ ILOP FLQH VH R LUDQLDQR 6H YL SLDFH YHGHUH 0DJJLH &KHXQJ FDPPLQDUH DO UDOOHQWDWRUH PHQWUH YD DG DFTXL VWDUH GHJOL ¶VSDJKHWWL FLQHVL· D PH SLDFH PROWR QHVVXQ SUREOH PD VH YL SLDFFLRQR L EDPELQL FKH URQ]DQR LQWRUQR D XQD ODYDJQD D XQ SR]]R R XQ PHOR QHOO·DULGD FDPSDJQD GL ;HU[qV QRQ ULHQ WUD QHL PLHL JXVWL QRQ q SRL FRVu GLIILFLOH 0D WURYDUH XQ ILOP SR ODFFR UXPHQR R DQFKH LWDOLDQR q XQ YHUR WHUQR DO ORWWR %LVRJQD PHWWHUFL YRORQWj DYHUH SD]LHQ]D H« D YROWH QRQ EDVWD QHPPHQR *XDUGR OD OLVWD GHL ILOP FKH KR YLVWR D SDUWLUH GD JHQQDLR VLDPR D PHWj JLXJQR RWWR ILOP DPHUL FDQL VHL ILOP LWDOLDQL GL FXL FLQ TXH VRQR SHOOLFROH UHVWDXUDWH XQ FDUWRQH DQLPDWR JLDSSRQHVH XQ ILOP DUJHQWLQR XQR EUDVLOLDQR XQR VRYLHWLFR PXWR H O·XOWLPR GL /DUV 9RQ 7ULHU TXLQGL GDQHVH PD LQ OLQJXD LQJOHVH 3HUz RUD FRPLQFLR D FKLHGHUPL VH VLD OD SHUVRQD SL LQGLFDWD SHU VFULYHUH XQ DUWLFROR VXO FLQHPD HXURSHR ,Q UHDOWj QRQ ULHVFR D VXSHUDUH L PLHL VFUXSROL PD GDO PRPHQWR FKH ELVRJQD SXU VFULYHUH TXDOFKH FRVD PL GLFR FKH VL SXz WHQWDUH XQD EUHYH DQDOLVL VX TXHVWD FD UHQ]D /D SULPD LGHD FKH PL YLHQH q FKH QRQ VRQR VXIILFLHQWHPHQWH FXULRVR 0D SUHIHULUHL FRPXQ TXH QRQ HVVHUH O·XQLFR UHVSRQ VDELOH IRUVH q DQFKH SHUFKp VL KDQQR UDUH RFFDVLRQL GL YHGHUH ILOP HXURSHL QRQ IUDQFHVL D 3D ULJL 4XDOL SRWUHEEHUR HVVHUH OH UDJLRQL GL XQD WDOH VLWXD]LRQH" )RUVH TXHVWL ILOP QRQ VRQR DEED VWDQ]D YDOLGL H TXLQGL QRQ HVFRQR QHPPHQR LQ FDUWHOORQH R IRUVH LQYHFH HVFRQR H YL ULPDQJRQR FRVu SRFR WHPSR FKH OL SHUGLDPR R IRUVH XRPLQL GDQDURVL VXSSRU WR GHO *UDQ &DSLWDOH SULYLOHJLDQR JOL LQFDVVL D GDQQR GHOOD IHOLFLWj H GHOOD VHUHQLWj GHJOL LQGLYLGXL HFFR SHUFKp VL GRYUHEEH SURSRU UH XQ SDUWQHULDWR D ´/H 0RQGH GLSORPDWLTXHµ SUHQRWDQGR WXWWH OH VDOH SHU WUDVPHWWHUH 0DWUL[ H TXL SRWUHPPR YROHUJOLHQH H QRQ UHVWD SL SRVWR SHU OH SHUOH GHO FL QHPD LVODQGHVH R VORYHQR 7XWWR FLz q SRVVLELOH IRUVH LQ SDUWH DQFKH YHUR PD SRVVLDPR DQFKH FRQFHQWUDUFL VXL ILOP FKH KR SRWXWR LQYHFH YHGHUH H FHUFD UH GL WURYDUH GHJOL LQGL]L /·HVSH ULHQ]D VHQVLELOH FKH UHQGH QHFHV VDULD H D YROWH JUDGHYROH OD SURLH ]LRQH GL XQ ILOP GHOOD FLQHPDWR JUDILD HXURSHD ROWUH DO IDWWR FKH FL HYLWD GL YHGHUH XQ ILOP IUDQFH VH q DQFKH LO IDWWR FKH FL RIIUH OD SRVVLELOLWj G·HYDGHUH &L SHUPHW WH GL YHGHUH XQ PRQGR IRUVH YL FLQR PD GL SHUFHSLUQH OH UDJLRQL OHJJHUPHQWH GLYHUVH G·HVLVWHUH GHJOL XVL H FRVWXPL D QRL HVWUDQHL GHL FRUSL SL EHOOL D YROWH ,O WHP SR GHL *LWDQL QRQ q SURSULR LO PL JOLRU ILOP GL .XVWXULFD PD DOPH QR FL Gj OD SRVVLELOLWj GL YHGHUH LO PRQGR LQ SDUWLFRODUH O·(XURSD GHOO·DOWR GDOO·(XURSD GHO EDVVR ² SHU SDUODUH FRPH LO QRVWUR SULPR PLQLVWUR 5DIIDULQ ² GL YHGHUH DOWUL XRPLQL FKH YLYRQR R PXRLRQR LQ PRGR GLYHUVR YLFLQL FHUWR PD SULPD GL WXWWR ¶DPDELOL· SHU FLz FKH SRVVLHGRQR GL VWUDQLHUR SRL FKp OD GLIIHUHQ]D SXz HVVHUH XQD UDJLRQH G·DPDUH 1H /·RUD GL UH OLJLRQH %HOORFFKLR ULHVFH D UHQGH UH YLYR LQ XQ·DWPRVIHUD RYDWWDWD H LQTXLHWDQWH XQ XQLYHUVR LQFUH GLELOPHQWH HVRWLFR SHU XQ IUDQFH VH GLIILFLOH LQ HIIHWWL QHO QRVWUR SDHVH DVVRFLDUH OD &KLHVD DO SR WHUH DO FRPSORWWR R DOO·RVWHQWDWD PDJQLILFHQ]D GD TXDOFKH DQQR LO FDWWROLFHVLPR IUDQFHVH q FD UDWWHUL]]DWR GD FDQ]RQL VFRXW 7 VKLUW VJDUJLDQWL H GD XQ DPELHQWH VLPSDWLFR H ULODVVDWR 'HO UHVWR FRPH QRQ HVVHUH FDWWXUDWL GDOOD VWRULD DIIDVFLQDWL GDOOD EHOOH]]D
,O ILOP GL %HOORFFKLR q EHOOR SHUFKp QRQ VL SXz UDFFRQWDUH FKH D 5RPD TXHOOR GL .ODSLVK q VSDYHQWRVR SHUFKp OD YLVLRQH GHO PRQGR FKH SURSRQH H FKH VL XQLVFH D TXHOOD GL -HXQHW FL GLFH FKH QRQ F·q SL QLHQWH G·(XURSD FKH RYXQTXH OD JLRYHQW VL ULFR QRVFH QRQ LQ YDORUL FRPXQL PD VHPSOLFHPHQWH QHO VHQWLPHQWR GHOOD VXD XQLIRUPLWj ( FRVu VL UHDOL]]D FLz FKH VFULYHYD &LRUDQ ©1RQ SL IURQWLHUH QRQ SL DOWUL OXRJKL >«@ GXQTXH Qp SL OLEHUWj Qp SL LOOXVLRQLª 5LDVVXPLDPR QRQ VL YHGR QR SL ILOP HXURSHL )RUVH PDQ PDQR FKH O·(XURSD LVWLWX]LRQDOH VL FRVWUXLVFH OD UDSSUHVHQWD]LR QH DUWLVWLFD GHOO·(XURSD H TXLQ GL OD SRVVLELOLWj GL FRQRVFHUOD DWWUDYHUVR QRQ GHOOH FLIUH H GHL GHFUHWL PD GHOOH HVSHULHQ]H VHQ VLELOL VL ID VHPSUH SL GLVFUHWD ,QROWUH TXDQGR XQ ILOP DPELVFH D SUHVHQWDUFL OD UHDOWj GHOOD JLR YHQW HXURSHD DWWUDYHUVR O·LP PDJLQH GL VLPSDWLFL VWXGHQWL FL PRVWUD XQD JLRYHQW IDWWD FRQ OR VWDPSR
IRWR GL 6HUJLR 9DUULDOH
$OORUD FKH IDUH" GLFHYD /HQLQ 5LWRUQDUH D YHGHUH ( OD QDYH YD PL VHPEUHUHEEH UDJLRQHYROH LQ DWWHVD GL PHJOLR
"
" , . Ì! Ì/1 Ì 3 . " $¸ )UDQFHVFR 'H &ULVWRIDUR
GHOOH OXFL H GL YROWD LQ YROWD GL YHUWLWL H DPDUHJJLDWL" ,O FLQHPD GDWR FKH SXz HVVHUH LO ¶OLQJXDJJLR GHOOD UHDOWj· SHU ULSUHQGHUH O·LPSDJDELOH PRGR GL HVSULPHUVL GL 3DVROLQL FL RIIUH FRPH LO URPDQ]R OD SRVVLELOL Wj GHOOD FRQRVFHQ]D DWWUDYHUVR XQ·HVSHULHQ]D HVLVWHQ]LDOH ILWWL ]LD ( VH O·(XURSD q LO ©PDVVLPR GL GLYHUVLWj VXO PLQLPR GL WHUUL WRULRª DOORUD LO VXR FLQHPD GHYH SRWHU HVVHUH XQ·HQRUPH IRQWH GL FRQRVFHQ]D SHU LO PRQGR SRLFKp SXz RIIULUH XQD YDULHWj GL VJXDUGL DKL DKL HFFR XQD PHWDIRUD FRQ WHVWDELOH GL VHQVD]LRQL GL OXR JKL SHU FKL YXROH FRQWLQXDUH DG LPSDUDUH $OORUD OD TXHVWLRQH QRQ q SL XQLFDPHQWH TXHOOD GHOOD GLVSRQL ELOLWj GHL ILOP PD SLXWWRVWR TXHO OD GHOOR VJXDUGR FKH HVVL SUR SRQJRQR 4XL LO WHUURUH DXPHQ WD VRSUDWWXWWR VH FL VL ULYROJH DO FLQHPD IUDQFHVH /D ULVWUHWWH]]D GHOO·LPPDJLQDULR OD PDQFDQ]D GL FXULRVLWj H OH FDSDFLWj HYLGHQ WL GL DQQRLDUH KDQQR VHPSUH IDWWR SDUWH GHL SXQWL IRUWL GHOOD QRVWUD FLQHPDWRJUDILD QD]LRQDOH ULFR QRVFLXWD SHU TXHVWR EHQ DO GL Oj GHOOH QRVWUH IURQWLHUH 0D DQFKH XQ ILOP FRPH /D FKLQRLVH PDQ WLHQH XQ VXR LQWHUHVVH SHUFKp FL DSUH XQ YHOR VXOOD JLRYHQW GHO · LQVWDXUDQGR XQ GLDORJR XQD SDUWHFLSD]LRQH DQFRUD SRVVLELOH SHUFKp F·q SHU OR VSHWWDWRUH OD VFRSHUWD GHOOD GLYHUVLWj $PpOLH 3RXODLQ LO ILOP FKH GHYH UDS SUHVHQWDUH OD )UDQFLD DOO·HVWH UR SHUFKp OD )UDQFLD GHYH DV VRPLJOLDUH DG $PpOLH 3RXODLQ XQD 3DULJL GHJQD QHPPHQR GL 'LVQH\ PROWR DO GL VRWWR GHJOL $ULVWRJDWWL $PpOLH GXQTXH q XQ FLQHPD FKH ULILXWD LO GLDORJR SHUFKp QRQ DPD OD YHUD GLYHUVLWj DPD VROR FLz FKH WXWWL JLj FRQR VFRQR SHU GL SL FRQ OD SUHVHQ
]D GL XQ RUUHQGR ILOWUR YHUGH $OORUD L EDUERQL VDUDQQR DQFKH VLPSDWLFL PD VRQR FRVu SDULJLQL FKH SRWUHEEHUR HVVHUH GL /RQGUD VH SUHQGHVVHUR LO Wq R GL 1DSROL VH FDQWDVVHUR 2· VROH PLR SHU FKp QRQ ULHVFRQR D FRQYLQFHUFL GHOOD ORUR HVLVWHQ]D SDUWLFRODUH 1RQ VRQR QHPPHQR GHOOH LGHH PD L UHVLGXL GL XQD PLWRORJLD FKH VRSSRUWD VROR OH GLIIHUHQ]H VXO OH TXDOL WXWWL FRQFRUGDQR H FKH UHQGH TXLQGL LPSRVVLELOH RJQL VRUSUHVD 0D IRUVH TXHVWR ULILXWR GHO FRQFUHWR q VROR OD FRQVHJXHQ]D GL XQ·DOWUD WHQGHQ]D FKH VSLHJD DQFKH OD GLIILFROWj GL YHGHUH XQ SH]]R GL UHDOWj HXURSHD VX XQR VFKHUPR GL 3DULJL L ILOP HXUR SHL VRQR FRVWUXLWL VXO PRGHOOR GHOO·8( VXOOD UDUHID]LRQH GHO OH GLYHUVLWj 3UHQGLDPR FRPH HVHPSLR VHQ]D SDUODUH GL FR SURGX]LRQL LQJOHVL XQ ILOP FRPH /·$SSDUWDPHQWR VSDJQROR 3UH VHQWD XQD JLRYHQW FRRO VLPSD WLFD VSRQWDQHD H WROOHUDQWH FKH ID GLIILFROWj DG DFFHWWDUH OH GLIIH UHQ]H WUD OH QD]LRQL FKH QRQ HVL VWRQR SL 2VVLD LO FRPSOHWDPHQ WR GHOOD UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQH UDVVL FXUDQWH GHOOD GLYHUVLWj OD GLYHU VLWj GD LQGLYLGXR D LQGLYLGXR 6L VD FKH LO WHGHVFR QRQ GHYH HVVHUH SURSULR FRPH LO IUDQFHVH R FKH O·LQJOHVH SXz HVVHUH GLVWLQWD GDO OD EHOJD 6ROR FKH QRQ OR VL VD SL VH QRQ OR VL YHGH 4XHVWL JLRYD QL FKH GLYLGRQR OD VWHVVD FXOWXUD IDWWD GL PXVLFD WHFKQR GL VFDP EL (UDVPXV H GL WROOHUDQ]D VHQ]D IURQWLHUH SRWUHEEHUR YLYHUH OD VWHVVD DYYHQWXUD D %HUOLQR FRPH DG $WHQH /D 6WRULD q VFRPSDUVD VL SHUFHSLVFH DSSHQD OD UL DSSD UL]LRQH GL XQ SR· GL SDVVDWR QHOOD SHUVRQD GL (UDVPXV FKH GHDP EXOD SHU OH VWUDGH VL WUDWWD FR PXQTXH GL XQ·DOOXFLQD]LRQH GHO O·HURH XQ SR· VSRVVDWR LO ULFRUGR GHOOD FXOWXUD HXURSHD VDSUHEEH
4XDOFXQR DYUj QRWDWR FRQ TXD OH LSQRWLFD OHQWH]]D L EDPELQL VL SHUGDQR QHL ORUR JLRFKL R QHO OH ORUR FRQYHUVD]LRQL SULYDWH FRPH VHPEUL LPSRVVLELOH VFLR JOLHUH TXHO ORUR PRUPRUDUH ILWWR ILWWR FKH FRVt VSHVVR FL LQFXULR VLVFH H FL ID JHORVL JHORVL GL XQD DSSDUWHQHQ]D SHUGXWD R QRQ SL~ HVHUFLWDWD 4XHO GLDORJR FKH q TXDVL LQWHULRUH PLPD XQD FRQGL ]LRQH LGHDOH FKH VSHVVR QHO JLR FR YLHQH SHUILQR HVSOLFLWDWD O·LQ YLVLELOLWj FKH VHUYH D SURWHJJHUH XQ PRQGR GHOLFDWR VRWWRSRVWR DO WLWDQLFR VIRU]R GL YLQFHUH OR VSD ]LR H LO WHPSR SHUFKp QHO JLRFR LQ TXHJOL DWWLPL LQFDQWDWL LO EDP ELQR FUHVFH H FRPSLH LO YLDJJLR LQLPPDJLQDELOH FKH OR VHSDUD GDO SURSULR GHVWLQR 'L WXWWR TXHVWR HJOL q FKLDUDPHQWH LQFRQ VDSHYROH H FRPH GLUHEEH &ULVWL QD &DPSR VROR TXDQGR OD VXD PHPRULD VL ULFKLXGHUj FRPH XQ FHUFKLR VRSUD L VXRL VWHVVL LQL]L LO EDPELQR GLYHUUj FRQVDSHYROH GL TXHVWR YLDJJLR ,QWDQWR q EHQH FKH L EDPELQL FRPSLDQR LO ORUR YLDJJLR LQFRQ VDSHYROL Ë EHQH QRQ GLVWXUEDUH LO ORUR WHQWDWLYR GL HVVHUH LQYLVLELOL (V VHQ]LDOH SHU OD EXRQD ULXVFLWD GL XQ ODYRUR FKH FRLQYROJD EDPEL QL q OD FRQVDSHYROH]]D GL TXHVWD WHQVLRQH YHUVR O·LQYLVLELOLWj IDU VL LQYLVLELOH H SHGLQDUH L SURSUL SHUVRQDJJL QRQ q VROR XQ PHWR GR VLFXUR SHU DVFROWDUQH SDUROH H VLOHQ]L PD XQ GRYHUH HWLFR SUL PDULR SHU ULVSHWWDUQH OD YHULWj ,O EDPELQR FKH UHFLWD QRQ LPLWD H QRQ LQYHQWD VHPSOLFHPHQWH YLYH LQ TXHO GHWHUPLQDWR VSD]LR XQ GHWHUPLQDWR VHQWLPHQWR FKH FRQRVFH SHU FRPSDUD]LRQH R SHU LQWXL]LRQH &·q XQD 1DSROL GLVVHVWDWD VX EXUEDQD HVFUHVFHQWH FKH LO FL QH PD FL VWD UDFFRQWDQGR QHJOL XOWL PL DQQL FRQ XQ QXRYR H FRUDJ
¥² JLRVR UHDOLVPR FUHDWXUDOH H FRQ XQD OXFH IUHGGD 1RQ SL~ O·RUR GL 1DSROL Qp OD VXD SROYHUH QRQ SL~ JOL LGLOOL GHL PDFFKHURQL PDQJLDWL LQ EXRQD FRPSDJQLD VXJOL VFRJOL GL 0HU JHOOLQD H QHSSXUH L FDUERQFLQL GHL FRPSOLFDWL LQWULJKL GL GRQQH H YLFROL H GL VFXJQL]]L OXFFLFDQ WL VRSUD OH URYLQH GHOOD QDSROH WDQHULD 1RQ SL~ OD ULFHUFD GL XQ·LPSUREDELOH OLQJXD FRPXQH ©YHVXYLDQDª FRPH XQD VRUWD GL ¶PDWHULD· HWQLFD DOOD TXDOH ULFRQ GXUUH YLVLRQL GHO PRQGR H SRH WLFKH GL XQ PHULGLRQH LQ YH FH VHPSUH SL~ PROWHSOLFH H VFLVVR ( QHPPHQR JOL VSD]L GHJOL XOWLPL ODYRUL GL 0DUWRQH H GL &DSXDQR ULEROOHQWL GL JXHUUH IUD WHD WUL H GL WUDJHGLH GL FDPRUUD H GL FKLHVD WDQWR SL~ FLQHPDWRJUDILFDPHQWH UDIILQDWL H DXWHQWLFL TXHVWL DQ FKH SHUFKp VFUXWDWL GD XQ RFFKLR LQWHUQR H SURIRQGR QRQ DQWURSR ORJLFR PD ORFDOL]]DWL DQFK·HVVL SURSULR DO FHQWUR GHO ©JUDQ FRUSR PDWURQDOH H VFLDQFDWR UHWRULFR H DJJUHVVLYRª GHOOD FLWWj FRVt *LDQFDUOR 0D]]DFXUDWL LQ DOFX QH VPDJOLDQWL SDJLQH SUHIDWRULH D XQD UDFFROWD GL VFULWWL ¶FLYLOL· GL 9LWWRULR 5XVVR /·DOWUR VFULW WRLR FRQ TXHOOD ORUR FLIUD GROHQ WH H JURWWHVFD FRQ TXHOOH WUDFFH YLWDOL FRVt UHVLVWHQWL QHO ULFRUGR GHOOD FRPXQLWj HSSXUH PDL DE EDVWDQ]D ULFDOFDWH &KL QRQ q PDL VWDWR QHOOD &D VRULD GL 3DWHU )DPLOLDV GL )UDQ FHVFR 3DWLHUQR QHOOD %DFROL GHO O·8R PR LQ SL~ GL 3DROR 6RU UHQWLQR QHO 9LOODJJLR &RSSROD SURYLQFLD FDVHUWDQD VXOOD FDUWD GHOO·,PEDO VD PD WRUH GL 0DWWHR *DUURQH QRQ SXz UHQGHUVL FRQWR ILQR LQ IRQGR GL FRVD QH VLD VWDWR GHOO·HVVHQ]D ² SL~ FKH GHOO·LGHQ WLWj ² QDSROHWDQD 6WLQWD DOLHQDWD RSDFL]]DWD GDOOD SHUGLWD GHOO·DU PR QLD H GDOOH UHFLWH FROOHWWLYH GHOOH TXDOL FRVt VSHVVR VL SDUOD WDQWR GD ULVFKLDUH GL GLYHQLUH D ORUR YROWD DOLEL HVVD VL q LQILQH GLIIXVD LQ PLOOH QRQ OXRJKL GRYH VROR LO VDFUR R LO PL WR SRVVRQR IRUVH IDUH GD WHVVXWR FRQQHWWLYR 0D QRQ q XQ LPEDVWDUGLPHQWR FKH LO FLQHPD DEELD DYYHUWLWR O·LP SXO VR D YHGHUH TXHVWR DOWUR YHQWUH QRQ FRVWLWXLVFH SHU XQD YROWD O·HVSUHV VLR QH GL XQ YLHWR VRFLRORJLVPR VLD HV VR LQ FKLD YH GL LGRODWULD SRSXOLVWD RSSXUH GL FRQGDQQD ILJXUDOH 6L WUDWWD SLXWWRVWR GL XQR VODQFLR D ULGL VHJQDUH LQ SURIRQGLWj OD PDSSD GHO GLVVHVWR Ë XQ IXRFR DPLFR TXHVWR FKH UHVWLWXLVFH ILQDOPHQ WH D VH VWHVVR VHQ]D FRQ TXHVWR UHGLPHUOR LO VXG GHO 6XG 3HUFKp GHO FRU SR GHOOD FLWWj L QRQ OXRJKL ² ©QRQ LGHQWLWDUL Qp UHOD]LRQDOL Qp VWRULFLª ² SRVVRQR RUD HVVH UH QRQ O·HQ QHVLPD JHPPD]LRQH PD OD GLPRUD SL~ UDGLFDOH SUR SULR LQ TXDQWR GHWHUULWRULDOL]]D WD VHFRQGR TXHO O·LQFRQVDSHYROH HVWHQVLRQH DOOHJRULFD UDYYLVDWD GD )UDQFHVFR 2UODQGR QHO *DW WRSDUGR FKH SRUWD XQD VSHFLILFD ©SHULIHULDª D GLYHQL UH OD SHULIH ULD R VH VL FUHGH LO VXG XQL YHUVDOL]]DQGRVL H FRQYHUWHQGRVL LQ FDWHJRULD 8QD WHUUD GDQWHVFDPHQWH HOLR WLDQDPHQWH ©JXDVWDª q DQFKH OR VFHQDULR GHJOL HYHQ WL GHOOD 9ROSH D WUH ]DPSH FKH 6DQGUR 'LRQL VLR KD WUDWWR FRO SDUWLWR SUHVR GL XQ·HVWUHPD IHGHOWj QDUUDWLYD GDOO·RUL JL QDOLVVLPR H VWUXJJHQWH URPDQ]R RPRQLPR GL )UDQFH VFR &RVWD OD ED UDFFRSROL GHOOD &DQ]DQHOOD FDPSR GL ULFRYHUL SURYYLVRUL FKH QHJOL DQ QL · ¶VRUJHYD· ² PD LO YHUER ULVFKLD GL FRQWHQHUH XQD LURQLD ROWUDJJLRVD ² QHO TXDUWLHUH DOORUD PDU JLQDOH GL )XRULJURWWD 8Q QRQ OXRJR GL WLSR GLYHUVR FRVWLWXLWRVL SULPD DQFRUD FKH 1DSROL VL IDFHVVH FLW Wj SRURVD *Lj QHO WHVWR OHWWHUD ULR GL SDUWHQ]D LO FDPSR VL Gj FRPH VSD]LR DOWUR DOWUR GDOOD FDVD LQ FXL LO SURWDJRQLVWD O·XQGLFHQQH 9LWWR ULR KD WUDVFRUVR XQ·LQIDQ ]LD IHOLFH PD DQFKH DOWUR GDOOD FDVD GHO VXR VSLULWR LO SLDQHWD GL FHOOXORLGH ©1HO VXR FHUYHOOR QRQ F·q PXIID PD XQD UDQD FKH JUDFLGD VHQ]D IHUPDUVL H TXHO OD YRUtR LQLQWHUURWWR SURGXFH YLVLR QH RSHUD YHUL H SURSUL PLUDFROL SHUFKp JOL DSUH VTXDUFL VX PRQGL PDL YLVWL H FRVt JOL VHPEUD VHP SUH GL HVVHUH XQ SR· Ot GRYH YLYH GDYYHUR H XQ SR· GD TXDOFKH DO WUD SDUWH /D VXD VFDWROD FUDQL
FD q OD FDELQD G·XQ SURLH]LRQL VWD HPDQD XQ IDVFLR GL OXFH FKH RVFXUD L GHWWDJOL LQVLJQLILFDQWL H ULWDJOLD QHO EXLR XQ UHWWDQJROR VX FXL VFRUURQR VWRULH IDQWDVWLFKHª 8QD JUDQ SDUWH GHOOD IRU]D GHO URPDQ]R VWD SURSULR TXL QHO IDW WR FKH XQ EDPELQR SHUFHSLVFD LO PRQGR DWWRUQR D Vp QRQ FRPH EDQDOPHQWH GXDOH PDQLFKHR LO VXR q D RQWD GL FHUWD YXOJDWD SVLFDQDOLWLFD H QDUUDWRORJLFD XQR VSD]LR SOXUDOH H ODELOH GRYH QRQ F·q WDQWR LO FODVVLFR ©DOWUR UHDPHª GL PRVWUL H GL IROOHWWL TXDQWR XQ OLEHUR JLRFR XQD FRP SRVL]LRQH GL OXRJKL Ë XQD FRQ ILJXUD]LRQH PHWLFFLD GL WHUULWRUL UHFLSURFDPHQWH VHSDUDWL HSSXUH FRPXQLFDQWL SHU YLD GL IDQFLXO OHVFD D ORJLFD XQ FDPSR GL IRU ]H GRYH VWDQQR O·LH UL OD 6D QLWj O·RJJL LO FDPSR O·DO WUR YH O·$ PH UL FD FRQ OH VXH SURSDJJLQL L SDUDGLVL GL +ROO\ZRRG L VROGDWL GL VWDQ]D D 1DSROL PHQWUH VXOOR VIRQGR VL FRQVXPD UHVD FRQ WHF QLFD GL ¶EDVVR FRQWLQXR· OD JXHU UD IUHGGD 6XOOD SHOOLFROD TXHVWD WHQVLRQH GL VSD]L q VWDWD UHVD FRQ OR VFDUWR IRWRJUDILFR WUD LO FURPD WLVPR YLYLGR H SUH SRWHQWH GL WXWWR TXDQWR ULJXDUGD OD SUHVHQ]D DPH ULFDQD D 1DSROL H OD EDVVD VDWXUD ]LRQH GHOOD EDUDFFRSROL 6RQR L IDVFL GL FRORUL FKH IRUPLFRODQR H V·LPSULPRQR VXOOD UHWLQD GHO SUR WDJRQLVWD VHQ]D FKH FLz VL WUDGX FD LQ XQD ¶VRJJHWWLYD· YLVLRQDULD (FFR LO VHQVR GL TXHOOD VFHOWD GL SRHWLFD FKH LO EUDQR TXL SRVWR LQ DSHUWXUD ² WROWR GDJOL DSSXQWL GL VWLOH GHOOR VWHVVR 'LRQLVLR ² LOOX VWUD DVVDL OLPSLGDPHQWH O·L GHD GHO O·LQ YL VL EL OLWj GHO EDPELQR FKH VROR QRQ YLVWR SRWUj GDYYHUR YHGHUH H DELWDUH LO PRQGR DWWRU QR D Vp SHUPH DU OR WUDVILJXUDUOR ULSODVPDUOR QRQ ODVFLDQGRVL OD FHUDUH GDOOD WHQVLRQH WUD LO UHDOH H LO VRJQR PD WUDHQGRQH OLQ ID , VXRL RFFKL VFUXWDQR H OHJJRQR WXWWR H D FKL OL RVVHUYD FRQ RVWL QD]LRQH FKLHGRQR ©SHUFKp PL VWDL JXDUGDQGR"ª ©3HUFKp PL VWDL JXDUGDQGR"ª VHPEUD FKLHGHUH DQFKH FLDVFXQD GHOOH WHUUH JXDVWH FKH LO FLQHPD VX 1DSROL VWD VFRSUHQGR VHQ]D NRLQp H VHQ]D ULVHQWLPHQWR /D YROSH D WUH ]DPSH DFFROWD FRQ HQWXVLDVPR DO IHVWLYDO GL *LIIR QL H DOOD UDVVHJQD %LPEL EHOOL D FXUD GL 1DQQL 0RUHWWL q XQ ILOP EHOOLVVLPR H FRQWUR FRUUHQWH DQ FKH SHU OH ULVRUVH LPSLHJDWH VL SHQVL DOOD SUHVHQ ]D GL 0LUDQGD 2WWR JLj LQWHUSUHWH GHO 6LJQRUH GHJOL DQHOOL XQ ILOP TXDVL G·DO WUL WHPSL IUXWWR GL XQ DUWLJLDQDWR DPRUHYROH H IHEEULOH H SUROXQ JD WR LVSLUDWR DOOH OH]LRQL FODVVLFKH GHO QHRUHDOLVPR PD DQFKH GHOOR 6FROD GL %UXWWL VSRUFKL H FDWWL YL 8Q ILOP FKH SUROXQJD TXHVWD VWUDRUGLQDULD VWDJLRQH GL EDPELQL FKH FL JXDUGDQR GDOOR VFKHUPR GD ,R QRQ KR SDXUD GL 6DOYDWR UHV DOO·HPR]LRQDQWH ¶GRFXPHQWDULR· IUDQFHVH (VVHUH H DYHUH $QFRUD XQ ILOP LO FXL YHUR ¶WHDWUR LQWHU QR· PD QRQ UDSSUHVHQWDWR SHU FKp q QHJOL RFFKL GHO EDPELQR q FRPH LQ XQD EDP EROD UXVVD LO FLQHPD ULRQDOH DQWUR PLVWLFR LQ FXL 9LWWRULR VL ULIXJLD DSSHQD SXz VXOOH WUDFFH GHL VRJQL D PH ULFDQL ULFHUFDQGR LQ HVVL XQ VHQ VR SHU OD SURSULD YLWD UHDOH 6DUj SURSULR LQ TXHVWD YLWD UHDOH IDWWD GHOOH PLVH ULH GHO FDPSR GL EDUDF FDWL LQ FXL VL q WURYDWR FDWDSXOWDWR QHOOD QRWWH WUD LO H LO SURSULR PHQWUH VFRFFDYD O·RUD GHO VXR ©DQQR ELVHVWRª GL HGXFD ]LRQH VHQWLPHQWDOH FKH LO UDJD] ]R LQFRQWUHUj O·DIIDVFL QDQ WH H LQ IHOLFH VLJQRUD DPHULFDQD FKH OXL VL FRQYLQFHUj HVVHUH OD VXD 6XVDQ +D\ZDUG H FKH JOL LQVHJQHUj FRPH SHU GLYH Q LUH D GXO WL VLD QH FHVVDULR ULQXQFLDUH D XQD SDUWH GL Vp FRPH OD YROSH FKH SHU OLEH UDUVL GDOOD WDJOLR OD VL URVLFFKLD OD ]DPSD ILQR DG DP SXWDUOD &RVt q JUD]LH D XQD IDYROD DQWLFD H QRQ DOOD PRGHUQD IDQWDVPDJR ULD GHO FLQHPD FKH 9LW WR ULR FR QRVFH OD SURVD GHO PRQGR 6FR SUH FKH VROR FRQ XQD SULYD]LRQH ODFHUDQWH HG HVWUHPD OD VXD YLWD SRWUj VPHW WHUH GL HVVHUH XQ QR VWRV YHUVR 1DSROL H YHUVR +RO O\ZRRG VROR LQ TXHO PRGR FHV VHUDQQR XQD YROWD SHU WXWWH L WUDV ORFKL ² PD QRQ L WUDQVIHUW SHUFKp VH DQFKH OD YROSH VL D]]RSSD OD UDQD RJQL WDQWR GHYH SRWHU DQ FRUD JUDFLGDUH
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
£x
, // Ì ¿$ $
-HDQ &ODXGH 0LFKpD WUDGX]LRQH GL )UDQFHVFR )RUODQL H 3DROR 7UDPD
,Q XQ PRQGR GRYH OR VSHWWDFROR q O·DXWRULWj VLPEROLFD SL DOWD XQ LQVHJQDQWH QRQ SXz VSHUDUH GL RWWHQHUH OD EHQHYROHQ]D H O·DWWHQ ]LRQH GHJOL DOOLHYL VSHWWDWRUL VH QRQ DXPHQWD OD SDUWH GL WHDWUD OLWj LQHUHQWH DOO·DWWR G·LQVHJQDUH D ULVFKLR GL GLYHQWDUH OXL VWHVVR SXUDPHQWH VSHWWDFRODUH 1HO &KULVWRSKHU /DVFK XQD GHOOH PHQWL SL LOOXPLQDWH GL TXH VWR VHFROR GHVFULYHYD LQ WDOL WHU PLQL LO GHFOLQR GHO VLVWHPD HGX FDWLYR DPHULFDQR ©/·HGXFD]LRQH GL PDVVD FKH VL ULSURPHWWHYD GL GHPRFUDWL]]DUH OD FXOWXUD XQD YROWD ULVHUYDWD DOOH FODVVL SULYLOH JLDWH KD ILQLWR FRQ O·DEEUXWLUH JOL VWHVVL SULYLOHJLDWL /D VRFLHWj PR GHUQD FKH q ULXVFLWD D FUHDUH XQ OLYHOOR VHQ]D SUHFHGHQWL GL HGX FD]LRQH IRUPDOH KD DOOR VWHVVR WHPSR SURGRWWR GHOOH QXRYH IRU PH G·LJQRUDQ]D 'LYHQWD VHPSUH SL GLIILFLOH SHU OD JHQWH PDQHJ JLDUH OD SURSULD OLQJXD FRQ QDWX UDOH]]D H SUHFLVLRQH ULFRUGDUVL L IDWWL IRQGDPHQWDOL GHOOD VWRULD GHO SURSULR SDHVH IDUH GHGX]LRQL OR JLFKH H FRPSUHQGHUH WHVWL GL WLSR QRQ UXGLPHQWDOHª /D FXOWXUD GHO QDUFLVLVPR 9HQW·DQQL GRSR ELVRJQD DP PHWWHUH FKH RUDPDL OD PDJJLRU SDUWH GHOOH FULWLFKH YDOH SHU OD VL WXD]LRQH IUDQFHVH
%HQLQWHVR QRQ VL WUDWWD GL XQD SXUD FRLQFLGHQ]D /D FULVL GL TXHOOD FKH LQ DOWUL WHPSL VL FKLD PDYD ¶6FXROD UHSXEEOLFDQD· QRQ q VHSDUDELOH GD TXHOOD SL JHQH UDOH FKH WRFFD OD VRFLHWj PRGHU QD QHO VXR LQVLHPH 3DUWHFLSD LQ PRGR TXDQWR PDL HYLGHQWH GHOOR VWHVVR PRYLPHQWR VWRULFR FKH SHU DOWUL YHUVL VFRUSRUD OH IDPLJOLH VPHPEUD O·HVLVWHQ]D PDWHULDOH H VRFLDOH GHL SDHVL H GHL TXDUWLHUL H LQ PRGR SL DP SLR WUDVFLQD FRQ Vp WXWWH OH IRUPH GL FLYLOWj FKH DQFRUD TXDOFKH GH FHQQLR ID FDUDWWHUL]]DYDQR XQD SDUWH LPSRUWDQWH GHL UDSSRUWL XPDQL
8QD WDOH FRQVWDWD]LRQH LQ VH VWHVVD DVVROXWDPHQWH EDQDOH UL VFKLHUHEEH GL UHVWDUH VHQ]D FRQ VHJXHQ]H R DGGLULWWXUD GL SRUWDUH D FRQVHJXHQ]H DPELJXH VH QRQ JLXQJHVVLPR QHOOR VWHVVR WHPSR D FRJOLHUH OD QDWXUD GHOOD VRFLH Wj PRGHUQD FLRq D FRPSUHQGH UH TXDOH ORJLFD SUHVLHGD DO VXR PRYLPHQWR 6ROWDQWR DOORUD VDUj SRVVLELOH PLVXUDUH ILQR D FKH SXQWR L SUHVHQWL SURJUHVVL GHO O·LJQRUDQ]D OXQJL GDOO·HVVHUH O·HIIHWWR GL XQ GLVIXQ]LRQDPHQWR ULSURYHYROH GHOOD QRVWUD VRFLHWj VRQR GLYHQXWL DO FRQWUDULR XQD FRQGL]LRQH QHFHVVDULD GHOOD VXD HVSDQVLRQH
3DVVDJJLR FRQFOXVLYR 'D XQ ODWR FHUWDPHQWH VFR SULDPR RJQL JLRUQR GL SL FKH ¶LO PRYLPHQWR FKH DEROLVFH OH FRQ GL]LRQL HVLVWHQWL· ² LQ DOWUL WHUPLQL LO FDSLWDOLVPR ² SRUWD O·XPDQLWj D XQ PRQGR HFRORJLFDPHQWH LQD ELWDELOH H DQWURSRORJLFDPHQWH LPSRVVLELOH 'DOO·DOWUR QRL SUHQ GLDPR FRVFLHQ]D FKH VDUj SRVVL ELOH RSSRUVL D WDOH PRYLPHQWR VWRULFDPHQWH VXLFLGDULR ² LO FKH YXRO GLUH VHPSOLFHPHQWH VDOYDUH LO SLDQHWD ² DOOD VROD FRQGL]LRQH H VROWDQWR D FRQGL]LRQH FKH OH JH QHUD]LRQL IXWXUH DFFHWWLQR GL IDUVL FDULFR GL WDOH UHVLVWHQ]D ,O FKH VL JQLILFD FKH VH LO WLWW\WDLQPHQW GD WLWWLHV SL HQWHUWDLQPHQW KD JLj O·HIILFDFLD FKH VL SURSRQHYD GL DYHUH ² H TXL FLDVFXQR JLXGLFKL GD Vp ² DOORUD QRL ULVFKLDPR GL WURYDUFL GL IURQWH TXDOH FKH VLD LO GHVWLQR GHOOD 6FXROD D XQ SUREOH PD FKH O·XPDQLWj DYHYD DYXWR ILQ TXL OD IRUWXQD GL QRQ LQFRQWUDUH PDL R O·LQWHOOLJHQ]D GL HYLWDUOR 7DOH SUREOHPD VWRULFDPHQ WH LPSUHYLVWR QHVVXQR D PLR DYYLVR O·KD IRUPXODWR FRQ WDQ WD IUHGGD OXFLGLWj TXDQWR -DLPH 6HPSUXQ ©4XDQGR LO FLWWDGLQR HFRORJLVWD SUHWHQGH GL SRUUH OD TXHVWLRQH SL IDVWLGLRVD FKLHGHQ GR ´&KH PRQGR ODVFHUHPR DL QRVWUL EDPELQL"µ HYLWD GL SRUUH XQ DOWUR LQWHUURJDWLYR UHDOPHQ WH LQTXLHWDQWH ´$ TXDOL EDPELQL ODVFHUHPR LO PRQGR"µª /·DELVVR VL ULSRSROD (FFR O·DQQRVD TXHVWLRQH
©1HO LO SURYYHGLWRUDWR GL 1L]]D DYHYD UHDOL]]DWR XQ·LQ FKLHVWD SUHVVR DOXQQL GL qPH SULPD PHGLD QGW LO QRQ VDSHYD OHJJHUH H LO HUD LQFDSDFH GL FDSLUH XQD QXRYD SDUROD DWWUDYHUVR LO FRQWHVWRª 'D DOORUD DJJLXQJH /LOLDQH /XUoDW DOOLHYD H SRL FROODERUDWULFH GL +HQUL :DOORQ q LQ )UDQFLD XQD GHOOH UDUH H VHULH VSHFLDOLVWH GL VFLHQ]H GHOO·HGXFD]LRQH ©FRPH XQ PDUH VRPPHUVR GDOOD VDEELD LO SUREOHPD q VSDULWR FRPH SHU PDJLD JUD]LH DO VLOHQ]LR GHL PH GLD H GHOOD SURSDJDQGD SROLWLFD 6XOOH PDFHULH GHOO·LQVHJQDPHQ WR GHOOD OHWWXUD H GHOOD VFULWWXUD VL FRVWUXLVFH LQ IUHWWD OD VFXROD GL PDVVD SURPHWWHQGR PDWXULWj SHU WXWWLª 9HUVR XQD VFXROD WRWDOLWD ULD"
&RPH FKLXQTXH SXz FRQVWD WDUH VLDPR GD TXHVWR SXQWR GL YLVWD HQWUDWL LQ XQ·HSRFD QXRYD TXHOOD GHOOD GLVWUX]LRQH GHOOH FLW Wj LQ WHPSR GL SDFH &RQVLGHUD WR FKH /RV $QJHOHV q LO PRGHOOR SUHIHULWR GD WXWWL L PRGHUQL GL VWUXWWRUL VL OHJJHUj FRQ LQWHUHVVH LO QRWHYROH VWXGLR GL 0LNH 'DYLV &LWWj GL TXDUW]R ,QGDJLQH VXO IXWXUR D /RV $QJHOHV 6L WURYHUj XQ·DSSOLFD]LRQH DO FDVR IUDQFHVH QHO SDPSKOHW GL 6RSKLH +HUVNRZLF] /HWWHUD DSHUWD DO VLQGDFR GL 3DULJL D SURSRVLWR GHOOD GLVWUX]LRQH GL %HOOHYLOOH >$@
1RWD VXO FRQFHWWR G·LJQRUDQ]D 6L LQWHQGD SHU ¶SURJUHVVR GHO O·LJQRUDQ]D· QRQ WDQWR OD VFRP SDUVD GHL VDSHUL LQGLVSHQVDELOL QHO VHQVR LQ FXL q VROLWDPHQWH GHSORUDWD H VSHVVR D JLXVWR WL WROR TXDQWR LO GHFOLQR UHJROD UH GHOO·LQWHOOLJHQ]D FULWLFD FLRq GL TXHOO·DWWLWXGLQH IRQGDPHQWD OH GHOO·XRPR D FDSLUH VLD LQ FKH PRQGR q SRUWDWR D YLYHUH VLD D SDUWLUH GD TXDOL FRQGL]LRQL OD ULYROWD FRQWUR XQ WDOH PRQGR q XQD QHFHVVLWj PRUDOH 4XHVWL GXH DVSHWWL QRQ VRQR FRPSOHWDPHQWH LQGLSHQGHQWL QHOOD PLVXUD LQ FXL O·HVHUFL]LR GHO JLXGL]LR FULWLFR UL FKLHGH GHOOH EDVL FXOWXUDOL PLQL PH D FRPLQFLDUH GDOOD FDSDFLWj GL DUJRPHQWDUH H GDOOD SDGURQDQ ]D GL TXHOOH HVLJHQ]H OLQJXLVWLFKH HOHPHQWDUL FKH RJQL ¶QRYOLQJXD· KD SUHFLVDPHQWH LO FRPSLWR GL GL VWUXJJHUH Ë QRQ GL PHQR QHFHV VDULR GLVWLQJXHUOH SHUFKp O·HVSH ULHQ]D FL LQVHJQD QHO TXRWLGLDQR FKH XQ LQGLYLGXR SXz VDSHUH WXWWR H QRQ FDSLUH QLHQWH Ë VHQ]D GXEELR TXHOOR FKH YR OHYD GLUH *HRUJH 2UZHOO TXDQ GR VFULYHYD QHO VXR 'LDULR GL JXHUUD ©VH GHOOD JHQWH FRPH QRL FDSLVFH OD VLWXD]LRQH PHJOLR GHL SUHWHVL HVSHUWL QRQ q SHUFKp DEELDPR XQ TXDOVLYRJOLD SRWHUH GL SUHGLUH IDWWL SDUWLFRODUL PD SHUFKp QRL VLDPR LQ FRQGL]LRQH GL FRJOLHUH LQ FKH WLSR GL PRQGR YLYLDPRª 4XHOOR FKH IRQGD HSLVWHPROR JLFDPHQWH TXHVWD GLVWLQ]LRQH q QDWXUDOPHQWH O·LPSRVVLELOLWj PDQLIHVWD GL ULGXUUH O·DWWLYLWj FULWLFD GHOOD UDJLRQH DO VHPSOLFH VIUXWWDPHQWR GL XQD EDQFD GDWL WUD L TXDOL EDVWHUHEEH ¶QDYLJDUH· OLEHUDPHQWH 1RQ FRQVLGHUDUH WDOH GLVWLQ]LRQH SRUWD HUURQHD PHQWH OD VRFLRORJLD PLQLVWHULDOH ² FRPPHWWHQGR JOL HUURUL PHWR GRORJLFL GHO FDVR ² D SUHWHQGHUH VHQ]D DOFXQD GLIILFROWj FKH ¶LO OL YHOOR VDOJD· H TXHVWR EHQFKp WXWWL L GDWL D GLVSRVL]LRQH VWDELOLVFDQR FKH QHL SDHVL LQGXVWULDOL OD JLR YHQW VFRODUL]]DWD q VHPSUH SL SHUPHDELOH DL GLIIHUHQWL SURGRWWL GHOOD VXSHUVWL]LRQH GDOOD YHFFKLD DVWURORJLD DO PRGHUQR 1HZ DJH FKH OH VXH FDSDFLWj GL UHVLVWHQ]D LQWHOOHWWXDOH DOOH PDQLSROD]LRQL PHGLDWLFKH R DOOD PDVVLILFD]LRQH GHOOD SXEEOLFLWj GLPLQXLVFRQR LQ PRGR LQTXLHWDQWH IDFHQGRFL FD SLUH FRQ TXDQWD HIILFDFLD VL VLD SRWXWD LQVHJQDUH XQD VROLGD LQGLI IHUHQ]D DOOD OHWWXUD GHL WHVWL FULWLFL GHOOD WUDGL]LRQH
>$@ 'HOOD GLVWUX]LRQH GHOOH FLWWj LQ WHPSR GL SDFH 3HU TXDQWR ULJXDUGD OH UDJLRQL SUHFLVH FKH REEOLJDQR L SRWHUL PRGHUQL DG DFFHOHUDUH OD GLVWUX ]LRQH GHOOH FLWWj TXHVWH GHULYD QR GD XQD FRQWUDGGL]LRQH PROWR VHPSOLFH 'D XQD SDUWH LQ HIIHW WL TXHVWL SRWHUL VRQR FRVWUHWWL QHO TXDGUR GHOOD ORUR PLVVLRQH PRGHUQL]]DWULFH D RUJDQL]]DUH O·XUEDQL]]D]LRQH JHQHUDOH GHOOD YLWD FRQ WXWWR TXHOOR FKH HVVD FRPSRUWD VSHFLDOPHQWH LQ PD WHULD GL GLVWUX]LRQH DPELHQWDOH H GL DXWRPRELOLVPR 'DOO·DOWUD WDOH XQLYHUVDOL]]D]LRQH SURJUDPPDWD GHOOD IRUPD XUEDQD QRQ JHQHUD LQ DOFXQ FDVR O·HVWHQVLRQH H OD GLIIX VLRQH GL TXHJOL HIIHWWL HPDQFLSD WRUL FKH GDO 5LQDVFLPHQWR LQ SRL HUDQR OHJDWL DOOR VSLULWR FLWWDGLQR ² WUDGL]LRQDOPHQWH GL IURQGD ² H DOOH GLIIHUHQWL IRUPH GL FLYLOWj JH QHUDWH GDOOD YLWD GL TXDUWLHUH 'D TXHVWD FRQWUDGGL]LRQH ULVXOWD DO ORUD OR VWUDQR REEOLJR PRGHUQR GL SURGXUUH DOOR VWHVVR WHPSR VHP SUH SL VSD]LR XUEDQR GHO FHQWUR GHOOD SHULIHULD GHOOD WHFQRSROL H DQFRUD G·DOWUH PHUDYLJOLH FKH JOL HVSHUWL QRQ PDQFKHUDQQR G·LQ YHQWDUH H VHPSUH PHQR FLWWj QHO VHQVR FKH OD SDUROD DYHYD PDQWH QXWR ILQR D WHPSL UHFHQWL H FKH QH DYHYD IDWWR XQ VLQRQLPR PDJQLIL FR GL OLEHUWj
GLVHJQR GL $OEHUW 'XERXW VL ULQJUD]LDQR OD IDPLJOLD 'XERXW H OD FLWWj GL 3DODYDV SHU O·DXWRUL]]D]LRQH G·XVR
%UDQL WUDWWL GD -HDQ &ODXGH 0L FKpD /·HQVHLJQHPHQW GH O·LJQR UDQFH HW VHV FRQGLWLRQV PRGHU QHV 0RQWSHOOLHU (GLWLRQV &OL PDWV
6 "$"Ì/$Ì/, .! ¯ Â ÌÂ @ Î X ° 2UKDQ 9HOL ²
WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DULD (OHQD /XFRYLFK 1HL PLHL YHUVL VH SLDQJR VHQWLWH /D PLD YRFH" /H PLH ODFULPH 3RWHWH WRFFDUH FRQ OH YRVWUH PDQL" &KH OH FDQ]RQL IRVVHUR FRVu EHOOH FKH OH SDUROH FRVu LQDGHJXDWH QRQ OR VDSHYR SULPD GL VSURIRQGDUH LQ TXHVWR GRORUH &·q XQ SRVWR OR VR GRYH q SRVVLELOH GLUH RJQL FRVD PL FL VRQR DYYLFLQDWR GL PROWR OR VHQWR 1RQ VR VSLHJDUPL
GLVHJQR GL $OEHUW 'XERXW
ÃÕ`
£È
¥²
&5/#/
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
JLDQD GHOOD UHVLVWHQ]D GRYH YL IX DQFRUD XQ H[ DOOLHYR FKH DYHYD SURYDWR OH FDUFHUL IDVFLVWH H O·HVL OLR FKH ILQR DOO·XOWLPR FRPEDWWp SHU OD 5HSXEEOLFD GL 6DOz )XRFKL H FRQWURIXRFKL FKH D SUHVFLQGHUH GDOO·LGHD IRXFDXOWLDQD GHOOD ¶SUR GX]LRQH GL VROGDWL· VRQR SURYD GL XQD UHDOH H SURIRQGD UHVSRQVDEL OLWj GHOOH VFHOWH SROLWLFKH H VRFLD OL GHL VLQJROL H GHOOD OLEHUWj GHOOH FRVFLHQ]H QDWH GD TXHO PRGHOOR HGXFDWLYR FRVu WRWDOL]]DQWH 9LYLDPR LQ XQ·HSRFD SULYD GL DWWHQ]LRQH DOO·HGXFD]LRQH GHOOD SHUVRQD H WXWWD YROWD DOOD WUD VPLVVLRQH GL WHFQLFKH H GL HVSH GLHQWL SHU UDJJLXQJHUH ILQL GL GXEELD HWLFLWj ,Q TXHVW·RWWLFD OD GHOD]LRQH FKH VLD IXRFR DPLFR GHQXQFLD SXEEOLFD GHOOH FROSH DO WUXL R YHUD H SURSULD FDOXQQLD PD VFKHUDWD GD XQ M·DFFXVH q SUDWLFD GLIIXVD 6LDPR ORQWDQL GDL FRQWURIXRFKL GL 3L]]RIDOFRQH H GL WDQWH UHDOWj FRPH TXHOOD LQ FXL L IUDWHOOL FRP EDWWHYDQR WUD ORUR VRWWR OD VSLQWD GHJOL LGHDOL VHQ]D O·LSRFULVLD GHO IDOVR DPLFR SURQWL SHUVLQR D PR ULUH R DG DIIURQWDUVL FRPH SDUL VX IURQWL RSSRVWL 3HU IRUWXQD OH HFR GL TXHL FROSL D YROWH ULVXRQDQR DQFRUD D PRQLWR
Ì, 3 Ì $9 /Ì Ì Ì 1. Ì/3 $PEURJLR %RUVDQL
/D PLD QDWXUDOH DWWUD]LRQH SHU LO 6XG q VWDWD UDIIRU]DWD QHJOL XOWL PL DQQL GD XQ VLQFHUR RUURUH SHU OH LGHH SROLWLFKH LQFXEDWH DO 1RUG H HVWHVH DOO·LQWHUR SDHVH FRQ OD IRU]D FDWRGLFD 0D JLj LQ SDVVDWR LO YL]LR GL VFHQGHUH VRWWR LO SDUDOOHOR VL HUD PDQLIHVWDWR LQ PH FRQ DSSDV VLRQDWL YLDJJL FKH PL SRUWDYDQR ORQWDQR GDO FRQILQH VYL]]HUR FLRq GDO OXRJR GRYH OD QDWXUD PL DYHYD FROORFDWR DOOD QDVFLWD VHQ]D JXDUGDUH EHQH FRVD DYHVVL GHQWUR OD WHVWD 1HO VHJXHQGR LO PLR LVWLQWR GL IXJD IHFL XQ YLDJJLR LQ 0DURFFR SHU LQFRQWUDUH 5RGULJR 5H\ 5RVD IUDWHOOR GHOOD PLD DPL FD 0DULD 0DUWD 5RGULJR q DQFKH OXL XQ FHUFDWRUH GL 6XG 1DWR LQ *XDWHPDOD YLYHYD DOORUD D 7DQ JHUL GD TXDOFKH DQQR 6L HUD VWD ELOLWR Ou GRSR DYHU IUHTXHQWDWR XQ
FRUVR GL VFULWWXUD FUHDWLYD WHQXWR GD 3DXO %RZOHV GRYH HUD ULVXO WDWR O·DOOLHYR SL SURPHWWHQWH ,Q TXHO SHULRGR 5RGULJR DVSHWWDYD FKH %RZOHV JOL WUDGXFHVVH LO VXR VHFRQGR OLEUR LQ LQJOHVH ,O SUL PR 7KH EHJJDU NQLIH %RZOHV OR DYHYD JLj WUDGRWWR FRQ PROWD JH QHURVLWj H IDWWR SXEEOLFDUH GDOOD &LW\ /LJKW GHO VXR DPLFR )HUOLQ JKHWWL 2UD 5RGULJR q XQR VFULWWR UH DIIHUPDWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOPHQWH *XLGDWR GDO PLR DPLFR FDP PLQDYR SHU XQD 7DQJHUL VHJUHWD ELYDFFDQGR LQ LPSUREDELOL ORFDOL GRYH RUFKHVWULQH DUFDLFKH VXRQD YDQR VRWWR EDOGDFFKLQL GL VHWH UL FDPDWH 1RL IXPDYDPR XQ SR GL NLI H DVFROWDYDPR OD PXVLFD SDU ODQGR GL OHWWHUDWXUD 5RGULJR DYH YD XQD IUHTXHQWD]LRQH TXRWLGLDQD GL FDVD %RZOHV H XQ JLRUQR PL SRUWz GD OXL 3DXO %RZOHV DELWDYD QHOOD SDUWH
DOWD GL 7DQJHUL VXOOD FROOLQD GHOOD FLWWj $O TXLQWR SLDQR GL XQD FDVD FRVWUXLWD GD LWDOLDQL FKH ULFRUGDYD OH FRVWUX]LRQL GHO SLDQR 7XSLQL )DQIDQL GHO GRSRJXHUUD 5RGULJR PL DYHYD GHWWR SUL PD GL SDUWLUH FKH %RZOHV DPDYD PROWR OD SDVWD FRVu PL SUHVHQWDL DOOD VXD SRUWD FRQ XQ SDFFR GL WD JOLDWHOOH IDWWH LQ FDVD H XQD FRQ IH]LRQH GL 'H &HFFR FKH PL HUR SRUWDWR GDOO·,WDOLD %RZOHV JUDGu PROWR L GRQL H FL LQWURGXVVH LQ XQ JUDQGH VRJJLRUQR FRQ GHL FX VFLQL VSDUVL SHU WHUUD XQ GLYDQR XQD JUDQGH OLEUHULD H XQ FDPLQR DFFHVR 6XO GLYDQR F·HUD LO VXR DPLFR H IDFWRWXP 0RKDPPHG 0UDEHW FKH IXPDYD XQD SLSD GL NLI H FH OD SDVVDYD ILORVRIDQGR VXL GHVWL QL GHOO·XRPR $OWUL RVSLWL FKLDF FKLHUDYDQR PHQWUH %RZOHV VWDYD FRQ OH VSDOOH DO FDPLQHWWR DFFH
VR $YHYD DSSHQD VXELWR XQ LQ WHUYHQWR FKLUXUJLFR HG HUD XQ SR SURYDWR 6DSHQGRPL LWDOLDQR PL GLVVH VXELWR GL DYHU FRQRVFLXWR PROWL DQQL SULPD )HUQDQGD 3LYD QR H (WWRUH 6RWWVDVV ,R DOORUD JOL LQGLFDL OD FUDYDWWD FKH SRUWDYR TXHVWD O·KD GLVHJQDWD 6RWWVDVV JOL GLVVL 0H O·KD UHJDODWD OXL %RZOHV VL HUD PROWR GLYHUWL WR GHOOD FRLQFLGHQ]D H SDUODQGR GHOO·,WDOLD PL GLVVH FKH SURSULR LQ TXHL JLRUQL JOL HUD DUULYDWR XQ WHOHJUDPPD GDO VXR DJHQWH /R DYYHUWLYD FKH XQ UHJLVWD LWDOLD QR YROHYD IDUH XQ ILOP GD ,O Wq QHO GHVHUWR *OL FKLHVL LO QRPH GHO UHJLVWD H OXL PL FRQGXVVH QHO VXR VWXGLR &HUFz VXOOD VFULYDQLD VRPPHUVD GD XQ PDJPD GL FDUWH OD OHWWHUD GHOO·DJHQWH 1RQ WUR YDQGROD VL VIRU]z GL ULFRUGDUH H LQILQH SURQXQFLz LO QRPH XQ SR· VWRUSLDWR GL %HUWROXFFL 3RFKL
ULFRUGDQR FKH %RZOHV DYHYD JLj DYXWR XQ UDSSRUWR FRQ LO FLQHPD LWDOLDQR FRPH VFHQHJJLDWRUH GL 6HQVR IRUVH XQR GHL SULPL VXRL DWWL SHU LO 6XG 0D GL 6XG QH DYHYD DPDWL WDQWL %RZOHV $ FRPLQFLDUH GDO 6XG GHOO·$PHULFD GRYH DYHYD YLDJJLDWR FRQ -DQH FKH DYHYD GHVFULWWR LQ DOFXQL UDFFRQWL EHO OLVVLPL FRQWHQXWL LQ /D GHOLFDWD SUHGD 3RL L 6XG GHOO·RULHQWH D &H\ORQ GRYH DYHYD DELWDWR SHU XQ DQQR VX XQ·LVROD VHPSUH FRQ OD PRJOLH )LQR DO 6XG FKH DYH YD VFHOWR SHU VWDELOLUVL GHILQLWLYD PHQWH TXHOOR GL 7DQJHUL 3DUODPPR GL DOWUL 6XG GHL 0DUL GHO 6XG TXHO SRPHULJJLR 3DUODPPR GL 0HOYLOOH GL 7DLSL ( TXHL GLVFRUVL HEEHUR XQ JUDQGH HIIHWWR VX GL PH 0L SRUWDURQR D SURJHWWDUH LO YLDJJLR D 1XNX +LYD H D VFULYHUH $GGLR (GHQ
4XDQGR XVFLL %RZOHV FRQ VTXLVLWD FRUWHVLD PL DFFRPSDJQz DOOD SRUWD 5LQJUD]LDQGRPL DQFR UD SHU OD SDVWD PL FKLHVH GL DVSHW WDUH DOO·LQJUHVVR H VSDUu LQ XQD VWDQ]D 5LFRPSDUYH SRFR GRSR FRQ XQD FRSLD GL XQD WUDGX]LRQH LWDOLDQD GL 7KH VSLGHU KRXVH H PH OD UHJDOz $QGDQGR JL SHU OH VWUDGH GL 7DQJHUL FRQ 5RGULJR PL FKLHGH YR FRVD DYHVVH FRQVHUYDWR TXH VW·XRPR GHO VXR ORQWDQR 1RUG GL XQ·$PHULFD FKH DYHYD ODVFLD WR DQFRUD PROWR JLRYDQH GL XQD FXOWXUD FKH FHUWR QRQ VHQWLYD VXD 6LFXUDPHQWH VL HUD WHQXWR OD SDUWH PLJOLRUH OH DPLFL]LH GL 7HQQHV VHH :LOOLDPV GL 7UXPDQ &DSR WH GL .HURXDF GL %RUURXJKV GL &RUVR H GL WXWWL JOL DPLFL FKH DO 6XG QRQ JXDUGDYDQR FRQ RFFKL GL UDSLQD
OHEUDUH LQ QDSROHWDQR OH JHVWD FRPSLXWH GDO FRQVRUWH GL 9LWWRULD &RORQQD )UDQFHVFR )HUUDQWH G·$YDORV QHOOD HURLFD EDWWDJOLD GL 3DYLD 1HOOR VWHVVR VHFROR LO SULQFLSH GHL SRHWL HSLFL LWDOLDQL 7RUTXDWR 7DVVR 6RUUHQWR ² 5RPD FDQWz LQ QDSROHWDQR SHU ERFFD GL *LDOOXLVH SHUVRQDJ JLR GHOOD FRPPHGLD *O·LQWULJKL G·DPRUH $QFKH LO VXR FRQWHP SRUDQHR *LRYDQ %DWWLVWD GHOOD 3RUWD 1DSROL ² QHL VXRL ODYRUL WHDWUDOL DGRWWz SHUVR QDJJL FKH VL HVSULPHYDQR QHO PH GHVLPR YHUQDFROR 1HO LQ 7RVFDQD /HRQDU GR 6DOYLDWL )LUHQ]H FRQVROH GHOO·$FFDGHPLD )LRUHQ WLQD HG LQVLJQLWR GHOOD &URFH GHO O·2UGLQH GL 6DQWR 6WHIDQR YROOH DVVDSRUDUH L SLDFHUL GHOO·LGLRPD GL 3DUWHQRSH SDUDIUDVDQGRYL OD QRQD QRYHOOD GHOOD SULPD JLRU QDWD GHFDPHURQLDQD QHOOD TXDOH (OLVD UDFFRQWD FRPH *XLGR GL /XVLJQDQR SULPR UH GL &LSUR GRSR DYHU YHQGLFDWR OH RIIHVH GL XQD GRQQD GL *XDVFRJQD GD SX VLOODQLPH GLYLHQH YDORURVR , FDSRODYRUL SRHWLFL GHO ;9,, VHFROR UHGDWWL D 1DSROL QHOO·LGLR PD VHEHWLDQR GD *LXOLR &HVDUH &RUWHVH ;9, VHF ² F D *DEULHOH )DVDQR ;9,, VHF $QGUHD 3HUUXFFL 3DOHUPR ² 1DSROL YHQJRQR SXEEOL FDWL LQ VRQWXRVH YHVWL WLSRJUDIL FKH FRUUHGDWH FRQ LVWUXWWLYH IL JXUH VLPEROLFKH GD IDPRVL SLWWRUL H GHGLFDWL DL YLFHUp DOO·DOWR FOHUR H DO SDWUL]LDWR 1RWD q ULPDVWD OD OXVVXRVD HGL]LRQH FKH DSSURQWz -DFRYR 5DLOODUGR QHO SHU /R 7DVVR 1DSROHWDQR ]Rq /D *LHURVDOHPPH OLEHUDWD GH OR VLR 7RUTXDWR 7DVVR YRWDWD D OOHQJXD QRVWD GD *DEULHOH )DVDQR GH VWD FHWDWH H GGD OR VWLVVR UDSSUHVHQ WDWD D OOD OORVWULVVLPD 1REHOHWj 1DSROHWDQD 3DVVz LQ SURYHUELR OD ULVWDPSD GHOO·RSHUD SUHSDUDWD GD /XLJL 0LFKHOH 0X]LL QHO SHU GHGLFDUOD D 'RQQD $XURUD 6DQVHYHULQR *UXPHQWR 3RWHQ]D ² 1DSROL OD SRHWHV VD PHFHQDWH SL DPDWD GL TXHOOD 1DSROL $ 'RQQD $XURUD q VWDWD GHGLFDWD XQD GHOOH SULPH RSHUH EXIIH FRPPHGLH LQ PXVLFD FRQ OLEUHWWR YHUQDFROHVH Ë ULVDSXWR SRL FKH O·2SHUD %XI ID KD IDWWR OD JORULD GHOOD 6FXROD 0XVLFDOH 1DSROHWDQD GHO 6HWWH FHQWR 6FXROD DOOD TXDOH D GL
YHUVR WLWROR VRQR OHJDWL DOFXQL GRFHQWL GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD H FKH KDQQR SRHWDWR LQ YHUQDFROR FRPH &DPLOOR 5RPHU DOLDV &DUOR 0RU PLOH *LXVHSSH 6DYHULR 3ROL %D VLOLR 3XRWL &DUOR 0RUPLOH HUD QL SRWH GL )UDQFHVFR 'XUDQWH 0DH VWUR GHL 0DHVWUL GL &DSSHOOD FKH KDQQR JHQHUDWR OH SL EHOOH RSHUH EXIIH GHO 6HWWHFHQWR 1DSROHWD QR %DVLOLR 3XRWL IX UHYLVRUH GHL OLEUHWWL GHOOH RSHUH PXVLFDOL UDS SUHVHQWDWL QHL WHDWUL QDSROHWDQL H DPLFR GHJOL DXWRUL GL TXHL GUDP PL FRPH q WHVWLPRQLDWR GD DOFXQL VXRL ODYRUL SRHWLFL D ORUR GHGLFDWL *LXVHSSH 6DYHULR 3ROL VFULVVH OL EUHWWL PXVLFDWL GD *LXVHSSH 9LOOL FR H *LRYDQQL 3DLVLHOOR 1HO LO 3ROL HEEH FRQ O·$Y YRFDWR 1LFROD 9DOOHWWD XQ JDUED WR VFDPELR HSLVWRODUH GL TXDWWUR VRQHWWL LQ GLDOHWWR QDSROHWDQR QHL TXDOL DUJRPHQWDYD LQ PRGR VFLHQWLILFR LO WHUUHPRWR DYYHQXWR D 1DSROL LQ TXHO OXJOLR H QHO PH GHVLPR WHPSR YHQLYD GLVVLPXOD WR XQ WHUUHPRWR SROLWLFR FKH SUH PHYD DOO·RUL]]RQWH IUDQFHVH 4XHVWD GRWWD H FRUWHVH WHQ]RQH IUD XQ SURIHVVRUH GHOO·$FFDGH PLD 0LOLWDUH GHO 1XQ]LDWHOOD HG XQ ODLFR DQWLFLSDYD GL FLUFD YHQWL DQQL O·DVWLRVR FHUWDPH IDWWR DQFR UD GL VRQHWWL LQ QDSROHWDQR IUD XQ GRFHQWH GL FRGHVWD 6FXROD H XQ HVWHUQR (UD O·DQQR DFFDGHPLFR 1DSROL GRWWD H SRSRODUH HUD LPSHUYHUVDWD GD XQD VRUWD GL SVL FRVL FDQRUD GD 7H YRJOLR EHQH DVVDMH GHOO·RWWLFR 5DIIDHOH 6DF FR H *DHWDQR 'RQL]HWWL /·HOLVLU G·DPRUH GHOOR VWHVVR 'RQL]HWWL YHQLYD WUDGRWWD LQ XQ GHOL]LR VR QDSROHWDQR GD )LOLSSR &DP PDUDQR DVVXPHQGR LO WLWROR /H 3DFFKLDQH GH 6DUQR DO 7HDWUR 1XRYR D 0RQWHFDOYDULR WULRQ IDYDQR FRPPHGLH PXVLFDOL GHO OLEUHWWLVWD $QGUHD 3DVVDUR ,O EL JOLHWWR GHO ORWWR VWRUQDWR PXVLFD WR GD 3LHWUR 5DLPRQGL /D IHVWD GH &DUGLWHOOR PXVLFDWR GD 3DROR )DEUL]L /·HTXLYRFR GHOOH OHWWHUH R /D ILGDQ]DWD GL 3XOFLQHOOD PX VLFDWD GDO FRQWH *LRYDQQL 0RUHW WL FRQ SHUVRQDJJL FKH FDQWDYDQR LQ SXUR H SLDFHQWH GLDOHWWR O·DY YRFDWR (PDQXHOH 3DOHUPR H LO %DURQH 0LFKHOH =H]]D YRWDYDQR D OHQJXD QRVWD OH RSHUH SL PX VLFDWH GHO WHDWUR GL 3LHWUR 0HWD VWDVLR TXDQGR O·DEDWH )UDQFHVFR )XRFR SURSRVH DO 0DJJLRUH 0L FKHOH 1RYHULQR FRPDQGDQWH GHO
&ROOHJLR 0LOLWDUH GHOOD 1XQ]LD WHOOD GL DGRWWDUH XQ SURSULR PH WRGR FKH DYUHEEH SHUPHVVR DJOL DOXQQL GL DSSUHQGHUH LO ODWLQR LQ VHL PHVL /·HVSHULPHQWR QRQ ULVXOWz GHL SL IHOLFL 'RSR DYHUH LOOXVWUDWR L SULPL VDJJL GHOOD VXD QXRYD GLGDWWLFD QHL ORFDOL GHO &ROOHJLR O·DEDWH GRYHWWH DEEDQGRQDUH O¶LPSUHVD SHUFKp LQIDVWLGLWR GDOOH ODUYDWH GLVDSSURYD]LRQH GL DOFXQL GR FHQWL SUHVHQWL DOO·HVDPH ,Q SDU WLFRODU PRGR JOL IXURQR RVWLOL L SURIHVVRUL &DUOR 5RFFKL H 1LFROD 7RQGL ,Q GLIHVD GHOOD VXSSRVWD LUULYH UHQ]D VXELWD O·DEDWH FRPSRVH XQ RSXVFROR VDWLULFR GDO WLWROR /D FLDQFLD GLYLVD LQ GLHFL EDJDW WHOOH VFULWWD GD XQ FLHFR SHU XVR GL FKL YHGH HG DQFKH GL FKL QRQ YHGH H FUHGH GL YHGHUH FRQ LO TXD OH YROOH VFDJOLDUH YLROHQWH LQYHWWL YH FRQWUR L VXRL GHWUDWWRUL &RP·HUD QDWXUDOH G·DVSHWWDUVL O·DEDWH 5RFFKL QRQ VH OD WHQQH SHU EXRQD O·DSRVWURIH *OL UL VSRVH OHVWDPHQWH FRQ XQ DOWUR OLEUHWWR FXL GLHGH LO QRPH /D FLDQFLD SHU OD FLDQFLD 1]HSUHFH H YHUDFH PXRGR GH FLDQFLDUH GH OR VFRODUR GH Q·DX WUR VFRODUH GH &ROD &DSDVVR D OR VFULWWRUH GH OH GLHFH VFKHIHQ]RVH FLDQFLH QHO TXDOH HOHQFz GLHFL VD SLGL VRQHWWL LQ GLDOHWWR FKH FHUWD PHQWH QRQ IHFHUR OD IHOLFLWj GHO )XRFR ,O TXDOH GL ULPDQGR UL VSRVH FRQ VRQHWWL LQ WRVFR HG LQ QDSROHWDQR FKH SHU SXEEOLFL]]D UH DO PDVVLPR OD UDPSRJQD FRQ WUR L VXRL ULYDOL GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD OL IHFH FRUUHUH DQFKH LQ IRJOLHWWL PDQRVFULWWL SHU RJQL DQJROR GHO OD FLWWj 0ROWL GL TXHL YHOHQRVL YRODQ WLQL YHQQHUR UDFFROWL GDO 5RFFKL FKH GRSR DYHUFL RSHUDWR VRSUD XQ·DWWHQWD FRUUH]LRQH OL ULVSHGu DO PLWWHQWH 5LSRUWLDPR TXL GL VHJXLWR OH FKLRVH FKH HJOL SURIHVVRUH GL ODWLQR OHWWHUDWXUD LWDOLDQD H VWR ULD GHO &ROOHJLR GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHO OD DSSRVH D PR· GL OH]LRQH GL OLQJXD QDSROHWDQD DOOD IUL]]DQWL ULPH YHUQDFRODUL GHO VRQHWWR $OOR =L $EEDWH ; GHGLFDWRJOL GDOO·DED WH )UDQFHVFR )XRFR ©/D SDUROD 6RQLHWWR q YL]LRVD ,O QDSROHWDQR GLFH 6RQHWWR FRPH LO 7RVFDQR QHO SOXUDOH SXz GLUVL 6RQLHWWH H 6RQHWWH H TXL PHULWHUHEEH XQ JURVVR 6RQHWWR
&KL GHYH VFULYHUVL FRQ GXH F 0DUGLWWR FRQ GXH P 3UzSHR q HUURUH GLFHVL R SUzSHWR R SURSULR 6JXDTXLWWR QRQ VL WURYD LQ TXHVWR GLDOHWWR >3UREDELOPHQWH LO )XRFR VL ULIHULYD DO YRFDEROR VTXDTXqF FKLR FKH LQ QDSROHWDQR VLJQLILFD QDQR UDFKLWLFR ED]]XWR @ ,R SHU DOWUR LJQRUR LO %HUJDPDVFR &UHDQ]D QRQ YD PD &UHDQ]D EHQ Vu /·DPLFR QRQ VL WURYD PD DP PLFR 6SXQWXWR q ULPDVWR LQGLHWUR LO 1DSROHWDQR GLFH 6SRQWXWR 'L 6WLHVVR H QRQ VWLVVR FKH GLUHPR"ª 1HL YHUVL GHO )XRFR L SURIHVVRUL 1LFROD 7RQGL H &DUOR 5RFFKL YHQ JRQR LGHQWLILFDWL FRQ L QRPLJQROL 0DVRQH H /R =L· $EEDWH ; 4XH VW·XOWLPR DSSHOODWLYR q LO WLWROR GHO 6RQHWWR FRUUHWWR GDO 5RFFKL H UL SRUWDWR TXL GL VHJXLWR
$EEj YHUHIHFDWR V·q OR GLWWR /OR 9RMH FKLDPD OO·$VHQR FRUQXWR 7X FFD VL FKL GH &KuOOHWR PDU GLWWR 'LFH FFD TXDQQR LR SDUOR VR VSXQ WXWR 6H YHGH FFD VL SUzSHR QX VJXD JXLWWR ( OR &HUYLHOOR WXMR JLj VH QQ·q MXWR &KH &LDQFLD SHU OD &LDQFLD DSSLOD « =LWWR /O·DPLFR WXMR SDUODQQR FFR FUHDQ]D &FD WX FKLDPH 0DVWRQH «DUUDV VRVLD Ë EXRQR VXOR D VVH JUDWWj OD SDQ]D $OOR PLHWRGR PLR Qz VFURFFD QL[ 7X QRQ FDSLVFH QLHQWH QIHGH PLD 6H WX VWLHVVR FRQILHVVH FFD VHL QL[
Ì " Ì, .Ì Ì
" ¯,. ! Ì, .1 °
8QD WHQ]RQH YHUQDFRODUH DO 5HDO &ROOHJLR 0LOLWDUH GHOOD ´1XQ]LDWHOODµ 3LHWUR $QGULVDQL 9RJOLRQR JOL HVSHUWL GHO GLDOHW WR SL HVSUHVVLYR H SRSRODUH GHO PRQGR FKH TXHVWR HXIRQLFR LGLRPD HEEH RULJLQH WDQWL VHFROL ID VXOOH FRVWLHUH GHO *ROIR GL &D VWHO GHOO·2YR RYH YHUVL H PHOR GLH VL RWWHQHYDQR SHU XQ QXOOD H OH FDQRUH DUJRPHQWD]LRQL LQWRUQR D &XFFRSLQWR FXSLGR HEEHUR OD SUHFHGHQ]D VRSUD RJQL DOWUR JH QHUH GL DIIDUL ,O GLYLQR 3RHWD QHO 'H YXOJDUL HORTXHQWLD RYH WUDWWD OH RULJLQL H OH TXDOLWj GHOOH OLQJXH QHRODWL QH GLFKLDUz GL WHQHUH LQ JUDQGH FRQVLGHUD]LRQH ¶OD SXJOLHVH· DO ORUD FRVu YHQLYD GHWWR LO GLDOHWWR QDSROHWDQR SHU LO VHQWLPHQWR H O·HORTXLR FRPXQLFDWLYR FKH HVVD HVSULPHYD $QFKH O·DPDQWH GL )LDPPHWWD YROOH GLOHWWDUVL D VFULYHUH QHOO·LGLRPD GL 3DUWHQR SH QHO VSHGu GD 1DSROL XQ·HOHJDQWH HSLVWROD GL DUJRPHQ WR GRPHVWLFR LQ TXHO GLDOHWWR DO O·DPLFR )UDQFHVFKLQR GH· %DUGL PHUFDQWH ILRUHQWLQR FKH DOORUD RSHUDYD D *DHWD $OOD FRUWH GHO VDJJLR 5REHUWR L FRUWLJLDQL H L PHQHVWUHOOL ROWUH DOO·RFFLWDQLFD DYHYDQR DGRWWDWR LO YROJDUH OR FDOH )UDQFHVFR 3HWUDUFD LOOXVWUH RVSLWH QHO GL TXHO 0RQDUFD RQRUz ¶LO SXJOLHVH· FRQ TXDOFKH WHUPLQH HG HVSUHVVLRQH FKH LQ VHUu QHOOH VXH PLVVLYH H QHL VXRL FDQWL $OIRQVR , G·$UDJRQD GRSR HV VHUVL LQVWDOODWR VXO WURQR IX FRQ TXLVWDWR GDO PXVLFDOH GLDOHWWR QDSROHWDQR $OORUD VL DGRSHUz DI ILQFKp TXHOO·LGLRPD YHQLVVH QR ELOLWDWR H FRPDQGz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² GRSR LO H -DFRSR 6DQQD]]DUR 1D SROL 1HO SULPR &LQTXHFHQWR LO PLOL WH *LURODPR %ULWRQLR GD 6LFLJQD QR LQ XQ SRHPHWWR LQ WHU]D ULPD /R WULRQIR DIILGD DOOD VL UHQD 3DUWHQRSH LO FRPSLWR GL FH
FRQWLQXD
£Ç
!-)#/
$"1.$ 3$ Ì Ì , >>$ $" 0DULR %HUQDUGL
©6L GHEERQR DELWXDUH L JLRYDQL DG HVVHUH EHQHILFL TXLQGL QRQ VL SHUPHWWHUj FKH IDFFLDQR GD GHOD WRUL GHOOH DOWUXL PDQFDQ]Hª 4XHVWR HUD XQR GHL SULQFLSL FDUGLQH GHOO·HGXFD]LRQH PRUDOH GHJOL DOOLHYL SUHYLVWR GDOO·2UGL QDQ]D SHU OD 5HJLD $FFDGHPLD 0LOLWDUH GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD GHO FRPPD GHOO·DUWLFROR ,, GHO 9 FDSLWROR LO TXDOH WURYDYD IRQGDPHQWR QHOOD FRQYLQ]LRQH FKH ©FRQYLHQH SURPXRYHUH O·DU PRQLD WUD WXWWL JO·LQGLYLGXL GHO &ROOHJLR H TXLQGL ELVRJQD RS SRUVL D WXWWL JOL RVWDFROL FKH VRQR DWWL D GLVWXUEDUODª /·2UGLQDQ]D HUD VWDWD UHGDWWD GDO &RORQQHOOR *LXVHSSH 3DUL VL LO TXDOH QHJOL DQQL SUHFHGHQWL HUD VWDWR D OXQJR DOO·HVWHUR SHU VWXGLDUH L PRGHOOL HXURSHL GL HGX FD]LRQH PLOLWDUH 1HO )HUGL QDQGR ,9 GL %RUERQH DYHYD XQL ILFDWR O·$FFDGHPLD GL $UWLJOLHULD H *HQLR IRQGDWD QHO FRQ TXHOOD GL )DQWHULD H &DYDOOHULD %DWWDJOLRQH 5HDO )HUGLQDQGR GHO VHJXHQGR LO PRGHOOR IUDQ FHVH LQ FXL JOL XIILFLDOL GL WHUUD H L FRUSL WHFQLFL DYHYDQR OR VWHVVR LWHU IRUPDWLYR ILQR DOOD VSHFLDOL] ]D]LRQH H DEEDQGRQDQGR FRVu LO SUHFHGHQWH PRGHOOR VSDJQROR ,O 3DULVL XRPR FROWR H LQWHOOLJHQWH VL RFFXSz GL IDU QDVFHUH H GLULJH UH OD QXRYD VWUXWWXUD LVWLWXHQGROD VHFRQGR L SL DYDQ]DWL GHWWDPL GHOOD SHGDJRJLD PLOLWDUH XQR GH JOL DVSHWWL SL LQQRYDWLYL GHO VXR SLDQR IX SHUz TXHOOR GL XQLUH DO O·LQVHJQDPHQWR GHOOH GLVFLSOLQH WHFQLFR VFLHQWLILFKH TXHOOR GHOOH PDWHULH XPDQLVWLFKH H GL FXUDUH FRQ SDUWLFRODUH DWWHQ]LRQH OD IRU PD]LRQH HWLFD GHO FLWWDGLQR SULPD FKH GHO PLOLWDUH ,O IXQ]LRQDPHQWR SUDWLFR GHO OD QHRQDWD $FFDGHPLD LQVHGLDWD QHOO·H[ QRYL]LDWR JHVXLWD GL 3L] ]RIDOFRQH FRQ O·DQQHVVD FKLHVD GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD GD FXL OD VWHVVD SUHVH LO QRPH QRQ GLIIHULYD LQYH FH GDO PRGHOOR FKH VL HUD DQGD WR VYLOXSSDQGR LQ (XURSD WUD LO ;9,, H LO ;9,,, VHFROR &RPH PDJLVWUDOPHQWH KD PHVVR LQ OXFH 0LFKHO )RXFDXOW LQ 6RUYH JOLDUH H 3XQLUH QHO ;9,,, VHFROR
QDFTXHUR OH PRGHUQH VWUXWWXUH GL HGXFD]LRQH PLOLWDUH LO FXL VFRSR HUD TXHOOR GL ¶IDEEULFDUH· VROGDWL FDVHUPH SHU OD WUXSSD FROOHJL H DFFDGHPLH PLOLWDUL SHU L TXDGUL VXSHULRUL VRUVHUR FRVu LQ WXWWD (XURSD ,O SUHFHGHQWH FXL VL LVSLUDYDQR LQ JUDQ SDUWH OH QXRYH VWUXWWXUH HGXFDWLYH HUD TXHOOR GHJOL LVWL WXWL UHOLJLRVL 2OWUH GLHFL VHFROL GL PRQDFKHVLPR DYHYDQR LQIDW WL SURGRWWR XQ FRUSXV GL QRUPH SHU OD GLVFLSOLQD GHOOD FRQYLYHQ ]D H SHU O·HGXFD]LRQH GHL JLRYD QL FKH QRQ DYHYDQR HJXDOL QHOOD FLYLOWj RFFLGHQWDOH ,O PRQDVWHUR FULVWLDQR FKH QXOOD KD D FKH IDUH FRQ L FROOHJLD URPDQL R FRQ O·DQ WLFD WUDGL]LRQH GHO PRQDFKHVLPR RULHQWDOH SDUWLFRODUPHQWH SUDWL FDWD DOO·LQWHUQR GHO EXGGLVPR QDFTXH GDOOH SULPH FRPXQLWj GL DQDFRUHWL $ SDUWLUH GDO ,,, VHFR OR XQ QXPHUR VHPSUH SL HOHYD WR GL XRPLQL DEEDQGRQDYD OD YLWD VHFRODUH SHU ULWLUDUVL LQ SUHJKLHUD H PHGLWD]LRQH LQ ]RQH GHVHUWLFKH H LVRODWH FHUWL GHOO·LPPLQHQWH SDUXVuD GL IURQWH DOO·LPEDUEDUL PHQWR GHOOD YLWD SXEEOLFD QHOO·HWj GHO WDUGR ,PSHUR 6L IRUPDURQR EHQ SUHVWR FRPXQLWj GL PRQDFL 4XDOVLDVL FRPXQLWj QHFHVVLWD SHU VXD QDWXUD GL GLVFLSOLQD GL QRU PH FRQGLYLVH GL FRPSLWL H TXLQ GL GL HGXFD]LRQH &RQYLYHQ]D HG HGXFD]LRQH VRQR GXH WHUPLQL LPSUHVFLQGLELOL GHO YLYHUH XPD QR FRVLFFKp FRQ TXHVWH SULPH FRPXQLWj QDFTXHUR SUHVFUL]LR QL H GLYLHWL , SULPL D UHGLJHUH GHL UHJRODPHQWL IXURQR %DVLOLR PRUWR QHO H 3DFRPLR PRUWR QHO 2JQL FRPXQLWj JRGHYD GL SLHQD DXWRQRPLD HG HUD DP PLQLVWUDWD VHPSUH GD XQD JXLGD XQ DEDWH GDO JUHFR DEEj SDGUH FXL L PRQDFL GRYHYDQR REEHGLHQ ]D HVVHQGR OD GLVFLSOLQD H OD VRW WRPLVVLRQH D XQD YRORQWj HVWHUQD VHJQR GL XPLOWj H VWUXPHQWR GL DYYLFLQDPHQWR D 'LR 7UDODVFLDQ GR L SUHFHWWL SL RYYL FRPH L GLYLHWL GL FDUDWWHUH DOLPHQWDUH VRFLDOH H VHVVXDOH GXH IXURQR L SULQFLSDOL DVSHWWL VX FXL VL IRQGD URQR L UHJRODPHQWL O·RUJDQL]]D ]LRQH GHO WHPSR H OD VXGGLYLVLRQH GHOOR VSD]LR 7XWWR FLz FKH HVLVWH VFRUUH QHO WHPSR H VL HVWHQGH LQ XQR VSD]LR SHU DJLUH VXOO·LQWLPR GL XQD SHUVRQD QRQ VHUYLYDQR OD PDOuD GHL SUHGLFDWRUL R LO FDULVPD
GHJOL DQWLFKL ILORVRIL Qp L PLUD FROL GL &ULVWR , UHJRODPHQWL GHL PRQDVWHUL D SDUWLUH GD TXHOOR EH QHGHWWLQR 9, VHFROR VL FRQFHQ WUDYDQR VXOO·RUJDQL]]D]LRQH GHO WHPSR OD FXL SDUFHOOL]]D]LRQH DYYLHQH QRQ VROR VFDQGHQGR OD JLRUQDWD LQ RUH LQ FXL LQFDVHOODUH JOL LPSHJQL GL ODYRUR H GL VWXGLR GL RJQXQR PD DQFKH QHL PLQXWL H QHJOL DWWLPL GHOOD GXUDWD GHOOH SUHJKLHUH GHL FDQWL GHOOH ODXGL ,O WHPSR YLHQH FRVu VXGGLYLVR PL QX]LRVDPHQWH FRQ VWUXPHQWL VHP SUH SL SHUIH]LRQDWL DWWL D VFDQGL UH L ULWPL GHOOD PHQWH WHQHQGROD RFFXSDWD FRQ XQD GXUDWD XJXDOH H VLQFURQD SHU WXWWL /D GLVWHQ VLR DQLPL YLHQH FRVu RPRORJDWD DOO·LQJUDQDJJLR JHQHUDOH GHOOD PDFFKLQD PRQDVWLFD 6LPLOPHQWH IXQ]LRQD OD FHOOD O·XQLWj PLQLPD H IRQGDPHQWDOH GHOOR VSD]LR DEL WDWLYR GHOO·KDELWDW GHOO·KDELWXV 3ULPD GL /H &RXUEXVLHU L PRQD FL DYHYDQR LQGLYLGXDWR LO OLYHOOR ]HUR GHOOR VSD]LR QHFHVVDULR DOOD YLWD TXRWLGLDQD QRQ WDQWR SHU DEEUDFFLDUH OD SRYHUWj GHOOD YLWD PRQDVWLFD LPLWDQGR SHU TXDQWR SRVVLELOH JOL DQWLFKL PRQDFL VWL OLWL FKH YLYHYDQR DSSXQWR VX XQD FRORQQD TXDQWR SHU DQQLHQWDUH OR VSD]LR SHUVRQDOH IRQWH GL GL VRUGLQH 4XHVWR DYYLHQH QHOO·DU FR GL DOFXQL VHFROL LQ VHJXLWR GDO PRQDFKHVLPR FHQRELWLFR VL VWDFFKHUDQQR GXH FRVWROH TXHO OD GHO PRQDFKHVLPR PHQGLFDQWH GHL IUDWL LQL]LDWR GD 6DQ )UDQFH VFR H TXHOOD GD FXL GHULYDURQR GLUHWWDPHQWH L UHJRODPHQWL GHOOH DFFDGHPLH PLOLWDUL PD DQFKH GHOOH VFXROH GHOOH IDEEULFKH GH JOL RVSHGDOL GHOOH FDUFHUL GHO PRQDFKHVLPR ¶PLOLWDQWH· GHL FKLHULFL UHJRODUL FRPH L *HVXLWL ,JQD]LR GD /R\ROD DIILQz HQRU PHPHQWH LO SRWHQ]LDOH HGXFDWLYR FRUUHWWLYR GHO PRQDVWHUR WUDVIRU PDQGR OD FDULWj FULVWLDQD LQ XQD YHUD H SURSULD PLOLWLD &KULVWL , UHJRODPHQWL GHL FROOHJL H GHO OH DFFDGHPLH VRUWL LQ (XURSD QHO ;9,,, VHFROR VRVWLWXLURQR QXR YDPHQWH DOOD PLOLWLD &KULVWL OD PLOLWLD UHJLV HUHGLWDQGRQH SHU VLQR OH VWUXWWXUH DUFKLWHWWRQLFKH FRPH QHO FDVR GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD ,O PLOLWDUH SRVVLHGH XQD GLIIH UHQ]D UDGLFDOH ULVSHWWR DO UHOLJLR VR LO GHWWR DQWLFOHULFDOH KRPR KR PLQL OXSXV VHG PRQDFXV PRQDFL OXSLFL VVLPXV GHQXQFLD XQD ULYD
(QULFR &RVHQ] $OOLHYL GHO
OLWj QRQ VHQ]D XQ·HFFHVVLYD YLV SROHPLFD FKH QHL FRQWHVWL FKLXVL H SULYL GL GLVWUD]LRQL SXz LQJHQH UDUH FRQIOLWWL WUD L ¶UHFOXVL· 2UD VH QHOOD PLOLWLD SHU OD FRQTXLVWD GHO UHJQR GHL FLHOL QRQ VHUYH QH FHVVDULDPHQWH DYHUH FRPSDJQL G·DUPDWD LQ TXHOOD GHL UHJQL WHU UHQL OD VROLGDULHWj H O·XQLRQH WUD FRPPLOLWRQL q IRQGDPHQWDOH 6XO FDPSR GL EDWWDJOLD OH YLWH GHL VROGDWL VRQR OHJDWH DG XQR VWHVVR GHVWLQR FRPH SHUVLQR LO SL NLWVFK GHL ILOP GL JXHUUD QRQ PDQFD PDL GL ULFRUGDUFL ,O IXRFR GHOO·DPLFR VL FKLDPD WUDGLPHQWR HG q SXQLWR FRQ OD PRUWH VXO FDP SR VHQ]D SURFHVVR H VHQ]D HVLWD ]LRQH VL FRPEDWWH SHU LO EHQH H OD VDOYH]]D GHOOD SDWULD SRFR FRQWD QR OH PRWLYD]LRQL SHUVRQDOL &RVu VL VSLHJD DOPHQR LQ WHU PLQL GL XWLOLWj SHU FKL JRYHUQD LO GLYLHWR GL GHOD]LRQH WUD JOL DOOLH YL PD YL q GL SL O·HGXFD]LRQH PRUDOH q DELWXGLQH D IDUH LO EHQH GHO SURVVLPR ,O ;9,,, VHFROR ROWUH D HVVHUH LO VHFROR GHL OXPL q VRSUDWWXWWR LO VHFROR GHOOD UL FHUFD GHOOD SXEEOLFD IHOLFLWj OD TXDOH QRQ SXz SUHVFLQGHUH GDO O·DUPRQLD WUD JOL LQGLYLGXL FKH FRPSRQJRQR OD VRFLHWj FLYLOH 3HU LO FRQVHJXLPHQWR GL TXHVWD DUPRQLD VHUYH XQD VROLGD HGXFD ]LRQH PRUDOH FKH q DPRUH SHU OD YHULWj SHU OD JLXVWL]LD SHU LO EHQH GL Vp VWHVVL H GHO SURVVLPR 4XH VWD q IRUVH OD OH]LRQH SL JUDQGH GHOO·2UGLQDQ]D GHO 3DULVL H GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD $ ULSURYD GHOOD YDOL GLWj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·8QLWj H FRPEDWWp FRQWUR L SLHPRQWHVL D &XVWR]D QHO )UDWHOOL DPLFL FRPSDJQL GL FRUVR VL VSDUDURQR OHWWHUDOPHQWH DGGRVVR LQ TXHVWH H DOWUH EDWWDJOLH ILQR DOO·RFFX SD]LRQH QD]LVWD DOOD 5HSXEEOLFD VRFLDOH LWDOLDQD DOOD ORWWD SDUWL
8 Ì8 1 /vÌ 3$ $Ì ! $Ì Ì 1 5HQDWR %HQLQWHQGL
*UDHFLD FDSWD IHUXP YLFWRUHP FHSLW 2UD]LR ©/H ULSHWXWH H PDQLIHVWH SUXR YH FKH KDQ GDWR JOL LQGLYLGXL GHOO·$FFDGHPLD 0LOLWDUH GL QRQ DYHU FRUULVSRVWR DOOH EHQHILFKH PLUH GHO 5H H VSHFLDOPHQWH L 3URIHVVRUL DGGHWWL DOOD PHGHVL PD H JOL 8IILFLDOL FKH OD 6RYUD QD &OHPHQ]D DYHD SUHSRVWL SHU OD GLUH]LRQH GL TXHOOD *LRYHQW 0LOLWDUH KDQQR ILQDOPHQWH LQGRW WR 6 0 D VRSSULPHUH OD VXGGHWWD 5HDOH $FFDGHPLD H WXWWL JOL 8I IL]LDOL H 3URIHVVRUL GHOOD PHGHVL PD QHOO·DWWR GL RUGLQDUH FKH WXWWL JOL $OXQQL LPPHGLDWDPHQWH VL UL WLULQR DOOH ULVSHWWLYH ORUR &DVHª 1HOO·HVWDWH GHO VXELWR GRSR O·LQJUHVVR LQ 1DSROL GHOOH RUGH VDQIHGLVWH GHO &DUGLQDOH 5XIIR OD 1XQ]LDWHOOD FKLXGHYD FRQ WDOL PRWLYD]LRQL LO SULPR FL FOR GHOOD VXD EUHYH YLWD GXUDWR VROL GRGLFL DQQL UHD GL DYHU RSH UDWR VFHOWH GL SRVL]LRQH H GL LQ WHUYHQWR QRQ FRQVRQH DO UHJLPH UHVWDXUDWR 6L WUDWWDYD LQ HIIHWWL GHOOD SULPD GL XQD OXQJD VHULH GL FLUFRVWDQ]H JLXGLFDWH GLIIRU PL GDOOH DVSHWWDWLYH GHOO·HVWD EOLVKPHQW GL WXUQR FKH DYUHEEH VHPSUH VXEuWR H WHQWDWR TXLQGL GL UHSULPHUH OR VSLULWR LQGRPDELOH GHJOL LQTXLOLQL GHO 5RVVR 0D QLHUR /D 6FXROD FKLXGHYD WHP SRUDQHDPHQWH L EDWWHQWL QHO PR PHQWR IRUVH SL DOWR SHU LGHDOLWj H FXOWXUD SROLWLFD GL XQD 1DSROL GHVWLQDWD QHOO· XVFLUH GDO GLFLRW WHVLPR VHFROR D XQ OHQWR H LQH YLWDELOH GHFOLQR /D OXQJD VWRULD GHOO·,VWLWXWR DYUHEEH UHJLVWUDWR QHO FRUVR GHL GHFHQQL IUHTXHQ WL TXDQWR LQHYLWDELOL WHQWDWLYL GL RPRORJD]LRQH SRVWXPD GD SDU WH GHO QXRYR YLQFLWRUH 4XHVWD LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH GHL VHQWLPHQWL H GHO SHQVLHUR GHL UDJD]]L GL 0RQ WH GL 'LR GHVFULWWL VHPSUH GR YHURVDPHQWH H PHFFDQLFDPHQ WH LQFOLQL DG REEHGLUH H PXWDUH SHU FRPSLDFHUH LO QXRYR UHJLPH LSVR IDFWR SL JLXVWR H OHJLWWLPR GHO SUHFHGHQWH QRQ UHQGH JLX VWL]LD D XQD YLVLRQH YLFKLDQD GHO O·HVVHQ]D VWRULFD HG XPDQD GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD
/·HYHQWR FKH PHJOLR FRQWUD VWD JOL DVSHWWL SHFXOLDUL GL WDOH LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH q VHQ]D GXEELR O·DVVHGLR GL *DHWD FKH LO IHE EUDLR GHFUHWz OD ILQH GHO 5HJQR 7DOH YLFHQGD LO OXRJR LQ FXL VL VYROVH O·DQQR LO PHVH LO JLRUQR H DQFRUD OD VHULH LQILQL WD GHOOH ODSLGL H GHOOH VWHOL HUHWWH R DQFRUD HULJLELOL VXO PDOIHUPR H DPELJXR WHUUHQR GHOOD PHPR ULD GL XQD VWRULD GD DOFXQL VXEL WD H GD DOWUL GRPLQDWD DG DOFXQL VFLSSDWD GD DOWUL FRQTXLVWDWD SHU DOFXQL ILQLWD SHU DOWUL LQL]LDWD GH FUHWDURQR LQ HIIHWWL DQFKH OD ILQH GHOOD FRHVLVWHQ]D GHO YHFFKLR H GHO QXRYR GHOO·REEHGLHQ]D H GHO OD ULEHOOLRQH GHOOD WUDGL]LRQH H GHOO·LQQRYD]LRQH *DHWD IX DQFKH LO UHGGH UDWLRQHP GL XQ·XPDQLWj FKH FRPSOHVVLYDPHQWH VL DPz PD QRQ SRWp IDUOR ILQR LQ IRQGR SHUFKp VWULQJHYD LQVLHPH WURSSH GLIIHUHQ]H XQ·XPDQLWj FUHVFLXWD SHU LQWHQGHUFL QHOOR VWHVVR KX PXV FXOWXUDOH FKH UHVH SRVVLELOL JOL DYYHQLPHQWL QDUUDWL IRUVH FRQ LO QRVWUR PHGHVLPR LQWHQWR GDO OXFLGLVVLPR 6FLDVFLD GH , 3XJQD ODWRUL +D VHQVR HQWUDQGR QHOOH VLQJROH YLFHQGH XPDQH SDUODUH GL PLJOLRUH R SHJJLRUH FRQFH]LR QH GHOOD VWRULD H GHOOD SROLWLFD LQ FRORUR FKH D *DHWD WHVWLPRQLD URQR GL DSSDUWHQHUH D PRQGL GL YHUVL" &Lz DYUHEEH VLFXUDPHQWH VHQVR QHOOH SDJLQH GHOOR 6SLQL GHO 9LOODUL R GHO 0RUJKHQ 0D QRL TXL QRQ DEELDPR OD OHQWH FKH WXWWR XQLIRUPD H FKH UHVWLWXLVFH LO TXDGUR PRQRFURPDWLFR GHO OD YHULWj SRVWXPD H VSOHQGHQWH 3UHIHULDPR SHQVDUH D XQ VROLWDULR ILORVRIR QDSROHWDQR LPSHJQDWR DG DSSOLFDUH DOOD VWRULD GHO VXR VHFROR OD GRWWULQD GHO YHUXP IDF WXP LQWURGRWWD QHOOH SDJLQH GHO VXR 'H DQWLTXLVVLPD LWDORUXP VDSLHQWLD /D YLFHQGD GL *DHWD QHOOH WDQWH WUDPH HVLVWHQ]LDOL GH JOL H[ DOOLHYL GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD FKH Ou WHVWLPRQLDURQR VX RSSRVWL IURQWL SULPD DQFRUD FKH XQ FUHGR SROLWLFR XQD SURIRQGD RQHVWj LQ WHOOHWWXDOH FL RIIUH OR VSXQWR SHU ULFRUGDUH XQD VLQJRODUH VSHFLH GL IXRFR DPLFR *LXVHSSH )HUUDUHO OL FRUVR QHOO·HVHU FLWR LWDOLDQR IRUVH JXDUGz QHJOL RFFKL LO VXR FRPSDJQR GL FRU VR &RVWDQWLQR $QGUHX]]L FRUVR FKH JOL VSDUDYD FRQ WUR GDOOH ILOH ERUERQLFKH &RVu IRUVH DYYHQQH WUD (QULFR &R VHQ] FRUVR XIILFLD OH LWDOLDQR H 0DWWHR 1HJUL FRUVR IHGHOH DO %RUERQH H DQFRUD WUD 9LQFHQ]R $IDQ GH 5L YHUD FRUVR H &DUOR 0H]]DFDSR FRUVR /D OHWWXUD GL IDWWL H FLUFRVWDQ]H FKH WDQWR VDUHEEHUR SDUVL D 9LFR GHJQL GL FRQVLGHUD]LRQH SHU LO ORUR VLJQLILFDWR H UHDOLVPR VWRUL FR ULFKLDPD DOOD PHPRULD OH SD UROH PHUDYLJOLRVH H WHUULELOL GH /D *XHUUD GL 3LHUR FDQ]RQH SRHVLD GL XQ PDL DEEDVWDQ]D FRPSLDQWR )DEUL]LR GH $QGUq 4XHO FRQIURQ WR FRQ OD ©GLYLVD GL XQ DOWUR FR ORUHµ FKH FRPSDUH QHL YHUVL GHO FDQWDXWRUH JHQRYHVH SXz IRUVH SL IDFLOPHQWH IDUFL FRPSUHQGH UH OD WUDJHGLD SHU TXHVWR DQFRU SL JUDQGH GL FRORUR FKH FRQ OD GLYLVD GHOOR VWHVVR FRORUH DYH YDQR FHUWR FRQGLYLVR VSHUDQ]H H LOOXVLRQL WUD OH PXUD GHO 5RV VR 0DQLHUR ,PPDJLQLDPR SXU VHQ]D DOFXQ LQWHQWR GL DSRORJLD GHOOR VFRQILWWR FKH OD QHFHVVLWj H OD ORJLFD GHOOD UDJLRQ GL 6WDWR VLDQR SDVVDWH DOO·LQGRPDQL GHO O·DVVHGLR GL *DHWD D UDFFRJOLHUH L WULEXWL LGHRORJLFL GHO YLQFLWRUH H D FRQILQDUH L YLQWL QHO JKHWWR GL XQD FDVHUPD RVFXUD H GL XQD PHPR ULD LPPHPRUH 0D QRL DEELDPR IDWWR OR VWHVVR SHUFRUVR GL FRORUR FKH IXURQR SURWDJRQLVWL GHO IXR FR DPLFR GL *DHWD 6DSSLDPR SHUWDQWR FKH HVVL IXURQR LGHQWLFL QHOO·DQLPR GL TXHOOD LGHQWLWj FKH GRYUHEEH SL VSHVVR DSSDUWHQHUH D FKL JRYHUQD H SHU TXHVWR OHJLW WLPD VROR VXE VSHFLH YLFWRULDH OH SURSULH UDJLRQL
/H QRWD]LRQL H L ULIHULPHQWL VWRULFL VRQR WUDWWL GDO YROXPH /D 1XQ]LD WHOOD GL *LXVHSSH &DWHQDFFL
ÃÕ`
£n 31$ "1$// > $" Ì ,/ $ $
XQ FDVR GL ULVHQWLPHQWR FLUFRODUH
3DROR 7UDPD
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j DQ]L FRO SDVVDUH GHO WHPSR TXH VWR QRVWUR VWUDRUGLQDULR ODERUD WRULR XUEDQR GHOOD SRVWPRGHUQLWj D FLHOR H FXRUH DSHUWR FRQVHQWH XQR VJXDUGR FULVWDOOLQR SL FKH DOWURYH VXL SURFHVVL GL VWUDWLILFD ]LRQH VRFLRORJLFD FKH SUHVLHGRQR DOOD YLWD RGLHUQD 6L SRVVRQR RVVHUYDUH FRQ GRYL ]LD GL SDUWLFRODUL OH VLQJROH VSH FLH FLWWDGLQH GRWDUVL GL XQD PDJ JLRUH DXWRQRPLD GL PRYLPHQWR ï FRPH LQ XQD VRUWD GL WUDQVLWRULD FDWWLYLWj ï GXUDQWH LO SHULRGR HVWLYR DO PRPHQWR GL LQGLUL]]DUVL FKL YHUVR O·XQD FKL YHUVR O·DOWUD GHOOH LVROH GHOO·DUFLSHODJR RUD PDL GHJQR GL GLYHQWDUH FDSROXR JR GL SURYLQFLD FRPH OHJLWWLPD PHQWH LQYRFDWR GD SL SDUWL (FFR DOORUD LO WDPDUUR ULFRQR VFLELOH SHUFKp LQ VSHFLDO PRGR OH SL JLRYDQL JHQHUD]LRQL GL TXH VWD FDWHJRULD YLYRQR LQ VWUHWWD VLPELRVL FRQ LO ORUR VFRRWHU HVL EHQGR PLVHV VJDUJLDQWL H XQD OR TXHOD QRQ VHPSUH FRPSUHQVLELOH ULYHUVDUVL FRQ DUGRUH EDUEDUL FR VXOOD YHUGHJJLDQWH ,VFKLD LO FKLDWWLOOR SUHIHULELOPHQWH LQ FUD YDWWD UHJLPHQWDO VX FDPLFLD D UL JKH FRQ FROOHWWR ULJLGR LQYDGHUH FRQ O·HOHJDQ]D GLUHPPR LQQDWD FKH OR FRQWUDGGLVWLQJXH O·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u LQ HVVL XQ·LQYLGLD LPSRWHQWH FKH OL URGH VL DFFDSDUUD LQIDW WL OH SUHPLQHQWL OHYH GHO SRWHUH HFRQRPLFR H SROLWLFR LPSDOPD OH SL IDVFLQRVH GRQQH VIUHFFLD DOOD JXLGD GHOOH SL FRVWRVH DXWR H FRVu YLD , VRJJHWWL KDQQR FRVu EXRQ JLRFR QHO ULPSURYHUDUJOL XQD VFDUVD SURSHQVLRQH DOO·DF FUHVFLPHQWR FXOWXUDOH ILQHQGR SHU EDGDUH SRFR R QXOOD DO EHQH SXEEOLFR PHQWUH L WDPDUUL YRUWL FRVDPHQWH DVVRUELWL GDOOR VWUHQXR WHQWDWLYR GL VWDUH DO SDVVR FRQ XQ WHQRUH GL YLWD FKH O·HVWUD]LRQH H LO FHQVR QRQ VHPSUH JOL FRQVHQWR QR VL GLVSRQJRQR D RGLDUOR GL XQ RGLR JUHWWR H UDQFRURVR ,O WDPDUUR ï TXHVWR YLWDOLVVLPR SURGRWWR ORFDOLVWLFR FRQ XQD SUR SULD SDUODWD H SHFXOLDUL FRVWXPL VL SHQVL VROR DOO·LPSRQHQWH IHQR PHQR GHL QHRPHORGLFL FRVu GHWWL SHU O·RSHURVD ULFHUFD PXVLFDOH LQ OLQHD FRQ OD WUDGL]LRQDOH FDQ]RQH SDUWHQRSHD D VXD YROWD LQGLFD WR GDL VRJJHWWL FRPH SRUWDWRUH GL XQD FHUWD WHQGHQ]D DOO·DQDUFKLD VRFLDOH FRQGLWD GD XQ HSLVRGLFR PD PDVVLFFLR ULFRUVR DOOD YLROHQ ]D H DYYHUWLWR VXEOLPLQDOPHQWH GDL FKLDWWLOOL FRPH LQGHELWR FRQ FRUUHQWH QHOO·DFFDSDUUDPHQWR GHL EHQL GD JRGLPHQWR ILQLVFH DQFK·HJOL SHU LQJHQHUDUH QHOOH VXGGHWWH FDWHJRULH XQD WHQXH PD SHUVLVWHQWH RVWLOLWj ,QILQH LO VRJJHWWR 9HUR SRU WDWRUH GHO YHVVLOOR GHO PRGHUQR ULVHQWLPHQWR PLVWR GL LQYLGLD H GL LPSRWHQ]D YHUVR FROXL FKH q DYYHUWLWR FRPH SL IRUWH GL PRVWUD XQ·RVWLQDWD WHQGHQ]D D SUHVHQWDUVL QHOOH VHGL GHSXWDWH FRPH FXOWXUDOPHQWH VXSHULRUH
HOLWDULR FHQVRUH H VFDQGDOL]]DWR FDSUR HVSLDWRULR GL XQD FDSLOODUH YLROHQ]D PHWURSROLWDQD H GL DOWUL HIIHWWL GHOHWHUL GHO FDSLWDOH JOR EDOH ï WUD FXL LO PDL DEEDVWDQ]D GHSUHFDWR GHJUDGR FXOWXUDOH ï GD VLVWHPDWL]]DUH D SXQWLQR QHO OD FRUQLFH WHRULFD GL XQ VHPSUH ULPRQWDQWH QHRGDUZLQLVPR VR FLDOH GD GHQXQFLDUH H GD HVSHO OHUH 7XWWR FLz FKH VLD IUXWWR GL OHJLWWLPD UHD]LRQH R GL IRU]RVD VXEOLPD]LRQH VXVFLWD D VXD YRO WD SURIRQGD LUULWD]LRQH QHJOL LP SLHWRVL FRQFLWWDGLQL VFDPELDWR FRP·q SHU OD ULFRUUHQWH H VQREL VWLFD ¶SX]]D VRWWR LO QDVR· GL FKL QRQ q FRVWUHWWR TXRWLGLDQDPHQWH D PLVXUDUVL FRQ OD GXUD OHJJH GHOO·HVLVWHQ]D 1HO 0D[ 6FKHOHU SXE EOLFD OD SULPD HGL]LRQH GH ,O UL VHQWLPHQWR QHOOD HGLILFD]LRQH GHOOH PRUDOL LQ FXL LO ILORVRIR WHGHVFR ULSUHQGH H VYLOXSSD XQD ULIOHVVLRQH QLHW]VFKLDQD FRQ WHQXWD QHOOD *HQHDORJLD GHOOD PRUDOH > @ VHFRQGR FXL OD PRUDOH JLXGDLFR FULVWLDQD VDUHE EH VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH IUXWWR GL XQ ULVHQWLPHQWR 1LHW]VFKH XWLOL]]D LO WHUPLQH IUDQFHVH UHVVHQWLPHQW GD DOORUD FDQRQLFR YHUVR LO SL IRUWH LO PRQGR GHOOD VDQLWj SD JDQD FRQYHUWLWR H VXEOLPDWR QHOO·DSSDVVLRQDWD GLIHVD GHO SL GHEROH ,O VHQWLPHQWR GL ULYROWD GHOO·©DJQHOORª QHL FRQIURQWL GHOO·©XFFHOOR UDSDFHª QRQ WURYD VERFFKL QH FRQVHJXH LO FRDWWR GLIIHULPHQWR GHOOD ULWRUVLRQH GL XQ·DPELWD YHQGHWWD PHWDEROL] ]DWD LQ RGLR LPSRWHQWH SHU FXL O·DQLPR VL DWWRVVLFD HVDFHUEDWR GDOOD IUXVWUD]LRQH 6L JLXQJH FRVu D TXHOOD FKH 1LHW]VFKH GHILQLVFH OD ©IDOVLILFD]LRQH R LQYHUVLRQH GHOOD WDYROD GHL YDORULª O·RIIHVD YLHQH GLFKLDUDWD LQHVLVWHQWH FRQ LO SHUGRQR R FRQ O·DQQXOODPHQ WR WRWDOH GHO SUHVWLJLR DWWULEXLWR DO EHQH QRQ RWWHQXWR q XQR GHL SL YXOJDWL PHFFDQLVPL GL GLIH VD FULVWDOOL]]DWL QHO QRWR DSRORJR GHOOD YROSH H GHOO·XYD ,Q TXHVWR DYYLFHQGDPHQWR HSRFDOH WUD FL YLOWj O·DPRUH FULVWLDQR GLVFHQGH GDOO·RGLR FKH DYHYD WRUPHQWDWR SHU VHFROL O·¶LPSRWHQWH· SRSROR HEUDLFR 3XU SDUWHQGR GD XQR VWHVVR DV VXQWR O·LPSRVWD]LRQH GL IRQGR GHOOR VFULWWR GL 6FKHOHU q YRWDWD D RSHUDUH XQ VRWWLOH GLVWLQJXR SHU OLPLWDUH LO FDPSR GL DSSOLFD]LR QH GHOO·LQWXL]LRQH GL 1LHW]VFKH 1H QHXWUDOL]]D OD SRUWDWD ULGX FHQGROD D XQD GHYLD]LRQH ï SD WRORJLFD H VWRULFD ï GHOOD PHQ WDOLWj ERUJKHVH H SUROHWDULD GDOOD SL SXUD PRUDOH FULVWLDQD GHOOH RULJLQL TXHOOD PHGLHYDOH FKH SUHVHUYDYD VHFRQGR 6FKHOHU QRQ PHQR GL TXHOOD SDJDQD O·DXWR QRPLD PHWDILVLFD GHOO·LQGLYLGXR ,O YDORUH LQ OLQHD FRQ DOWUH ILOR VRILH FRQWHPSRUDQHH GL VWDPSR QLHW]VFKLDQR UHVWD SHUz OR VWHV VR OD IRU]D YLWDOH OD ¶SRWHQ]D· 6H O·RGLR QRQ HVSORGH XQD YROWD LQLELWR H ULPRVVR GHSDXSHUD OH SULPDULH HVLJHQ]H YLWDOL FRVWULQ JHQGR LO GHEROH D XQ·HVLVWHQ]D QRQ SL YLWD LQ FRVWDQWH GHFD GLPHQWR $O GL Oj GHOOD SRVL]LRQH LGHR ORJLFD GHO VXR DXWRUH LO FXRUH WHRULFR GHO VDJJLR FRQVLVWH QHOOD VRWWLOH H DFXWD D WUDWWL DGGLULWWXUD VSHFLRVD GHVFUL]LRQH IHQRPH QRORJLFD GL TXHVWD SDVVLRQH VR YHQWH LQILGD H VWULVFLDQWH LQ SDU WLFRODUH TXDQGR VL DSSXQWD VXOOD ILODQWURSLD XPDQLWDULD PRGHUQD ï FULVWLDQD H QRQ ï FKH VYHOD OD VXD YHUD QDWXUD GL PDQLIHVWD]LR QH GL XQD SURIRQGD VFRQWHQWH]]D GL Vp O·DPRUH SHU L GHEROL H JOL RSSUHVVL QRQ q FKH RGLR FDPXIID WR LQYLGLD UHSUHVVD QHL FRQIURQWL GHL IHQRPHQL FRQWUDUL ULFFKH]]D IRU]D YLJRUH YLWDOH YLWD IHOLFH H DJLDWD )HFRQGD q SRL O·DSSOLFD ]LRQH VX VFDOD VRFLDOH OD VSUR SRU]LRQH WUD JOL HIIHWWLYL UDSSRUWL GL SRWHQ]D WUD FODVVL OD YHUVLRQH PRGHUQD GL TXHOOL FKH LQ HWj SUH ERUJKHVH HUDQR L FHWL GHWHUPLQDWL GD QRELOWj GL VDQJXH H WUDGL]LRQH H O·DVSLUD]LRQH GHL VLQJROL JUXS SL DG XQD SRVL]LRQH SL HOHYDWD QHOOD JHUDUFKLD VRFLDOH GLYHQWD LO PRWRUH GL XQ ULVHQWLPHQWR FKH VL SURSRQH FRPH IDWWRUH DOOR VWHVVR WHPSR GL FRHVLRQH LGHQWLWDULD DO O·LQWHUQR GL XQ JUXSSR H GL WHQVLR QH WUD JUXSSL GLYHUVL 0ROWL DQQL GRSR VDUj 5HQp *L UDUG LQ 0HQ]RJQD URPDQWLFD H
YHULWj URPDQ]HVFD > @ D UL SUHQGHUH H VLVWHPDWL]]DUH LO WXW WR DOO·LQWHUQR GL XQ SL DPSLR H FRPSOHVVR PHFFDQLVPR FKH UXR WD LQWRUQR DOO·LGHD IRQGDQWH GL GH VLGHULR PLPHWLFR WULDQJRODUH 6LD 1LHW]VFKH FKH 6FKHOHU DI IHUPDQR FKH LO ULVHQWLPHQWR q JH QHUDWR GD XQD PDQFDQ]D GL DXWR QRPLD PHWDILVLFD GL XQ VRJJHWWR FKH LQYLGLD OD SLHQH]]D GHOO·HVVH UH ¶IRUWH· SHU QDWXUD LO ¶UDSDFH· GL QLHW]VFKLDQD PHPRULD ©0HQWUH RJQL PRUDOH HOHWWD QDVFH GD XQ WULRQIDQWH GLUH Vu D VH VWHVVD OD PRUDOH GHJOL VFKLDYL GLFH SUHYHQ WLYDPHQWH QR D TXDOFRVD ´FKH VWD IXRULµ DG XQ ´DOWURµ DG XQ ´QRQ Vp VWHVVRµª 3HU *LUDUG LQYHFH FLDVFXQR GL QRL q XQ HVVHUH FRVWL WXWLYDPHQWH PDQFDQWH QRQ DXWR QRPR Qp DXWRVXIILFLHQWH FKH YLH QH WUDVIRUPDQGRVL DWWUDYHUVR O·DO WUR QHO FRUVR GHOOH LQFHVVDQWL LQ WHUD]LRQL XPDQH $O SRVWR GL XQD GLPHQVLRQH VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH DQ FRUD GL WLSR LGHDOLVWLFR URPDQWLFR H YLWDOLVWLFD VXEHQWUD XQD YLVLRQH UHOD]LRQDOH LQWHULQGLYLGXDOH 4XHVWD LPSRVWD]LRQH FDPELD OD QDWXUD GHO ULVHQWLPHQWR QRQ HVLVWRQR Qp XQ IRUWH Qp XQ GH EROH SHU QDWXUD PD XQ PRGHOOR H XQ VRJJHWWR FKH FHUFD GL LPL WDUOR )LQWDQWRFKp LO PRGHOOR VL PDQWLHQH D GLVWDQ]D LO GLVFHSROR SXz LPLWDUOR H YHQHUDUOR DSHUWD PHQWH GHVLGHUD HVVHUH FRPH OXL H GXQTXH GL SRVVHGHUH FLz FKH OXL KD LQIDWWL SHU *LUDUG O·RJJHWWR q GHVLGHUDELOH VROR LQ TXDQWR SRV VHGXWR GD XQ PRGHOOR GD LPLWD UH HFFR OD QDWXUD WULDQJRODUH H LPLWDWLYD GHO GHVLGHULR 0D VH ² FRPH DFFDGH QHO PRQGR PR GHUQR ² VL SHUGH OD WUDVFHQGHQ]D GHO PRGHOOR OD ¶PRUWH GL 'LR· SHU FXL YLHQH DEROLWD RJQL GLIIH UHQ]D RQWRORJLFD WUD TXHVW·XOWLPR H LO VXR GLVFHSROR LO ULVHQWLPHQWR GLYHQWD FRQWDJLRVR GDO PRPHQWR FKH RJQXQR VL ID ULYDOH GHOO·DOWUR QHOOD FRQWHVD GHOO·RJJHWWR HG HQWUDPEL LQFLDPSDQR LQ RVWDFROL SRVWL UHFLSURFDPHQWH VSHVVR LQ VRUPRQWDELOL SHU LO VXR UDJJLXQ JLPHQWR , GHVLGHUL VL IURQWHJJLD QR FRQFRUUHQWL H RJQL LQGLYLGXR ULVXFFKLDWR QHO FRQIOLWWR PLPHWL FR VL DIIDQQD LQFHVVDQWHPHQWH D GLPRVWUDUH FKH LO VXR GHVLGHULR q SXUR H DQWHFHGH TXHOOR GHOO·DOWUR RFFXOWDQGRQH FRVu OD QDWXUD LPL WDWLYD ,Q TXHVWR PRGR SHUz QRQ ID DOWUR FKH DXPHQWDUH DL VXRL RF FKL LO IDVFLQR RFFXOWR GHO PRGHO OR ULYDOH 6HSSXUH O·RJJHWWR YHQLVVH UDJ JLXQWR LO VRJJHWWR VL DFFRUJHUHE EH FKH LO VXR HVVHUH QRQ q FDP ELDWR QRQ KD DVVXQWR TXHOOH TXD OLWj GHVLGHUDELOL GHO PRGHOOR FKH VL SURSRQHYD GL RWWHQHUH DWWUDYHU VR LO SRVVHVVR D TXHVWR SXQWR GL IURQWH D OXL VL DSURQR GXH VWUDGH FDPELDUH O·RJJHWWR GHO GHVLGH ULR R FDPELDUH ¶PHGLDWRUH· FRVu GHILQLWR SHU LQGLFDUH LO UXROR GL PHGLD]LRQH VYROWR GDO PRGHOOR QHL FRQIURQWL GHOO·RJJHWWR GD GH VLGHUDUH 1H GHULYD FRVu XQ URYHVFLD PHQWR GHOO·DVVXQWR VFKHOHULDQR DQFKH VH OD WHRULD GL *LUDUG FRQ VHUYD LQWDWWR WXWWR LO SRWHQ]LDOH GHVFULWWLYR IHQRPHQRORJLFR GHOOD GLDOHWWLFD VFKLDYR XRPR OLEHUR QRQ q OD SULYD]LRQH GL XQ EHQH FXL VL ULWLHQH GL DYHUH GLULWWR QR QRVWDQWH OD SURSULD LQVXIILFLHQ]D YLWDOH H PHWDILVLFD D VFDWHQDUH O·RGLR YHUVR LO SL IRUWH PD q OD VWHVVD WHQVLRQH DPELYDOHQWH XQ PLVWR GL IDVFLQD]LRQH H UDQFRUH QHL FRQIURQWL GL FROXL FKH IXQJH GD PRGHOOR D LQJHQHUDUH ULVHQ WLPHQWR 8Q ULVHQWLPHQWR GLIIXVR H JH QHUDOL]]DWR FLUFROD VHPSUH SL LQ XQ XQLYHUVR LQ FXL YDQQR VFRP SDUHQGR D SRFR D SRFR OH GLIIH UHQ]H IUD JOL XRPLQL YHUR PRORF GHOO·RGLR RFFXOWDWR GHOOH SURLH ]LRQL LQFURFLDWH H GHOO·DJJUHVVL YLWj DPELYDOHQWH WUD LQGLYLGXL PD DQFKH H VRSUDWWXWWR WUD JUXSSL ©6ROWDQWR O·HVVHUH FKH FL LPSH GLVFH GL HVDXGLUH XQ GHVLGHULR GD OXL VWHVVR VXJJHULWRFL q YHUD PHQWH RJJHWWR GL RGLR &ROXL FKH RGLD RGLD LQQDQ]LWXWWR VH VWHVVR D FDXVD GHOOD VHJUHWD DPPLUD]LR QH FKH LO VXR RGLR GLVVLPXOD FRQ O·LQWHQWR GL QDVFRQGHUH DJOL DOWUL H D VH VWHVVR WDOH VYLVFHUDWD DP PLUD]LRQH HJOL YXROH VFRUJHUH QHO PHGLDWRUH XQLFDPHQWH XQ RVWDFRORµ 0HQ]RJQD URPDQWLFD H YHULWj URPDQ]HVFD S
¥²
Ì $8 Ì $"1.$ 9DOHULD 3DUUHOOD
/D VDEELD TXHOOR FKH QRQ VL VSLH JDYD OD FRVD FKH SL JOL GDYD ID VWLGLR TXDQGR JLRFDYD D FDOFHWWR HUD TXHVWD SROYHUH GL VDEELD H VDOH 6H OD ULWURYDYD QHL FDO]L QL QHL SDQWDORQFLQL OR VHJXLYD RYXQTXH H UHQGHYD O·HUED VLQ WHWLFD WDJOLHQWH FRPH FHPHQWR *LXOLR TXDQGR EDWWHYD XQ IXR UL SDVVDYD VHPSUH D OXL GD GLH FL DQQL QRQ OR JXDUGDYD QHP PHQR HG HUD EXRQR FKH QRQ OR JXDUGDVVH 3HUz TXHOOL GHOO·DOWUD VTXDGUD RUPDL OR VDSHYDQR SHU FKp LO JLRYHGu HUD ILVVR FRQWUR GL ORUR /·DYYRFDWR 'HOOR ,DFRQR DOORUD JOL VWDYD DWWDFFDWR DGGRV VR FRPH XQ IUDQFREROOR VHQWLYD LQ OXL LO SHULFROR GL FKL ULFHYH LO SDOORQH H SXz LQYHQWDUH TXDOFR VD )UDQFHVFR VFDOFLz XQ SRFR VHQWu OD VDEELD FKH VL LQILOWUDYD QHOOH VXROH H VL LQFD]]z TXDQGR IHFH SHU DYDQ]DUH YHUVR OD SDO OD 'HOOR ,DFRQR JOL VL DJJUDSSz DOOD PDJOLHWWD SRL OR DIIHUUz SHU XQ SROVR H FRPLQFLz D VWULQJHUH IRUWH $OORUD LQ )UDQFHVFR PRQWz GHQWUR XQ GRORUH SURIRQGR VDSH YD FKH GRYHYD LQFD]]DUVL VWUDS SDUVL YLD GD OXL H FRUUHUH PD OR ODVFLz IDUH 'HOOR ,DFRQR VWULQJH YD H OXL LQYHFH GL VHQWLUH UDEELD VHQWLYD SDXUD 4XDQGR ILQDOPHQ WH OR PROOz SHU FRUUHUH DYDQWL FRQ LO SDOORQH )UDQFHVFR FDSu GL DYH UH VXGDWR WURSSR VL IHFH VRVWLWXL UH GDO FROOHJD 5XVVR H VL WXIIz QHJOL VSRJOLDWRL
). ./-% ¿ $Ì8 /1 Ì " $. GD (PHQGDPHQWR GHL JXDVWL %LDJLR &HSROODUR
O·KR YLVWD DQFRUD GLVWHVD OD OLQHD EHOOD H GULWWD GHO PDUH H OR VWXSRUH SHQVDQGR DO YLYR H QRQ RVWDQWH FRQIXVLRQH LPPHVVD GDOO·RGLR GDOO·ROLR QRVWUR ELVRJQD VROR GLPHQWLFDUH VWDFFDUH G·XQ FROSR OD VSLQD YHQW·DQQL D PHWWHUH PDWWRQL D FUHGHUH HGLILFDUH IRVVH DJ JLXQJHUH VRPPLWj YHQW·DQQL GHQWUR
FKH RJQL URWWXUD ID OR VJDPEHWWR DO IOXVVR GL FRPSUHQVLRQH FRVD RWWXQGH FRVD RFFOXGH LQ WURSSH VHUH q FRPH WRUQDUH D ]HUR LO JDWWR FKH VXO UDPR DYDQWL H LQGLHWUR QRQ VL ILGD D VDOWDUH LO PLOOHSLHGL FKH FL SHQVD DO SULPD H DO GRSR H QRQ ID SL XQ SDVVR OD YRORQWj QRQ F·HQWUD H QRQ FUHVFH DOOD ILQH
O·LGHD VDUj FRPH XQ ULIOHVVR GLVWUDWWR DQFKH SHU QRL GHOO·DOWR H GHO EDVVR D PLVXUDUH LO IDWWR FRO GD IDUH FRVD IDFFLR FRQ OLQHD GULWWD FKH VIRGHUD RQGH DSUH H FKLXGH SDJLQH DSUH H FKLXGH
LO EHQH H TXHOOR FKH LQYHFH VL FKLHGHYD GD ORUR ² GD QRL ² HUD DYHU DWWUDYHUVDWR XQD YROWD SHU WXWWH GHFLVR GL VFHQGHUH FRPH O·DFTXD ID SHU LO SHQGLR YHUVR LO EDVVR
TXHVWR GHQVR GL WHQHUH PROHFROH FKH V·DIILQDQR DIILQDQR ILQR DG HVVHUH SL OHJJHUH GHOO·DULD FRVu LPPDJLQR XQ DEEUDFFLR H GLFR ELVRJQD VWDELOL]]D UH TXHVWD LQWHQVLWj GL LRQL IDUQH XQD VSOHQGLGD DELWXGLQH FRPH OD FDOGD TXLHWH GHO QXFOHR
QRQ GL VWDU D JDOOD FRPXQTXH FKL V·DJJUDSSD DOOD FDUFDVVD GHOO·DOD FKL DOOD WDYROD FKH XQD YROWD IX QHO VDORQH GHOOH IHVWH SLDFH FRVu WDQWR O·LGHD GHO QDXIUDJLR
GHOOD WHUUD WXWWR IXRFR H PHWDOOR WXWWD OHQWH]]D GL URWD]LRQH SHUFKp VRSUD FL VLD HUED HG DFTXD H QRL D FKLHGHUFL DQFRUD VH TXHOOR FKH F·q VRSUD OD WHUUD
FKH SDUOD GL ORUR ² GL QRL ² LQ XQ JLRUQR TXDOVLDVL IHUPL DO VHPDIRUR WRUQDQGR GDO ODYRUR OD FKLJOLD LPPHQVD H ULEDO WDWD OH OXFL DOO·LQFRQWUDULR PDOFRQFL SRJJLDWL VX TXHOOR FKH XQD YROWD HUD LO VRIILWWR
VLD FRVD EXRQD YHQW·DQQL D PHWWHUH PDWWRQL D FUHGHUH HGLILFDUH IRVVH DJ JLXQJHUH QRQ GLPLQXLUH
PD SRL V·LQJUDQD H LO PDUH WRUQD D VWDUH VRWWR FRPH XQ DIIDUH G·DJHQ]LD GL YLDJJLR
YHQW·DQQL SHUVR QHOO·DWWXDOH D VLPXODUH VWRULD O·LQWUHFFLR GL PLVHULH VHQ]D SUHVHQWH FKH FKLDPDQR DWWLYLWj LQWHOOHW WXDOH OL YHGL DQFKH WX FRQ LQ IDFFLD VFULWWR LO WHUURUH GL VSDULUH H O·LOOXVLRQ GL IDUFHOD D VFDP SDUH SHU VROD PDOLJQLWj H QRQ GRYUHEEH QRQ GRYUHEEH HVVHUFL DQFRUD WDQWD UDEELD
H VL WUDWWD GL GLPLQXLUH IDUVL VRUJHQWH ODVFLDU SHUGHUH DQGDUH SHU WRUQDUH H VPXRYHUH DFTXD WXWWD TXHOO·DFTXD FKH QRQ FUHVFH H QRQ VL SHUGH H YXROH DEEDWWHUVL IDUVL PXUR H VFKLXPD SHU SRL FDOPD PHQWH IDUVL LQGLHWUR LQILQLWDPHQWH ULWLUDUVL
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
6XR SDGUH YLYHYD DQFRUD FRQ ORUR )UDQFHVFR HUD SLFFROR H GRSR SUDQ]R VFHQGHYD QHO FRUWL OH D JLRFDUH D SDOORQH PHQWUH JOL DGXOWL EHYHYDQR LO FDIIq /·DELWX GLQH HUD FRVu DVSHWWDUH SHU DO]DU VL GD WDYROD DQFKH VH JOL DOWUL DYH YDQR JLj GDWR OD YRFH GDOOD VWUDGD H VL VHQWLYD LO VXSHUVDQWRV GHIRU PDUVL VXOO·LQWRQDFR GHO SDOD]]R 8Q SRPHULJJLR DYHYD IDWWR SHU VFHQGHUH H QRQ WURYDQGR LO VXR WRYDJOLROR DYHYD SUHVR TXHOOR GHO SDGUH H FL VL HUD SXOLWR OD ERFFD ,O SDGUH DOORUD OR DYHYD VJULGDWR ©QRQ IDUOR PDL SL ª JOL DYHYD GHWWR ©H QRQ WL PXRYHUH FKq QRQ DEELDPR DQFRUD ILQLWRª 0D QRQ HUD YHUR )UDQFHVFR QRQ VRSSRUWz FKH VXR SDGUH OR WHQHVVH Ou DQFKH VH VROR SHU TXHO PLQXWR ,O FDIIq HUD JLj VDOLWR H OXL QRQ O·DYUHEEH EHYXWR SHUFKp GRYHYD WUDWWHQHU OR DQFRUD D WDYROD" $OORUD GHFLVH GL VILGDUOR FRPH SRWHYD H JOL ULSUHVH LO WRYDJOLROR ,O SDGUH JOL DIIHUUz LO SROVR H JOLH OR VWULQVH IRUWH IRUWH ILQFKq OXL QRQ OR ODVFLz FDGHUH VXOOD WDYROD 3RL QRQ JOL GLVVH QXOOD 0D )UDQ FHVFR DYHYD FDSLWR FKH OD YRORQWj GL VXR SDGUH HUD TXHOOD FKH YDOH YD H QRQ OD ULILXWz JLXVWD R VED JOLDWD FKH IRVVH TXHO SRPHULJJLR VFHVH QHO FRUWLOH D JLRFDUH SRUWDQ GR FRQ Vp OD UHJROD GHOOD VXD FDVD H TXLQGL DQFKH OD VXD FDVD VWHVVD *LXOLR JOL FLWRIRQz OD PDWWLQD GRSR HUD LQ ULWDUGR OD FLWWj ULVWD JQDYD QHO ULWDUGR 0D )UDQFHVFR DELWDYD YLFLQR DO WULEXQDOH LO FKH JOL FRQVHQWLYD GL VFHQGHUH GL FDVD SHU XOWLPR DUULYDUH PH]]·RUD GRSR O·XGLHQ]D GHOOH QRYH HG HVVHUH FRPXQTXH LQ DQWLFLSR VXO JLXGLFH ©0D LHUL VHUD«WXWWR D SRVWR" &KH FD]]R KDL IDWWR"ª ©+R VHQWLWR LO FHOOXODUH H QRQ KR FDSLWR SL XQ FD]]Rª ©7L VHL IDWWR OD FRPDUD H FKL q"ª )UDQFHVFR JOL IHFH VWUDGD QHO EDU /H[ H LO EDQFRQLVWD YHGHQGR OL DYYLz GXH VKDNHUDWL ©)UDQFq FKL q"ª )UDQFHVFR VL WRFFR OD WDVFD ©KR GHFLVR GL QRQ IXPDUH SULPD GL PH]]RJLRUQRª 3RL VRUULVH FRQ GHFLVLRQH DOOD SUDWLFDQWH FKH HQWUDYD LQ TXHO PRPHQWR QHO EDU VROOHYz DSSHQD O·LQGLFH GHVWUR YHUVR LO FDVVLHUH H TXHOOR SURQWDPHQWH ULILXWz L VROGL GHOOD UDJD]]D /H SUDWLFDQWL H OH FROOHJKH JLR YDQL OR EDFLDYDQR VXOOH JXDQFH R VX XQD JXDQFLD VROD FKH QXPH ULFDPHQWH HUD GL PHQR PD QHO VLJQLILFDWR HUD GL SL 3HUz WXWWL WXWWL JOL DOWUL JOL VWULQJHYDQR OD PDQR LQ TXHOO·DWWUDYHUVDPHQWR GL VWUDGD WUD LO EDU H LO FDUUDLR GHO WULEXQDOH VDOXWz FOLHQWL WHVWLPRQL
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u EHOOD FKH QRQ SRWDYD VPHW WHUH GL JXDUGDUOD ( SRL JOL VRU ULGHYD $YHYDQR SUHVR VROR O·DQWLSDVWR ,O FDPHULHUH VFLRULQDYD OD OLVWD GHL SULPL H LO YHQWR WLUDYD IRUWH /HL VROOHYz LO ELFFKLHUH H LO WR YDJOLROR OH YROz SHU WHUUD H SUHVH OD ULQFRUVD YHUVR LO PDUH $OORUD )UDQFHVFR VL FKLQz SHU UDFFR JOLHUOR PD OHL DYHYD JLj VILODWR TXHOOR GHO SDGUH GDO ERUGR GHO SLDWWR H FL VL HUD SXOLWD OD ERFFD ,O SDGUH OH VRUULVH ©VFLDODWLHOOL SHU GXHª GLVVH ©( WX"ª FKLHVH D )UDQFHVFR ©3UHQGLOL DQFKH WXª JOL GLFHYD OD GRQQD 0D )UDQFHVFR QRQ ULVSRQGHYD VL JXDUGDYD OD PDQR
" ,$ Ì Ì" 1>/ 'RPHQLFR *ULIRQL
1DSROL H SDUDJJL QRQ GRYHYDQR HVVHUH GL QRWHYROH JUDGLPHQWR SHU 1LHW]VFKH (UD IRUWH LO ELVR JQR GL UHFDUYLVL VROWDQWR TXDQGR OD VXD VDOXWH DQQDVSDYD &RQVLGH UDYD TXHL OXRJKL TXDVL XQD WHUD SLD FRQ WDQWL EHQHILFL H FRQ TXDO FKH LQHYLWDELOH HIIHWWR FROODWHUDOH ,O FOLPD L FRORUL OD SUHVHQ]D GL 3DXO 5pH DPLFR FRQVLGHUDWR FHU WR H OD SUHPXURVD RVSLWDOLWj GL 0DOILGD YRQ 0H\VHQEXUJ QRELOH GL QDVFLWD H GL PRGL DFTXLHWDYD QR L WDUOL GHOOD VXD PHQWH H PLWL JDYDQR O·DXGDFLD GHO YROHU VDSHUH VRVWLWXHQGROD FRQ LO SL XPDQR H DFFHVVLELOH YROHU YLYHUH /D YRORQWj GL SRWHQ]D SHUGHYD L VXRL FRQWURYHUVL FRQQRWDWL H LO ILORVRIR WHGHVFR ULWRUQDYD DG HV VHUH XRPR GHO TXRWLGLDQR GHOOH SLFFROH FRVH GHOOD ULWXDOLWj H SHUFKp QR DQFKH GL XQ FHUWR FRQ IRUPLVPR GL FRPRGR /·ROWUH OR FRQVHUYDYD SHU DOWUL WHPSL H SHU OXRJKL PHQR SLDFHYROL 0HWWHUH LQ FULVL OD UDJLRQH FRQVLGHUDQGR OD XQ IUDJLOH VWUXPHQWR RUJDQLFR GL DXWRFRQVHUYD]LRQH GRYHYD DSSDULUJOL SRFR RSSRUWXQR LQ XQ OXRJR FRPH OD SHQLVROD VRUUHQWL QD GRYH WUD EHOOH]]D H DPHQLWj LO EXRQ 'LR GRYHYD VHPEUDUJOL DVVDL SL GL XQD PHUD LSRWHVL IRU PXODWD GD PHQWL IDQWDVLRVH (· YHUR FKH HUD XQ OXRJR GRYH RJQL XRPR JOL DSSDULYD XJXDOH DOO·DO WUR H QHOO·DJLUH H QHO SHQVDUH ( D 1LHW]VFKH FKH FRP·q QRWR DPDYD GLIIHUHQ]H H FRQWUDVWL FLz QRQ SRWHYD SLDFHUH /D FKLDVVRVD H YDULRSLQWD FRPXQHOOD GHOOD JHQ WH GHO OXRJR HUD DVVDL ORQWDQD GD TXHOOL FKH SHU OXL GRYHYDQR HVVH UH L VHJQL LQHTXLYRFDELOL GHOOD QR ELOWj QRQ GLYLGHUH DOFXQFKp FRQ QHVVXQR LQHEULDUVL WUD OD VROLWX GLQH GHOOH DOWXUH SHUFKp VROWDQ WR GD TXHVWD FRQGL]LRQH SRWHYD QDVFHUH LO QXRYR XRPR TXHOOR SHU LQWHQGHUFL FKH QRQ DYUHEEH DYXWR ELVRJQR SHU DFFHWWDUVL Qp GHOOD VWRULD Qp GHOOD PHWDILVLFD $ OXL VDUDQQR QHJDWH WXWWH OH VSH UDQ]H WUDQQH XQD TXHOOD ULSRVWD QHO SURSULR FRUSR IDQFLXOOHVFD PHQWH ULWURYDWR VFRSHUWR H DPD WR ©/·XRPR IRUWH ² FRQFOXGHYD ² QRQ SXz SHUPHWWHUVL LO YL]LR GL DQGDUH G·DFFRUGR FRQ WXWWLª 7XWW·DWWRUQR JOL VHPEUDYD FKH DY YHQLVVH HVDWWDPHQWH LO FRQWUDULR H FLz OR WXUEDYD QRQ SRFR ,Q WDOL
, . Ì Ì 0DWWHR 3DOXPER
/·DUFKHWLSR GHO GLVDJLR YHUVR O·DXWRULWj q VHQ]D GXEELR OD FH OHEUH /HWWHUD DO SDGUH GL )UDQ] .DIND ,O PDOHVVHUH TXL PDQLIH VWDWR LO EULYLGR GL SDXUD DYYHUWL WR GD FKL VFULYH FRPH XQD IHEEUH FKH FRUURGH OD ILGXFLD QHFHVVDULD D HVLVWHUH H DG DJLUH WURYDQR OD ORUR RULJLQH QHOOD FRQVDSHYROH] ]D GL XQD LQVRSSRUWDELOH SULJLR QLD ,O PRQGR GHO SDGUH FRQWLHQH OHJJL LQIOHVVLELOL YLQFROL GRYHUL PRGHOOL REEOLJKL FKH FRQGL]LR QDQR OH VFHOWH GHOO·DOWUR ,O 3DGUH q ©WURSSR IRUWHª HVLELVFH ©UREX VWH]]D VDOXWH DSSHWLWR VRQRULWj GL YRFH IDFRQGLD VRGGLVID]LRQH GL 6p VXSHULRULWj YHUVR LO PRQGR WHQDFLD SUHVHQ]D GL VSLULWR FR QRVFHQ]D GHJOL XRPLQL XQD FHUWD JHQHURVLWjª (JOL SXz WUDWWDUH XQ ILJOLR ©VROR VHFRQGR LO 6XR FDUDW WHUH FRQ IRU]D UXPRUH H VFRS SL G·LUDª WDQWR SL VH SUHWHQGH FKH TXHVWL GLYHQJD ©XQ UDJD]]R IRUWH H FRUDJJLRVRª ,O SRWHUH GL XQD WDOH DXWRULWj q OHWWHUDOPHQWH LQFRQGL]LRQDWR 1RQ YXROH DUJL QL DO SURSULR FDSULFFLR ,O ILJOLR SXz HVVHUH DQJRVFLDWR SHU DQQL GDO ©WRUPHQWRVR SHQVLHUR FKH VXR SDGUH LO JLJDQWH OD VXSUHPD LVWDQ]D SRWHYD YHQLUH TXDVL VHQ ]D PRWLYR QHO FXRUH GHOOD QRWWH D SRUWDUOR VXO EDOODWRLRª ODVFLDQ GRJOL O·RVFXUD FRVFLHQ]D FKH HJOL YDOJD PHQR GL QLHQWH ©'DOOD 6XD SROWURQDª TXHVWR RQQLSRWHQWH VL JQRUH JRYHUQD LO PRQGR ©/D 6XD RSLQLRQH HUD JLXVWD RJQL DOWUD HUD DVVXUGD VWUDYDJDQWH SD]]D DQRU PDOH /D 6XD VLFXUH]]D HUD FRVu JUDQGH FKH SRWHYD DQFKH HVVHUH LQFRHUHQWH H WXWWDYLD QRQ FHVVD YD GL DYHUH UDJLRQHª /D ILGXFLD FKH HJOL KD QHOOH SURSULH FDSDFLWj QRQ SXz GXQTXH HVVHUH VFDOILWD $O FRQWUDULR FKL q VRWWRPHVVR DO VXR JLXGL]LR PDWXUD VROR XQ VHQ WLPHQWR GL SHQD H GL VXEDOWHUQLWj 3ULJLRQLHUR GL XQD IRUPD FKH JOL q LPSRVWD QRQ VD TXDOH VLD OD VXD LGHQWLWj 'DO SURSULR SXQWR GL RV VHUYD]LRQH SHUFHSLVFH L UDSSRUWL FRQ O·DOWUR VRWWR WUH GLYHUVH SRV VLELOLWj FKH GHOLQHDQR XQD YHUD H
SURSULD WRSRORJLD &·q OD ]RQD D FXL LO ILJOLR VHQWH GL DSSDUWHQHUH $XWHQWLFR XRPR GHO VRWWRVXROR HJOL YLYH ©VFKLDYR VRWWRSRVWR D OHJJL LQYHQWDWH VROR SHU OXLª H DOOH TXDOL QRQ VD ©SLHQDPHQ WH DVVRJJHWWDUVLª ,Q XQ VHFRQGR OXRJR ©LQILQLWDPHQWH ORQWDQRª GD TXHOOR ULVHUYDWR DO ILJOLR F·q OD URFFDIRUWH LO FXL UHJQD LO 3DGUH ©LPSHJQDWR D GDUH RUGLQL H D LU ULWDU6L TXDQGR QRQ HUDQR REEHGL WLª 7UD TXHVWL GXH SROL HVWUHPL LQ XQ DOWURYH LPSUREDELOH LPPD WHULDOH FRPH XQ VRJQR VL FROORFD ©XQ WHU]R PRQGR GRYH OD JHQWH YLYHYD IHOLFH H OLEHUD GD FRPDQGL H GD REEHGLHQ]Hª 4XHVWR WHU]R PRQGR VFHQD GHOO·LPPDJLQD]LR QH H GHOO·XWRSLD q RYYLDPHQWH O·DQWLWHVL GHO PRQGR YHUR DELWDWR GD SDGURQL H GD VFKLDYL GD GR PLQDWRUL LQIOHVVLELOL H GD YLWWLPH QHYURWLFKH H GLVDGDWWDWH /D QD WXUD SHUYHUVD GL TXHVWH UHOD]LRQL SURGXFH LQHYLWDELOPHQWH XQ GX SOLFH ULVHQWLPHQWR TXHOOR GL FKL YHGH QHOO·DOWUR OD FRSLD PDQFDWD WDOYROWD DGGLULWWXUD JURWWHVFD H LQ ILGD GHL SURSUL YDORUL H TXHOOR GL FKL SDWLVFH XQ RUGLQH FKH JOL q HVWUDQHR LPSRVWRJOL FRQ OD IH URFLD GL XQD YRORQWj XPLOLDQWH , 3DGUL VL DUPDQR FRQWUR L ILJOL VH FRQGR XQD QXRYD LQILQLWD ULSHWL ]LRQH GHO PLWR GL &URQR PD TXH VWL FRPEDWWRQR FRQ OH DUPL GHOOD ORUR SDVVLYLWj FRQ OD UHVLVWHQ]D GHL ORUR DWWL HVWUDQHL FRQ OD WH VWDUGDJJLQH GHL ORUR GHVLGHUL 1RQ VWXSLVFH GXQTXH FKH QHOOD JUDQGH OHWWHUDWXUD GHO 1RYHFHQWR L 3DGUL VLDQR ILJXUD GL XQD 9HUL Wj SHUGXWD D FXL QRQ q SRVVLELOH GDUH IHGH (VVL VDUDQQR DVVHQ WL FRPH QHO )X 0DWWLD 3DVFDO R QRQ VDSUDQQR QHO PRPHQWR GHOOD PRUWH FRQVHJQDUH DL ORUR ILJOL XQD SDUROD GHILQLWLYD FKH LQGLFKL LO FRQILQH WUD TXHOOR FKH q JLXVWR H YHUR H TXHOOR FKH QRQ OR q &RPH QHOOD &RVFLHQ]D GL =HQR TXDVL D VLJODUH GHILQLWLYDPHQWH XQD GLIIHUHQ]D LQVDQDELOH LO SD GUH GL =HQR QRQ VROR QRQ ULHVFH D WURYDUH TXHOOD SDUROD GHFLVLYD ©XQD VRODª FKH ©JOL HUD VIXJJL WD SHU VHPSUHª PD ODVFLD FDGH UH VXOOD JXDQFLD GHO ILJOLR LO SHVR GHOOD VXD PDQR TXDVL XQR VFKLDI
£ IR YHQGLFDWRUH FKH FRQGDQQD O·DOWUR LUULGXFLELOPHQWH GLYHUVR GD OXL D VRSUDYYLYHUH VHQ]D XQD JXLGD -HDQ 3DXO 6DUWUH ULQWUDF FLDQGR OH RULJLQL GHOOD SURSULD VWRULD QHOO·DXWRELRJUDILD /HV PRWV WHRUL]]D FKH ©XQ EXRQ SD GUH QRQ HVLVWHª SHUFKp q ©LO OHJD PH GL SDWHUQLWj FKH q PDUFLRª ,O IDWWR GL QRQ DYHU DYXWR XQ SDGUH PRUWR SRFR GRSR OD VXD QDVFLWD JOL KD FRQFHVVR FRPH XQ GRQR PLUDFRORVR OD VXD ©LQFUHGLELOH OHJJHUH]]Dª H TXHOOD DVVHQ]D OR KD OLEHUDWR GHILQLWLYDPHQWH ©GDO FDQFUR GHO SRWHUHª FDQFHOODQGR O·LGHD VWHVVD GL REEHGLHQ]D 7UD WXWWH OH WHVWLPRQLDQ]H OHW WHUDULH SRVVLELOL LO FDVR IRUVH SL HVHPSODUH H YLVWRVR GL XQD WUDGL ]LRQH GL 3DGUL FKH SUHWHQGRQR GL HVVHUH O·LQFDUQD]LRQH LQGLVFXV VD GL XQD /HJJH q FRVWLWXLWR GDO 'RPHQLFR 5RVL GL &RQ JOL RFFKL FKLXVL SXEEOLFDWR QHO GD )HGHULJR 7R]]L (JOL ULQFKLXGH LQ Vp WXWWH OH SURSULHWj GL TXHO O·DXWRULWj FKH .DIND FRVu SHUIHW WDPHQWH UDSSUHVHQWD LUDVFLELOH SUHSRWHQWH OXVVXULRVR GHFLVR QHL VXRL JHVWL LQFDSDFH GL GXEEL R GL SHQWLPHQWL ,O FRQWUDOWDUH GL TXH VWR PRGHOOR GL EUXWDOLWj H GL DU URJDQ]D q LO ILJOLR 3LHWUR &RPH LQ XQ EHIIDUGR URYHVFLDPHQWR GL SUHGLFDWL TXHVWL GLYHQWD O·RSSR VWR GL WXWWR FLz FKH O·DOWUR q $O SRVVHVVR YLROHQWR GHOOD UHDOWj VR VWLWXLVFH XQD IRUPD HVDVSHUDWD GL DVVHQ]D 3HUGXWR QHOOH VXH ©GLVWUD]LR QLª FKH VHPEUDQR SHUHQQHPHQ WH JXLGDUOR ORQWDQR GD FLz FKH KD GDYDQWL HJOL FRQ JOL RFFKL FKLXVL QDXIUDJD WUD DVSLUD]LRQL LQGHILQLWH JUDFLOL FRPH XQD WHOD GL IXPR LQ FHUFD GL TXDOFRVD FKH q LPSUHFLVDWR PD FKH DSSD UH FRPH OD VPHQWLWD GHOOH DWWHVH SDWHUQH /·DSSUHQGLVWDWR HURWLFR HG HVLVWHQ]LDOH GL FXL q VSHWWDWR UH QRQ SURGXFH YDQWDJJLR DOFXQR (JOL q VHFRQGR OD ORJLFD GHO VXR 3DGUH 6LJQRUH XQ IUXWWR EDFDWR XQ RVWDFROR DOOD FRQWLQXLWj GL XQ PRGHOOR H GHOOH UHJROH FKH QH GHULYDQR 3URSULR GL IURQWH DOOD ULSHWL]LRQH GL FRQWLQXL IDOOLPHQ WL JHQHUDWL GDOO·LQGROHQ]D RSDFD GHOO·DOWUR LQFDSDFH GL VHJXLUH OD
VWUDGD WUDFFLDWD SHU OXL LO 3DGUH VFRSUH OD SURSULD LPSRWHQ]D 6H LO QRPH 'RPHQLFR FKH )HGHULJR 7R]]L JOL KD DVVHJQDWR FRQ OD OL EHUWj GL XQ FUHDWRUH FKH SODVPD XQ FRHUHQWH XQLYHUVR LPPDJLQD WLYR FRQWLHQH QHO SURSULR HWLPR OD YRFH 'RPLQXV TXHVWR SHUVR QDJJLR VL LOOXGH GL SRWHU HVVHUH OHWWHUDOPHQWH ILQR LQ IRQGR XQ 'LR D FXL QLHQWH SXz HVVHUH QH JDWR 0D LO SULQFLSLR DXWRPDWLFR FKH JDUDQWLVFH OD FRQWLQXLWj GHO VDQJXH H LQVLHPH OD SHUSHWXD ]LRQH GHL PRGL GL HVVHUH FKH JOL VRQR SURSUL QRQ KD SL YDOLGLWj 4XHO ILJOLR LQ FXL VL KD IHGH H D FXL VL DIILGD LO PDQGDWR GL XQD VWLUSH H GL XQ VLVWHPD LGHRORJLFR ULVXOWD RUPDL LQDIILGDELOH /D SLH WUD VX FXL VL VFHJOLH GL FRVWUXLUH O·HGLILFLR VL ULYHOD DOO·LPSURYYLVR IUDJLOH LQDGDWWD DO SURJHWWR D FXL q GHVWLQDWD 4XHOO·DOWUR QRPH 3LHWUR LO QRPH GHO ILJOLR VHJQR ELEOLFR GHOO·HUHGLWj JDUDQ]LD GL XQ IRQ GDPHQWR VX FXL LQQDO]DUH RJQL FKLHVD SURQWD D GXUDUH QHO WHPSR GLYHQWD VFDQGDORVDPHQWH PHQ]R JQHUR ,O SLODVWUR VL VJUHWROD H LO YXRWR LQJRLD RJQL FRVD 4XHVWD YRUDJLQH ULWURYDWD LQWRUQR D Vp VSLQJH LO 3DGUH FRQWUR LO ILJOLR QRQ SL ULFRQRVFLXWR FRPH WDOH ,O ILJOLR D VXD YROWD QRQ WURYD XQ 3DGUH D FXL DSSDUWHQJD FD SDFH GL FHUWH]]H PD VLPEROR GL YDORUL FRQGLYLVL GL FXL HJOL VWHV VR VL QXWUD /·LQFDOFR FKH QRQ D FDVR q WLWROR GHO WHVWR WHDWUDOH SL IDPRVR GL 7R]]L OR VWDPSR FKH SHUPHWWH XQ·XQLFD H LGHQWL FD FUHD]LRQH VL q LQFULQDWR 8QD YROWD FKH OD PDWULFH VL q VSH]]D WD OD SHUIHWWD FRLQFLGHQ]D WUD OH IRUPH q LPSRVVLELOH , GXH SH]]L QRQ FRPEDFLDQR SL /·XQLFD VR OX]LRQH FRQVLVWH QHOO·DVVXPHUH OD GLIIHUHQ]D FRPH XQ GDWR LQH OLPLQDELOH LO PRQGR GHO 3DGUH LQDVVLPLODELOH D TXHOOR GHO ILJOLR LO GXH QRQ ULGXFLELOH DOO·XQR /D VDOYH]]D GDOOD GLVFRUGLD LQILQLWD SRWUj SDVVDUH VROR DWWUDYHUVR OD FRVFLHQ]D GHO FRQIOLWWR H OD FDSD FLWj GL DVVXPHUH OD GLIIHUHQ]D LQ SDFH 6H TXHVWR VIRU]R VDUj XJXD OH D TXHOOR GL 6LVLIR O·HSRFD GHO ULVHQWLPHQWR QRQ DYUj ILQH
$%) 0!$2)
/,$$"Ì. 8 .Ì/$"" 1Ì 0DULDQR %jLQR
1REuD 0HUOR LO SRHWD 'RUPRQR GRUPRQR VXOOD FROOLQD WXWWL L SRHWDQWL DPLFL GL XQD YLWD L ORUR YHUVL EXRQL H GD GR]]LQD VRQR $YDQJXDUGLD $UFDGLD ULYHULWD ,R VHQ]D SLHWUD VWR LQXPDWR H LQ SLDQR VHGRWWR GDOOD YLWD SRFR VFULV VL« H QHOOD WHUUD IUHGGD D WXOLSDQR FKLXGR OH GLWD UDGLFL ,Q DELVVL GL EXLR SHQFROD TXHO ILRUH G·RVVR LSRWLSRVL GLJLWR FKLHGHQWH ©$PLFL" $PLFL D FKL"ª OR VFDQQDIRVVR PH OR VFDYDVWH YRL VRFLDELOPHQWH 3DVVDQWH LQ DOWUR PRGR WH OR GLFR ©6H JLDFFLR TXL OR GHYR D XQ IXRFR DPLFR ª FRQGL]LRQL DPELHQWDOL LQIDWWL JOL HUD GLIILFLOH VSHUDUH QHOO·DYYHQWR GHOO·DXURUD DQ]L GHOOH WDQWH DXUR UH FKH OD VXD PHQWH QRQ WLPRURVD GL QDXIUDJL R GL LQVXFFHVVL SUR IHWL]]DYD 1HL VXRL ULFRUGL FDUWDFHL LO ILORVRIR GL 5RFNHQ VSHQGH SD UHFFKLH H FRQYHQLHQWL SDUROH SHU GHVFULYHUH L OXRJKL H OH HPR]LRQL FKH HVVL HUDQR LQ JUDGR GL VXVFL WDUH SRFKH GDYYHUR SRFKH VX FKL
YL DELWD ,O 6XG DSSDUH FRPH WHUUD GL TXLHWH FKH QXOOD DVVDOH H D QXO OD SRUWD 'RYH VL ULHVFH D WUDVIRU PDUH LO ODYRUR LQ JLRFR H LO JLRFR LQ ODYRUR 'RYH VL q FUHGHQWL SL GL IDFFLDWD FKH GL FRQYLQFLPHQWR )RUWXQDWL IUXLWRUL GL XQ HVWHWLVPR QDWXUDOH FKH WXWWR DSSDJD LQ XQD VRUWD GL FRQIRUWDQWH FRQWHPSOD ]LRQH FKH QRQ OLEHUD H QRQ PRWL YD GLYLGHQGR DQ]L OD YLWD GDOOD FRQRVFHQ]D LO SHQVLHUR GDOO·HVL
VWHQ]D 6L KD TXDVL O·LPSUHVVLRQH FKH PHQWUH LO 6XG G·,WDOLD IDFLOLWL LO UDJJLXQJLPHQWR GL XQ RWLXP PHQ WDOH FKH DVVRPLJOLD DOOD WDQWR DJR JQDWD QROXQWDV L SDHVL GHO 1RUG VSLQJDQR DOOD GLDOHWWLFD GHJOL RS SRVWL DOOD GLDWULED DOOR VFRQWUR )RUVH SHUFKp WUD JOL DELWDQWL GL TXHL OXRJKL q SL IDFLOH GLVWLQJXH UH XQD WHVL GDOO·DQWLWHVL $O 1RUG FL VL VFRQWUD SHU DQGDUH ROWUH DO 6XG SHU DQGDUH G·DFFRUGR
/D IRWR q GL /XFD $Q]DQL LO GLVHJQR q GL 6HUJLR 'DOLVL
ÃÕ`
Óä , " Ì/1. ,, 1
%pDWULFH &RPPHQJp WUDGX]LRQH GL )UDQFHVFR )RUODQL
'RYHYD HVVHUH QHO 1RQ FL VRQR GDWH VXOOD FDUWROLQD 5DIIL JXUD OD ¶&LWWDGHOOD· GHOOD FLWWj GL &RUI FRQ XQD VFULWWXUD PLQX VFROD H UHJRODUH LO SDGUH GL /RXLV KD FRPSOHWDWR OD GLGDVFDOLD ©q TXL FKH VLDPR VWDWL LQTXDGUDWLª /D JXHUUD DOORUD QRQ q ILQLWD /D *UDQGH *XHUUD 'D TXDQWR WHPSR /RXLV QRQ YHGH VXR SDGUH" 6XD PDGUH RJQL JLRUQR VL LQWUDW WLHQH FRQ OXL VXO SRUWR GL $OJHUL SHU PRVWUDUJOL LO PDUH *OL VSLHJD FKH LO SDSj LO VROGDWR )HUGLQDQG VL WURYD VX XQ·DOWUD WHUUD ODJJL GDOO·DOWUD SDUWH ODGGRYH JOL RFFKL QRQ SRVVRQR YHGHUH XQD WHUUD PLQXVFROD SRVDWD LQ PH]]R DO PDUH /R VWHVVR PDUH 4XHVWD SLFFROD WHUUD VL FKLDPD LVROD /·LVROD GL &RUI ,Q *UHFLD )HU GLQDQG q VWDWR IRUWXQDWR SHQVD OHL $ &RUI VL PXRUH PHQR FKH D 9HUGXQ 0D TXHVWR OHL QRQ OR GLFH 4XHO PDUH O·KD VDOYDWD SHQVD TXHO PDUH 0HGLWHUUDQHR
FKH )HUGLQDQG KD DWWUDYHUVDWR SHU VSH]]DUH OD OLQHD G·XQD YLWD JLj VHJQDWD )HUGLQDQG q XQ DYYHQWXULHUR 8Q IXQ]LRQDULR DYYHQWXULHUR" ,O SULPR DG DYHU RVDWR ODVFLDUH LO SLFFROR SDHVH GHOO·$ULqJH 6L GLFH FKH OH LVROH VRQR EHOOH (PLOLHQQH VRJQD (· LO VRJQR FKH LQVHJQD D VXR ILJOLR *OL VSLHJD FKH FL VL SXz FRQVRODUH GHOO·DV VHQ]D UDFFRQWDQGRVL GHOOH VWRULH ( FKH LO VRJQR H OH VWRULH VRQR WDQWR QHFHVVDULH DOOD YLWD TXDQWR O·DULD FKH VL UHVSLUD &HUWL VL GDQ QR SHUILQR OD SHQD GL VFULYHUOH QHL OLEUL /RXLV DPD L OLEUL WXWWDYLD SUH IHULVFH LO PDUH H OH EDUFKH 8QD VHFRQGD FDUWROLQD q DUULYDWD XQ DFTXHUHOOR D FRORUL SDVWHOOR YL VL VFRUJH XQ SDHVLQR JUD]LRVR DJ JUDSSDWR D XQD FROOLQD LQ PH]]R DG XOLYL H FLSUHVVL SLFFROH FDVH ELDQFKH GDL WHWWL URVD ,Q SULPR SLDQR VX XQ VHQWLHUR GL WHUUD GXH GRQQH VL LQFURFLDQR FROOH EURF FKH VXO FDSR &RPH OD SUHFHGHQWH OD FDU WROLQD q LQGLUL]]DWD DO ILJOLR ©FL SHQVL DO WXR SDSj "ª FKLHGH
¥²
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
Ó£
! Ì
$/1 .)Ì ¿ /$
)HUGLQDQG ©IDL VHPSUH LO EUD YR" ,PSDUD EHQH D OHJJHUH H D VFULYHUHª (PLOLHQQH QRQ VD OHJJHUH O·DOIDEHWR JUHFR OH SLDFHUHEEH FRQRVFHUH LO QRPH GL TXHO SDH VLQR FKH DVVRPLJOLD DO SDUDGLVR ¶$VSLRWL· ¶.HUNLUD· HFFR TXDQ WR q VFULWWR LQ DOWR D VLQLVWUD $ VHL DQQL LO FHUYHOOR GL /RXLV q JLj FDSDFH GL ULFRUGDUVL FDSDFH GL OHJDUH OH SDUROH H OH LPPDJLQL OH SDUROH H OH OHWWHUH OH SDUROH H OH VWRULH FRVu OD JXHUUD UHVWHUj D OXQJR DVVRFLDWD D TXHVWD YLVLRQH GHO SDUDGLVR GLVHJQDWD VX XQD FDUWROLQD VSHGLWD GD VXR SDGUH /H GXH FDUWROLQH QRQ VRQR PDL DQGDWH VPDUULWH RWWDQWDGXH DQQL SL WDUGL VL WURYDQR VX XQR VFDIIDOH GHOOD OLEUHULD GL /RXLV DFFDQWR DOOD IRWR GHOOD WRUUH GL +|OGHUOLQ 4XHVWR DFFRVWDPHQWR q VROR LO IUXWWR GHO FDVR" &RUI ¶.HUNLUD· (· TXDVL FRPH ¶&DODYULD· &DODXUpH O·LVROD IHOLFH 'LRWLPD LQWUDWWLH QH ,SHULRQH VRWWR JOL DOEHUL ©WUD L FRORUL GHOOD YLWDª 6RWWR O·XOLYR LO FLSUHVVR LO OLPRQH SHUFRUURQR L ©VHQWLHUL SURIXPDWL H VHJUHWLª
0DUF 3RUFX WUDGX]LRQH GL *LRYDQQL 'HWWRUL
, 3HU SDUODUH GL OHL XQD OLQJXD G·LQYROR QXYROH QHOOD YRFH H YHGHUOD GL QXRYR VWDFFDWD GDOOD WHUUD 'DO IURQWH GL OXQD FKH HPHUJH GDOO·DUJHQWR GHOOH PRQWDJQH ILQR DOO·RUOR GL VFKLXPD GHO VXR VFLDOOH UDFFROWR VXOOH VSDOOH OD VHWD GHO WHPSR FRPH XQD VHUD GL VWHOOH DO FDQWR GHO QRPDGH 0D FKL YHJOLD VL ID SLHWUD QHOOD ILVVLWj GHOO·LPPDJLQH GRYH OR VJXDUGR VFDYD LO SURSULR QXOOD DOORUD ODVFLD DQGDUH OD SDUROD VXL SDUDOOHOL GHO YHQWR FKH WUD SLDQWD OD VXD PHPRULD G·DUJLOOD VRSUD LO VDOH GHOOH SDUWLWXUH
,, 3HU SDUODUH GL OHL EUDFFLD GL PDUH O·DULD LQWHUD D IRUJLDUH L PLHL SRO PRQL H LQ IRQGR DOO·DFTXD DEEUDFFLDUOD FRQ OD OLQJXD GHOOH FRUUHQWL GDOO·RVVLGLDQD GHO VXR YHQWUH DOOD VRUJHQWH RVFXUD GHOOH QDVFLWH LO VDOH GHOOH UHQL D GLVHJQDUPL VXOOD SHOOH TXHVWD FDUWD GHO FLHOR GRYH L YH OLHUL YHGRQR SUHVDJL DSULUVL DO UHVSLUR GHO FDQWR 0D OD PHPRULD QRQ PL KD YLVWR FKH QDVFHUH DOO·DOWUD ULYD GHO FDQWR 6HSDUDQGRPL GDOOH VXH SDOSHEUH L YHQWL GL VDEELD GHO GHVHUWR LQJRUJDURQR L URVRQL GHO PLR VDQJXH FRQ OD FDGHQ]D GL XQD SUHJKLHUD ULSHWXWD SUHJKLHUD GL LQVHULUH VRSUD LO PDUH LO QRPH GHOO·LVROD H GHOO·DPDWD
)3/,!-%.4) ¿ "/3 . 1 Ì
$! Ì /, . "> Ì / /1 ">
<DQQLV .LRXUWVDNLV WUDGX]LRQH GL *LXVHSSH *LULPRQWL *UHFR
/·HVSHULHQ]D GHOO·LQVXODULWj QRQ FRQVLVWH VROWDQWR QHO UDGLFDPHQWR QHO ULILXWR QHO VHQWLPHQWR GHOO·DX WDUFKLD QHOO·DWWDFFDPHQWR RVWLQD WR D XQ FHQWUR GL HVLVWHQ]D H QHOOD QRVWDOJLD LQHVWLQJXLELOH FKH OD ORUR SHUGLWD VXVFLWD LQ QRL (VVD q LQ HJXDO PLVXUD O·RUL]]RQWH FKH FL LQ YLWD D ODVFLDUFL DOOH VSDOOH OD VWUHW WD OLQJXD GL WHUUD FKH FDOSHVWLDPR H D QDYLJDUH SHU OH YLH GHO PDUH O·DOORQWDQDPHQWR GHOO·RPSKDORV O·XVFLWD GDO 4XL H GDOOR 6WHVVR LO YLDJJLR YHUVR O·$OWUR H O·$OWURYH ( TXHVWL GXH DVSHWWL O·DWWUD]LRQH GHO FHQWUR H O·HUUDQ]D QRQ VRQR LQ IRQGR SHU TXDQWR LQFUHGLELOH FLz SRVVD VHPEUDUH FKH XQD VROD FRVD XQ WXWW·XQR 4XHVWR GRSSLR
LOOXVWUD]LRQH GL &KDQWDO 1DX
PRYLPHQWR GL YLD YDL QRQ GHIL QLVFH IRUVH O·HVSHULHQ]D GLDFURQL FD GHOO·XRPR JUHFR YRJOLR GLUH XRPR JUHFR QRQ GDO SXQWR GL YLVWD HWQLFR GHOOD UD]]D Qp WDQWRPHQR VWRULFR PD LQQDQ]LWXWWR FRPH PHWRQLPLD GHOO·XRPR 5LFRUGD WHYL GHOO·,WDFD RPHULFD H DQFRU SL GL TXHOOD GHVFULWWD GD .DYDILV FRPH GL XQ FHQWUR SHUGXWR GHOOD YLWD WUDVFRUVD FKH QRQ VDUj SL SRVVLELOH ULWURYDUH HG q XQ EHQH FKH VLD FRVu PD GL FXL O·XRPR KD DVVROXWDPHQWH ELVRJQR FRPH GL XQD EXVVROD GL XQ SXQWR LGHDOH FKH JOL ID GRQR GHO ¶EHO YLDJJLR· ( SHUFKp DOORUD VH PL FRQVHQ WLWH TXHVWD GLJUHVVLRQH SHUVRQDOH JOL HVVHUL XPDQL SL JXVWRVL FKH
DEELD LQFRQWUDWR FRQFHGHWHPL O·LQDGHJXDWH]]D GL XQ WDOH DJJHW WLYR TXDOLILFDWLYR LQ IUDQFHVH R LQ LWDOLDQR H FKH QRQ SRVVR HYLWDUH SHU OH UDJLRQL FKH FDSLUHWH IUD XQ LVWDQWH SHUFKp LQ JUHFR VL GLFH LQIDWWL DYQTUZSRL QRYVWLPRL HUD QR VHPSUH GHJOL HVVHUL FKH PL IDFHYDQR SHQVDUH D XQ·LVROD FKH HUDQR HVVL VWHVVL LVROH" 8RPLQL LVROH YRJOLR GLUH ULYROWL YHUVR LO FHQWUR TXHOOR GL VH VWHVVL R GL XQ·RSHUD LO FKH q OR VWHVVR H VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH LQTXLHWL DSHU WL DOO·$OWUR DVVHWDWL GL YLDJJL GL LQFRQWUL GL GLDORJR (VVHUL JX VWRVL QRYVWLPRL FLRq VH QRQ SURSULR GHJOL HVVHUL FKH KDQQR UHDOL]]DWR LO ORUR QRYVWR] LO UL
WRUQR WDQWR GHVLGHUDWR GDO ORUR DQLPR FRPH HUR LQFOLQH D SHQ VDUH QHO FRUVR GHOOD PLD LQJHQXD JLRYLQH]]D TXDQGR DVVRFLDYR OD QRVWUD FRQFH]LRQH PRGHUQD GHO JXVWR QRYVWLPDYGD DO VHQVR DQWL FR GL QRYVWR] LQ RJQL FDVR GHJOL HVVHUL VHPSUH LQ SDUWHQ]D SHU LO ORUR QRVWRV SXU VDSHQGR H SUH VHQWDQGR VLQ GDOOD SDUWHQ]D O·LP SRVVLELOLWj GHO ORUR ULWRUQR H FKH PDOJUDGR WXWWR UHVWDQR DWWDFFDWL DOO·LGHD GHO ULWRUQR H GLUHL SHU TXHVWD VWHVVD UDJLRQH VRQR VHP SUH DOOD ULFHUFD GHJOL DOWUL &KH FRV·q GXQTXH TXHVWR PRYLPHQWR FKH FL VSLQJH LUUHVLVWLELOPHQWH YHUVR O·$OWUR VH QRQ LO ULWRUQR SL GLIILFLOH TXHOOR SL LPSUDWLFDEL
OH YHUVR TXHOOD SDWULD SURIRQGD H YHUD GHOOD QRVWUD SVLFKH" 6H QRQ DGGLULWWXUD XQD YDULDQWH GHO ULWRU QR LPSRVVLELOH" 7DOH q O·XQLYHUVDOLWj GHOO·HVSH ULHQ]D LQVXODUH ( QRQ LGHDOL]]R 6R SHUIHWWDPHQWH TXDQWD UHFOX VLRQH PXIID H QRLD TXDQWD SULYD ]LRQH RSSUHVVLRQH H HVLOLR SRVVD QDVFRQGHUH O·HVLVWHQ]D FRQFUHWD GHJOL XRPLQL VX GL XQ·LVROD FRPH LQ TXDOVLDVL SURYLQFLD GHOOD WHUUD 0D LR TXL QRQ SDUOR GLSLQJHQGR XVL H FRVWXPL R GD VRFLRORJR SDUOR R WHQWR GL SDUODUH RQWRORJL FDPHQWH 3DUOR GHOO·XRPR FKH VL VYHJOLD XQ PDWWLQR VX GL XQ·LVROD TXDOXQTXH GD TXDOFKH SDUWH VRWWR
OD YROWD FHOHVWH FRO VHQWLPHQWR GL HVVHUVL PLUDFRORVDPHQWH WURYDWR DO FHQWUR GHO 7XWWR LQ XQ·LVR OD VL q VHPSUH SHU GHILQL]LRQH DO FHQWUR QHO PRPHQWR VWHVVR LQ FXL FRQWHPSOD O·RUL]]RQWH GL TXHOO·XRPR FKH ² H QRQ SXz HV VHUH DOWULPHQWL DYUj QHFHVVDULD PHQWH XQ JLRUQR OD WHQWD]LRQH GL FHUFDUH GL LPSDUDUH GL FRQRVFH UH FLz FKH HVLVWH GLHWUR OD OLQHD GL TXHVW·RUL]]RQWH H LQ SULPR OXR JR SHUFKp LO FHQWUR FKH OR DWWLUD JOL VIXJJLUj RJQL YROWD FKH HJOL VL DYYLFLQHUj DG HVVR FRQ O·LOOXVLR QH GL HVVHUH VXO SXQWR GL WRFFDU OR ,R SDUOR GL TXHVWD HVSHULHQ]D HVLVWHQ]LDOH SUH]LRVD XQLFD QHOOD TXDOH O·DWWDFFDPHQWR DOOD SDWULD OXQJL GDOO·HVFOXGHUH O·HUUDQ]D QH q OD FRQGL]LRQH H FKH WUDGRWWD LQ SDUROH R LQ RSHUD G·DUWH LO VROR PRGR SHU O·XRPR GL YLYHUOD D SLH QR DFTXLVWD XQ VLJQLILFDWR XQL YHUVDOH 3RLFKp TXDQGR VL ULYHVWH GL GHWHUPLQDWH IRUPH XQD WDOH HVSHULHQ]D QRQ VL OLPLWD D JHWWD UH XQ SR· GL OXFH VXO PLVWHUR SHU PDQHQWH GHO QRVWUR HVVHUH QHO O·XQLYHUVR RJJL FRPH PLJOLDLD GL DQQL ID R WUD TXDOFKH PLJOLDLR GL DQQL HVVD LOOXPLQD DQFKH D FRQWUDULR OD FRQGL]LRQH GHOO·XR PR QHO QRVWUR PRQGR FRQWHPSR UDQHR FKH VHPEUD DOORQWDQDUVL VHPSUH GL SL GDOO·HVSHULHQ]D GHOO·LQVXODULWj LO QRVWUR PRQGR XQLILFDWR RPRJHQHL]]DWR QHO TXDOH QRQ HVLVWH SL Qp XQ GHQ WUR Qp XQ IXRUL XQ 4XL Qp XQ $O WURYH JXDUGDWHOL JOL DHUHRSRUWL FKH YL DFFROJRQR LQ TXDOVLDVL SDUWH GHOOD WHUUD JXDUGDWHOH OH PHJDORSROL FKH FUHVFRQR DL FRQ ILQL GHO SLDQHWD D LPPDJLQH GHOOH PHWURSROL GL LHUL QHOOH TXDOL QRQ F·q SL Qp FHQWUR Qp SHULIHULD VH VL YD DO IRQGR GHOOH FRVH 4XHVWR PRQGR FKH GD XQ ODWR HVDFHUED OH GLIIHUHQ]H IUD JOL XRPLQL OH HWQLH OH VRFLHWj OH FXOWXUH H GDOO·DOWUR OH VRSSUL PH DWWUDYHUVR OH WHFQLFKH GHO O·LQGLIIHUHQ]D GHO WRUSRUH GHOOD YLROHQ]D 4XHVWD SURYLQFLD RUPDL PRQ GLDOH H DXWRGLVWUXWWLYD QHOOD TXD OH XQ IDQDWLFR QDVFRVWR QHO SUR IRQGR GHOOH PRQWDJQH DIJDQH R XQ FRZ ER\ GHO 7H[DV SRVVRQR TXDQGR JOL SDUH H SLDFH IDU VDO WDUH L IUDJLOL HTXLOLEUL GHO SLDQHWD H GHOOD QRVWUD SVLFKH $ WDO SURSRVLWR LR YHGR QHO O·HVSHULHQ]D LQVXODUH O·DQWLWHVL GHO SURYLQFLDOLVPR IRUVH DGGL ULWWXUD LO VXR DQWLGRWR
IRWR GL &LQ]LD 'H )D]LR
$)!2)! Ì . $Ì: Ì Ì . $Ì:8
0LJXHO 7RUJD
WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DVVLPR 5L]]DQWH $OEXIHLUD DJRVWR 'XUDUH D OXQJR 6ROR PRGR GL SR WHU HIILFDFHPHQWH PHWWHUH LQ SUR VSHWWLYD JOL DOWL H EDVVL GHOOD YLWD 'L VDSHUH FKH OD UDJLRQH JLXQJH GRYH SXz FKH L VHQWLPHQWL KDQ QR PROWH VIDFFHWWDWXUH FKH GLH WUR D RJQL DSSDUHQ]D VL QDVFRQGH XQ·LQDSSDUHQ]D FKH FL VRQR EXR QL GLIHWWL H FDWWLYH YLUW FKH WXWWR q FRPSOHVVR H YDQR« &HUWR FROXL FKH VH QH YD SUH PDWXUDPHQWH ODVFLD GLHWUR GL Vp XQD VSHUDQ]D IUXVWUDWD H FR OXL FKH GXUD VL HVSRQH D HVVHUH XQD IUXVWUD]LRQH PDQLIHVWD 0D YDOH OD SHQD GL FRUUHUH LO ULVFKLR $QFKH VH LO QRVWUR IDOOLPHQWR q FRPSOHWR SRUWLDPR QHOOD WRPED XQ LQHVWLPDELOH WHVRUR OD VRWWR PLVVLRQH DL QRVWUL OLPLWL OD FR QRVFHQ]D GLVLQFDQWDWD GHOOD UHDO Wj 4XDQWH FRVH PL VDUHL SHUVR VH QRQ DYHVVL DPDWR H YLVWR FRVu WDQWR VH QRQ DYHVVL VRIIHUWR WDQ WH GLVLOOXVLRQL FRQRVFLXWR WDQWH FRQWURYHUVLH OHWWR WDQWL OLEUL H VH DOOD PLD HVSHULHQ]D HPRWLYD H PHQWDOH PDQFDVVHUR OH JXHUUH OH VFRSHUWH OH FDWDVWURIL FXL KR DVVLVWLWR 'XUDUH D OXQJR 'XUDUH DEEDVWDQ]D GD QRQ VRIIULUH LO GL VWDFFR GDO VDSHUH H GDOOD SUDWLFD GHO PRQGR &RLPEUD DSULOH &RPLQFLR D VFRUDJJLDUPL 1RQ ULHVFR SL DG DVVRUELUH OD YDODQ JD GL SURVD H GL YHUVL FKH LQYDGH RJQL JLRUQR OH YHWULQH /·LQIOD ]LRQH GL VFULWWRUL PHWWH LQ FULVL OD JUD]LD GHOOD YRFD]LRQH /·XPDQL Wj KD RJJL FRVu WDQWR GD GLUH GD
DYHU ELVRJQR GL XQ VLPLOH FRUR" 2 TXHVWR IUDVWXRQR DO FRQWUDULR ULFRSUH O·DVVHQ]D GL XQ PHVVDJJLR IRQGDPHQWDOH FKH XQ XQLFR OLEUR DYUHEEH XQ WHPSR SRWXWR FRQWH QHUH" 8QD FRVD q FHUWD LVSLUDWD R QR OD OHWWHUDWXUD VL q DWRPL]]DWD ( LO QXRYR (FFOHVLDVWH VH HVLVWH q GLVSHUVR LQ XQ·LQILQLWj GL IUDP PHQWL GL YHUVHWWL PXWLODWL &RLPEUD IHEEUDLR /·,EHULD Ë VWDWR O·DUJRPHQWR GHOOD FRQYHUVD]LRQH QRWWXUQD 8Q·,EHULD FKH ULYROWR FRQ FRQ YLQ]LRQH DL PLHL LQWHUORFXWRUL KR DIIHUPDWR HVVHUH XQ YHUR FRQWL QHQWH JUD]LH DOOD VSHFLILFLWj GHO OD VXD ILVLRQRPLD ILVLFD HWQLFD LGLRPDWLFD FXOWXUDOH HFRQRPLFD H SROLWLFD 3L FKH XQ FRQJORPH UDWR GL UHJLRQL XQ LQVLHPH GL QD ]LRQL 1D]LRQL GL FXL OD &DVWLOOD PDOJUDGR OD VXD SDVVLRQH FHQWUL SHWD QRQ KD SRWXWR Qp VRIIRFDUH LO FDUDWWHUH Qp LQWHJUDUH DOOD SUR SULD LGHQWLWj 1D]LRQL XQLWH GDOOD VWHVVD IDWDOLWj JHRJUDILFD H GD XQ WHVVXWR GL LQFURFL VWRULFL PD TXH VW·XOWLPL VRQR FRVu IRQGDPHQWDO PHQWH RULJLQDOL FKH OH IURQWLHUH GL FLDVFXQD GL ORUR VRQR WUDFFLDWH QRQ WDQWR VXOOD FDUWD JHRJUDILFD TXDQWR QHOO·DQLPD GL RJQL VXR IL JOLR 3URYD QH q LO 3RUWRJDOOR &RLPEUD IHEEUDLR *OL KR GHWWR 1RQ VL SUHRFFXSL H FRQWLQXL D VFULYHUH VHQ]D SHQVDUH DO VXF FHVVR ,O JHQLR KD O·DELWXGLQH GL HVVHUH OHQWR (· LO WDOHQWR FKH q VHPSUH GL FRUVD« &RLPEUD OXJOLR $XWRGDIp GL WXWWL L PLHL YHFFKL PDQRVFULWWL Ë VWDWR FRPH EUX FLDUH OD PLD DQLPD 0D HUD QH FHVVDULR 1RQ YRJOLR FKH TXDOFKH DYYROWRLR GHO IXWXUR LQFDSDFH GL
FRPSUHQGHUH TXHOOR FKH FRVWD XQ SRHPD H TXHOOR FKH VLJQLILFD VD]L LO VXR DSSHWLWR QHFURILOR FRQ JOL VFDUWL GHOO·LVSLUD]LRQH %DOEX ]LHQWH GDOOD QDVFLWD q VWDWR VROR SHU DSSURVVLPD]LRQL VXFFHVVLYH FKH KR UDJJLXQWR XQ PLQLPR GL FKLDUH]]D 3HUILQR LR UHVWR LQ WHUGHWWR ULYHGHQGR OH GLYHUVH YHUVLRQL FRFFLXWH H LPSDFFLDWH GL XQR VWHVVR WHVWR 'HVRODQWL D IRU]D GL HVVHUH LQIRUPL H LPED UD]]DQWL /DVFLDUH TXHVWL WHQWD WLYL DL SRVWHUL VHUYLUHEEH VROR D ULGXUUH OD IRU]D GL TXHOOR FKH RJJL PL DSSDUH HYLGHQWH &Lz FKH q SRVWXPR TXDOXQTXH VLD LO VXR YDORUH q VHPSUH VTXDOOLGR 2UD QRQ VRQR OH PLH VSRJOLH FKH LR LQ WHQGR ODVFLDUH DOO·DYYHQLUH 0D OD PLD SDUWH SL YLYD TXHOOD LQ JUD GR GL WHVWLPRQLDUH QRQ L WRUPHQ WL GHO SHUFRUVR PD OD JUD]LD GHO WUDJXDUGR $OLMy JHQQDLR $ YROWH KR O·LPSUHVVLRQH GL HVVHUH QDWR SHU SRUWDUH WHVWLPR QLDQ]D GHO PRQGR LQWHUR D YRFH DOWD H LQWHOOLJLELOH GHO 3RUWRJDO OR D PH]]D YRFH GHO 'RXUR FRQ L WRQL GHOOD FRQIHVVLRQH VXVVXUUDWD &RLPEUD PDJJLR /D VWDPSD OD UDGLR OD WHOHYLVLR QH PL GDQQR JLj DOOH VRJOLH GHOOD PRUWH ,O WHOHIRQR QRQ VPHWWH GL VXRQDUH , JLRUQDOLVWL FUXGHOL VL RVWLQDQR LQVLVWRQR QRQ PROODQR 9RJOLRQR VDGLFDPHQWH DYHUH GHL GHWWDJOL 6DSHUH VH PRULUz R QR $YDQ]DQR DOFXQH GLDJQRVL ,Q IDUWR HPRUUDJLD FHUHEUDOH SDUD OLVL ,Q TXHVWR PRQGR VSLHWDWR H LQGLVFUHWR QRQ F·q SL SRVWR SHU VRIIULUH QHOOD SURSULD LQWLPLWj QHO UDFFRJOLPHQWR FKH OH EHVWLH SRVVRQR DQFRUD SURYDUH GHQWUR OH ORUR WDQH 2JJL QHVVXQR q SL SD GURQH GL VH VWHVVR &H QH VWLDPR D ERFFD DSHUWD H LQ SXEEOLFR 1HO
PRPHQWR SL LPSHQVDELOH JUD]LH DO SULPR FURQLVWD GL SURIHVVLRQH FKH LQFRQWULDPR SHUGLDPR WXWWD OD QRVWUD LQWHQVLWj XPDQD H GL YHQWLDPR GHJOL VSHWWUL VHQ]D GR PDQL QHOOD GLVLQYROWD IXJDFLWj GL XQD QRWL]LD &RLPEUD PDU]R 9LYHUH QHOO·LQTXLHWXGLQH LQ TXLHWDQGR R DOPHQR FHUFDQ GR GL LQTXLHWDUH 1DWR SHU IDUH O·DSRVWROR QRQ KR YHULWj GD SUR IHVVDUH VH QRQ TXHOOD GHOOD PLD DIIOL]LRQH 8Q JLRUQR KR VFULWWR FKH OD SDFH LR QRQ OD SRVVLHGR Qp OD GR Qp OD YRJOLR 9LYR QHOO·LQ WUDQTXLOOLWj QRQ WUDQTXLOOL]]DQGR FKL PL VL DYYLFLQD ( LO SHJJLR q FKH OH YLWWLPH LQGLIHVH GHOOH PLH PRUWLILFD]LRQL VRQR OH SHUVRQH FKH DPR GL SL &RLPEUD RWWREUH 3HQVR H ULSHQVR DOOD PRUWH $OOD PRUWH FKH GDOO·LQIDQ]LD QRQ KD PDL VPHVVR GL HVVHUH SUHVHQWH QHO PLR FRUSR H QHO PLR VSLULWR DSHUWDPHQWH R GL QDVFRVWR &RQ XQ LVWLQWR GL FRQVHUYD]LRQH DQL PDOH O·KR VFKLYDWD 0D LO WHP SR q SDVVDWR OH GLIHVH QDWXUDOL VRQR GLPLQXLWH OD YHFFKLDLD q DUULYDWD H LO VXR WXUQR q JLXQWR 6HQ]D ULJXDUGL FRPH XQ WLUDQQR RUD OD PRUWH GRPLQD WXWWL L PLHL DWWL H L PLHL SHQVLHUL ( LR QRQ OD GLVSUH]]R Qp OD PDOHGLFR 6DUj XQD OLEHUD]LRQH SHU PH H SHU PROWL DOWUL /D VROX]LRQH DL PLO OH SUREOHPL LQVROXELOL OD ULVSR VWD DOOH GRPDQGH VHQ]D ULVSRVWD O·LOOXPLQD]LRQH DOOH RVFXULWj FKH KR LQYDQR WHQWDWR GL LOOXPLQDUH ,Q ILQ GHL FRQWL OD YLWD q LUULPH GLDELOPHQWH XQ GRQR SURYYLVRULR ,R O·KR DYXWR SHU OXQJKL DQQL +R DVVDSRUDWR L QXWULPHQWL GHOO·LQ IDQ]LD LQQRFHQWH OD PDQQD GHO OD IROOLD JLRYDQLOH LO EURGR GHO EXRQ VHQVR DGXOWR KR DWWUDYHUVD
WR LO PRQGR DPDWR VRJQDWR VRI IHUWR ODYRUDWR H JLXQJR DOOD ILQH VHQ]D VHQWLUPL FRPSLXWR PD FRQ OD FRVFLHQ]D WUDQTXLOOD &KH FRVD DYUHL SRWXWR IDUH GL SL " (VVHUH XQ DOWUR" &DPELDUH G·DVSHWWR H GL FDUDWWHUH" 3LHJDUPL DOOH OHJJL GHOOD UDJLRQ SUDWLFD H WULRQIDUH D WXWWL L FRVWL" (QWUDUH QHO FRUR GH JOL DGXODWRUL GHO SRWHUH" 1RQ O·KR YROXWR Qp OR ULPSLDQJR &RVu DOPHQR SDVVR D FRORUR FKH PL VXFFHGRQR LO WHVWLPRQH FKH KR UL FHYXWR GD FRORUR GL FXL KR FRQWL QXDWR LO FDPPLQR 1RL IRUPLDPR XQD FDWHQD GL RVWLQDWL H VFRPRGL VROLWDUL VFRQRVFLXWL JOL XQL DJOL DOWUL SDUWHFLSDQWL D XQD PDUDWRQD VHQ]D SXQWL GL SDUWHQ]D Qp OLQHH G·DUULYR &ODUD 5RFKD H 3XEOLFDo}HV 'RP 4XL[RWH VL ULQJUD]LD OD ILJOLD GHOO·DXWRUH &ODUD 5RFKD SHU DYHU JHQWLOPHQ WH DXWRUL]]DWR OD WUDGX]LRQH
PRVWUD FRQYHJQR VXOOH 6FULWWX UH GD YLDJJLR H SRL DO &LUFROR ,OYD GRYH LQ WDQWL DVVLHPH D OXL DVFROWDURQR O·,QQR 3DWDILVLFR GL FXL &DUXVR DYHYD VFULWWR LO WHVWR LQ QDSROHWDQR PXVLFDWR H FDQWDWR GD $QWRQLR &DVDJUDQGH VX LVSLUD ]LRQH GL 0DULR 3HUVLFR 3HU XQD PDOLQFRQLFD FRLQFLGHQ]D WHP SRUDOH QHO JLUR GL SRFR WHPSR VFRPSDUYHUR DOWUL GXH SURWDJRQL VWL GHOO·DYDQJXDUGLD SRHWLFD 1HO JHQQDLR VH QH DQGz TXDVL QRYDQWHQQH DQFKH LO SRHWD (PL OLR 9LOOD DPLFR PDHVWUR GL /X FLDQR SRFKL PHVL GRSR JLXJQR IX OD YROWD GHOOR VFXOWRUH SLWWRUH (QULFR %DM DQQL ULFR QRVFLXWR PDHVWUR GHOOR VEHUOHIIR SDWDILVLFR H JUDQGH ULQQRYDWRUH GHO OLQJXDJJLR DUWLVWLFR ,O FRPSRQLPHQR FKH VHJXH LQWLWRODWR ¶2 FXRUSR ¶H 1DSXOH q IUD OH SRHVLH FKH /XFLDQR DPDYD LQYLDUH VXO UHWUR GL OHWWHUH FROOR TXLR FRQ DPLFKH H DPLFL QDSR OHWDQL
¾$Ì 3$.,$̾ Ì" ,3
7HVWLFXODLUH EDODQFH IUD RVFXUH IHULWH H VTXDUFL FKH HPHUJRQR LPSURYYLVL QHL ULFKLDPL ¶VWX VXG q ¶QD PXQWDJQH ¶H IXRFR ¶PPLH]·R PDUH VLJQXP XOWUD XOWUDYHUEXP HW XOWUDVLJQXP SOXULPPHQVH WUDQVIHUW HQ SRVVHVVLRQV GH VHQV R ULWR GL PHPRULD QHO IXWXUR ULVWUHWWR DQFRUD D IXWXUD PHPRULD WHVWLFXODUH EDODQFH PrPH GL QRGL FKH VL VFLROJRQR FDPPLQL SUHVDJL GL RUL]]RQWL H SDVVDJJL H SDUYHQ]H G·RPEUD R WKHDWUXP GLVIDWWR LQYHFH j YLVLWHU OD PrPH FOHI ¶VWX VXG q UXPPRUH ¶H VDQJKH GLQW·D VHUD pFODW K\EULGH HW EOHVVp GL DVVHU]LRQL HLGHWLFKH D FDSRQDSROL GDQV XQH IRUrW GH IrQHWUHV EULGpHV GDQV OH VRXIIOH GH QRWUH GpVHVSRLU HW SOXUDOLWp D 1DSROL EHOOD 1DSROL DPDWD SRXU O·LPPHQVH pSULV GH VRQ FRQ GH VRQ WURX
/XFLDQR &DUXVR
,O SURVVLPR GLFHPEUH VDUj XQ DQQR GDOOD VFRPSDUVD GL /XFLDQR &DUXVR SRHWD YLVLYR H LQHJXD JOLDWR LQGDJDWRUH GHO )XWXULVPR PRUWR DQQL D )LUHQ]H GRYH V·HUD WUDSLDQWDWR QHO H GD GRYH WRUQDYD VSHVVR QHOOD VXD 1DSROL FKH OR YLGH QHJOL DQQL IUD L 6HVVDQWD H L 6HWWDQWD SUR WDJRQLVWD GHOOD VWUHQXD VSOHQGLGD EDWWDJOLD LQQRYDWLYD VXVFLWDWULFH GL HQHUJLH DUWLVWLFKH ,O ULWRUQR D 1DSROL FRQ XQD PRVWUD VHWWH DQQL GRSR OD FRVSLFXD SHUVRQDOH FXUD WD GDOOD 6RSULQWHQGHQ]D LQ 9LO OD 3LJQDWHOOL IX LO GHVLGHULR FKH YROOHUR UHDOL]]DUJOL OH DPLFKH H JOL DPLFL RUJDQL]]DQGR L GXH LQ FRQWUL GHO H QRYHPEUH DOO·,VWLWXWR 6WXGL )LORVRILFL FRQ
8QD VROD FRQVLGHUD]LRQH VXO ULVHQWLPHQWR LO ULVHQWLPHQWR q UDGLFDWR LQ XQD SHUFH]LRQH DJRQLVWLFD H GLVWRUWD GL Vp $JR QLVWLFD SHUFKp FKL OR SRUWD VFULWWR DGGRVVR QRQ ID FKH JLRFDUH OD SDUWLWD ,R FRQWUR 5HVWR GHO 0RQ GR 'LVWRUWD SHUFKp D TXHVWR ULVXOWDWR ILWWL]LR GL XQD SDUWLWD LPPDJLQDULD H FRPXQTXH SHUVD LQ SDUWHQ]D DWWULEXLVFH XQ·LP SRUWDQ]D FDSLWDOH /·LR LO SLFFR OR LR GLYHQWD TXHVWLRQH GL YLWD R GL PRUWH H VL FRQGDQQD FRQ JLRLD PDOLJQD DOOD VFRQILWWD 6D FKH SHUGHUj HG q FRQWHQWR GL SHUGHUH SHUFKp FRVu SRWUj SHUVHYHUDUH QHO ULVHQWLPHQWR ,O ULVHQWLWR QHL GLDOHWWL FDPSD QL q TXHOOR FKH ¶QRQ FL YD D XVFL UH· (G q SURSULR FRVu XQD SHUVR QD FKH QRQ VD XVFLUH GD VH VWHVVD QRQ VD WURYDUH YLH UHVSLUDWRULH QRQ VD FDPPLQDUH DOO·DULD DSHUWD H XVDUH L FLQTXH VHQVL 6FULYR TXHVWD QRWD SHUFKp VRQR FRQYLQWR FKH XQR GHL SL JUDQGL OLEUL FRQWUR LO ULVHQWLPHQ WR O·DEELD VFULWWR 3ULPR /HYL SHUVRQD FKH KD VXEuWR OD UHVWUL ]LRQH GL $XVFKZLW] 3HU LOOXVWUD UH TXHVWR SDUDGRVVR GHO UHFOXVR FKH IXJJH GDOOD SULJLRQH GHO SLFFROR LR EDVWHUj FRQFHQWUDUH O·DWWHQ]LRQH SDUROD SHU SDUROD VXO WLWROR GHO VXR SULPR OLEUR 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR GLFH FKH WXWWD O·RSHUD GL /HYL q VRVSHVD D XQ GXEELR VXOO·LGHQWLWj GHOOD VSHFLH 1RQ q XQ GXEELR HJRWL VWLFR QRQ q OLPLWDWR DOO·LR QRQ q VFLRYLQLVWD QRQ q GHGLFDWR DOOD FRQGL]LRQH GHJOL HEUHL H VH VL OHJJH OD SRHVLD FKH /HYL SRQH LQ HSLJUDIH DO OLEUR FL VL DFFRUJH FKH QRQ q QHPPHQR VHVVLVWD ©&RQVLGHUDWH VH TXHVWR q XQ
XRPR >«@ &RQVLGHUDWH VH TXH VWD q XQD GRQQDª Ë XQ GXEELR UDGLFDOH XQ JDQFLR DO TXDOH q DSSHVR RJQXQR GL QRL 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR q XQ OLEUR XQLYHUVDOH SHUFKp SDUWH GDOO·HVSHULHQ]D GHO OD YHUJRJQD GL HVVHUH +RPR VD SLHQV 4XHVWD YHUJRJQD q LO FRQ WUDULR HVDWWR GHO ULVHQWLPHQWR 6( /HYL SDUWH GD XQ·LSRWH VL GD XQD VXSSRVL]LRQH GD XQ TXDOFRVD FKH QRQ q GDWR 3DUWH GD TXDOFRVD FKH GREELDPR DJJLXQJHUH QRL GD XQ YXRWR GD XQD GRPDQGD GL VXSSOHQ]D Ë XQ OLEUR FKH SDUOD GHOOD SL JUDQGH WUDJHGLD GHO ;; VHFROR H V·LQWLWROD 6H QRQ SHUFKp TXHOOD WUDJHGLD QRQ VLD DYYHQXWD PD SHUFKp VH q DYYHQXWD GHYH LQ GXUUH GHL GXEEL GHYH FRQYLQFHU FL D PHWWHUH LQ IRUVH WXWWR TXHOOR FKH q VXFFHVVR SULPD 4XHVWR OLEUR QHO TXDOH /HYL PDQRYUD GD JUDQGH VFULWWRUH L WHPSL YHU EDOL q LQWRQDWR DO FRQGL]LRQDOH q XQ OLEUR FKH JLXGLFD SURSULR LQ TXDQWR VRVSHQGH LO JLXGL]LR D XQ 6H $GRUQR VRVWHQHYD FKH IDUH SRHVLD GRSR $XVFKZLW] q EDUEDULH $ SHQVDUFL EHQH OD WHVL GL $GRUQR q JLj LPSOLFLWD LQ TXHO 6H H OD ULVSRVWD GL /HYL q LO OLEUR FKH KD VFULWWR 1RQ q XQD ULVSRVWD ILORVRILFD PD XQD ULVSRVWD SUDWLFD XQD ULVSRVWD LQ DWWR XQD ULVSRVWD RVWHQVLYD 3HU GLPRVWUDUH LO PRWR /HYL VL PHWWH D FDPPLQDUH 1HJOL DQQL ¶ VL q SDUODWR PROWR D SDUWLUH GD XQ·LQWHOOL JHQWH SURYRFD]LRQH GL 8PEHUWR (FR GL RSHUD DSHUWD FLRq GL XQ·RSHUD FKH FKLHGH OD FROODER UD]LRQH GHO OHWWRUH 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR q XQ·RSHUD DSHUWD
VSDODQFDWD FRPH XQD SLDQWD FDUQLYRUD FKH YXROH QRL FKH FL YXROH PRUGHUH 48(672 8Q SURQRPH GL PRVWUDWLYR $OOH HOHPHQWDUL LP SDULDPR FKH TXHVWR LQGLFD XQ RJJHWWR R XQD SHUVRQD YLFLQD VLD D FKL SDUOD VLD D FKL DVFROWD $XVFKZLW] q XQ TXDOFRVD GL FRQ FUHWR QRQ q ORQWDQR FH O·DEELD PR TXL VRWWR JOL RFFKL ,O IDWWR GL DGRSHUDUH FRVu LO SURQRPH TXH VWR FL VXJJHULVFH OD PLVXUD GHOOR VIRU]R G·DOWUXLVPR HWLFR LQ /HYL 6LD LQ 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR VLD QH , VRPPHUVL H L VDOYDWL /HYL WHQWD XQ HVHUFL]LR GL VXSHULRUH SRWHQ]D H VRSSRUWD]LRQH HWLFD HVVHUH OD SHUVRQD FKH q VWDWD GHQWUR LO UHFLQWR PD DQFKH OD SHUVRQD FKH RVVHUYD OD SURSULD HVSHULHQ]D FRPH VH QRQ OD SRV VHGHVVH SL FRPH VH SRWHVVH VWDFFDUVHQH H JXDUGDUOD GD IXRUL FRPH VH GDYYHUR IRVVH SRVVLELOH FKH FKL q VWDWR DG $XVFKZLW] VLD LQ JUDGR GRSR GL VWXGLDUH SDFD WDPHQWH O·DQLPR XPDQR /HYL FL ULHVFH ( QHO VXR OLEUR LO SURQR PH TXHVWR q XQ LQGLFH SXQWDWR RULHQWD OR VJXDUGR HG HVSULPH SURVVLPLWj H FRQFUHWH]]D Ë 3ULPR /HYL GLFHYR LQGLFD 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR q XQ OLEUR LQGLFDWLYR H VFULWWR DOO·LQGLFDWLYR 7UD OH YLUW GHOOD VXD OLQJXD F·q LO VDSHU UHQGHUH O·DPELJXD FRPSOHVVLWj GHJOL HYHQWL SHU PH]]R GHOOD YDULD]LR QH GHO FRQWUDVWR GHOO·LQQHVWR GHL WHPSL YHUEDOL FKH VFLYRODQR O·XQR GHQWUR O·DOWUR FRQ XQ HI IHWWR FDQQRFFKLDOH GL FRQWLQXD VFRPSRVL]LRQH GHL SLDQL H GL VSLD]]DPHQWR RWWLFR H DFXVWLFR LQ FKL OHJJH /HYL FL PRVWUD OD
WLPHQWR QRQ GHYH IDUVL UDQFLGD GL UDQFRUH %LVRJQD UDFFRQWDUH VH VWHVVL H VRWWLQWHQGHUH LO PRQ GR ,O SURWDJRQLVWD GHO UDFFRQWR GL /HYL q FROXL FKH QHOOH VDFUH UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQL GHO 0HGLRHYR YHQLYD FKLDPDWR (YHU\PDQ -H GHUPDQQ 2JQXQR /HYL FL RIIUH XQD YLFHQGD LQGLYLGXDOH ² OD LQGLFD OD WLHQH HQWUR XQ SUHVHQWH LQDOWHUDELOH ² H OD UHQGH XQLYHUVD OH /D VWRULD QDWD GDOO·HVSHULHQ]D H GDOOD PHPRULD GHOO·LQGLYLGXR HPSLULFR 3ULPR /HYL QDWR D 7R ULQR LO OXJOLR ULYHUEHUD VX WXWWL JOL DOWUL HVVHUL XPDQL VX WXWWL H VX FLDVFXQR
FDYDOLHUH 9LWWRULR $PHGHR 3HL UDQL q GHWHUPLQDWR D VWLODUH XQD VFKHGD GL VSHFLILFD]LRQH GHOOD FRVD XRPR 1RQ FL ULXVFLUj /HYL QRQ FRPSLOD LGHQWLNLW PD VL GRPDQGD H FL GRPDQGD FKH FRVD q XPDQR H FKH FRVD q LQXPDQR VRVSHQGHQGR OD GRPDQGD DOO·LSRWHVL GHO 6H 0D SHU FRPSUHQGHUH PHJOLR OD SDUROD XRPR DEELDPR ELVRJQR GHO YHUER GHOO·LPSHUDWLYR SOX UDOH FKH QHO WLWROR GHO OLEUR UHVWD VRWWLQWHVR H FKH WURYLDPR LQYHFH QHO YHUVR GHOOD SRHVLD HSLJUD IH GD FXL /HYL OR KD HVWUDWWR &RQVLGHUDWH 4XHVWR YHUER KD XQ·HWLPRORJLD EHOOLVVLPD H GRW WD ¶&RQVLGHUDUH· ¶GHVLGHUDUH· VRQR SDUROH FKH DSSDUWHQJRQR DO OLQJXDJJLR WHFQLFR UHOLJLRVR GHJOL jXJXUL GL 5RPD DQWLFD ¶'HVLGHUDUH· GHULYD GD GH VLGXV LQ ODWLQR VLGXV q FRVWHOOD]LRQH XQ LQVLHPH GL VWHOOH GRWDWR G·XQD IRUPD GDOOD TXDOH VLD SRVVLELOH WUDUUH DXVSLFL 'H VLGXV LQGLFD LO PRPHQWR LQ FXL XQD GHWHUPLQDWD FRVWHOOD]LRQH VFRPSDUH GDOOD YROWD FHOHVWH UHQGHQGR LPSRV VLELOH GD TXHO PRPHQWR LQ SRL WUDUQH YDWLFLQL ¶&RQVLGHUDUH· FXP VLGXV VL JQLILFD HVDWWDPHQWH LO FRQWUDULR GDO PRPHQWR LQ FXL SRVVLDPR RVVHUYDUH XQD IRUPD FHOHVWH FL q SRVVLELOH LQGXUUH OD WUDLHWWRULD GHO VXR IDWR 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR q XQ OLEUR FKH FL ID XVFLUH H FL DLXWD D WUDUUH D FLHOR DSHUWR ILJXUH GHO QRVWUR GHVWLQR
#)42)#! UHDOWj FKH VL FRVWUXLVFH R VL GL VID VRWWR LO QRVWUR VJXDUGR 0D TXDQGR GHFLGH LO WLWROR GHO VXR OLEUR VFHJOLH O·LQGLFDWLYR SUHVHQ WH 1RQ q XQ SUHVHQWH VWRULFR FKH DWWXDOL]]D UHWRULFDPHQWH XQ IDWWR GHO SDVVDWR 4XHOO·Ë HTXLYDOH D FLz FKH LQ LQJOHVH VL FKLDPD ]HUR FRQGLWLRQDO RVVLD SHULRGR LSRWH WLFR GL JUDGR ]HUR /R ]HUR FRQ GLWLRQDO VL DSSOLFD SHU HVHPSLR DOOH OHJJL GHOOD ILVLFD O·DFTXD EROOH D FHQWR JUDGL FHQWLJUDGL 1RQ VL WUDWWD GL LSRWHVL PD GL UHDOWj FRVWDQWHPHQWH YHULILFDWH GDOO·HVSHULHQ]D ,O WLWROR 6H TXHVWR q XQ XRPR YLYH GHOOD VFLQWLOOD GL VHQVR H GL FRQWUDGGL]LRQH FKH VFRFFD WUD LO FRQGL]LRQDOH DVVROXWR GHOOD FRQJLXQ]LRQH 6H H LO FRQGL]LR QDOH ]HUR O·LQGLFDWLYR DVVROXWD PHQWH SUHVHQWH GHOOD FRSXOD Ë 8Q OLEUR GL SUHVHQ]H H DVVHQ]H GHOOD UHDOWj H GHOOD VXD RPEUD GL PDWHULD H ULIOHVVLRQH GL PRUWH H VRSUDYYLYHQ]D 81 ,O PRPHQWR LQ FXL /HYL SDVVD GDO SDUWLFRODUH DOO·XQLYHU VDOH FRQVLVWH QHO WUDQVLWR GDOOD SUHVHQ]D H GDOOD SURVVLPLWj GHO TXHVWR q DOO·DUWLFROR LQGHWHUPL QDWLYR XQ 4XHVWR q O·XRPR FKH DEELDPR TXL FRQ QRPH H FRJQR PH HFFH KRPR 0D SHUFKp XQ XRPR" 3HUFKp TXHOO·HVSHULHQ]D LQGLYLGXDOH YD SURLHWWDWD VX XQR VIRQGR XQLYHUVDOH 1RQ GHYH UL PDQHUH FKLXVD QHOOD FODXVWURIR ELD H QHOOD FODXVWURILOLD GHO ULVHQ
8202 Ë OD SDUROD SL GLIILFLOH GD VSLHJDUH SHUFKp q O·RJJHWWR GHOOD GRPDQGD GL /HYL $ TXHVWR VRVWDQWLYR FKLD YH VL JLXQJH GRSR GXH SDUROH GL FHUWH]]D H GHWHUPLQD]LRQH 48(672 Ë LQFDVVDWH WUD GXH SDUROH GL GXEELR H LQGHWHUPLQD ]LRQH 6( 81 3ULPR /HYL FL GRPDQGD ©FKH FRVD q XRPR"ª (VLVWH XQ VXR EUHYH UDFFRQWR GHJOL DQQL 6HVVDQWD UDFFROWR LQ 9L]LR GL IRUPD H LQWLWRODWR /H QRVWUH EHOOH VSHFLILFD]LRQL 3URWDJRQLVWD q XQ EXURFUDWH PH WRGLFDPHQWH IROOH ² XQ ULVHQWLWR VH YRJOLDPR ² FKH ODYRUD LQ XQ PLVWHULRVR LVWLWXWR SHU OD VFKHGD WXUD XQLYHUVDOH (VVHQGRJOL VWDWR DVVHJQDWR GD DXWRULWj DOWUHWWDQWR RVFXUH LO FRPSLWR GL GHILQLUH H FODVVLILFDUH WXWWH OH FRVH FKH HVLVWRQR LQ FLHOR H LQ WHUUD LO
1RQ VR VH IDFHVVH OD VXD SDVVHJ JLDWD TXRWLGLDQD DQFKH SULPD SULPD FKH JOL YHQLVVH XQ LQIDU WR H FKH LO PHGLFR JOL YLHWDVVH GL DQGDUH D 3DULJL FRPH IDFHYD UHJRODUPHQWH RJQL GXH PHVL /D SDVVHJJLDWD OXQJR YLD &DUDFFLR OR GRYHYD IDUOD SHUFKp LO FXRUH QH WUDHYD JLRYDPHQWR PD IRUVH HUD DQFKH XQ PRGR SHU PLPDUH LO VXR DOORQWDQDPHQWR GD FDVD H LO VXFFHVVLYR ULWRUQR LQ XQR VSD ]LR H LQ XQ WHPSR GLYHUVL TXDVL XQD PLQLDWXUD ULVSHWWR D TXHOOL FXL HUD DELWXDWR QHOOD VXD SUDWLFD GHOO·DQGLULYLHQL 3DUOR GL *XVWDZ +HUOLQJ GL TXHOO·XRPR DOWR H GL FRUSRUDWX UD PDVVLFFLD FKH RJQL PDWWLQD SXQWXDOPHQWH DWWUDYHUVDYD D SLH GL DOFXQH VWUDGH QDSROHWDQH 'D YLD &ULVSL ROWUHSDVVDWD SLD]]D $PHGHR YHQLYD JL SHU YLD GHL 0LOOH ILQR D SLD]]D GHL 0DUWLUL GD Ou WDJOLDWD LQ GXH SLD]]D 9LW WRULD VFHQGHYD ILQ TXDVL DO PDUH H WRUQDYD LQGLHWUR SHUFRUUHQGR YLD &DUDFFLROR LQ VHQVR FRQWUD ULR DOOR VFRUUHUH GHOOH DXWRPR ELOL ILQR D UDJJLXQJHUH 0HUJHO OLQD GRYH F·q LO FDSROLQHD GL XQ DXWREXV FKH O·DYUHEEH ULSRUWDWR D FDVD 0·LPPDJLQR FKH D YROWH DO FHQWUR HVDWWR GHOOD YDVWD EDLD VL IHUPDVVH GLPHQWLFDQGR SHU XQ DWWLPR LO VXR ULPXJLQuR FRQWLQXR 3HU SRL DIIUHWWDUH LO SDVVR TXDQ GR JOL WRUQDYD LQ PHQWH TXDOFKH DYYHQLPHQWR SROLWLFR FKH OR WXU EDYD (UD XQ JUDQ FRQRVFLWRUH GL VWR ULD QDSROHWDQD VL DSSDVVLRQDYD VRSUDWWXWWR DOOH FURQDFKH FRPH TXHOOH VHLFHQWHVFKH ULJXDUGDQ WL 0DVDQLHOOR $YHYD VFULWWR XQ UDFFRQWR XQD YROWD WXWWR GL DPELHQWD]LRQH SDUWHQRSHD H L SRODFFKL FKH LQ TXHJOL DQQL SR WHYDQR OHJJHUOR VROR FODQGHVWL QDPHQWH O·DYHYDQR LQWHUSUHWDWR FRPH XQ·DOOHJRULD GL :DOHVD LO SURWDJRQLVWD GL 6ROLGDUQRVF $ SDUWH )UDQFHVFR &DWDOXFFLR FKH FRQVLGHUDYD XQ ILJOLR DGRWWL YR QRL VXRL DPLFL QRQ VDSSLD PR LO SRODFFR H PROWH GHOOH VXH SDJLQH FL VRQR DQFRUD RJJL LJQR WH 6FULYHYD XQ GLDULR FKH SXEEOL FDYD UHJRODUPHQWH VX ´.XOWXUDµ OD ULYLVWD GHJOL HVXOL SRODFFKL FRQ OH VXH SDJLQH DYHYD SUHVR LO SRVWR GL *RPEURZLF] ,Q ,WDOLD QH HVLVWH VROR XQD SLFFROD VFHOWD SXEEOLFDWD GD )HOWULQHOOL V·LQWLWR OD 'LDULR VFULWWR GL QRWWH HG q SHU PH LO VXR OLEUR SL EHOOR LQVLHPH D 8Q PRQGR D SDUWH 1RQ VL WUDWWD GL XQ MRXUQDO LQ WLPH EHQVu GL XQ OXRJR LQ FXL IDU FRQYHUJHUH GLYHUVH SRVVLELOLWj GL VFULWWXUD FRPSUHVH TXHOOH QDUUD WLYH WDQWR q YHUR FKH QHO 'LDULR FRPSDLRQR DQFKH VXRL UDFFRQWL Ë GXQTXH XQ ODYRUR OHWWHUDULR LQ SDUWH VLPLOH DO 1HUR VX QHUR GL 6FLDVFLD VFULWWRUH FKH DSSUH]]D YD VRSUDWWXWWR SHU 0RUWH GL XQ LQTXLVLWRUH 8QD YROWD JOL FKLHVL VH SRWHYR DFFRPSDJQDUOR QHOOD VXD SDVVHJ JLDWD TXRWLGLDQD 0L GLVVH FKH SRWHYR IDUOR H PL GLHGH XQ DS SXQWDPHQWR SHU LO JLRUQR GRSR $UULYDL WDUGL H QRQ OR WURYDL QHO OXRJR ILVVDWR 6DSHYR EHQLVVLPR GRY·HUD LQ TXHO PRPHQWR 3UHVL XQ WD[L H FKLHVL DOO·DXWLVWD GL UL VDOLUH YLD &DUDFFLROR /R YLGL QHO VXR LQFHGHUH DFFRPSDJQDWR GDO EDVWRQH 6FHVL H OR UDJJLXQVL 0L DFFROVH FRQ DIIHWWR PD VL ODPHQ Wz VSHVVR GHOO·LQDIILGDELOLWj GHJOL LWDOLDQL UDFFRQWDQGRPL YDUL HSL VRGL LQ FXL HUD VWDWR SHUVRQDOPHQ WH FRLQYROWR 'RSR XQ SR· SHUz OD FRQYHUVD]LRQH SUHVH XQ·DOWUD
SLHJD H VHPEUz GLPHQWLFDUH LO PLR ULWDUGR WDQWR GD UDFFRQWDUPL LO VXR GHVLGHULR GL DQGDUH D YLYHUH LQ 3RORQLD 6DUHEEH SDUWLWR GRSR TXDOFKH VHWWLPDQD $YHYD JLj XQ·DJHQGD ILWWD G·LQFRQWUL GL FRQIHUHQ]H GL OLEUL GD ILUPDUH FRPH JLj JOL HUD VXFFHVVR DOWUH YROWH GRSR OD FDGX WD GHO 0XUR 0D VDSHYD EHQH FKH VDUHEEH WRUQDWR D 1DSROL SHUGL SL HUD QDWR GD SRFR XQ QXRYR QLSRWLQR $ 1DSROL DYHYD GHFLVR GL PRUL UH H FRVu q VWDWR &RVD VLD SDVVDWR GL TXHVWD FLWWj QHOOD VXD LPPD JLQD]LRQH OR VDSSLDPR DQFRUD PROWR SDU]LDOPHQWH 6DSSLDPR SHUz FKH OD FRQVLGHUDYD QRQ XQD FLWWj SRURVD PD ©XQD FLWWj WUH PHQGDPHQWH GHQVD GL XQD FDRWL FLWj VSDVPRGLFDª ( DJJLXQJHYD FKH ©VH SHU 'RVWRHYVNM 3LHWUR EXUJR HUD XQD FLWWj IDQWDVPD H SHU .DYDILV $OHVVDQGULD HUD GHQ VD VL SXz GLUH FKH 1DSROL q SL YLFLQD DG $OHVVDQGULDª 4XDOFXQR DYHYD GHWWR FKH FRO WHPSR SL FKH DPDUOD +HUOLQJ VL HUD ¶DELWXDWR· D 1DSROL /XL DYHYD ULVSRVWR ©ELVRJQD YHGHUH TXDQWD DELWXGLQH F·q QHOO·DPRUH H TXDQ WR DPRUH QHOO·DELWXGLQH ª &HUWR HUD XQR VWUDQLHUR H WDOH HUD ULPDVWR PD TXDQWR q XWLOH OR VJXDUGR GHJOL VWUDQLHUL %DVWD LO ULFRUGR GL &DPXV 8QD YROWD JOL DYHYR FRQVLJOLDWR GL OHJJHUH XQ VDJJLR GL /D &DSULD VX ´6XGµ ( OXL VFRSUHQGR O·HVLVWHQ]D GHO OD ULYLVWD H VHJXHQGRQH OD VWRULD DYHYD GHWWR GL QRQ VHQWLUVL ©SL XQ PDU]LDQR PD DEEDVWDQ]D UDGL FDWR LQ TXHVWD FLWWjª 6DSSLDPR DQFRUD SRFR GL FRPH H GRYH VLDQR QDWH OH VXH LPPDJL QL SULPDULH ,Q %UHYH UDFFRQWR GL PH VWHVVR XQ SLFFROR OLEUR WUDGRWWR H FXUDWR HJUHJLDPHQWH GDOOD ILJOLD 0DUWD SHU /·$QFRUD GHO 0HGLWHUUDQHR WURYLDPR XQD QHWWD H OLPSLGD FRO OH]LRQH GL LPPDJLQL H GL SHQVLH UL DXWRELRJUDILFL FKH DLXWDQR LQ TXHVWD GLUH]LRQH H FKH GL QXRYR FL DSURQR VSLUDJOL QDSROHWDQL 1HO O·HOHQFDUH L VXRL KREE\ SUHIHULWL +HUOLQJ ULFRUGD GL DYHU DGRUDWR OD SHVFD FRQ O·DPR H GL HVVHUH VWDWR XQ RWWLPR SHVFDWRUH ©3RVVHGH YR XQD YHUD FDQQD GD SHVFD H PL SLDFHYD PROWLVVLPR SHVFDUH QHO OR VWDJQR YLFLQR DOOD QRVWUD FDVD GL 6XFKHGQLzZ 3HVFDYR LO SHVFH SHUVLFR LO EURFFLROR OD FDUSD LO OXFFLR TXHVW·XOWLPR RYYLDPHQ WH FRQ O·HVFD YLYD (UD O·KREE\ SUHIHULWR FKH PL q VHPSUH PDQ FDWR GD TXDQGR PL VRQR WUDVIHULWR LQ ,WDOLD 0L VRQR DQFKH FKLHVWR VH QRQ DYUHL SRWXWR PHWWHUH LQ SUDWLFD TXHVWD SDVVLRQH D 1DSR OL DQGDQGR D SHVFDUH DO PDUH GDO PRPHQWR FKH OXQJR OD YLD FKH FRVWHJJLD LO JROIR VL LQFRQWUDQR PROWLVVLPL SHVFDWRUL 3L YROWH PL VRQR LPPDJLQDWR FKH GXUDQ WH OH PLH SDVVHJJLDWH TXRWLGLDQH VDUHL SRWXWR XVFLUH FRQ OD OHQ]D PD DYUHL GRYXWR LPSDUDUH DQFR UD PROWH FRVH GD VSHFLDOLVWD GL SHVFL G·DFTXD GROFH TXDOH VRQR SRLFKp QDWXUDOPHQWH TXL YL VRQR DOWUH VSHFLH H ELVRJQD WUDWWDUOH LQ DOWUR PRGR FRQ PHWRGL GL SHVFD GLYHUVL $OOD ILQH KR DEEDQGRQDWR TXHVWL SURJHWWL TXDQGR PL VRQR UHVR FRQWR FKH VH DYHVVL SHVFDWR XQ SHVFH GL PDUH PROWR JUDQGH DYUHL GRYXWR SRUWDUOR D FDVD WH QHQGROR VROOHYDWR LQ DOWRª 0L VHPEUD FKH LQ TXHVWH ULJKH VL QDVFRQGD XQ DSRORJR FKH ULYH OD IXOPLQHDPHQWH FRPH +HUOLQJ DEELD YLVVXWR D 1DSROL WUDVSRU WDQGR FRQ Vp OD SURSULD RULJLQH
,,;Ì 9
6L VD FRPH FRPLQFLD DOO·LPSURY YLVR ID EHOOR VL DVSLUD O·DULD PLWH H O·DURPD GL XQ FDIIq DSSHQD WRU UHIDWWR FL VL DFFRUJH FKH PDQFD VHPSUH O·HVVHQ]LDOH FLz GL FXL VL KD SL ELVRJQR 7XWWR FL VSLQ JH D UDJJLXQJHUOR OD FLWWj LQWHUD DSHUWD RJJL ILQR DO VRUGR VFRSSLR GHOOD VXD FLQWD SHULIHULFD ULVXRQD GHO ULFKLDPR GL XQ ORQWDQR 6XG GRYH TXHVW·HVVHQ]LDOH FL DVSHWWD H IRUVH q JLj QHL GLQWRUQL VH QRQ DGGLULWWXUD GLHWUR OD SODFLGD FKLH VHWWD FKH VL HUJH SRFR GLVWDQWH GD TXL 3HU FRQRVFHUH OD IHOLFLWj ED VWD DQGDUH LQ TXHOOD GLUH]LRQH VH JXLUH QHOO·DULD FRFHQWH OD VFLD VH JUHWD GHOOD IUHVFXUD FDPPLQDUH OXQJR L PDUFLDSLHGL GRYH L WDYR OLQL VRQR JLj DSSDUHFFKLDWL SHU LO SUDQ]R WURYDUH XQ·RVWHULD DSSDU WDWD H QHO UHWURERWWHJD XQD VFDOD FKH SRUWD D XQD WHUUD]]D GRYH XQD JLRYDQH IDQFLXOOD FDQGLGD SUL PD GL VWLUDUH DVSHUJH G·DFTXD OD ELDQFKHULD ODYDWD PD QRQ SULPD GL HVVHUH SDVVDWL FRPH SHU QHFHV VLWj LQ XQ YLFROR QHOOD SHQRPEUD GL XQD ERWWHJD SHU VDOXWDUH LQ VLOHQ]LR L FDSSHOOL GD XRPR VRQ QHFFKLDQWL VXJOL VFDIIDOL 4XDQ GR VRVWHQXWD GDOOD QRVWUD PXWD SUHVHQ]D OD PHULGLRQDOH WLUD IXR UL OD ELDQFKHULD GDO FHVWR VL VHQWH OD FDUH]]D GHO SURIXPR GL VDSRQH H GHOOD VHWD GHOOD SHOOH VL YHGH DO WHPSR VWHVVR DYYLFLQDUVL XQ WHP SRUDOH H OD ILQH GHO JLRUQR 1RQ VL VD VH LO WHPSRUDOH SRUWHUj FRQ Vp O·HYHQWR GHFLVLYR H PHWWHUj ILQH DOOD QRVWUD IHOLFLWj SHUPHWWHQGRFL GL DLXWDUH OD JLRYLQFHOOD D VWUDS SDUH L SDQQL GDOOR VWHQGLWRLR SHU DSSHQGHUOL LQ IUHWWD QHOOD SHQRP EUD GHO VRODLR R VH WXWWR LO 6XG DO SULPR URPER GHO WXRQR VSDULUj GL QXRYR VHQ]D DSSHOOR
1H DSSUHVL O·HVLVWHQ]D HG HEEL LO UHVRFRQWR GL DOFXQH VXH PDQLIH VWD]LRQL DVVROXWDPHQWH SHU FDVR QRQ SRWUHL GLUH Qp GRYH Qp TXDQ GR 9RFL R LQWHUIHUHQ]D FRVPLFD GLFLDPR &RPH FKH VLD DSSHQD O·LGHD H OD YRJOLD GL DQGDUH DG DVFROWDUH VL VRQR SUHFLVDWH VRQR EDVWDWL SRFKL JLRUQL SHU UHDOL]]DUH LO PLR GHVLGHULR 7URYDUH LO OXRJR LQ FXL O·DYYHQLPHQWR VL VDUHEEH SURGRW WR IX XQ JLRFR GD UDJD]]L EHQFKp QRQ DYHVVL PDL DYXWR O·RFFDVLRQH GL DQGDUFL SULPD (UDYDPR LQ SRFKL PHQR GL XQD GR]]LQD SL R PHQR WXWWL GHOOD VWHVVD HWj SRUWDWRUL GHL VHJQL HVWHUQL GHO JLj YLVVXWR H GHO YLYHUH SUHYLVWR DG DFFDOFDU FL QHUYRVDPHQWH FRQ O·RFFKLR GLODWDWR H SLFFROL JHVWL WUDWWHQXWL GL VRVSHWWR GDYDQWL D XQD VSHFLH G·DUFDWD FKH RUQDYD OR VERFFR GHOOD JDOOHULD /H SDUHWL GL TXH VWD JDOOHULD HUDQR ULFRSHUWH GL PDWWRQL URVVL OLVFL H PXUDWL DOOD SHUIH]LRQH VDJRPDWL LQ PRGR GD IRUPDUH GHL PRWLYL JHRPHWULFL VRWWLOL FKH YLVWL VRWWR XQ FHUWR DQJROR FUHDYDQR O·LOOXVLRQH G·XQ WHVVXWR FDQJLDQWH WXWWR SHUFRUVR GD ULIOHVVL VFLQWLOODQWL LQVRPPD O·HIIHWWR G·XQ SDUDWR GL WDIIHWWj /·DUFDWD OHL DQFKH VH FRVWUXLWD FRQ JOL VWHVVL PDWWRQL DYHYD XQ DVSHWWR SL VWDWLFR SL PRQRWRQR H EDQDOH ULFRUGDYD RSHUH GL VWLOH PLOLWDUH R IHUURYLDULR /D VROD VLQJRODULWj DSSDUHQWH HUD IRUVH O·HVWUHPD VRWWLJOLH]]D GHOOH JLXQ WXUH %LVRJQD FRPXQTXH GLUH FKH LQ XQD IDFFLDWD DEEDVWDQ]D YDJD LPSHUVRQDOH RVVHUYDELOH GD SXQWL GL YLVWD GLIIHUHQWL VHFRQGR O·XPRUH GHO SDVVDQWH VHFRQGR O·RUD R OD VWDJLRQH LQ XQD WDOH
D QRL UHPRWD H LQFRPSUHQVLELOH FRPH OD VXD OLQJXD H FRPH VLD ULXVFLWR LQILQH DG DOOHJJHULUH LO WXWWR FRQ O·DLXWR GHOO·XPRULVPR 'RSR DYHU OHWWR TXHVWH IUDVL KR FKLXVR SHU XQ DWWLPR LO OLEUR H KR VHQWLWR VRQRUD OD VXD ULVDWD TXHOOD ULVDWD FKH GL WDQWR LQ WDQWR JOL VL DIIDFFLDYD VXO YLVR H ILQLYD VSHVVR FRQ XQ FROSR GL WRVVH
'RPHQLFR 6FDUSD
6LOYLR 3HUUHOOD
>
/ "1 1$Ì3$!$
. " Ì 3"Ì"$! Ì/1 ">
>Ê â
v Ì Ê` Ê-iÀ} Ê, VV
,Q ,WDOLD JOL DPLFL SUHRFFXSDWL GDOOD PLD RVVHVVLRQH PL FKLHGR QR ©3HUFKp 6iEDWR"ª 5LVSRQ GR ©3HU XQD TXHVWLRQH GL LJLHQH PHQWDOHª 5LFRUGR FKH OD SULPD YROWD FKH PL DYYLFLQDL DOO·DXWRUH GL 7XQQHO H GL 6RSUD HURL H WRPEH PL GLVVL ©6iEDWR VFULYH FRPH VH GRYHVVH HVVHUH OHWWR IUD GLHFLPLOD DQQL ª 8Q·DOWUD LGHD VXELWR GRSR PL EDOHQz QHOOD PHQWH 6iEDWR q XQR GHJOL XOWLPL XPDQLVWL XQ XPDQL VWD LQ ORWWD FRQ OD FULVL GHILQLWLYD GHOO·XRPR FRQFUHWR H XQLYHUVDOH &KH FRVD YRJOLR GLUH" ,Q 3ULPD GHOOD ILQH WURYR VFULWWR ©8QLFKH H GLYHUVH VRQR WXWWH OH QXEL FKH DEELDPR FRQWHPSODWR QHOOD YLWD OH PDQL GHOO·XRPR H OD IRUPD H OD JUDQGH]]D GHOOH IR JOLH GHL ILXPL GHL YHQWL H GHJOL DQLPDOL 1HVVXQ DQLPDOH q VLPL OH D XQ DOWUR 2JQL XRPR q PL VWHULRVDPHQWH H UHOLJLRVDPHQWH XQLFRª 4XHVWL GXH PRWLYL IRUPDQR XQR VWHVVR WHPD FKH SHU PH FRVWLWXL VFH LO SXQWR GL SDUWHQ]D H GL DU ULYR GHOO·LQWHUD RSHUD GL 6iEDWR GDL SHQVLHUL H JOL DIRULVPL GL 8QR H O·8QLYHUVR DOOH OHWWHUH FKH FRVWLWXLVFRQR LO VXR XOWLPR OLEUR /D 5HVLVWHQ]D OD IHGHOWj DOOD FRQGL]LRQH XPDQD XQD OXQJD IHGHOWj DOO·LPSHUIHWWD FRQGL]LRQH XPDQD &·q XQD FHOHEUH DIIHUPD]LRQH GL 6iEDWR FKH GLFH ©8Q GLR QRQ VFULYH URPDQ]Lª %HQH TXHVWD IUDVH q JLXVWDPHQWH IDPRVD SHU FKp q LO YHUR HPEOHPD GL WXWWD OD VXD RSHUD GHL URPDQ]L H GHL VDJ JL GHOOD VXD SDUWH QRWWXUQD FRPH GL TXHOOD GLXUQD XQ HPEOHPD FKH q XQ OXQJR HORJLR DOO·LPSHUIH]LR QH GHOO·XRPR 6LD FKH VFULYD VX
6iEDWR GHPLVWLILFD LO JLJDQWH VFR SDUDGRVVR VHFRQGR LO TXDOH XQ PRYLPHQWR FKLDPDWR 8PD QHVLPR KD SURGRWWR DOOD ILQH XQD WRWDOH GLVXPDQL]]D]LRQH GHOOH IRUPH H DO FRQWHPSR FHU FD GL SUHVHUYDUH D TXDOVLDVL FRVWR O·LQVRQGDELOH FDSDFLWj RQLULFD GHOO·XRPR (JOL GHPLVWLILFD LO PRQGR GHOOD WHFQLFD H FHUFD GL SURWHJJHUH H GLIHQGHUH O·LQGLYL GXR HVVHUH FRQFUHWR H FRQIXVR VRVSHVR WUD O·DQVLD GL SHUIH]LRQH H L VXRL LVWLQWL 3HU TXHVWR 6iEDWR q XQR GHJOL XOWLPL XPDQLVWL SHU FKp GHPLVWLILFD OD UHDOWj VHQ]D GHPLWLILFDUOD 'HPLVWLILFDUH VHQ]D GHPLWL ILFDUH OD UHDOWj VLJQLILFD UHVWDUH IHGHOH DOO·LPSHUIH]LRQH RQWROR JLFD GHOOD FRQGL]LRQH XPDQD VL JQLILFD UHVWDUH IHGHOH DOO·HVVHQ]D XPDQLVWLFD GHOOD QRVWUD FLYLOWj 0D FRPH SXz O·XRPR UDJ JLXQJHUH DWWUDYHUVR OD VXD SDUWH LQWHOOLJLELOH H OH VXH SDVVLRQL LQ XQ PRGR LQVLHPH LQWHOOLJLELOH H DSSDVVLRQDWR OD SURSULD LPSHU IH]LRQH" /D ULVSRVWD GHOO·DXWRUH q GL TXHOOH VHQ]D DSSHOOR DWWUD YHUVR O·DUWH H LQ SDUWLFRODUH O·DU WH GHO URPDQ]R TXHVWR WHUULWRULR GRYH OH FRQJHWWXUH QRQ SUHFHGR QR PDL OH D]LRQL H LQ FXL OH D]LR QL PROWR VSHVVR QRQ VRQR IUXWWR GL FRQJHWWXUH 3HU 6iEDWR TXHVWD UHJLRQH LQ WHUPHGLD LQ FXL VL PHVFRODQR VHQ]D VROX]LRQH GL FRQWLQXLWj ©OH LGHHª H ©LO VDQJXHª TXHVWD ©UHJLRQH FKLDPDWD DQLPDª RQ WRORJLFDPHQWH DPELJXD LPSXUD H SURSULD GHOO·LQGLYLGXR ILQLWR FRQFUHWR H FRQIXVR FRLQFLGH FRQ LO WHUULWRULR HVSORUDWR GDO URPDQ ]R &RLQFLGH QRQ FRQILQD 3HU TXHVWR 6iEDWR SXz GLUH FKH ©LO URPDQ]R q OD SDWULD GHOO·XRPRª ,O URPDQ]R LQIDWWL q LO OXRJR LQ FXL O·XRPR LQ HVLOLR VXOOD 7HUUD H ORQWDQLVVLPR GDJOL 'HL GL +|O GHUOLQ GLYHQWD DPLFR GHOO·XRPR H LPSDUD D HVVHUH IHGHOH DOOD VXD LPSHUIHWWD FRQGL]LRQH XPDQD
Ê ÕV
2PDJJLR DG (UQHVWR 6iEDWR 0DVVLPR 5L]]DQWH
/HRQDUGR %RUJHV VXL SUREOHPL GHOO·HGXFD]LRQH GHL QRVWUL WHPSL R FKH LQYHQWL SHUVRQDJJL FRPH &DVWHO $OHMDQGUD 0DUWtQ 6iED WR QRQ SHUGH PDL GL YLVWD TXHO O·HVVHUH DQVLRVDPHQWH GXDOH FKH HJOL FRPH TXDOVLDVL DOWUR XRPR p 6iEDWR VD EHQH FKH OD YHUD SD WULD GHOO·XRPR q TXHOOD ©UHJLRQH FKLDPDWD DQLPDª XQD UHJLRQH LQWHUPHGLD LQ FXL VL PHVFRODQR VHQ]D VROX]LRQH GL FRQWLQXLWj ©OH LGHHª H ©LO VDQJXHª 0D HJOL VD DQFKH FKH O·XRPR KD DEEDQGR QDWR SURJUHVVLYDPHQWH TXHVWD UH JLRQH LQWHUPHGLD H FKH JUD]LH DOOD VXD DQVLD GL SHUIH]LRQDPHQWR KD UD]LRQDOL]]DWR D WDO SXQWR LO PRQ GR GD UHQGHUOR LQXPDQR 7XWWDYLD QRQRVWDQWH L PROWL JLXGL]L LQ TXHVWR VHQVR LO SHQVLH UR H O·RSHUD GHO URPDQ]LHUH H VDJ JLVWD DUJHQWLQR QRQ VRQR WUDJLFL QLFKLOLVWLFL 3URSULR LQ YLUW GHO QRVWUR VWDWXV RQWRORJLFR GL HVVHUL ILQLWL GL HVVHUL VSLULWXDOL H FDUQD OL SRVVLDPR FRVWUXLUH SRQWL VRSUD JOL DELVVL GHOOH QRVWUH FRVFLHQ]H SDUWHFLSDQGR FRVu DJOL HYHQWL GHO SDVVDWR H GHO SUHVHQWH 3RVVLDPR VHPSUH DSULUH XQD ILQHVWUD VXOOD QRVWUD VROLWXGLQH VXJOL DOWUL VX TXHOOL FKH FL KDQQR SUHFHGXWR FRPH VX TXHOOL FKH QRQ DSSDUWHQ JRQR DOOD QRVWUD JHRJUDILD 3HU TXHVWR PRWLYR 6iEDWR q UHIUDWWD ULR D RJQL ¶DVWUDWWD FRPSOHVVLWj· D RJQL EL]DQWLQLVPR PDOL FKH LQ (XURSD H XQ SR· LQ RJQL SDUWH GHO PRQGR VRQR DPSLDPHQWH GLIIX VL (G q SHU TXHVWR FKH ULVSRQGR RVVHVVLYDPHQWH DL PLHL DPLFL LWD OLDQL ©6iEDWR" Ë XQD TXHVWLRQH GL LJLHQH PHQWDOH ª /D FRVLGGHWWD FXOOD GHOOD FL YLOWj RFFLGHQWDOH q YXRWD R PHJOLR q SLHQD GL EDPELQL LQ SURYHWWD FRVu VSHFLDOL]]DWL QHO ORUR FDPSR GL ULFHUFD FKH VRQR GLYHQWDWL LQDWWDFFDELOL FHUWR PD KDQQR DQFKH SHUGXWR RJQL ILGXFLD QHOOH SRVVLELOLWj GL SRV VHGHUH DQFRUD XQD FRQFH]LRQH GHO PRQGR H GHOO·XRPR
ÓÎ
Ì/3
3HWU .UDO WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DUWLQD 0D]]DFXUDWL
Ê`
// . Ì Ì Ì
$" > $" Ì3! "
6%2!
ÃÕ`
Ì
#2)4)#!
¥²
v
ÃÕ`
ÓÓ
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
7RPDV )U\EHUW WUDGX]LRQH GL 3DROD 'H /XFD
IDFFLDWD G·XQD VWUDGD G·XQ TXDU WLHUH GL GHSRVLWL VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH GLVSRQLELOH H YDFDQWH FRPH LO YLVR G·XQ DWWRUH WUD GXH UXROL TXHVW·LPSURYYLVR LQWDJOLR QHWWR H SHUIHWWDPHQWH VWUXWWXUDWR GL XQ·DUFDWD FL UHQGHYD WHVL LQTXLHWL SHU TXHOOR FKH SRWHYD DFFDGHUH H D SULRUL PROWR ULFHWWLYL DOOH YRFL VDSLHQWHPHQWH GLVWLOODWH FKH FL DYHYDQR DWWLUDWL Oj ( SRL OD OXFH 0HQWUH LO QRVWUR JUXSSHWWR URQ]DYD H V·DJLWDYD GHEROPHQWH DOO·HVWHUQR QHOOD SHQRPEUD DYDQ]DQWH OD JDOOHULD FRQWLQXDYD D LOOXPLQDUVL FRPH SHU FRPSHQVDUH LO GHFOLQR GHO JLRUQR UHVWDYD FKLDUD VXO GDYDQWL H VX VYDULDWH GHFLQH GL PHWUL LQ SURIRQGLWj /D OXFH QRQ VHPEUD YD SURYHQLUH GD QHVVXQD ODPSD GD 1p YHQLYD GDO IRQGR GHOOD JDOOHULD FKH HUD RVFXUR &·HUD VHPSOLFHPHQWH VHQ ]D DOFXQD VRUJHQWH YLVLELOH H VHQ]·DOWUR GD IDUH VH QRQ ULHPSL UH OD JDOOHULD ,R P·HUR SUHSDUDWR D XGLUH O·LQDXGLWR QRQ D YHGHUH LO PDL YLVWR H SHU GLIHQGHUPL GD TXHVWD DJJUHVVLRQH YLVLYD FHU FDYR XQD VSLHJD]LRQH UD]LRQDOH WHFQRORJLFD GHO IHQRPHQR SXU LURQL]]DQGR VX TXHOO·DWWHJJLD PHQWR G·DXWRSURWH]LRQH 0D HUD VROR XQ·DOWUD PDQLIHVWD]LRQH GHO PLR FUHVFHQWH QHUYRVLVPR /D VHUDWD HUD PLWH SHU OD VWD JLRQH FRQ XQ YHQWLFHOOR OLHYH FKH FDUH]]DYD OH OXQJKH VWUDGH GHO TXDUWLHUH LQGXVWULDOH VSRVWDQGR DSSHQD TXDOFKH RGRUH GL OXEUL ILFDQWH GL FDUERQH GL UXJJLQH H OHJQR HVRWLFR R GL VSH]LH IRUVH ,O YHQWDJOLR VRQRUR HUD DQ FK·HVVR RUGLQDWR FRQ L YDUL HOH PHQWL EHQ GLVWLQWL ,Q ORQWDQDQ]D OR VIHUUDJOLDUH GHO WUDPZD\ WUD YHUVDYD XQ SRUWR DGGRUPHQWDWR 3L LQ TXD L FR]]L JOL DQQXQFL H LO IUDFDVVR G·XQR VFDOR PHUFL SRL VRVSHVL VRSUD O·LVRODWR LO EUXVLR H OH PXVLFKH GHOOD YLFLQD SLVWD GL SDWWLQDJJLR $GHVVR H VHQ]D VDSHUOR DQFR UD HUDYDPR SURQWL ,O VXRQR PRVVH SULPD GDO IRQGR GHOOD JDOOHULD PDL PL FD SLWHUj G·DVFROWDUH TXDOFRVD GL SL YLVLYR 8Q PRYLPHQWR GL VXRQR 3RL O·XGLL UHDOPHQWH 8Q VXRQR XQD YRFH" 5RWRQGR OLVFLR G·XQ·HVWHQ VLRQH IXOPLQHD XQ VXRQR FKLDUR FKLDUR TXDQWR LO YXRWR LQWHUR TXDQWR LO QXOOD VRUWR DOO·LPSURY YLVR LQ PH]]R DL QRVWUL ILDFFKL EHODWL $OO·LPSURYYLVR QLHQW·DO WUR HVLVWHYD VH QRQ TXHVWR VXRQR URWRQGR OLVFLR SLHQR FRQWHQXWR HSSXUH YLYR RUODWR G·XQ FRQWRU QR FKLDUR JDORSSDQWH LQ FRVWDQ WH HVWHQVLRQH 6XRQR GLYHQXWR XQLYHUVR FKH QHVVXQR VWUXPHQWR QHVVXQ RUJDQR FRQRVFLXWR SRWHYD HPHWWHUH R DVVRUELUH )XL FRPH JOL DOWUL SUHVR QHO OD PRUVD GHOO·DGRUD]LRQH H GHO WHUURUH PD EHQ SUHVWR DQFKH OD JDQDVFLD GHOOD PRUVD FHGHWWH H IXJJLL YLD LQ SUHGD D XQ SDQLFR LQGLFLELOH 1RQ VR VH RVWDFROL XPDQL DQLPDOL YHJHWDOL R PLQH UDOL PL VL VLDQR PHVVL GL WUDYHUVR VXO FDPPLQR QRQ VR GD GRYH SDVVDL 0HQWUH VFDSSDYR HUR WRWDO PHQWH JKHUPLWR H DYYLOXSSDWR GD TXHVWD PHPEUDQD OLVFLD VRWWLOH WHVD G·XQ VXRQR FKH V·DOOXQJDYD VL GLVWHQGHYD LQ WXWWH OH GLUH]LRQL SXU UHVWDQGR VHPSUH URWRQGR H OLVFLR $YYLOXSSDQWH PD LPSDOSDELOH &Lz GHYH SUREDELOPHQWH HVVH UH LQWHUSUHWDWR FRPH XQ·DOOHJR ULD GHOO·XQLYHUVR VWHVVR H GHOOD TXDUWD GLPHQVLRQH VWHVVD FRVD 5LHQWUDWR D FDVD QRQ F·HUR SL 5LHQWUDWR LQ PH Vu G·DFFRUGR PD QRQ HUR SL OR VWHVVR 2UD PL LQWHUURJR $YHWH YLVWR TXDOFKH FRVD YRL" (FFR DSSXQWR DEELDPR OH VWHVVH ULVSRVWH /D VWUDGD LQ TXHVWLRQH GL FXL KR VFRUGDWR LO QRPH q FKLXVD GD XQ FRUGRQH GL SROL]LD VL ULQQRYD LO TXDUWLHUH VL VORJJLDQR L GHSR VLWL $O &RPXQH H DO &RPPLVVD ULDWR LQWHUURJDQR WXWWL H RJQXQR VL FRQYRFD D YRORQWj GRPDQL WRFFD D PH )RUVH VDUz SUHVR FRPH JXLGD ODJJL R IRUVH VDUz VROR SUHVR 'RPDQL FL YHGUz SL FKLDUR GRSR LO &RPXQH
ÃÕ`
Ó{
¥²
1311$Ì, .Ì3"Ì,$¿Ì Ì 1 " . >>
. /1 Ì/ Ì,3$
WUDGX]LRQH GL 0DUWLQD 0D]]DFXUDWL
$QGDL YLD XQD PDWWLQD GL ILQH RW WREUH (UR DUULYDWR D XQ ELYLR 'D XQ ODWR LO GHVLGHULR GL ULPDQHUH GDU IRQGR DL VRJQL FRYDWL LQ DGR OHVFHQ]D FDPELDUH OD ¶PLD· WHUUD GRQDUOH OXVWUR FRQ XQD ULYROX ]LRQH FXOWXUDOH H GLPRVWUDUH FKH QRQ WXWWL VRQR FRVWUHWWL D SDUWLUH 'DOO·DOWUR ODWR XQ YHVWLWR VWUHWWR FXFLWR DGGRVVR PDOH LO ELVRJQR GL VSRJOLDUVL IDUH SULPD XQD UL YROX]LRQH LQWHULRUH H RVDUH ODG GRYH QRQ KDL XQD VWRULD ,QILQH D FDGHQ]DUH OH VFHOWH O·DPDUD FRQ VWDWD]LRQH FKH ¶JL · DO 6XG ULVFKL VHPSUH GL EDUFDPHQDUWL IUD LO VH ULR H LO IDFHWR ORJRUDWR GDOOD PL QDFFLD GL HVVHUH SURYLQFLDOH VROR SHUFKp KDL SDUODWR PD QRQ VHL ULX VFLWR QHOO·LQWHQWR 'HYL SDUWLUH 8Q YHUVR GL %DX GHODLUH ULHFKHJJLDYD QHOOD PLD WH VWD ©3DUWL VH GHYL UHVWD VH SXRLª 1RQ SRWHYR SL UHVWDUH PL HUR VSLQWR ROWUH LO OLPLWH FRQVHQWLWR &RVu HPXOR GHL WDQWL HPLJUDQ WL FKH PL DYHYDQR SUHFHGXWR OD VFHOWD GHOOD PHWD FDGGH VXOO·RYYLD 0LODQR 0D TXDQWD GLIIHUHQ]D GDL UDFFRQWL GHJOL DQQL &LQTXDQWD ,R QRQ DUULYDYR FRQ YDOLJLD GL FDUWR QH DOOD 6WD]LRQH &HQWUDOH Qp FRQ FROEDFFR DOOD 7RWz H 3HSSLQR 0L VSRVWDYR FRQ FRPSXWHU SRU WDWLOH H DXWR QRQ DQGDYR D FHUFD UH IRUWXQD EHQVu D IUHTXHQWDUH XQ PDVWHU LQ 7HFQLFKH (GLWRULD OL 'HQWUR PL ULSHWHYR FKH VDUHL WRUQDWR SUHVWR DO 6XG ©*LXVWR LO WHPSR GL XQD VSHFLDOL]]D ]LRQH XQD SDXVD H SRL WRUQR D FDPELDUHª 0D LQ IRQGR WHPHYR FKH QRQ VDUHEEH VWDWR FRVu &KH FRVD YROHYL IDUH ¶GD JUDQGH·" /R VFULWWRUH" ( QHOOD YLWD FRPH FUH GHYL GL FDPSDUH" 3URYDQGR D HQ WUDUH QHOO·HGLWRULD SHU IDUH O·XQL FD FRVD GL FXL VHL FDSDFH FLRq OHJJHUH H VFULYHUH" (G HFFR XQD QXRYD DPDUD SUHVD GL FRVFLHQ]D DO 6XG QRQ F·q OD JUDQGH HGLWRULD ELVRJQD SULPD FUHDUOD SRL SXRL SHQVDUH GL IDUH LO UHGDWWRUH ¶JL · 0D WX FKH FRVD SHQVDYL GL FUHD UH" &HUWR LO PHVWLHUH FKH VWDYL SHU LPSDUDUH HUD OR VWHVVR GL &H VDUH 3DYHVH GL ,WDOR &DOYLQR PD WX QRQ VHL Qp O·XQR Qp O·DOWUR H OD WXD YRFH ¶JL · VL FRQIRQGHUHEEH IUD OH WDQWH LQ XQD SLD]]D GRYH F·q LO PHUFDWR
)HUQDQGR &RUDWHOOL
3KLOLSSH 'L )ROFR
, WUH OXRJKL GRYH YLYHUH q EHOOR RUD FKH PL ULWURYR GD VROR VRQR JOL KRWHO GL OXVVR JOL RVSHGDOL H OH SULJLRQL 'D XQ SR· LO PLR LQ WHUHVVH DOOD YLWD VL DXWRPRWLYD LQ IXQ]LRQH GL TXHVWH WUH GHVWLQD ]LRQL SRWHQ]LDOL KRWHO GL OXVVR RVSHGDOH R SULJLRQH &DOFROR OH PLH WUDLHWWRULH FRQIRUPHPHQWH DL SDUDPHWUL KRWHO RVSHGDOH H R SUL JLRQH WUH OXRJKL GL YLWD SRVVLELOH 4XHVWL WUH OXRJKL SRVVLELOL VRQR LQWHUFDPELDELOL 8Q KRWHO SXz GL YHQWDUH XQD SULJLRQH R XQ RVSHGD OH XQD SULJLRQH XQ RVSHGDOH R XQ KRWHO H FRVu YLD 7UH GHVWLQD]LRQL SRWHQ]LDOL WUH YDULD]LRQL SRVVLELOL VHQ]D FRQWDUH OXRJKL LEULGL FRPH O·KRWHO RVSHGDOH RSSXUH OD SULJLR QH KRWHO WLSR TXHOOD LQDXJXUDWD QHO 1XRYR 0HVVLFR O·DQQR VFRU VR ,Q RJQXQR GL TXHVWL OXRJKL LQ FDPELR GL GHQDUR RUD FKH VRQR ULFFR GL PLR GHOOH SHUVRQH VL PHW WRQR DO PLR VHUYL]LR SHQHWUDQR QHOOD PLD VIHUD SULYDWD LQFRQWUDQR OD SUHVHQ]D ILVLFD GHO PLR FRUSR UHVSLUDQR OH PLH VWHVVH DWPRVIHUH H LQGRYLQDQR L PLHL ELVRJQL QHOOD PLVXUD LQ FXL SRVVRQR VRGGLVIDUOL DQFKH SDU]LDOPHQWH H VRSUDWWXWWR TXDQGR ULHVFR D IRUPXODUOL FRPH ULFKLHVWH 1RQ FHUFR GL JRGHUH GHOO·HIIHWWR GL VRUYHJOLDQ]D Qp GL XQD TXDOFKH SXQL]LRQH FKH OD QH FHVVDULD FRQFHQWUD]LRQH GHO OXRJR SUHVXSSRQH GHVLGHUR SLXWWRVWR HVVHUH FLUFRQGDWR DWWHVR JXDUGD WR D YLVWD /u PL VHQWR WUDVSDUHQWH H QHOOR VWHVVR WHPSR ULPSLQ]DWR WUDVSDUHQWH DO SXQWR FKH OH SHUVR QH FKH JHVWLVFRQR TXHVWL OXRJKL D YROWH VL WULQFHUDQR GLHWUR OD GLVFUH ]LRQH VHQ]D GHO UHVWR GLPHQWLFDU PL H ULPSLQ]DWR SHU LO ORUR PRGR GL SRUWDUPL GD PDQJLDUH OD ELDQ FKHULD LO EHYHUDJJLR GL EXVVDUH
DOOD SRUWD GL GLUH EXRQJLRUQR GL GLUH XQD SDUROD XQD SDUROD TXDO VLDVL 3UHIHULUHL YLYHUH WRWDOPHQWH LQ XQR GL TXHVWR WUH OXRJKL R VL PXOWDQHDPHQWH LQ WXWWL R LQ XQR DOOD YROWD SLXWWRVWR FKH UHVWDUH DO PRQGR GRYH KR OD VHQVD]LRQH PROWR FKLDUD GL GLYHQWDUH LQFROR UH GL SHUGHUH OD VHQVLELOLWj GL QRQ HPDQDUH SL RGRUL 1RQ KR SL DPLFL &HUFR LO FRQILQR $VSLUR DOOD FRQFHQWUD]LRQH 3UHWHQGR OD ULVHUYDWH]]D ,Q TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL VHFRQGR XQ FDOHQGDULR ILVVR VL FDPELD OD PLD ELDQFKHULD GRSR DYHUOD RGRUDWD H SULPD FKH V·LP SX]]ROHQWLVFD ,Q TXHVWL WUH OXR JKL PL VL SRUWD GD PDQJLDUH VX XQ YDVVRLR ,Q TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL IUXL VFR GL VHUYL]L UHDOL UHJQD OD OHJJH GHO WDJOLRQH SDJR H RWWHQJR FLz FKH GHVLGHUR Qp SL Qp PHQR ,Q TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL WXWWR FRPLQFLD H WXWWR ILQLVFH HYHQWXDOPHQWH LQ XQR VSRUWHOOR $VSHWWDUH DOOR VSRU WHOOR SHUPHWWH VHQ]D DOFXQ GXEELR GL VRSSULPHUH LO WHPSR FRVu FRPH OR FRQRVFR FRVu FRPH PH OR KDQ QR LQVHJQDWR FRVu FRPH O·KR VHP SUH FRQRVFLXWR H FRPH QRQ YRJOLR SL FRQRVFHUOR /R VSRUWHOOR q LO SUHVHQWH SHUPDQHQWH &RVu FRPH LO WHPSR VL WUDVIRUPD VXOOD VRJOLD H DOGLOj GHOOR VSRUWHOOR GL XQR GL TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL O·DWWHVD LQ TXDQ WR IUXVWUD]LRQH DFFXPXODWD SDUD QRLD ULVHQWLPHQWR WXWWR TXHVWR PHUGDLR TXHVWR OHWDPDLR TXHVWR VXGLFLXPH GHOOR VSLULWR TXHVWR FRQWDJLR WXWWL TXHVWL YHOHQL GL QDQ]L H JUD]LH DOOR VSRUWHOOR QRQ HVLVWRQR SL 1HVVXQD GHOXVLRQH SHUFKp QHVVXQD DVSHWWDWLYD LQ VR YUDSSL ,Q TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL QHV VXQ DFFUHVFLPHQWR SHUFKp QRQ F·q DOWUD DQVLD GL SURGX]LRQH VH QRQ TXHOOD GHL PLHL ELVRJQL *LXVWR
XQ FDOFROR FRPELQDWRULR GL SRUWH DSHUWH R FKLXVH 8Q FDPSDQHO OR H XQ XRPR LQ OLYUHD DSSDUH H PL FKLHGH FRVD GHVLGHUR 8Q DO ODUPH H XQD GRQQD LQ JRQQHOOD DFFRUUH H PL SUHQGH LO SROVR 8Q JULGR D YROWH q VXIILFLHQWH SHUFKp O·HFR SURYL OD PLD HVLVWHQ]D 8QD VXRQHULD H GHOOH XQLIRUPL EUDQGL VFRQR FKLDYL GRFXPHQWL R SDFFKL VROR SHU PH 8QD FDPHUD G·KRWHO GL OXVVR DQFKH SLFFROD IDUHEEH DO FDVR PLR SXUFKp XQ IDWWRULQR XQ UDJD]]R DO SLDQR IRVVH D PLD GL VSRVL]LRQH /·LPPDJLQR PLQJKHU OLQR PD WUDFDJQRWWR /·LPPDJLQR LQFUDYDWWDWR JDOORQDWR OXFLGDWR PD GLVLQYROWR /·LPPDJLQR JLR YDQH PD YL]LRVR /·LPPDJLQR WL PLGR PD JDXGHQWH /·LPPDJLQR FRQ GHOOH PDFFKLH VRVSHWWH PD FRQ OH XQJKLH SXOLWH $PDQWH GHOOD WRUWXUD VHQ]D GRORUH 'HVLGHURVR GL IRQGHUVL FRQ OD VXH PDQVLRQL LO VXR DVFHQVRUH LO VXR SLDQR LO VXR DQJXVWR URRP VHUYLFH 2SSXUH LP PDJLQR PH VWHVVR LQ XQD FDPHUD VLQJROD G·RVSHGDOH /H LQIHUPLHUH VL GDQQR LO FDPELR JLRUQR H QRWWH DO PLR FDSH]]DOH SRLFKp QRQ VRQR YHUDPHQWH PDODWR PD ELVRJQD WH QHUPL LQ RVVHUYD]LRQH 2VVHUYDWR GD XQD PH]]D GR]]LQD GL GRQQH LQ ELDQFR GDOOH DVFHOOH PDOHRGRUDQWL 3RUWDQR WXWWH GHOOH JRQQH ELDQFKH /H LPPDJLQR GL PLOOH QD]LRQDOL Wj SDUODUH IUDQFHVH FRQ XQ TXDO FKH DFFHQWR /H LPPDJLQR VHQ VXDOL PD LQGDIIDUDWH /H LPPDJL QR SRUWDUH GHOOH PHGLFLQH DO WHP SR VWHVVR GROFL HG HIILFDFL $PHUHL XQ ODYDJJLR /H LPPDJLQR GL QRW WH SL GLVSRQLELOL FKH GL JLRUQR 0L IDQQR OD WRLOHWWH OD PDWWLQD 0L DFFDUH]]DQR OH SDUWL JHQLWDOL L FDSH]]ROL L OREL GHOO·RUHFFKLR ( DQFRUD LPPDJLQR GL ULWURYDUPL LQ
SULJLRQH /D FHOOD FKH GLYLGR FRQ DOWUL GXH UDJD]]L SX]]D GL SLVFLR GL VXGRUH GL SLHGL ,PPDJLQR GL QRQ ULXVFLUH DG DGGRUPHQWDUPL SULPD GHOOH GXH GL QRWWH ,PPD JLQR GL IXPDUH HUED PHQWUH XQR FDFD H O·DOWUR OHJJH ,PPDJLQR FKH LO JXDUGLDQR DSUD OR VSLRQ FLQR SHU JXDUGDUPL PHQWUH PL PDVWXUER ,PPDJLQR FKH L PLHL FRPSDJQL GL FHOOD SHQVLQR VROR D PH YRJOLDQR VROR PH JXDUGLQR VROR PH ,PPDJLQR FKH PL SLDF FLD LQ PDQFDQ]D GL PHJOLR $PR OD PLD FHOOD OD PLD FDPHUD ELDQ FD VWHULOH H OD PLD VXLWH MXQLRU /·HVRWLVPR PL ID SDXUD SHUFKp VRVSHWWR FKH RJJL ELVRJQD HVVHUH PROWR IXUEL SHU ULXVFLUH D VHGXUUH LO SULPR DUULYDWR H SRUWDUOR D FRQ FHGHUYL XQ PLQLPR GL DWWHQ]LRQH XQ PLQLPR VRUULVR XQ PLQLPR GL DVFROWR XQ PLQLPR GL WHQHUH]]D 8Q PLQLPR SHU VHQWLUVL OHJLWWLPD PHQWH DXWRUL]]DWR D YLYHUH DO GL IXRUL GL TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL LGHDOL 3HU GL SL OH SDUROH QRQ PL VRQR GL DOFXQD XWLOLWj WUDQQH LQ TXHVWL WUH WLSL GL OXRJKL GRYH OH FRQGL ]LRQL EHQ VSHFLILFKH FRQIHULVFR QR ORUR XQ VHQVR SL SUHFLVR H XQ QXPHUR OLPLWDWR GL XVL 6RQR FRPH WXWWL YRJOLR LO PLR QDVFRQ GLJOLR LO PLR OHWWXFFLR LO PLR DUPDGLR LO PLR ULIXJLR SHU VHQ WLUH OD PLD QXFD IUHPHUH QHO EXLR DQFRUD H DQFRUD 9RJOLR XQD YLWD VHPSOLILFDWD VHQ]D SHVDQWH]]D 7XWWR LQ TXHVWL OXRJKL SXUFKp FL VLD XQD PDQR XQ RFFKLR XQ UHVSL UR ,PPDJLQR H FRQ UDJLRQH FKH WXWWR LQ TXHVWR PRQGR SRUWL D XQR GL TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL FKH WXWWR FRQ ILQL FRQ XQR GL TXHVWL WUH OXRJKL WXWWR q RUJDQL]]DWR SHU FRQGXUFL Ou ILQLUH Ou Ou WHUPLQDUH H Ou ULFLFODUFL ² SHU O·HWHUQLWj
6%23/35$
$OORUD SHQVDL LPSDUR LO PHVWLH UH OR DIILQR SRL WRUQR Vu VDUz XQ LQWHOOHWWXDOH DPDWR H DVFROWDWR« H VH DL VRJQL QRQ F·q PDL ILQH DOWUHWWDQWR YDOH SHU O·LQJHQXLWj 3RL XQ LQFRQWUR IRUWXQDWR GHVWL QDOH H ULPDVL D 0LODQR D IDUH LO UHGDWWRUH 8Q DQQR GXH SRL KR VPHVVR GL FRQWDUOL QRQ F·q ULWRU QR DOO·RUL]]RQWH H IRUVH DQFKH VH FL IRVVH PRVWUHUHL OH VSDOOH D *R GRW ILQJHQGR GL HVVHUH GLVWUDWWR ©6DL FRP·q HUR LPSHJQDWR LQ XQD FRUUH]LRQH GL ER]]H QRQ KR YLVWR LO WUHQR FKH WRUQDYDª ( LPSURY YLVDPHQWH VFRSUL LO VLJQLILFDWR GL ¶VWUDQLHUR· 1RQ VL q VWUDQLHUL ORQ WDQL GD FDVD LQ XQ·DOWUD UHDOWj VL SXz HVVHUH DSROLGH PHQWUH VWUD QLHUR OR VL q VROR IUD OH VWUDGH LQ FXL JLRFDYL D SDOORQH VROR GDYDQWL DOOD PHPRULD 3LHJDWR VX IRJOL GL FDUWD VSDUVL GLYLVR LO WHPSR IUD LO PHVWLHUH GL UHGDWWRUH H O·DVSLUD]LRQH GL VFULW WRUH PL DFFRUJR GL WRUQDUH D FDVD VROR TXDQGR DSUR OD SRUWD GHO PLR DSSDUWDPHQWR PLODQHVH PD DO FRQWHPSR SURYR GLVDJLR GDYDQ WL D FKLHVH H VFXROH FKH QRQ KR PDL IUHTXHQWDWR TXL VRQR UHGDW WRUH SULYR GL PHPRULD ( ¶JL ·" *L PL GLVFRQRVFRQR q PHPRULD VHQ]D UHGD]LRQH VHEEHQH LO VDQ JXH FL OHJKL VLD DQFKH PLR PD SHU TXDOFXQR KR JLj WUDGLWR DOOD PHQVD FXL QRQ HUR LQYLWDWR &RVu QRQ PL ULPDQH FKH DJ JLUDUPL SHU VWUDGH IHEEULOL FRO PH GL IUHQHVLD SHU SDXVD SUDQ]R H DSHULWLYL YHUR IOkQHXU FRQ OR VJXDUGR HVWUDQLDWR FKH SHU GLUOD DOOD %HQMDPLQ QRQ VL VHQWH D VXR DJLR LQ QHVVXQD GHOOH GXH UHDOWj H FHUFD XQ DVLOR QHOOD IROOD ,Q TXHO OD IROOD JXDUGR DOWUL FKH FRPH PH QRQ YRJOLRQR UHVWDUH WXWWD OD YLWD ¶VX· FKH FRPH PH KDQQR PH PRULD GL ¶JL · H VL ULSHWRQR FRQ IRU]D ©$SSHQD SRVVLELOH WRUQRª 4XDOFXQR FH OD IDUj" 1RQ OR VR 1H LQFRQWUR WDQWL WURSSL D YRO WH SHQVR FKH ¶JL · QRQ FL VLD SL QHVVXQR H SURYR GRORUH ILVLFR /L JXDUGR DWWHQWDPHQWH WRUQDUH D FDVD LO ILQH VHWWLPDQD LR QHPPH QR SL TXHOOR DVSHWWR SXQWR G·RV VHUYD]LRQH HVWHUQR (G q GD Ou FKH ² FRPH QRYHOOR *DEULHO 'DQ LQ +RWHO 6DYR\ GL -RVHSK 5RWK ² PL GRPDQGR ©6DUDQQR FRQWHQWL GL DQGDUH YHUVR FDVD" >«@ 0D IRUVH QRQ KDQQR OD YRORQWj GL ULWRUQD UH D FDVD /D PDUHD OL SRUWD >«@ FRPH SHVFL LQ FHUWH VWDJLRQLª
ÃÕ`
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
3"Ì " 3/1$Ì. " $.
Ì. . Ì Ì ""
0D[ 9DMUR
%HQHGHWWR &URFH HEEH GD TXDQ GR OR FRQREEH SURIRQGD VWLPD H FRPPRVVD DPPLUD]LRQH SHU 6DOYDWRUH 'L *LDFRPR H JOL DWWHVWz HQWUDPEH SURPXRYHQGR O·HGL]LRQH FRPSOHWD GHOOH VSDUVH SRHVLH FKH ILQR DG DOORUD 'L *LD FRPR DYHYD SXEEOLFDWR LQ YDULH VHGL IDFHQGRVHQH HJOL VWHVVR LQ SDUWH HGLWRUH ,QIDWWL PHQWUH 5LFFDUGR 5LFFLDUGL DWWHQGHYD DO O·HGL]LRQH YHUD H SURSULD FXUDQ GRQH ILQHPHQWH OD JUDILFD H FR PLQFLDQGR SURSULR FRQ TXHVWR OL EUR OD VXD DWWLYLWj HGLWRULDOH DOOD TXDOH QRQ DYHYD PDL SHQVDWR H FKH OR FRQGXVVH VRWWR OH DOL GL &URFH D SULPHJJLDUH QHJOL DP ELHQWL FXOWXUDOL LWDOLDQL OR VWHVVR &URFH FRPH VLQJRODUH ILQDQ]LD WRUH YROOH YHUVDUH D 'L *LDFR PR LQ SHUHQQH GLIILFROWj WXWWL L GLULWWL G·DXWRUH VXOO·LQWHUD WLUDWX UD DQFRU SULPD GHOOD VWDPSD $OOD UDFFROWD H DOOD UHYLVLR QH GHL WHVWL &URFH SURYYLGH DQ FK·HJOL IDFHQGRVL DLXWDUH GDO O·DPLFR SRHWD )UDQFHVFR *DHWD H 'L *LDFRPR VFULYHYD DO )LOR VRIR ©7URYR VHPSUH SL FKH VLH WH XQ DPLFR UDUR H EXRQR H FRQ PH YHUDPHQWH JHQHURVRª 1HOO·DSULOH GHO LO YROXPH IX SXEEOLFDWR GRSR EHQ WUH DQQL GL ODYRUR GL ULSHWXWH FRUUH]LRQL H IDWLFRVD VWHVXUD GHO *ORVVD ULR $OO·LQL]LR ILJXUDYD OD GHGLFD VWDPSDWD ©$ %HQHGHWWR &URFª 6XOOD FRSLD VXELWR GRQDWD D OXL GDOO·$XWRUH OD EHOOD VFULWWXUD GHO 3RHWD DYHYD WUDFFLDWR TXHVWH SD UROH ©/D SULPD FRSLD GL TXHVWR PLR OLEUR D 9RL PLR FDULVVLPR %HQHGHWWR FRQ WXWWR LO PLR FXR UH VLQFHUR JUDWR H FRPPRVVR D 9RL EXRQ DPLFR TXDVL IUDWHOOR ² D 9RL IRUVH SL SRHWD FKH ILORVR IR D 9RL EXRQR H XJXDOH LO YR VWUR DIIH]LRQDWLVVLPR 6 G * ª 1RQ F·q TXLQGL DOFXQ GXEELR VXOOD SURIRQGD JUDWLWXGLQH FKH LO 3RHWD HEEH ² H GRYHYD DYHUH ² SHU LO JUDQGH &ULWLFR FKH JOL FRQVHQWu GL UDFFRJOLHUH LQ XQ RU GLQDWR FRUSXV WDQWL PHUDYLJOLRVL YHUVL VSDUVL TXD H Oj H FKH SHUz JOL DYHYDQR GDWR XQD IDPD OLPL WDWD DJOL DPELHQWL QDSROHWDQL PD FKH &URFH FRQ XQ OXQJR VDJJLR VXELWR SXEEOLFDWR VXOOD VXD ´&UL
5HQDWD 3UXQDV
WLFDµ HVDOWz FRPH TXHOOL GL XQ JUDQGH SRHWD XQ DOWLVVLPR OLUL FR FKH DYHYD HOHYDWR LO GLDOHWWR QDSROHWDQR D OLQJXD 3DVVDURQR YHQWL DQQL H 5LF FLDUGL SXEEOLFDYD O·HGL]LRQH GH ILQLWLYD GHOOH SRHVLH GRSR TXHOOH GHO GHO · H GHO · PD OD EHOOD GHGLFD D &URFH QRQ F·HUD SL 'L *LDFRPR DYHYD SUHJDWR LO VXR JUDQGH DPLFR GL SHURUDUH LO VXR LQJUHVVR LQ 6HQDWR PD TXHJOL DYHYD LQFRQWUDWR PROWH UHVLVWHQ]H VLD SHUFKp 'L *LDFR PR DSSDULYD DJOL DXOLFL VHQDWRUL FRPH XQ FDPSLRQH GHO GLDOHWWL VPR H GHO IRONORULVPR PHULGLR QDOH VLD SHUFKp FDOGHJJLDYD OD QRPLQD XQ DOWUR PHULGLRQDOH SHUDOWUR IHUPR RSSRVLWRUH GHO JRYHUQR DOORUD LQ FDULFD )RUVH PDQFz DOOR VWHVVR &URFH XVR D QRQ IDU SHVDUH OD VXD VWDWXUD VH QRQ LQ JUDYL FDVL GL OHVL SULQFL SL PRUDOL R SROLWLFL OD JULQWD FKH IRUVH RFFRUUHYD DQFKH SHUFKp DPDUHJJLDWR GDO FRPPHQWR LUR QLFR GL XQ ERULRVR H LJQRUDQWH FROOHJD SLHPRQWHVH FKH HVFOD Pz ©( JLj RUD IDFFLDPR HQWUD UH 3LHGLJURWWD LQ 6HQDWR ª 'LVSLDFLXWLVVLPR &URFH DE EDQGRQz OD EDWWDJOLD FHUFDQGR LQYDQR GL IDU FDSLUH DO 3RHWD FRPH VDUHEEH VWDWR LQXWLOH SUR VHJXLUOD 'D TXL SHU 'L *LDFR PR VHQVLELOLVVLPR ILQR DOOD QH YUDVWHQLD FKLXVR DOOH YDOXWD]LR QL GL SROLWLFD H GL RSSRUWXQLWj OD FRQYLQ]LRQH FKH &URFH QRQ VL IRVVH LPSHJQDWR DEEDVWDQ]D QHO OD YLFHQGD (EEH SRL OD QRPLQD DG $FFDGHPLFR G·,WDOLD ² FKH HUD DOWUD FRVD FKH LO 6HQDWR YROXWD GD 0XVVROLQL SHU FRQWUDVWDUH L /LQFHL ² LQVLHPH FRQ 0DULQHWWL 7ULOXVVD 0DVFDJQL 3DVFDUHOOD H DOWUL 0D TXHVWD JOL JLXQVH SRFR SULPD GHOOD PDODWWLD FKH OR SRU Wz DOOD PRUWH QHO LQ TXHOOD EHOOD FDVD GL YLD 6DQ 3DVTXDOH FRVWUXLWD GDL /LPRQFHOOL VXOOD FXL IDFFLDWD XQD ODSLGH ULFRUGD LO VXR DELWDWRUH H QRQ ULXVFu DG DQGDUH XQD VROD YROWD DOO·$FFD GHPLD 0D LO UDQFRUH QRQ GLPLQXu H VH L GXH ILQDOPHQWH VL DEEUDFFLDUR QR IX SHU JHQHURVD LQL]LDWLYD GL &URFH FKH DYHYD VDSXWR GD /XLJL
0RQLFD =XQLFD
&DSLWD FKH LO PRQGR UHVWL LQWUDS SRODWR LQ XQD UDGLR H QRQ ULHVFD SL D YHQLUQH IXRUL 9RUUHEEH HVVHUH OD FDVVHWWLHUD ELDQFD GHOOD FDPHUD GD OHWWR GL $QWRQLD 'LYHQWDUH LPSRQHQWH H WHPHUDULD 6WD Ou JLRUQDWH LQWHUH FRQ OD VSDYDOGHULD IUDJLOH GL FKL q YRWDWR DOOD FRQTXLVWD H DOOD VH GX]LRQH GHOO·DOWUR 6WUHPDWR GD TXHVWR GHVLGHULR GL SRVVHVVR H LGHQWLILFD]LRQH LO PRQGR DIIDQQD H OHQWDPHQWH PXRUH /D FDVVHWWLHUD VSDODQFD OD ERF FD H FHUFD GL LQJKLRWWLUH OD UDGLR +D FDSLWR FKH LO PRQGR q SULJLR QLHUR LQ TXHOOD SLFFROD VFDWROD QHUD H QRQ YXROH DVSHWWDUH ,QDVSHWWDWDPHQWH OD UDGLR FR PLQFLD D FDQWDUH ©8Q·HVWDWH ID OD VWRULD GL QRL GXH« XQ·HVWDWH ID QRQ F·HUL FKH WX« ª Ë OD YRFH FKH VYHJOLD $QWRQLD DQFRUD UDJJRPLWRODWD QHO OHWWR 6L VLHGH H VROOHYD OD UDGLR SRJ JLDQGROD VXOOH JLQRFFKLD /D FDV VHWWLHUD UHVWD LPPRELOH DVFRO WDQGR OD VWRULD GL XQ DPRUH GL XQ·HVWDWH 'RSR OD GRFFLD $QWRQLD LQGRV VD XQ YHVWLWR PDUURQH ODUJR VXL ILDQFKL H VWUHWWR LQ YLWD
6L JXDUGD LQWRUQR FRQ VXSHUELD DWWUDYHUVD OD FDVD YXRWD VFHQGH LQ VWUDGD H VL GLULJH YHUVR OD 3L JQDVHFFD SHU IDUH OD VSHVD %XIIR H FKLDVVRVR TXHVWR QRPH SHU XQD ]RQD FKH GL VHFFR QRQ KD XQ EHO QLHQWH Ë XQ SRVWR FRORUDWR GRYH OR VSD]LR HVLVWH PD KD OD FDSDFLWj GL HVWHQGHUVL H ULWLUDUVL D VHFRQGD GHOOH HVLJHQ]H 3DVVHJJLDQGR H JHWWDQGR XQ·RF FKLDWD DOOD PHUFH HVSRVWD VXOOH EDQFDUHOOH q GLYHUWHQWH RVVHUYDUH FRPH DJOL LQGXPHQWL FRORUDWL GHL FLQHVL VL DOWHUQLQR FRQ HOHJDQ]D OH GLJQLWRVH FDURWH H JOL XPRULVWLFL ILQRFFKL 8QD VLJQRUD FRQ XQ JURVVR VFLDOOH QHUR VXOOH VSDOOH VL DYYL FLQD D XQ WLSR JLDFFD H FUDYDWWD H JOL FKLHGH GHL VROGL /XL FHUFD GL VRWWUDUVL PD GRSR XQ SR· OH ODVFLD FDGHUH WUD OH PDQL GXH HXUR /D VLJQRUD FRQ FLJOLD DJJURWWD WH H ERFFD WHVD Gj XQR VJXDUGR DWWHQWR SULPD DL VROGL H SRL D OXL 5HVWDQR D JXDUGDUVL TXDOFKH VH FRQGR OXL DVSHWWDQGR XQ ©JUD]LH ·D 0DGRQQD Y· DFFXPSDJQ·ª H OHL FHUFDQGR GL FDSLUH VH GXH HXUR YROHYDQR GLUH DVVDL R SRFR &RQ XQ IUHGGR VDOXWR H XQ JUD ]LH SRFR FRQYLQWR L GXH VL VHSD UDQR $UULYDWD DOOD &XPDQD OH YLHQH LQ PHQWH XQ ORQWDQR SRPHULJJLR SULPDYHULOH (UD SURSULR TXHOOR LO SXQWR LQ FXL DYHYD UDFFRQWDWR D XQ DPLFR XQR VWUDQR SURSRVLWR &HUFR XQ ILGDQ]DWR GLVVH PD QRQ QH YRUUHL XQR TXDOVLDVL 9RUUHL XQ LGLRWD 1RQ XQR FRPH WDQWL DOWUL XQR VWUDRUGLQDULDPHQ WH VWXSLGR 8QR FKH QRQ SDUOL PROWR FKH DEELD XQD ULFFD FDUWD
GL FUHGLWR DIIH]LRQDWD D PH VROD H FKH VLD EHOOR 9RUUHL FKH IRVVH VHVVXDOPHQWH JHQHURVR H FKH YDQWDVVH XQD WH QXWD H XQD GXUDWD LPSHFFDELOH FRPH FHUWH ¶PDFFKLQH· GL JURVVD FLOLQGUDWD SXEEOLFL]]DWH DOOD WH OHYLVLRQH %HQH DFFRJOLHUHL XQ VDQR QDU FLVLVPR PD SHU FDULWj q QHFHVVD ULR FKH VLD LQFDSDFH GL SHQVDUH LQ PDQLHUD DXWRQRPD 9RUUHL FKH QRQ DSSUH]]DVVH OD SRHVLD H FKH PDL QHOOD VXD YLWD JOL SRWHVVH YHQLUH LQ PHQWH GL UHFL WDUPL OD VWRULD GL <XQXV OR ]RSSR 0L SLDFHUHEEH VLPSDWLFR VHQ]D LOOXGHUPL FKH SRVVD HVVHUH DQFKH LURQLFR &HUWR QRQ O·DPHUHL FRVu FRPH q FKLDUR FKH QRQ SRWUHEEH PDL IDUPL GHO PDOH 6HPSOLFHPHQWH RYYLR FRPH TXHVWR PRQGR LQWUDSSRODWR LQ XQD UDGLR ( TXHOO·LGLRWD q DUULYDWR GDY YHUR SHQVD $QWRQLD PRUGHQGRVL LO ODEEUR /·DYHYD LQYLWDWD D EDOODUH XQD VHUD G·HVWDWH 3DUODYD PROWR PD GL SRFKH FRVH ,O ODYRUR OD PDF FKLQD OH YDFDQ]H ( ULGHYD UL GHYD PROWLVVLPR GL SRFKLVVLPH FRVH 4XHOOR FKH DYHYD DIIDVFLQDWR $QWRQLD QRQ HUD VWDWR O·DVSHWWR R OD VHQVXDOLWj IDFLOPHQWH GHVLGHUD ELOH PD OD YHORFLWj FRQ FXL LO GH VWLQR VHPEUDYD DYHVVH ULVSRVWR D TXHO GHVLGHULR GL YXRWR )HFHUR O·DPRUH TXHOOD VHUD VWHVVD H PROWH DOWUH DQFRUD QHL GXH DQQL GL FRQYLYHQ]D 8Q·XQLRQH IDFLOH TXDQWR LQXWLOH PD WXWWR VRPPDWR VRGGLVIDFHQWH VH QRQ VL FKLHGH GL SL H VH VL FRQ IRQGH GHVWLQR FRQ LQWHVWLQR
*LXOLR LQGRVVDYD XQD FUDYDWWD URVVD RJQL PDUWHGu H DOODFFLDYD VHPSUH OD VFDUSD GHVWUD SULPD GHOOD VLQLVWUD 6SHVVR $QWRQLD OR VRUSUHQGH YD D ILVVDUH LO YXRWR 5HVWDYD D JXDUGDUH TXHOOD ERFFD VFKLXVD H JOL RFFKL XQ SR· DVVRQQDWL H VRU ULGHYD FRQ WHQHUH]]D SHQVDQGR DOOD VWXSLGLWj LQQRFXD FKH OR FD UDWWHUL]]DYD 6L VHQWLYD FRPPRVVD GD TXHO OD VXD VWUDRUGLQDULD RYYLHWj 5L SHWHYD D VH VWHVVD FKH LQ IRQGR HUD XQ PRGR JHQLDOH GL VWDUH DO PRQGR 3HUVLQR JOL DPLFL WURYDYDQR *LXOLR LPSHFFDELOH &RUGLDOH H VLPSDWLFR HUD EHQYROXWR GD WXWWL /D YLWD LQVLHPH D OXL HUD WDO PHQWH SUHYHGLELOH FKH VSHVVR OD PDWWLQD $QWRQLD VL GLYHUWLYD D HOHQFDUH VX XQ IRJOLR WXWWR TXHO OR FKH VDUHEEH DFFDGXWR GXUDQWH LO JLRUQR *LXOLR XVFLUj GDO EDJQR VWUL] ]DQGRPL O·RFFKLR H DSULUj O·DF FDSSDWRLR ILQJHQGR GL HVVHUH XQ PDQLDFR VHVVXDOH 0L VWULQJHUj IRUWH PHQWUH LR WHQWHUz GL ILQLUH LO PLR Wq H GRSR TXDOFKH PLQXWR JXDUGHUj O·RUR ORJLR H DQGUj D YHVWLUVL LQ WXWWD IUHWWD SURPHWWHQGR XQD VHUDWD GL VHVVR VFDWHQDWR 4XHVWR DFFDGHYD RJQL PDWWLQD HVDWWDPHQWH QHOO·RUGLQH LQ FXL $QWRQLD OR UDFFRQWDYD ,O VDEDWR PDWWLQD *LXOLR ODYDYD O·DXWR PHQWUH LO SRPHULJJLR VH JXLYD XQ FRUVR GL LQJOHVH ,O SXQWR HUD FKH OD PDFFKLQD HUD SDUFKHJJLDWD LQ XQ YLDOH GL SDVVDJJLR PROWR SROYHURVR H LO VXR LQJOHVH UHVWDYD SDWHWLFDPHQ WH VFRODVWLFR
8QD YROWD DO PHVH *LXOLR OH FRPSUDYD FLQTXH URVH URVVH H XQ JHOVRPLQR (UD XQD FRPELQD]LR QH IORUHDOH FKH SHU OXL DYHYD XQ VLJQLILFDWR EHQ SUHFLVR PD OHL SURSULR QRQ ULXVFLYD PDL D ULFRU GDUH GL FRVD VL WUDWWDVVH /H SDUODYD VSHVVR GHO ODYRUR GHOOD PDFFKLQD H GHJOL DPLFL /HL VHGHYD GDYDQWL D OXL H ILQJH YD GL DVFROWDUOR SHU RUH 'L WDQWR LQ WDQWR DQQXLYD H DOOH UDUH GR PDQGH ULVSRQGHYD FKH VROR OXL DYUHEEH VDSXWR WURYDUH OD ULVSR VWD JLXVWD &·q XQ·LQWHVD SHUIHWWD WUD GL QRL OH GLVVH OXL XQD GRPHQLFD VHUD SRFR SULPD GL DGGRUPHQWDUVL /HL LQ RFFDVLRQL FRPH TXHVWH VRUULGHYD H DQQXLYD ,Q IRQGR FRV·q OD VWXSLGLWj" &KL QRQ q VH GRWWR GDOOD YDFXLWj FKH HVVD SRU WD" &KL QRQ GHVLGHUD DOPHQR XQD YROWD QHOOD YLWD OD YDULHJDWD JDP PD GL FRORUL FKH HVVD SXz RIIULUH LQ DOWHUQDWLYD DOOD JULJLD PDWHULD GL FXL q IDWWD O·LQWHOOLJHQ]D" 0D SRL FRV·q PDL O·LQWHOOLJHQ]D" 3HU FKp VFDYDUH LO IRQGR GHL SHQVLHUL H GHL VHQWLPHQWL TXDQGR VL JDO OHJJLD FRVu SLDFHYROPHQWH VXOOD VXSHUILFLH GHOOH FRVH" &HUWR O·DFTXD q WRUELGD H LP SHUVFUXWDELOH PD FKL GLFH FKH DOO·DPRUH VHUYD VDSHUH FRVD JLUD VRWWR L QRVWUL SLHGL" ,Q IRQGR $QWRQLD YROHYD ILQDO PHQWH VHQWLUVL IHOLFH VHQ]D PRO WD IDWLFD TXHVWR ULSHWHYD RJQL JLRUQR 5LIOHWWHYD LQROWUH VXO IDWWR FKH RJQL QRWWH OHL H *LXOLR IDFHYDQR O·DPRUH FRQ JUDQGH SDVVLRQH H VRSUDWWXWWR FKH LO ORUR HUD XQ DPRUH EDVDWR VXOOD ILGXFLD UHFLSURFD 4XDQGR OH FDSLWDYD GL FDSLUH FKH XQD GRQQD DYUHEEH SRWXWR
LQWHUHVVDUH *LXOLR DOORUD OR LQFR UDJJLDYD H VSLQJHYD L GXH DO GLD ORJR 6DSHYD FKH SRFKH EDWWXWH GL *LXOLR DYUHEEHUR VFRUDJJLDWR DQ FKH OD SL GLVSHUDWD GHOOH ]LWHOOH 8QD VHUD L GXH DQGDQGR D XQD FHQD D FDVD GL DPLFL VL WHQHYDQR SHU PDQR /XL OD JXDUGz FRQ JUDQGH GROFH] ]D H SRL FRQ IRU]D OD VWULQVH D Vp /D WDYROD HUD JUDQGH H DSSD UHFFKLDWD FRQ HOHJDQ]D 'RSR XQ DSHULWLYR WXWWL SUHVHUR SRVWR HG HEEH LQL]LR OD FHQD $FFDQWR D ORUR VHGHYD XQD ELRQGLQD ULFFLROXWD 3DUODYD PRO WR PD GL SRFKH FRVH ( ULGHYD ULGHYD PROWLVVLPR GL SRFKLVVLPH FRVH 5DFFRQWDYD GHOOD PDFFKL QD GHO ODYRUR H GHOOH YDFDQ]H *LXOLR DVFROWDYD FRQ PROWR LQ WHUHVVH 6L JXDUGDURQR D OXQJR OHL H O·LGLRWD TXHOOD VHUD $QWRQLD QRQ GLHGH LPSRUWDQ]D DOOD FRVD OHL HUD FDULQD PD YH UDPHQWH WURSSR VWXSLGD SHUVLQR SHU OXL &L VRQR L JHODWL GL Oj DYHYD GHWWR *LXOLR GLULJHQGRVL YHUVR OD FXFLQD /D UDJD]]D ULFFLROXWD OR VHJXu SRFR GRSR $QWRQLD FRQ OD FRGD GHOO·RFFKLR OD YLGH UDJJLXQJHUH *LXOLR /XL OH RIIUu XQR GHL JHODWL FKH DYHYD VFHOWR H OD LQYLWz D YLVLWDUH L OXRJKL SL QDVFRVWL GHOOD FDVD 8QD YROWD FKLXVL LQ EDJQR L GXH LGLRWL QRQ VL GLVVHUR QHDQFKH XQD SDUROD PD LQ FRPSHQVR IHFHUR O·DPRUH FRQ JUDQGH SDVVLRQH 1RQ HUR LQ FROOHUD ULSHWH DQFR UD RJJL $QWRQLD GHVWUHJJLDQGRVL WUD LO IUXWWLYHQGROR H LO VDOXPLHUH 1RQ VRQR LQ FROOHUD 3URYDUH ULVHQWLPHQWR VDUHEEH GD LGLRWL
5XVVR FKH LO YHFFKLR 3RHWD VH QH VWDYD LQWDEDUUDWR VX XQD SROWURQD FRQ LQ WHVWD XQ ID]]ROHWWR SRSR ODQR H JOL DYHYD GHWWR ©&URFH VD FRPH VRQR ULGRWWR"ª ( &URFH FRPPRVVR ² FRPH PLUDELOPHQWH UDFFRQWz )UDQFR 6FKOLW]HU ² VHS SH GLPHQWLFDUH XQ SDVVDWR SHU OXL GRORURVR H SUHJz GL FKLHGHUH DOOD VLJQRUD 'L *LDFRPR VH VDUHEEH VWDWD JUDGLWD XQD VXD YLVLWD /R VWHVVR &URFH ULHYRFz SRL O·HYHQ WR OD ULVSRVWD SURQWD H SUHPXUR VD H DOILQH L GXH DPLFL VL DEEUDF FLDURQR SDUODURQR GL OLEUL H GL WHPSL DQGDWL VHQ]D FKH QHVVXQR DOOXGHVVH DOOD DPDUD YLFHQGD GHO OD GHGLFD FDQFHOODWD H VHQ]D YH GHUVL PDL SL ,O JLRUQR GHL IXQHUDOL &UR FH ULPDVH D ULOHJJHUVL OH SRHVLH GHOO·DPLFR GROHQWH FKH FRPH LQ DOWUH RFFDVLRQL OH FRQGL]LRQL SROLWLFKH O·DVVLGXD SUHVHQ]D GHL SROL]LRWWL LQWRUQR D OXL H L IDVWLGL FKH YHQLYDQR DOOH IDPLJOLH GD OXL IUHTXHQWDWH JOL LPSHGLVVHUR GL VHJXLUH L IXQHUDOL GHO VXR DPDWR 3RHWD WDQWR JUDQGH TXDQWR VHQ VLELOH H SHUPDORVR FKH (GXDUGR 'DOERQR DIIHWWXRVDPHQWH DYHYD XQD YROWD GHILQLWR ©PHWj IHPPH QD H PHWj FULDWXUDª
/D VXD FRUGLDOH GLVSRQLELOLWj FL DYHYD IDWWR VSHUDUH LQ XQD OXQJD FROODERUD]LRQH D 68' PD LO PDOH FKH OXL DYHYD VDSXWR SHU WDQWR WHPSR IURQWHJJLDUH H GLVVLPXODUH QRQ O·KD SHUPHVVR 0D[ 9DMUR JLRUQDOLVWD H VFULWWRUH VH Q·q DQGDWR SHU VHPSUH LO QRYHPEUH VFRUVR ODVFLDQGR XQ YXRWR QHOOD FXOWXUD FLWWDGLQD 4XHOOR FKH SXEEOLFKLDPR q OR VFULWWR IRUVH LO VXR XOWLPR FKH FL DYHYD LQYLDWR SRFKH VHWWLPDQH ID DFFRPSDJQDQGROR FRQ LQGLPHQWLFDELOL SDUROH DXJXUDOL SHU OD QRVWUD ULYLVWD /D UHGD]LRQH GL 68' FKH OR KD DYXWR DPLFR SXUWURSSR SHU SRFR WHPSR SDUWHFLSD DO OXWWR GHL IDPLOLDUL H GL TXDQWL OR HEEHUR FDUR
/13, $Ì. / "1 ! "1$
,QIDWWL VH GL GHQWUR OD VWXSLGLWj QRQ VRPLJOLDVVH VWUDRUGLQDULD PHQWH DOO·LQWHOOLJHQ]D VH GL IXR UL QRQ VL SRWHVVH VFDPELDUH SHU SURJUHVVR JHQLR VSHUDQ]D SHU IH]LRQDPHQWR QHVVXQR YRUUHEEH HVVHUH VWXSLGR H OD VWXSLGLWj QRQ HVLVWHUHEEH 2 DOPHQR VDUHEEH PROWR IDFLOH FRPEDWWHUOD 3XU WURSSR LQYHFH HVVD KD TXDOFRVD GL VLQJRODUPHQWH VLPSDWLFR H QDWXUDOH 5REHUW 0XVLO
Óx
©6XG q XQ EHO JLRUQDOH SLHQR GL FRUDJJLR H GL DULD TXDOLWj QHFHV VDULD VRSUDWWXWWR SHU LO 0H]]R JLRUQR 1RQ YL q VSUHFR GL VSD]LR SHU FRVH GL SRFR LQWHUHVVHª &KL VFULYH q LO FRPSRVLWRUH *RIIUHGR 3HWUDVVL LQ GDWD RWWREUH GHVWLQDWDULR *LDQ QL 6FRJQDPLJOLR FKH KD DSSHQD GRQDWR DO PXVLFLVWD OD UDFFRO WD FRPSOHWD GHL VHWWH QXPHUL GL ´6XGµ FKH KD GD SRFR LQWHUURWWR OH SXEEOLFD]LRQL ©+R OHWWR OD VXD SRHVLD 5DF FRQWR D GXH YRFL VHQ]·DOWUR VX SHULRUH DOOH VXH FRVH SUHFHGHQWL FKH JLj FRQRVFHYRª SURVHJXH LO PDHVWUR ©&·q XQ JUDQGH SURJUHV VR GL FKLDULILFD]LRQH H FLz q LP SRUWDQWH« ,R GRSR LO 'RQ &KL VFLRWWH VHJXLWR D ODYRUDUH VHPSUH SL UDUDPHQWH H FRQ VHPSUH PHQR VRGGLVID]LRQH Ë XQ SHULRGR SRFR IHOLFH KR O·DQLPR PROWR LQTXLHWRª 3HWUDVVL GXQTXH VL FRQIHVVD 4XDOFKH DQQR GRSR 6FRJQDPL JOLR JOL GHGLFKHUj &LQTXH SH]]L SHU RUFKHVWUD GD FDPHUD H YRFH GL FRQWUDOWR VFULWWL LQ IRUPD GL SRHVLD «*OL RFFKL QRQ KDQQR OXFH H OD PHQWH PHPRULD H QHO VLOHQ]LR FDULFR GL DQQL WUD VFRUVL LQ XQ VRO JULGR TXDOH YHQWR GL ORQWDQH EDWWDJOLH H G·DOWUL OLGL LR PL ULWURYR GLVVDQJXDWH PDQL H EUXFDU VDEELD H SDVFRODUH JLRUQL SL WULVWL G·XQR VJXDUGR LQQDQ]L VHUD « $ QRUG GL 9HQH]LD D PH]]R PL JOLR GL PDUH H GL ODJXQD F·q O·LVR OD GHL PRUWL 6DQ 0LFKHOH FLPLWH UR GDO 3L FKH LVRORWWR q XQ DQWLFR DWROOR FDPDOGROHVH 6HFRQ GR OH VWDJLRQL HYDSRUD FRPH LO PDJLFR TXDGUR GL %|NOLQ VWUDQH PLVWHULRVH DWPRVIHUH 9DGR DOOD ULFHUFD GL *LDQQL «FRQWUR LO YXRWR GHO FLHOR TXL VSRUJRQR OH FURFL GDOOH IRVVH H QHO VDQJXH SL EXLR GHOOD PLD JHQWH ,GGLR SL QRQ ULWURYR H TXHO PLR FDQWR PRUWR FRQ OD VXD PRUWH H TXHO VXR JHVWR GL SDFH VXO PLR SHWWR ODFHUDWR H TXHO VXR YLVR SL GROFH GHL PLHL DQJLROL QRW WXUQL TXDQGR OD IURQWH PRVWUDQR DL GHPzQL H GL SLDQWR ULFROPDQ OH PLH FLJOLD DYDQWL FKH GL SLHWUD LR OH ULWURYL QHO ULFKLDPR GHOO·DOED DOOH VXH GLWD « 9HQH]LD OR GLFH $QGUp &KD VWHO q XQD FLWWj DUFLSHODJR FKH XQ DFFXPXOR PXOWLVHFRODUH GL VWRULD VHUHQLVVLPD KD SURWHWWR H LVRODWR GD RJQL IRUPD GL LQ JLXULD DQFKH VDQLWDULD *LDQQL KD ILQLWR TXL LO VXR WRUPHQWDWR FDPPLQR GL LQTXLHWD H LQFRP SUHVD DQLPD LQ SHQD
«H VH TXHVWD PLD YLWD TXL VXO ILOR GHL YHQWL V·DEEDQGRQD DOOD IRFH GL PDUL VFRQRVFLXWL H QHJOL LQ FDQWL GL VSLDJJH GL GHVHUWL H QHOOD TXLHWH GHJOL VSD]L FHOH VWL PXRUH LO VXR JULGR FKH SRVVR GLUOH GHO PLR FXRUH VSHQWR FRPH IUXWWR GL URJR QHOOR VSHFFKLR G·XQ GLR VHQ]D SDUROH FKH PL VDUj YLFLQR LQ WDO PRPHQWR« LR QRQ FUHGR DOOD YHUJLQH 0DULD QRQ FRQRVFR L VXRL VDQWL SURWHW WRUL H L ILRUL GHOOH VWHOOH QHO VXR YLVR « Ë LO DJRVWR 8Q OXQHGu SRPHULJJLR FDOGR H DVVRODWR ©/D PXVLFD q JHPHOOD GHOO·DF TXDª VFULYH -RVLI %URGVNLM 5L SRVD DQFKH OXL LQ TXHVWR WDFLWXUQR JLDUGLQR YHQH]LDQR D SRFKL SDVVL GD 'LDJKLOHY H 6WUDYLQVNLM $ SURSRVLWR PD QRQ q DO JUDQ GH FRPSRVLWRUH GL 3LHWUREXUJR FKH *LDQQL KD GHGLFDWR DQFKH XQ 7HPD FRQ YDULD]LRQL LQ PL PLQRUH" «DQJLROL GHOOD PRUWH VRFFRUUH WHPL P·XFFLGRQR L SDGURQL DQJLROL GL GLR VHQ]D SDUROH VRQR TXHVWL L SDGURQL GHO PLR FDPSR QRQ YHGRQR FKH VDQJXH VXO PLR YLVR H QHOOD WHUUD L GqPRQL GHO ULVR VSXWDQR ELOH VXO PLR FRUSR LQ SLHGL SUHSDUDQR VXO FDUUR OH IHULWH H URWRODUPL VSHQWR H VHQ]D YLVR QHOOD YDOOH GHL PRUWL VHQ]D SLDQ WR TXHVWR FDPSR H LO PLR YLVR L PLHL IUDWHOOL SDVVHUDQQR DL FDQL « &DPSR ' )LOD )RVVD 8QD VFKHGD 6FRJQDPLJOLR *LRYDQQL GL *HQQDUR DQQL 1DWR D 1DSROL LO 0RUWR LO IHEEUDLR RUH 3URYHQLHQWH GDOO·2VSHGDOH 0D ODWWLH 3ROPRQDUL GL 6DFFD 6HVVROD 6HSROWR LO (VXPDWR QHOO·RWWREUH 7URYDWR LQWDWWR 5LVHSROWR «YRFH GHOOD SLDQROD VLQJKLR] ]DQWH R PXVD SDOOLGD GL QRWWH R IUDQFR ULVR QHL JLRU QL GL FDOXUD FDQWDPL GL TXDQGR HUL YLYD H GDQ]DYDPR VRSUD L ILRUL H QRQ FL PLWUDJOLDYDQR OD ERFFD 'HGLFR DOO·DPLFR ULWURYDWR XQD SLFFROD ¶VXLWH·GL XQGLFL SDUROH 3LRYH VXO YHQWR JLRFRVR FKH LQVHJXH OD WXD SROYHUH LQ YROR
XQ FRQVLVWHQWH IRQGR OHWWHUDULR VFULWWL SRHWLFL H OHWWHUH SHUVRQDOL GL *LDQQL 6FRJQDPLJOLR FKH PLR IUDWHOOR 3DVTXDOH DYHYD JHORVD PHQWH FXVWRGLWR SHU OXQJKL DQQL VRWWUDHQGROR DQFKH SHU YRORQWj H GHOHJD GHOOR VWHVVR *LDQQL DOOR VPDUULPHQWR H DOOH RELHWWLYH GLI ILFROWj ORJLVWLFKH HG HVLVWHQ]LDOL FKH FRQGL]LRQDURQR VHQ]D WUH JXD WXWWD OD VXD EUHYH YLWD ,Q PROWL DEELDPR VHPSUH FUH GXWR FKH JUDQ SDUWH GL TXHJOL VFULWWL IRVVHUR GRQDWL $OOD ILQH LUULPHGLDELOPHQWH SHUGXWL 5DI IDHOH /D &DSULD SHU HVHPSLR QH KD VFULWWR TXDVL RVVHVVLYDPHQ WH QHL VXRL OLEUL GHGLFDQGROL QHO VX 1DSROHWDQ *UDIILWL XQ LQWHUR FDSLWROR GDO WLWROR *LDQQL 6FRJQDPLJOLR LO PDOHGHWWR ©'L OXL GHOOD VXD EUHYH H GRORURVD YLWD QXOOD q ULPDVWR WUDQQH SR FKL YHUVL H L SRFKL DUWLFROL SXE EOLFDWL VX ´6XGµ«XOWLPR WUD XQD VFKLHUD GL ¶PDOHGHWWL· GD 3RH D 5LPDEDXG D /DXWUHPRQW 8OWLPR H LJQRWR H GD WXWWL DQFRUD RJJL GL PHQWLFDWRª 7UD OH WDQWH OHWWHUH XQD DPLFKH YROH H VROLGDOH LQYLDWD D *LDQQL GDO PDHVWUR *RIIUHGR 3HWUDVVL HUD FRQVHUYDWD LQVLHPH DO GDWWL ORVFULWWR GHO WHVWR SRHWLFR &LQTXH SH]]L SHU RUFKHVWUD GD FDPHUD H YRFL GL FRQWUDOWR D OXL GHGLFDWR H GDOOD TXDOH KR WUDWWR DOFXQL EUDQL (PR]LRQH DIIHWWXRVD H VWUXJ JHQWH IX LQ VHJXLWR LO ULWURYDPHQ WR GHOOD VXD VHSROWXUD D 9HQH]LD SXQWR WHUPLQDOH GHO VXR YLDJJLR WRUPHQWDWR /·DYHYR FHUFDWR H O·DYHYR ILQDOPHQWH WURYDWR Ë QDWR FRVu VSRQWDQHR LO GHVL GHULR GL DFFRPXQDUH L GXH HYHQWL XQLILFDQGRQH LO VLJQLILFDWR (UD FRPH VH XQR FKLDPDVVH O·DOWUR LQ FRLQFLGHQ]H SURIHWLFDPHQWH UHWURVSHWWLYH 1H SDUODL FRQ 3HWUDVVL )HVWHJ JLDYD LO VXR QRYDQWDFLQTXHVLPR FRPSOHDQQR 0L SUHJz GL IDUJOL DYHUH SH]]R H OHWWHUD 0L DEEUDF FLz QHOOD PHPRULD GL 3HUVRQH XQLFKH H LUULSHWLELOL 5LFRUGDYD WXWWR 6FRJQDPLJOLR ´6XGµ 3UXQDV OD 2UWHVH H TXHJOL DQQL GLIILFLOL SHU WXWWL ©1HO GR SRJXHUUD JOLHOR DVVLFXUR PROWL LQWHOOHWWXDOL GHO VXG DSSURGDWL D 5RPD HUDQR OHWWHUDOHPHQWH SRYH ULª PL GLVVH 4XHVWD FKH UDFFRQWR q XQD VWR ULD ,QWHQVD 8Q·DOWUD GHOOH WDQWH FKH KR VHPSUH RVWLQDWDPHQWH GL IHVR H QRQ KR PDL GLPHQWLFDWR $UFKLYLR 5HQDWD 3UXQDV &RS\ULJKW HVFOXVLYR SHU ´6XGµ
$ *LDQQL ULWURYDWR ,O WHVWR FKH SUHFHGH q XQ IUXWWR GL XQD VRUSUHVD H GL XQ·HPR]LRQH SURYDWH H YLVVXWH LQ WHPSL GLYHU VL 6RUSUHQGHQWH H LPSUHYHGLEL OH q VWDWR LQIDWWL LO ULWURYDPHQWR QHO PLR DUFKLYLR IDPLOLDUH GL
/
$QGUHD &DPLOOHUL
$L SULPL GL QRYHPEUH GHO WHUPLQDL XQ SRHPHWWR 7HPSR DO TXDOH DYHYR LQWHQVDPHQWH ODYR UDWR SHU DOFXQL PHVL H OR VSHGLL VXELWR D 3DVTXDOH 3UXQDV SHU OD VXD ULYLVWD ´6XGµ 'L ´6XGµ PLVWHULRVDPHQWH DU ULYDYDQR LQ XQ·HGLFROD GL $JUL JHQWR LR DOORUD YLYHYR D 3RUWR (PSHGRFOH D SRFKL FKLORPHWUL GDO FDSROXRJR WXWWL L QXPHUL FKH YHQLYDQR YLD YLD HGLWL H OD OHWWXUD GL TXHOOH SDJLQH PL SURYRFDYD RJQL YROWD XQ·HPR]LRQH IRUWLVVL PD FRLQYROJHQWH DVVDL GLIILFLOH GD GHVFULYHUH $OO·HSRFD DYHYR SXEEOLFDWR GXH SRHVLH VXO PHQVLOH ´0HU FXULRµ IRQGDWR H GLUHWWR D 5RPD GDOOD VFULWWULFH $OED 'H &pVSH GHV TXDOFKH UDFFRQWR VXL TXR WLGLDQL ´/·RUDµ GL 3DOHUPR H VXO URPDQR ´/·,WDOLD VRFLDOLVWDµ FKH GLULJHYD $OGR *DURVFL H FKH DYH YD XQD EHOOD WHU]D SDJLQD ,Q SL XQ DOWUR PLR SRHPHWWR 'XH YRFL SHU XQ DGGLR HUD VWDWR DSSHQD VH
JQDODWR DO 3UHPLR /LEHUD 6WDPSD GL /XJDQR GD XQD JLXULD FKH FRP SUHQGHYD L QRPL GL &DUOR %R H *LDQVLUR )HUUDWD &RQVHUYR DQFR UD LO IRJOLHWWR FKH PL PDQGDURQR GD /XJDQR TXHL JLXUDWL DYHYDQR OD YLVWD OXQJD SHUFKp WUD L ILQDOLVWL F·HUDQR 3LHU 3DROR 3DVROLQL $Q GUHD =DQ]RWWR 'DYLGH 0DULD 7X UROGR 'DQLOR 'ROFL 0DULD &RUWL (UDYDPR WXWWL PROWR JLRYDQL ,R QRQ FRQRVFHYR SHUVRQDOPHQWH QHVVXQR VWDYR D 3RUWR (PSH GRFOH H PDQGDYR OH PLH SRHVLH FRPH PHVVDJJL LQ ERWWLJOLD GD XQ VRPPHUJLELOH DIIRQGDWR ( RJQL WDQWR TXDOFXQR PL ULVSRQGHYD H SXEEOLFDYD &RQ ´6XGµ OD FRVD SHUz HUD XQ SRFKLQR GLYHUVD 3HUFKp LR PL VHQWLYR SHUIHWWDPHQWH LQ VLQWRQLD FRQ L SRHWL GL ´6XGµ &RPSDJQR QH 3RU]LR 6FRJQDPLJOLR /D &D SULD PL SDUH *LJOLR H FRQ OD ORUR LGHD GL SRHVLD 'XQTXH VHQ]D FRQRVFHUH 3UX QDV JOL LQYLDL LO SRHPHWWR 0L UL
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u $SSUHQGR RUD FRQ XQD FHUWD FRPPR]LRQH FKH O·RUJDQLJUDP PD UHGD]LRQDOH GL XQ YHQWLODWR QXRYR ´6XGµ DYHYD FRPSUHVR LO PLR QRPH FRPH FRUULVSRQGHQ WH GDOOD 6LFLOLD 3HU FRPSOHWH]]D G·LQIRUPD]LRQH LO SRHPHWWR YHQ QH LQWHJUDOPHQWH SXEEOLFDWR QHO Q GHOOD ULYLVWD GL SRHVLD ´0R PHQWLµ JLXJQR
8QD GLVDYYHQWXUD DVVDL VLPLOH PL FDSLWz FRQ ´,O 3ROLWHFQLFRµ GL 9LWWRULQL $QFKH D OXL PDQGDL DOFXQH PLH SRHVLH 0L ULVSRVH FKH WUH R TXDW WUR GL HVVH OH DYUHEEH SXEEOLFDWH SUHVWR VX ´,O 3ROLWHFQLFRµ LQ XQD VRUWD GL DQWRORJLD GL SRHWL QXRYL FKH PHGLWDYD GL IDUH 3UHVR GD LQ FRQWHQLELOH HQWXVLDVPR PL UHFDL D 0LODQR SHU FRQRVFHUOR 0L SUH VHQWDL LQ UHGD]LRQH DOOD PDWWLQD H DSSHQD VHSSH FKH DUULYDYR GDOOD 6LFLOLD PL LQYLWz D SUDQ]R 1RQ PL ODVFLz SL ILQ YHUVR OH FLQTXH GHO SRPHULJJLR &DPPL QDYDPR SHU 0LODQR PD OXL HUD FRQ OD WHVWD LQ 6LFLOLD H FRQWLQXD PHQWH PL FKLHGHYD GL SDHVL H FLW Wj GHOO·,VROD H RJQL WDQWR VL SHUGH YD GLHWUR D XQ VXR SHQVLHUR ,QVRPPD YLDJJLDL FRQ OXL TXHO JLRUQR SHU OH ¶FLWWj GHO PRQGR· 1HO ODVFLDUFL LQ UHGD]LRQH PL ULQQRYz O·LQWHQ]LRQH GL SXEEOL FDUH DOFXQH PLH SRHVLH 3RL PL FKLHVH VH DYHYR OHWWR O·DUWLFROR
GL $OLFDWD DSSDUVR TXHO JLRUQR VX ´/·8QLWjµ R VX ´5LQDVFLWDµ" H DOOD PLD ULVSRVWD QHJDWLYD QH SUH VH XQD FRSLD H PH OD GLHGH FRQ XQ VRUULVR FKH VXO PRPHQWR QRQ GHFLIUDL /R FDSLL GRSR DYHU OHWWR O·DUWL FROR HUD FKLDUDPHQWH LO SULQFLSLR GHOOD ILQH GH ´,O 3ROLWHFQLFRµ ( FDSLL DQFKH SHUFKp DYHYD YR OXWR SDVVDUH OD JLRUQDWD FRQ PH OR DLXWDYR D ULIXJLDUVL SHU TXDO FKH RUD LQ YLVWD GHOO·LPPLQHQWH WHPSHVWD QHOOD PLWLFD UHDOWj GHOOD VXD H PLD WHUUD 1DWXUDOPHQWH ´,O 3ROLWHFQLFRµ GD Ou D SRFR FKLXVH H OH PLH SRHVLH QRQ YHQQHUR SXE EOLFDWH ,Q FRQFOXVLRQH DYHYR PDQGD WR XQ SRHPHWWR D ´6XGµ H ´6XGµ QRQ FH O·DYHYD IDWWD D VRSUDYYL YHUH $YHYR PDQGDWR GHOOH SRH VLH D ´,O 3ROLWHFQLFRµ H ´,O 3ROL WHFQLFRµ DYHYD GRYXWR FKLXGHUH 'D EXRQ PHULGLRQDOH D YROWH YHQJR SLJOLDWR GD ERWWH GL VXSHU VWL]LRQH YXRL YHGHUH ¶PL FKLHVL·
FKH OH PLH SRHVLH SRUWDQR MHOOD" 3RL IRUWXQDWDPHQWH OD PLD VXS SRVL]LRQH YHQQH VPHQWLWD GD DOWUL IDWWL 0D FROODERUDWRUH GL ´6XGµ DQFKH VH LO PLR QRPH QRQ q PDL SL DSSDUVR VXOOD ULYLVWD OR VRQR GLYHQWDWR FRPH GLUH DG KRQR UHP $O VROLWR DYHYR PDQGDWR QHO GHOOH SRHVLH D /XLJL %HUWL FKH GLULJHYD D )LUHQ]H OD SUHVWLJLRVD ULYLVWD GL OHWWHUDWXUD ´,QYHQWDULRµ %HUWL PL ULVSRVH FKH QH DYUHEEH SXEEOLFDWH GXH VXO QXPHUR G·DXWXQQR GL TXHOOR VWHVVR DQQR HUD XQ WULPHVWUDOH FRUSRVR DOO·LQWHUQR GL XQD ©SLF FROD DQWRORJLD GL SRHWL QXRYLª ( OR IHFH ( FRQ PLR JUDQGH VWXSRUH H SLDFHUH YLGL FKH L QRPL GHJOL DOWUL TXDWWUR SRHWL FKH FRP SRQHYDQR O·DQWRORJLD HUDQR TXHOOL GL &RPSDJQRQH 6FRJQDPLJOLR 3RU]LR H /D &DSULD FRO VXR &UL VWR VHSROWR %HUWL DYHYD FRQ PROWD VHQVLELOLWj FDSLWR O·DIILQLWj HOHWWLYD FKH PL OHJDYD DL SRHWL GL ´6XGµ H PL DYHYD LQFOXVR QHO JUXSSR
ÃÕ`
ÓÈ
¥²
,%4452% $QWRQLR 6DFFRQH
$JOL DOERUL GHJOL DQQL 6HVVDQWD 0LFKHOH 3ULVFR PDVVLPR FRULIHR GHO URPDQ]R FRVLGGHWWR EHQ IDWWR H LQ TXDQWR WDOH IDFLOH EHUVDJOLR GHJOL VWUDOL GHL QHRDYDQJXDUGLVWL FRQWUR OH /LDOH GHO · GHQXQ FLD L SHULFROL LQVLWL QHOOD PHVVD LQ PRUD GHO JHQHUH URPDQ]R LQ XQR VFULWWR LQWLWRODWR VLJQLILFD WLYDPHQWH )XJD GDO URPDQ]R VRWWRWLWROR $SSXQWL VXO QRXYHDX URPDQ DSSDUVR VXO SULPR IDVFL FROR GHOOD ULYLVWD ©/H UDJLRQL QDU UDWLYHª /·DXWRUH GHOOD 3URYLQFLD DGGRUPHQWDWD SUHQGH OH PRVVH GD FRQVLGHUD]LRQL GL EXRQ VHQVR VSLFFLROR ERQDULR ©PHJOLR QRQ SRWUHEEH DGDWWDUVL DOOH FRQWLQXH GLFKLDUD]LRQL GL SRHWLFD GHJOL VFULWWRUL DSSDUWHQHQWL DOOD FRU UHQWH GHO QRXYHDX URPDQ LO GHWWR PHQWUH LO PHGLFR GLVFXWH LO PD ODWR VH QH YDª PD SRL SURFHGH FRQ XQ·DQDOLVL GHQVD H VHUUDWD VXL SULQFLSDOL HVSRQHQWL GHOO·pFROH GX UHJDUG $ODLQ 5REEH *ULOOHW 0L FKHO %XWRU H 1DWKDOLH 6DUUDXWH L FXL WHVWL HUDQR SURSRVWL LQ TXHL PHVL DO SXEEOLFR LWDOLDQR $O GL Oj GHOOH GLYHUVLWj 3ULVFR FRQVWDWD FKH DG DFFRPXQDUH TXHJOL VFULW WRUL VRWWR O·HWLFKHWWD GHOOR ©VJXDU GRª VLD XQ DWWHJJLDPHQWR XJXDO PHQWH QHJDWLYR GL ULILXWR QHL FRQIURQWL GHO URPDQ]R WUDGL]LR QDOH (VSULPHQGR OD VXD DSSUHQ VLRQH GL IURQWH DOOD GLVVROX]LRQH GL TXHOOD FKH GHILQLVFH OD ©QHFHV
VLWjª URPDQ]HVFD OR VFULWWRUH SDUWHQRSHR ULGLVFXWH OD IDPRVD EDWWXWD GL 9DOpU\ FKH GLFHYD GL QRQ SRWHU DFFHWWDUH LO URPDQ]R SHUFKq JOL ULSXJQDYD VFULYHUH ©OD PDUFKHVD XVFu DOOH FLQTXHª ,Q UHDOWj TXHOOD EDWWXWD SLD]]DWD DG XQ FHUWR SXQWR G·XQ URPDQ ]R DYYROWD LQ XQ FHUWR FOLPD LO OXPLQDWD GDOOD OXFH GL FHUWL IDWWL R DO FRQWUDULR RVFXUDWD GD HVVD TXHOOD IUDVH FKH SUHVD LVRODWD PHQWH VHPEUD GDYYHUR O·HVWUHPR RPDJJLR DOOD EDQDOLWj SXz DQQR WD 3ULVFR FDULFDUVL G·XQD VXJJH VWLRQH PROWR LQWHQVD /D VILGXFLD HVSUHVVD GDL YR\HXU IUDQFHVL QHL FRQIURQWL GHO URPDQ]R FODVVLFR FRVWUXLWR FRQ GHL SHUVRQDJJL XQD YLFHQGD H XQ DPELHQWH GHULYD DQFKH GD XQD VSHFLH GL FULVL DYYH QXWD QHO UDSSRUWR QDUUDWRUH UHDO Wj ,Q SLHQD HSRFD GL UHODWLYLVPR OD VWDELOLWj GL XQD UHDOWj RJJHWWLYD q YHQXWD R VDUHEEH YHQXWD D PDQ FDUH FRQ FRQVHJXHQWH PHVVD LQ GLVFXVVLRQH GHOOD IRUPD HVSUHV VLYD WUDGL]LRQDOPHQWH GHOHJDWD D UDSSUHVHQWDUH TXHOOD UHDOWj ,Q ,WDOLD O·RSHUD GL URWWXUD VL YD DW WXDQGR VRVWLHQH 3ULVFR DWWUDYHU VR LO OLQJXDJJLR FRQ XQ FUHVFHQWH VYLOXSSR GHO URPDQ]R FRVLGGHWWR ELOLQJXH GHELWRUH GL XQ SUHVWLWR DWWLQWR DL GLDOHWWL ©PD VL Gj LO FDVR FKH VFULYHUH LQ LWDOLDQR XQ TXDOVLYRJOLD FDSLWROR GL TXHVWL OL EUL FL WURYLDPR GL IURQWH DQFRUD H VHPSUH LO URPDQ]R EDO]DFFKLDQR GRYH D XVFLUH DOOH FLQTXH VH QRQ q OD FRQWHVVD GL 9DOqU\ q PDJDUL LO EXOOR ( OD SHUVXDVLRQH DOOD UHVD GHL FRQWL q SL QHJOL DXWRUL FKH
QHL SHUVRQDJJLª ,O ULIHULPHQWR D 3DVROLQL QRQ SRWUHEEH HVVHUH SL HVSOLFLWR ,Q )UDQFLD VHFRQ GR O·LQGDJLQH GL 3ULVFR LO WUDX PD q SL UDGLFDOH LQYHVWHQGR OD VWUXWWXUD GL TXL O·DQQXOODPHQWR GHO SHUVRQDJJLR H GHOOD WUDPD VRVWLWXLWL GDOOD VLWXD]LRQH FKH FRPH QRQ KD XQ DYYLR QRQ KD XQD FRQFOXVLRQH H LO ULOLHYR SD URVVLVWLFR FRQIHULWR DOO·RJJHWWR D FXL YLHQH LQ WDO PRGR DFFRUGDWR XQ SULYLOHJLR QDUUDWLYR FKH SULPD HUD GHL UDSSRUWL XPDQL /·HVLWR q TXHOOR FKH 3ULVFR GHILQLVFH ©XQ WHQWDWLYR GL GH SVLFRORJL]]DUH LO URPDQ]Rª DJJLXQJHQGR ©6H $QGUp *LGH DFFXVDYD L QDUUDWRUL GHO URPDQ]R EHQ IDWWR GL VRWWRYD OXWDUH O·LQWHOOLJHQ]D GHO OHWWRUH JOL VFULWWRUL GHO QRXYHDX URPDQ WURSSR VSHVVR ULVFKLDQR GL VR SUDYYDOXWDUODª ,Q TXHO URPDQ]R ©FRVWUXLWR WXWWR GL WHVWDª OH SUHRF FXSD]LRQL SVLFRORJLFKH PRUDOL R LGHRORJLFKH FKH DO URPDQ]R FRQ IHULYDQR OD VXD SURVSHWWLYD H OD VXD SURIRQGLWj VRQR DEROLWH ,O WHVWR QDUUDWLYR QHOOR VWHVVR PR PHQWR LQ FXL VL SULYD GHO VLJQLIL FDWR DEGLFD DOOD VXD QHFHVVLWj FKH q SHU 3ULVFR ©OD VXD IRQGDPHQWD OH H LQGLVWUXWWLELOH UDJLRQ G·HVVH UHª Ë HYLGHQWHPHQWH TXHOOD GL 3ULVFR XQD PDQLHUD DEEDVWDQ]D VFRSHUWD GL OHJLWWLPDUH OH SURSULH ULVRUVH L SURSUL PRGL GL UDFFRQ WDUH ,O YLUWXRVR SVLFRORJLVWD LO SLWWRUH GL DWPRVIHUH FKH DWWUDYHU VR LO ULWPR IHOSDWR DYYROJHQWH OD HVWHQXDQWH ULGRQGDQ]D DJJHWWLYD OH GHOOD VXD VFULWWXUD DXVFXOWDYD LO FXRUH GHOOD SURYLQFLD QDSROHWD
QD PHWWHQGRQH LQ EHOOD FRSLD OH VHJUHWH DULWPLH QRQ SRWHYD LQ FRQWUDUH XQD SRHWLFD H XQD SUDWLFD URPDQ]HVFD SL GLVVRQDQWL GDOOH SURSULH 6HQ]D GXEELR OH DFFRUDWH DSSUHQVLRQL GL 3ULVFR DOLPHQWDQR OD ULSUHVD GD OXL RSHUDWD FRQ FRQ YLQ]LRQH GHO URPDQ]R RUJDQLFR D WXWWR WRQGR /R VFULWWRUH FL VL WXIID QHO DUULFFKHQGR GRSR OH SUL PH SURYH DQFRUD OHJDWH D ULVWUHWWL DPELWL IDPLOLDUL OD VXD YHQD QDU UDWLYD FRQ O·DPEL]LRQH VWRULRJUDIL FD &RPXQTXH q FHUWR FKH GDQGR YRFH DG XQ·DQJRVFLDWD SHUSOHVVLWj GL IURQWH DG LQHGLWH WHFQLFKH FRP SRVLWLYH LQWHQ]LRQDWH D GLVLQWH JUDUH OD WUDGL]LRQH GHO URPDQ]R 3ULVFR QRQ SUHYHGHYD FKH DQFKH LO FRQWHVWR SDUWHQRSHR DYUHE
EH JHQHUDWR HVSHULHQ]H QDUUDWLYH DSSDUHQWDELOL LQ TXDOFKH PRGR DO FOLPD VSHULPHQWDOH LQVWDXUDWR GDOOD QHRDYDQJXDUGLD ,O SULPR H LQHYLWDELOH ULIHULPHQWR q D /D &D SULD DO VXR )HULWR D PRUWH SXEEOL FDWR XQ DQQR GRSR OD GHQXQFLD GL 3ULVFR H QHO TXDOH OD VWUXWWXUD ODEL ULQWLFD GHO URPDQ]R LO PRWR RVFLO ODWRULR DYDQWL H LQGLHWUR OD JUDQGH TXDQWLWj GL DQDFURQLH H GL VRJJHWWL QDUUDQWL IUDQWXPDQR OD OLQHDULWj WHPSRUDOH IRUPDOL]]DQGR TXHOOD LQWULFDWD UDJQDWHOD LQ FXL VL GLEDW WRQR L SHUVRQDJJL LPPHUVL QHOO·LQ VLJQLILFDQ]D GLVWUXWWLYD LQHUWH UH JUHVVLYD GHOOD FLWWj GL 1DSROL GHOOD VXD QRQ 6WRULD 0D DFFDQWR D TXH VWR WHVWR FKH KD XVXIUXLWR D EXRQ GLULWWR GL XQD FRVSLFXD TXDQWLWj GL
)N #AMPANIA ARTE ANTICA ED ARTE CONTEMPORANEA DIVENTANO I LUOGHI DOVE PUOI VIVERE DI TEATRO DANZA E MUSICA
CAMPANIA ARTECARD BIGLIETTO INTEGRATO MUSEI ARCHEOLOGIA
TRASPORTI
,A #AMPANIA
*LXVHSSH ,DQQDFFRQH
OLDUGL OD VXD ILJXUD OD ID VHPSUH 6SHVVR L /XGL /LWWRULDOL OL YLQFRQR ORUR H ORUR q LO SDOPDUHV SL ULFFR GD HVLELUH QHOOH VILODWH GL SRSROR VRWWR OH QRWH LQHEULDQWL GL *LRYL QH]]D 0DVFKL R IHPPLQH QRQ ID GLIIHUHQ]D QHOOH SURYH FXOWXUDOL VRSUDWWXWWR O·HOHQFR GHL SUHPLDWL H GHL SULPL FODVVLILFDWL q VHPSUH SLHQR GL XQLYHUVLWDUL QDSROHWDQL 7UD OH GRQQH VRSUDWWXWWR H LQ GXH HGL]LRQL GLYHUVH VL GLVWLQJXH XQD UDJD]]D FKH O·XQLYHUVLWj QRQ OD IUHTXHQWD H DQ]L QHOOD VFXROD GL VWUDGD QH KD IDWWD GDYYHUR SRFD $ 7ULHVWH H %RORJQD FKH RVSLWD QR OH ILQDOL QHO H QHO DPPHVVD DOOH SURYH GL SRHVLD H GL QDUUDWLYD KD GDOOD VXD VLQ GDO O·LQL]LR L IDYRUL GHO SURQRVWLFR VH QRQ DOWUR SHUFKp LO VXR QRPH QRQ q QXRYR D FKL VHJXH OD OHWWH UDWXUD $QFKH VH SHU XQ SR· VXOOH SUHVWLJLRVH FRORQQH GHOOD ´)LHUD /HWWHUDULDµ L VXRL VFULWWL HUDQR FRPSDUVL FRQ XQR SVHXGRQLPR ² WDQWR LQWROOHUDELOL HUDQR OH FDQ ]RQDWXUH GHOOD IDPLJOLD SHU OH VXH DVWUXVH DVSLUD]LRQL OHWWHUDULH FKH HUD VWDWR PHJOLR SDVVDUH LQRVVHU YDWD ² FRQ OD SXEEOLFD]LRQH GHL UDFFRQWL GL $QJHOLFL GRORUL SD WURFLQDWD GD %RQWHPSHOOL H YROXWD GD %RPSLDQL $QQD 0DULD 2UWHVH HUD GLYHQWDWD WXWW·D XQ WUDWWR FHOH EUH H FKLDFFKLHUDWD 6XOOD VWDPSD ORFDOH SRL TXHOOD ILUPD q TXDVL XQD FRQVXHWXGLQH LO ´5RPDµ OR VWRULFR TXRWLGLDQR GDOOD JORULRVD WHU]D SDJLQD QH SXEEOLFD RJQL PHVH OH QRYHOOH OD VSRQVRUL]]D OD LPSRQH DOO·XVFLWD GHO YROXPH G·HVRUGLR FRPH ´OD ULYHOD]LRQH GL XQ QXRYR DVWURµ 1XOOD GL VWUD QR DOORUD LPPDJLQDUOD OLWWULFH IHVWHJJLDUH FRL FRHWDQHL JXILQL QDSROHWDQL LO SUHYHGLELOH WULRQIR LQ DWWHVD GL ULFHYHUH ² SULYLOHJLR ULVHUYDWR DL YLQFLWRUL ² OD (PPH G·RUR GLUHWWDPHQWH GDOOH PDQL GHO GXFH SHU GL SL ROWUH DO SUHPLR LQ GHQDUR GHOOD YLWWRULD SXEEOL
FD LQ FRPSDJQLD GL DOWUL JLRYDQL SRHWL FLQTXH VXH SRHVLH LQ XQD VLOORJH HGLWD GLUHWWDPHQWH GDO *XI 0XVVROLQL FRSHUWLQD GHFRUD WD FRQ VWHOOH FHOHVWL FDUWD GL EXR QD TXDOLWj RJJL XQD YHUD UDULWj SHU L ELEOLRILOL 0D QXOOD GL VWUDQR F·q SXUH QHO YHGHUOD GL ULWRUQR GD XQD GHOOH VXH VWUDPSDODWH H LOOR JLFKH LQFXUVLRQL VHWWHQWULRQDOL WUD OH ILUPH ULFRUUHQWL GL ´1RYH 0DJJLRµ OD QHRQDWD ULYLVWD GHO *XI QDSROHWDQR XVFLWD SURSULD LQ FRLQFLGHQ]D FRQ O·HQWUDWD LQ JXHUUD LWDOLDQD H FKLDPDWD D FH OHEUDUH VLQ GDO WLWROR FKH ULFRUGD OD FRQTXLVWD LPSHULDOH L IDVWL GHO UHJLPH (SSXUH VRWWR LO GLVHJQR GL WUH DTXLOH OLWWRULH LQ SLHWUD VLQ GDO SULPR QXPHUR YL VL OHJJH PROWR GL SL FKH L IHUYRULQL SROLWLFL GHO GLUHWWRUH UHVSRQVDELOH JXHUUD UL YROX]LRQDULD GHOLUL UD]]LVWL SUR SDJDQGD PLOLWDUH PD QRQ VROR 9L VFULYRQR SXUH XQ JUXSSR GL JLRYDQLVVLPL ² QRPL VFRQRVFLX WL DOO·HSRFD ² FKH VXOOH SDJLQH GHO ´4XLQGLFLQDOH GHO *XI H GHO O·$WHQHR GL 1DSROLµ VL RFFXSDQR GL SROLWLFD ² GLEDWWHQGRVL LQTXLHWL H LPPDWXUL LQ VLQFUHWLFKH HFFHQ WULFLWj WUD ILGHLVPR ULYROX]LRQDULR H LQFLSLHQWL FRQVDSHYROH]]H ² PD GLVFXWRQR SXUH GL FLQHPD GL FUL WLFD OHWWHUDULD OHJJRQR DQFKH JOL VWUDQLHUL FRQ EXRQD SDFH GHOO·DX WDUFKLD FXOWXUDOH GL WHDWUR GL ILORVRILD GL DUWL ILJXUDWLYH &RQ ORUR ² 0DVVLPR &DSUDUD $QWR QLR *KLUHOOL /XLJL &RPSDJQR QH 5HQ]R /DSLFFLUHOOD *LDQQL 6FRJQDPLJOLR *LRUJLR 1DSROL WDQR ² $QQD 0DULD QRQ UDJLRQD GL SROLWLFD VXO JLRUQDOH VWXGHQ WHVFR VFULYH SRHVLH UDFFRQWL XQD ULIOHVVLRQH SRHWLFD VXO FLQHPD DQFKH RWWR SXQWDWH GL XQ URPDQ]R EUHYH ,O IDQWDVPD QRQ XQD GHO OH VXH FRVH PLJOLRUL XQD VWRULD IDQWDVWLFD FRQ FRQFHVVLRQL JR WLFKH JOL DSSDVVLRQDWL RUWHVLDQL
OD OHJJHUDQQR VRSUDWWXWWR LQ XQD ULHGL]LRQH GL VHVVDQW·DQQL GRSR /·XOWLPR DUWLFROR OR SXEEOLFD QHO TXDQGR OH VRUWL GHOOD JXHUUD VHPEUDQR JLj GHFLVH FRQ OD PDJJLRU SDUWH GHL UHGDWWRUL H GHL FROODERUDWRUL RUPDL SURQWL D WUDVPLJUDUH YHUVR O·DQWLIDVFLVPR H OD YLWD GHOOD ULYLVWD IDWDOPHQWH GHVWLQDWD D ILQLUH 'L TXHVWD VWRULD H GL TXHVWR VRGDOL]LR FHPHQWDWR GD JLRYD QLOL HQWXVLDVPL H SDOLQJHQHWLFKH DPEL]LRQL VL VDUHEEH ULFRUGDWR 3DVTXDOH 3UXQDV GLQDQ]L DO SUR JHWWR GHOOD QDVFLWD GL XQD QXRYD ULYLVWD ( QRQ DYUHEEH SRWXWR GL PHQWLFDUH GL FKLDPDUH D UDFFROWD WUD TXHL JLRYDQL GLVSHUVL DQFKH TXHOOD VFKLYD VFULWWULFH UDPLQJD FRPH VHPSUH QHO VXR ]LQJDUHVFR SHUHJULQDUH H WXWWDYLD GLVSRVWD ² XQ XQLFXP QHOOD VXD YLFHQGD GL LQDIILGDELOL LQFRVWDQ]H H FUR QLFKH GLIILGHQ]H SHU JUXSSL H FRPSDJQLH ² QRQ DG XQ·RFFD VLRQDOH FROODERUD]LRQH PD DO O·LPSHJQR GHOOD UHGDWWULFH (G q SURSULR GD TXL GDOOH GLVFXVVLRQL GHOOD 1XQ]LDWHOOD H GDOOH FRORQQH GL ´6XGµ FKH $QQD 0DULD FRQFH SLVFH OD VXD IRUPXOD GL PLOLWDQ]D JLRUQDOLVWLFD LQL]LDQGR D OHJDUH OH SDJLQH GHO VXR UHSRUWDJH QD ]LRQDOH FRQVHJQDQGR D SDUWLUH GD 1DSROL LO VXR GpSOLDQW GHOOD PDODWWLD H GL XQ GRORUH VFDQGLWR GDO ULWPR ULSHWLWLYR GL XQD YLWD WUDVFLQDWD VWDQFDPHQWH QHOO·DID VLD H QHO WRUSRUH /H GXH SXQWDWH GH ,O GROHQWH VSOHQGRUH GHO YLFROR JLj LOOXPLQDQR JOL DQIUDWWL JHQH WLFL GL XQD &LWWj 3URLELWD DOOD UD JLRQH H DOOD FRVFLHQ]D LQ FXL XQD QDWXUD DWDYLFD H RWWXVD VL HVSULPH QHOO·DQJRVFLD GL XQ·XPDQLWj LP SHQHWUDELOH VHJQDWD GDO FRQWUDVWR H GDOO·RVVLPRUR GD XQD GLFRWR PLD DPELYDOHQWH H GHIRUPDQWH FKH q OD VROD FDSDFH GL HVSULPHUH OD SURIRQGD HVVHQ]D GHOOD FLWWj $ 1DSROL OH FRSSLH RSSRVLWLYH
YLWD PRUWH OXFH EXLR ULFFKH]]D PLVHULD SLHWj IHURFLD WURQL SDWL EROL DOWDUL JDOHUH JLRLD GDQQD ]LRQH FRDELWDQR QHOOD PHGHVLPD SURFHVVLRQH VRFLDOH XQD VILODWD PDULDQD FKH OD 2UWHVH WUDVILJX UD LQ PRGR RVVHVVLYR VRVWHQXWD GDOOH FRRUGLQDWH GL XQ·DOOXVLYLWj LQTXLHWDQWH H EDURFFD /D VRODULWj GHYRWD DG XQ IROFOR UH DEXOLFR H IDWDOLVWLFR UHJUHGLVFH DOOD FROSHYROH SROLIRQLD GL XUOD H GL YRFL GL XQ HVSUHVVLRQLVPR DOLH QDWR OD ´UHJDOH SRSROD]LRQHµ q OD VRPPD LQGLVWLQWD GL XQD ULGGD EHVWLDOH GL TXHVWXDQWL UDVVHJQDWL DO VLOHQ]LR GHOOD UDJLRQH DOOD QH JKLWWRVD FRQWHPSOD]LRQH GL XQ· HVLVWHQ]D LQGROHQWH 6SHQWR RJQL WUDVDOLPHQWR VRIIRFDWD VXO QDVFH UH RJQL YHOOHLWDULD SRVVLELOLWj GL UL VFDWWR LO EDVVRIRQGR ULYHOD OD WUD JLFD HVLVWHQ]D GL XQ·DQWURSRORJLD VHFRODUH O·KRPR QHDSROLWDQXV LPPHUVR LQ XQD QDWXUD FRPSOLFH GHO VRQQR LQHEHWLWR GHL VXRL DEL WDQWL YHUPLQD H DEEUXWLVFH RUPDL QHO VXR DELVVR LUUHGLPLELOH QHOOD FRQVXHWXGLQH VHQ]D VSHUDQ]D GHO OD VXD DVILWWLFD FRUUXWWHOD /·HOH PHQWDUH HG HVWDWLFR VPDUULPHQWR GLQDQ]L DL YHVVLOOL FRORUDWL GHOOD FRUHRJUDILFD WHDWUDOLWj GHO VXR KD ELWDW VSHWWDFRODUH q LQFXOFDWR QHOOD ILVLRORJLD PLVWHULRVD H GHJUDGDWD GL ©JHQHUD]LRQL VILEUDWH FKH QRQ GHVLGHUDQR FKH ULSRVDUH ULVWRUDQ GRVL FRO FDQWR FLEDQGRVL GL FDQWR LQFXUDQWL GHOOH RPEUH ILRUHQWL LQ WRUQR DL ORUR FRUSL LQXWLOLª 'DO YLFROR DOOXFLQDWR OD 2UWHVH LQL]LD LO VXR LWLQHUDULR WRUPHQWDWR H VRIIRFDQWH SHUFRUVR WUD DPRURVL ULVHQWLPHQWL H LVWLQWLYH DFFHQVLRQL GL XQD SURWHVWD YLEUDQWH H VRIIHUWD OR SHUIH]LRQD YLDJJLDWULFH RIIHVD GDOOD GHJUDGD]LRQH H GDOOD PHQ]R JQD QRQ FDVXDOPHQWH GD 5RPD H DQFRUD GD 1DSROL WHDWUL GLYHUVL Vu PD OD ERUJKHVLD LQWHOOHWWXDOH GHL VDORWWL PRQGDQL PHPRUDELOH OR VSLHWDWR ULWUDWWR GL 0RUDYLD LQ
5RPD OD FDSLWDOH OD VHFRQGD FRU ULVSRQGHQ]D RUWHVLDQD GL ´6XGµ ² DIIROODWL GDO SRSROR DUWLILFLRVR GL VDJRPH DWURIL]]DWH H LQDXWHQWLFKH ² H OD WXUED VFKHOHWUL]]DWD FKH VL DIIROOD LQ FODXVWURIRELFKH H VTXDO OLGH PDOHEROJH GDQWHVFKH RIIURQR HQWUDPEH OD WHVWLPRQLDQ]D GL XQ SUHVHQWH EDEHOLFR H PRVWUXRVR GL XQ FDQFUR FKH VL q LPSRVVHVVDWR ² D WXWWL L OLYHOOL LQ WXWWH OH FODVVL ² GHO FRUSR PRUDOH GL XQD 1D]LR QH DYYLOHQWH WDQWR HXIRULFD QHOOD FHOHEUD]LRQH GHO GHQDUR TXDQWR GHYDVWDWD GDO SURSULR LQWLPR PD OHVVHUH )DFLOH LQWXLUH JLj LQ QXFH IXWXUH SROHPLFKH H SROLWLFL ULVHQWL PHQWL PHQWDOLWj GLVIDWWULFH QDWX UDOLVPR D VHQVR XQLFR VL VDUHEEH GHWWR SHVVLPLVPR VWUXPHQWDOH DGGLULWWXUD LPSOLFLWR UD]]LVPR 7URSSR IDVWLGLRVD XQD 1DSROL GHVFULWWD QHO VXR DUFDLFR LPPR ELOH YDJKHJJLDPHQWR GHO SURSULR VWDWR LQDPPLVVLELOH VRSUDWWXWWR O·LQHOXWWDELOH DFFHWWD]LRQH GD SDU WH GHOOD SOHEH GL XQ·LQWHOOLJHQ]D GLPHVVD FRQJHODWD GDO GRUPLYH JOLD H GDO ULVSHWWR GL XQ FRGLFH WUDPDQGDWR VFDPELDWR SHU QHFHV VDULD VRJJH]LRQH DG XQ GHVWLQR JLj VFULWWR 6XOOH FRORQQH GL ´6XGµ OD 2UWH VH PDWXUD QHL SDQQL GL XQ·RVVHU YDWULFH JLXGLFDQWH H SULYD GL FRQ VRODWRULH LQGXOJHQ]H LO SULPR DS SUHQGLVWDWR GL XQD FDUULHUD LQ EL OLFR WUD LQYHQ]LRQH H GHVFUL]LRQH YLVLRQH H WHVWLPRQLDQ]D VODQFLDWD VHPSUH YHUVR LO GLVHJQR FRQWXU EDQWH GHOOR VFDQGDOR GHOOD UHDOWj 6DUj VHPSUH XQ ULFHWWDULR LO VXR DOO·LQVHJQD GHOOD FUXGH]]D GL XQD SHUFH]LRQH IROJRUDQWH H PDL UHWL FHQWH LQ FXL SLHWDQ]H H LQJUHGLHQ WL FRQRVFHUDQQR SL O·DFUH FRQ WURFDQWR GHOOD GLVVRQDQ]D H GHOOD QDXVHD FKH LO VHQWLPHQWDOH VDSRUH GL XQ GLDOHWWLFR RWWLPLVPR SL LO PHWDIRULFR HVWHWLVPR GHO OXWWR H GHO IODJHOOR FKH O·HEEUH]]D VXEOL PH GHO VRUULVR H GHO FRORUH
ÓÇ )N #AMPANIA VIAGGI NELL ARTE ALLA SCOPERTA DELLA STORIA DELLA NOSTRA CIVILTÌ 0ARTECIPI AD EVENTI SPETTACOLI E PUOI IMMERGERTI IN ATMOSFERE ORMAI PERDUTE
HVHUFLWD]LRQL FULWLFKH YD PHQ]LR QDWR XQ URPDQ]R PHQR QRWR 7LWR OR /·DPDUD VFLHQ]D DXWRUH /XLJL &RPSDJQRQH GDWD GL SXEEOLFD]LR QH /D VWRULD FKH YL VL QDUUD VL VYROJH FRPH QHO URPDQ]R GL /D &DSULD QHO FHUFKLR GL XQD JLRUQD WD GDOO·DOED VLQR DO VRUJHUH GL XQ QXRYR JLRUQR /·DOOXFLQDWD SHUH JULQD]LRQH GL WUH DQWLHURLFL XOLVVHL GL SULYL GL RJQL EXVVROD q DIILGD WD DG XQ WHPSR QDUUDWLYR FKH FUHD XQD JDODVVLD GL FRQWHPSRUDQHLWj XQ WXWWR SUHVHQWH FKH q DQFKH XQ WXWWR SDVVDWR H XQ WXWWR DYYHQLUH LQ FXL WXWWL JOL DWWLPL VLPXOWDQHL DSSDLRQR FRPH FRUSXVFROL VRVSHVL QHOOR VWHVVR FDPSR JUDYLWD]LRQDOH DO SDUL GHL SHUVRQDJJL H GHOOH ORUR YLFHQGH VHQ]D PHWD
3"¿$// .8 1. Ì 3 "1 $OOD ILQH GHJOL DQQL 7UHQWD OD VHGH D /DUJR )HUUDQGLQD UDS SUHVHQWD SHU PROWL JLRYDQL XQD VSHFLH GL ULWURYR VRUYHJOLDWR 1RQ VL WUDWWD PLFD GL XQ FRYR GL UHVLVWHQWL R GL FDUERQDUL DOOH SUH VH FRQ FKLVVj TXDOL DQWLFRQIRUPL VWLFKH R VWUDYDJDQWL ULEDOGHULH (SSXUH Ou VL SDUOD FRQ VWUDQL OLQ JXDJJL RUWRGRVVL R DOOXVLYL XQ YDJR FRDFHUYR GL VXJJHVWLRQL H PLWRORJLH FKH FKLDPDQR DQFRUD FRO QRPH GL ´IDVFLVPRµ FRQIXVH FRPPLVWLRQL GL IURQGLVPR H RE EHGLHQ]D WUD XQ FLFOR H XQ DOWUR GL SURLH]LRQL FLQHPDWRJUDILFKH H UHFLWH WHDWUDOL 3HUFLz ² L PXUL GHL UHJLPL KDQQR VHPSUH RUHFFKL VROHUWL VL VD ² q PHJOLR VWHPSH UDUOH FHUWH HVXEHUDQ]H FKH QRQ VDUDQQR DQFRUD SURGURPL GL XQ DQWLIDVFLVPR LQ SHFWRUH PD VXR QDQR SXU VHPSUH FRPH VWULGHQWL QRWH GL XQD FRVFLHQ]D GLVLQYROWD H EDOGDQ]RVDPHQWH UHIUDWWDULD DO ULJRUH GHOOH SUHWHVH WRWDOLWDULH ,O GXFH G·DOWURQGH O·KD DIIHUPD WR SL YROWH L JLRYDQL ROWUH DG REEHGLUH GHYRQR RVDUH H VHQWLU VL SURWDJRQLVWL RFFRUUH FKH FUH VFDQR PDWXULQR WUD OH SDUHWL GHL FLUFROL GHL *UXSSL 8QLYHUVLWDUL JRGDQR GL XQ·DSSDUHQWH DXWRQR PLD VHQ]D O·DVVLOOR GL JHUDUFKL H GLOLJHQWL LQIRUPDWRUL FKH GLVFX WDQR OH QXRYH OHYH H VL LQFRQWUL QR 6L RUJDQL]]LQR SXUH JDUH SUR YH DUWLVWLFKH H PDQXDOL QRYHOOH URPDQ]L H SRHVLH FHUWR H SXUH PRQRJUDILH VX WXWWL L WHPL SRVVL ELOL QRQ SXz PDQFDUH TXHOOD VXO OD UD]]D PD DQFKH FRPSHWL]LRQL VSRUWLYH H HVHUFLWD]LRQL GL ODYRUR D FDSR GHO 0LQFXOSRS F·q 6XD (FFHOOHQ]D %RWWDL FKH DOOD IDFFLD GL *HQWLOH DOOD FXOWXUD VFLHQWLILFD FL FUHGH H FUHGH SXUH FKH LO ODYRUR QRQ VLD LO IDUGHOOR LQVRSSRUWDELOH GLSLQWR GDL ERUJKHVL 2JQL DQQR FDPELDQR OH VHGL OH SURYH GD DIIURQWDUH 1DSROL H LO VXR JUXSSR GL LPEHUUHWWDWL JR
ÃÕ`
xÒ UN VIAGGIO
CHE AVETE GIÌ IN PROGRAMMA
,A #AMPANIA Ò UN PAESAGGIO CHE INCANTA GLI OCCHI DA PIá DI TREMILA ANNI ,A #AMPANIA Ò UNA FESTA PER PARTECIPARE NON OCCORRONO INVITI ,A #AMPANIA Ò UNA STORIA CHE HA TANTI FINALI A SORPRESA ,A #AMPANIA Ò UN MUSEO A CIELO APERTO
,A #AMPANIA TI REGALA EMOZIONI ANCHE A TAVOLA )L PIACERE DELLA SCOPERTA DI SAPORI CONDITI DELLA NOSTRA OSPITALITÌ
JUDÀ FD 5HJLRQH &DPSDQLD
"Ì . Ì Ì.$! ">$
. 8 /1 Ì 3.$, . 83 Ì 3.$, "" 3.$, "Ì. 8 9 3.$, / Ì> 1/ . 1 . 8 /1 Ì 3.$,
0ER INFORMAZIONI TURISTICHE WWW REGIONE CAMPANIA IT TURISMO LAPAGINADEILINK HTM
5LRQH 7HUUD IRWR /XLJL GL 0DJJLR
0ER INFORMAZIONI SUGLI EVENTI CULTURALI WWW CAMPANIARTECARD IT