Planting Design Journal for 2050

LSC333 Landscape Materials: Planting Anna Egerton-King

170182979

‘TRANSITION’ In 2050, we live well, within the planet’s ecological limits. Our prosperity and healthy environment stem from an innovative, circular economy where nothing is wasted and where natural resources are managed sustainably, and biodiversity is protected, valued and restored in ways that enhance our society’s resilience. Our low carbon growth has long been decoupled from resource use, setting the pace for a global safe and sustainable society.

(EU 7th Environmental Action Programme 2013. signed by the European Parliament and Council)

LSC333 Lecture Series: Knowledge aquired from LSC333 Planting lectures series and my own research has aided my design as I have a greater understanding of the relationship between vegetation patterns and change of climate conditions in 2050.

Lecture: Dr Henrik Sjoman Trees of Tomorrow: Which Are They & How Should We Find Them?

Drought Tolerant Tree Species:

Research Reference: Dr Henrik Sjoman Trees of Tomorrow: Which Are They & How Should We Find Them?

Further Research

VEGETATION TYPOLOGY: WET WOODLAND One of my typologies I originally chose was a mediterranean wet woodland. I did some research and selected appropriate species for the climate in 2050.

However, after further exploration and due to the location of where my planting plan is situated in Newark and it’s proximity to the River Trent, I changed my typology to a resilient woodland as soils wouldnt be as waterlogged as I originally understood. Instead, I have selcted tree species that are adaptable and are appropriate in both wet and dry soil conditions.

Reference: Sussex Wildlife Trust - ‘How to Create and Restore Wet Woodlands’, March 2013

Reference: Sussex Wildlife Trust - ‘How to Create and Restore Wet Woodlands’, March 2013

Reference: Ebben, ‘Trees for the Future - Climate Trees’ Available at: https://www.ebben.nl/en/treeebb/#?3%5B0%5D=59&10%5B0%5D=131 [Accessed 8/05/2020]

Mediterranean Wet Woodland Vegetation

Field Layer

Canopy Layer

Sproading hedge-parsley?

Torilis arvensis

Hedge bedstraw?

Galium mollugo

Hedge bindweed?

Calystegia sepium

Hemp agrimony?

Eupatorium cannabinum

Stinking iris?

Iris foetidissima

Italian lords and ladies?

Arum italicum

Persdulous sedge?

Carex pendula

Nettle?

Urtica dioica

White Willow

Salix alba

X

Crack Willow

Salix fragilis

X

Purple Willow

Salix purpurea

X

White Poplar

Populus alba

?

Small-leaved Elm

Ulmus minor

X

Black Poplar?

Almond Willow?

Box Elder?

Maruna Ash? Shrub Layer

Populus nigra Salix triandra Acer negundo Fraxinus ornus

X

Willow

Salix elaeagnos

X

Hazel

Corylus avellana

X

Dewberry

Rubus caesius

?

Blackthorn

Prunus spinosa

X

Privet

Ligustrum vulgare

Dogwood

Cornus sanguinea

X

Elder

Sambucus nigra

X

Dog rose?

Rosa canina

Spindle?

Euonymus europaeus

X

X

Field Layer Garlic mustard?

Alliaria petiolata

Enchanter’s nightshade? Circaea lutetiana

X

Wild angelica?

Angelica sylvestris

X

Hedge bindweed?

Calystegia sepium

Smothers other plants

Hedge woundwort?

Stachys slyvatica

X

Bittersweet?

Solanum dulcamara

X

Common figwort?

Scrophularia nodosa

X

Hedge bedstraw?

Gallium mollugo

X

Pendulous sedge?

Carex pendula

X

False brome?

Brachypodium sylvaticum

X

Soapwort?

Saponaria officinalis

X

Wood sparge?

Euphorbia amygdaloides

X

Wild parsnip?

Pastinaca sativa

X

VEGETATION TYPOLOGY: WET WOODLAND References: Sussex Wildlife Trust - ‘How to Create and Restore Wet Woodlands’, March 2013 Polunin, Oleg (1985), ‘Mediterranean Vegetation’ - Chapter 10, Oxford University Press Ebben, ‘Trees for the Future - Climate Trees’

Mediterranean Wet Woodland: ree Canopy White Willow Sali Alba

Family: Salicaceae rigin: urope, western & central Asia

I have selected a few tree and shrub species that would be appropriate for a wet woodland typology. Information and images have been taken from the Woodland Trust website.

Crack Willow Sali fragilis

Family: Salicaceae rigin: urope & Western Asia

urple Willow Sali purpurea

eference: https: www.woodlandtrust.org.uk trees-woods-andwildlife british-trees a- -of-british-trees white-willow

eference: https: www.woodlandtrust.org.uk trees-woods-andwildlife british-trees a- -of-british-trees crack-willow

eference: https: www.britishhardwood. co.uk sali -purpurea-purple-osier-willow

• • • •

• • •

Family: Salicaceae rigin: urope & central Asia

• • • •

Largest species of willow Mature trees growing up to 25m Bark is grey-brown and develops deep fissures with age.

Slender, oval leaves are paler than most other willows due to a felty covering of fine, silky white hairs on the underside.

Dioecious: male female flowers grow on separate trees.

Catkins appear in early spring – male catkins are 4–5 cm long & female catkins 3–4 cm long.

Fruits: After pollination by insects, the female catkins lengthen and develop small capsules, each containing minute seeds encased in white down which aids dispersal by wind.

White willow is found growing in wet ground such as river and stream sides.

• • • •

Mature trees grow to 25m The bark is dark brown and develops deep fissures with age. he oval leaves are long and slender, dark green above and light green below.

Leaves of the crack willow are shorter than those of the white willow, and they do not have a covering of fine, silky white hairs on the underside.

Dioecious: male female flowers grow on separate trees.

The catkins flower in May the male’s being yellow and the female s green.

After pollination by bees, the female catkins transform into woolly white seeds which are dispersed by wind.

• • • •

Mature tree growing up to 4- m Tiny flowers in catkins, male and female and different plants.

Arching purpulish shoots bearing narrowly oblong. urplish shoots bearing narrowly oblong

Small-Leaved Elm (Ulmus minor)

Family: Ulmaceae Origin: southern Europe & Asia

Black Poplar (Populus nigra)

Family: Salicaceae Origin: Europe, southwest & central Asia, and northwest Africa.

Mythology and symbolism All willows were seen as trees of celebration in biblical times, but this changed over time and today willows are more associated with sadness and mourning. Willow is often referred to in poetry in this way, and is depicted as such in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, with Ophelia drowning near a willow tree. In northern areas, willow branches are used instead of palm branches to celebrate Palm Sunday.

Reference: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-andwildlife/british-trees/a- -of-british-trees/field-elm/

Reference: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-andwildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/black-poplar/

• • •

• Mature trees grow to 30m and can live for 200 years.

• • • • • •

Mature trees grow to 30m.

The bark is grey-brown, often with crossing ridges.

Leaves are glossy, flat and smooth but leathery to the touch, and double toothed, 6–15cm in length.

Leaves have a characteristic asymmetrical base and taper to a sudden point at the top.

Elms are hermaphrodites, meaning that both male and female reproductive parts are contained within the same flower.

Flowers, which appear in February and March, are dark pink to red and hang in tassels.

Once pollinated by wind, the flowers develop into tiny winged fruits, known as samaras. These are dispersed by wind.

Field elm is highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease. Some of its saplings are showing resistance to the disease.

Elm wood is resistant to water.

• • • • • •

The bark is dark brown but often appears black, and is thick with numerous fissures and burrs.

Leaves are shiny, green and heart-shaped, with long tips and a mild scent of balsam. oung leaves are covered in fine, tiny hairs, which they shed by autumn.

Dioecious: male female flowers grow on separate trees.

Flowers are catkins (male catkins are red and female catkins are yellow-green), and are pollinated by the wind.

Once fertilised, female catkins develop into fluffy cotton-like seeds, which fall in late summer.

It is naturalised in the UK where it grows in moist conditions, often by water.

Mediterranean Wet Woodland: Shrub Layer Elder (Sambucus nigra)

Family: Adoxaceae Origin: Native

Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea)

Family: Cornaceae Origin: Native

Reference: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-andwildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/elder/

Reference: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-andwildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/dogwood/

•

•

• • • • •

Mature elder trees grow to a height of around 15m and can live for 60 years.

Elder is characterised by its short trunk (bole), and grey-brown, corky, furrowed bark. It has relatively few branches.

Pinnate (resembling a feather), with 5–7 oval and toothed leaflets which smell unpleasant when touched or bruised.

Borne on large, flat umbels, 10–30cm across, the individual flowers are creamy-coloured, highly scented, and have five petals.

After pollination by insects, each flower develops into a small, purple-black, sour berry, which ripens from late-summer to autumn.

Elders are hermaphrodite: both the male and female reproductive parts are contained within the same flower.

• • • • • • •

Dogwood is a small broadleaf shrub, typically found growing along woodland edges.

Mature trees grow to 10m The bark is grey and smooth with shallow ridges which develop with age.

The fresh green, oval leaves are 6cm long, have smooth sides and characteristic curving veins. They fade to a rich crimson colour before falling in autumn.

Hermaphrodite: male & female reproductive parts are contained within the same flower.

Flowers are small with four creamy white petals, and are produced in clusters.

After pollination by insects, the flowers develop into small black berries – sometimes called ‘dogberries’.

It is able to grow in damp conditions but can grow in many soils

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

Family: Rosaceae Origin: Europe, western Asia, and northwest Africa

Reference: https://shop.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blackthorn https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/trees-and-shrubs/ blackthorn • • • • •

Mature trees grow to 6-7m (growing estimate 50cm each year) Masses of white flowers appear in March/April During the autumn and winter, deep purple fruits (known as ‘sloes’) ripen on its branches.

Small, oval leaves that are finely toothed, and five-petalled.

Wildlife: Vital for the rare Black Hairstreak butterfly who lays its eggs in its hedges.

Hazel (Corylus avellana)

Family: Betulaceae Origin: Europe, parts of north Africa & western Asia

Willow (Salix elaeagnos)

Family: Salicaceae Origin: central & southern Europe and south west Asia

Reference: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-andwildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/hazel/

Reference: https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95487/Salix-elaeagnos-subsp-angustifolia/Details

•

• •

• • • • •

Hazel is often coppiced, but when left to grow, trees can reach a height of 12m and live for up to 80 years (if coppiced, hazel can live for several hundred years).

It has a smooth, grey-brown, bark, which peels with age, and bendy, hairy stems.

Leaves are round to oval, doubly toothed, hairy and pointed at the tip. Leaves turn yellow before falling in autumn.

Monoecious: both male and female flowers are found on the same tree, although ha el flowers must be pollinated by pollen from other hazel trees.

Yellow male catkins appear before the leaves and hang in clusters from mid-February. Female flowers are tiny and bud-like with red styles.

Female flowers develop into fruits which mature into a nut with a woody shell surrounded by a cup of leafy bracts.

• • •

Mature trees grow to 2.5-4m (10-20 years till ultimate height) bushy upright shrub with dark brown shoots bearing linear leaves, at first grey-hairy, becoming dark green above, and turning yellow in autumn.

Tiny flowers in catkins, male and female usually on separate plants.

Slender catkins open with the leaves in early spring Valued for their brightly coloured winter shoots.

Wet Woodland Canopy Layer: Height at Maturity:

Wet Woodland Shrub Layer:

Consideration and selction based on size, height and spread at maturity and how well species work togther so as not to compete with one another. Below are species that could be used in my wet woodland vegetation typology for my planting plan.

Populus nigra

Height at Maturity:

Salix purpurea

Cornus alba

Rubus fruticosus

Sambucus

Ulmus minor Salix fragilis

Corylus avellana

Coppiced Salix alba

Prunus spinosa

Midldle of Woodland: Canopy Layer & Shrub Layer

Populus alba

Salix alba

Midldle of Woodland: Canopy Layer: 3 Species

Salix purpurea

Sambucus

Prunus spinosa

Wet Woodland Edge:

Decrease Gradient

Populus nigra

Salix fragilis

Ulmus minor

Coppiced Salix alba

Cornus alba

Rubus fruticosus

Examples of Mediterranean Woodlands:

TUTORIAL NOTES Planting substrate - mix gravel (material: limestone?)

Remove Salix fragilis from woodland:

dlands:

onchique, in

Mediterranean Woodland on hillside.

Mediterranean cork oak trees (Quercus suber) in Monchique, in the Algarve region of Portugal.

Mediterranean Woodland, Sierra Morena, Andalucia, Spain.

- Wetland species - Prone to pests - Do not use near paths Shade tolerant woodland field layer: - Colour red is rare - relation to planting character - Reduce field layer species selection to 9 or 12 species - Shade tolerant - ferns and carex

Mediterranean cork trees (Quercus in Monchique, Pine plantations can beoak managed in a way suber) that improves thier in the Algarve region of Portugal. capacity to provide ecosystem services under a climate change scenerario.

Forested hillside of the Yagur Reserve, near Mt Carmel.

Dwarf Mediterranean Woodland, Sierra Morena, Andalucia, Spain. trees dominated by Quercus calliprinos.

Mediterranean Woodland, Aleppo Pine, France

Perennial Drifts/Blocks: - 7 per square metre - Single plants - 1 or 3 per square metre Transition between wet woodland next to a band of mediterranean planting:

proves thier mate change

Mediterranean Woodland, Spain. Dwarf Forested hillside of theSierra YagurMorena, Reserve,Andalucia, near Mt Carmel.

mel. Dwarf

Mediterranean Woodland, Aleppo Pine, France

trees dominated by Quercus calliprinos.

Mediterranean Woodland, Aleppo Pine, France

1) Increase distance - (5 x 10 metres) 2) Topographic level change 3) Wet woodland - Woodland

DESIGNING FORESTS & WOODLAND Reference: Robinson, Nick, ‘The Planting Design Handbook’, Part 3: Practice ‘Structure Planting: Designing Forest and Woodland’, Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 [Accessed 28/05/2020]

Coppiced Tree Growth:

New Coppice

1 Years Growth

4 Years Growth

Perennial/Grass Drifts: Olivier Filippi Mediterranean Planting

- Select 5/6 species and repeat in drifts - Varying heights of plants selected

Mediterranean Wild Flower Meadows

Tutorial Feedback: My planting plan and schedule changed a lot over the course of this module as i developed knowledge from lectures, new ideas and recieved feedback from tutors in tutorials.

PLANTING SPECIFICATION - UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD - MAY 2020 GIACOMO GUZZON, HEAD OF PLANTING DESIGN, GILLESPIES

Giacomo Guzzon presentation on planting specification as well as Thijs Dolders from Ebben Nurseries videos on how to specify standard and multi-stemmed trees (see notes above) has helped me develop a greater understanding of the process and management of the growth and transportation of trees at nurseries and what to include in my planting schedule.

Improvements made to plant schedule:

Planting in 2050

2050 CLIMATE: 2-3 degrees warmer on average.

Summer precipitation will fall by 20 70 % in Southern England. Intervals of rainfall will become more eratic.

Climate Change & Vegetation: There will be a shift in vegetation pattern due to a 2050 climate.

Species will either decline, maintain or increase depending on charcteristics that make these species resilient to climate change. “New species� will be used in the future. Plants that originate from the Mediterranean will thrive in England.

Image Reference: https://sites. google.com/site/climatetypes/

CONCEPT

Cost As my vegetation typologies selected cover a large surface area, it was necessary to implement a planting scheme that is both effective and affordable.

Bareroot trees and shrubs have been chosen from tree nurseries as is one of the most economical ways to purchase trees.

I have also taken care to select plants that are able to thrive on their own with little human intervention and management.

In addition, locally sourced tree species and materials have been used for the establishment of my design minimising transport costs whilst helping local businesses.

Familiar In a climate for the year 2050, we will see a shift in vegetation patterns.

Different species will either decline, maintain or increase in numbers in this warmer less predictable environment.

Looking at what’s already growing on site gave me guidance as to what species work best so species that are native to Newark’s locality are included.

For my design, I have retained a few traditional species that are familiar to the public. Finding a balance between the introduction of “new species” and retaining the existing is important in order for people to accept the new park and prepare them for gradually change over time.

Resilient With consideration to stormwater management, it is important to select species that can withstand extreme weather conditions.

The planting plan is situated on particularly challenging conditions as the site floods causing the soil to become waterlogged in places.

Species, for example such as Alnus glutinosa, which are good at accommodating these changes have been included.

I have also selected robust species that are pest and disease free and which require as little management as possible.

Biodiversity My design is also a response to the biodiversity crisis which will get worse with climate change so I have taken care to create space rich in biodiversity and considered the species best suited to deliver ecosystem services.

It is proven that ecotones are more sensitive to climate change than the biomes on either side and so this area in particular will help resist change, creating a diverse range of habitats where plant and animal life will thrive. This natural cycle, avoiding heavily human managed space, will contribute to better biodiversity.

Planting Plan Analysis The plan below shows my thought process and decision making as to the placement, choice of species and typologies used for my planting plan.

Planting plan in June The planting plan shows a transition from 3 different vegetation typologies; woodland, to woodland edge to perennial meadow.

Woodland consists of a canopy layer, shrub layer and field layer.

Anemone blanda ‘White Splendour’ bulbs used for woodland ground cover to provide interest in Spring.

Species rich woodland edge will have benefits for biodiversity through habitat creation as well as being visually attractive.

In the summer months the vibrant array of red, green, yellow and white will create an attractive landscape.

Primula veris (Cowslip) is used in the woodland edge mix and perennial meadow as the species tolerates partial shade and full sun. This will create a smoother transition between the two vegetation typologies.

x4 Salix caprea can tolerate wet soils and and will thrive in a 2050 climate.

WOODLAND x 25 Prunus spinosa for woodland shrub layer. Transitions into woodland edge as it tolerates shade and partial light.

x4 Alnus glutinosa. Species selected because of it’s adaptability to changing conditions. This is an appropriate species for wet soils.

WOODLAND EDGE

x2 Ulmus ‘New Horizon’ is situated on the intersect between woodland and woodland edge. This is so the tree has more space to grow and provides a gradual decrease in height. Height is 8-12m and spread, 4-8m at maturity.

PERENNIAL MEADOW

Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood) to be planted in groups of 3. This will create more of an impact especially during winter months when the brightlycoloured stems provide interest.

Sun tolerent perennial meadow seed mix for clay soils is used. A seed mix is selected to reduce costs as the meadow will cover a large surface area.

Species Selection Exploring different layers. Looking beneath the canopy: 1. Trees: Chosen for the roof of my space, the structure of branches and leaves and how this impacts on the amount of light that comes through.

Finding the Right Tree:

Notes on Special Value: Wildlife Benefits

Use wholesale nurseries to find information on the tree you want to use. Species include the following elements:

2. Shrubs/tall herbaceous plants: Selected to provide the walls of my space, which define how much or little I can see. How permeable is this wall?

Consideration for its texture, density and colour.

• • • • •

3. Ground cover vegetation: Consideration given to ground level space that captures our attention or creates a different pace. I have chosen a selection of shady perennials, bulbs which will appear in Spring and ferns which make up this space.

I have included species that are native to your locality.

Looking at what is already growing on site gave me guidance as to what species will work best.

Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn) in dense thickets is a favoured nesting site.

Food plant for black and brown hairstreak butterflies.

Stormwater management Benefits for biodiversity Resilient & appropriate for 2050 climate Seasonal interest Pest/disease free

Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn) Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood) used in the woodland edge. Berries for birds, food plant for green hairstreak butterflies.

Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood) Hawthorn has attractive blossom and berries, food plant for birds, many insects and moths.

Image Reference: http://velacreations.com/howto/ forest-garden-howto/ Contractors Notes for Woodland: Do not plant goat willow near paths as during spring the dense, hairy, grey male catkins can drop from the tree making walking underneath the tree canopy unpleasant.

Goat Willow likes damp places.

Provide a breeding site for the purple emporer butterfly Great vale for wildlife, especially moths.

Crataegus (Hawthorn) Butterfly Images - Reference: Butterfly Conservation. Available at: https://butterflyconservation.org/butterflies

Resilient Woodland Woodland Planning: Consideration was given to the type of woodland and its objectives, woodland layout, tree spacing, species choice and protection.

“Recommended tree spacing is between 2 and 3 metres when planting in blocks. Spacing can be increased for random planting”.

Reference: British Hardwood Tree Nursery, ‘Woodland Planting Guide’. Available [online] at: https://www. britishhardwood.co.uk/woodland-planting-guide

Bareroot Trees: Cost: “Bare-root is one of the most economical ways to purchase trees. Bare-root trees cost 30-50% less than a container-grown tree of the same size. The cost savings occurs because you’re skipping the labor required for potting and maintaining a containerized tree. Because they lack soil, bare-root trees weigh less, which reduces shipping costs”.

Reference: BioAdvanced, ‘Growing Trees: Bare-Root Advantages and Timing’. Available [online] at: https:// www.bioadvanced.com/articles/growing-trees-bare-rootadvantages-and-timing Better Performance: “Bare-root trees frequently take off more quickly than containerized ones because roots aren’t transitioning from container soil to local soil. Bare-root trees are planted during dormancy, which gives them weeks of root growth that springplanted container trees lack”.

Management of Woodlands Dead wood and old trees provide homes for a large range of wildlife like bats, fungi, lichen and mosses. According to Woodland Trust, around a third of woodland bird species nest in holes in trees.

Size for Purchase: “The ideal size for woodland trees and shrubs are 40-60cm in height sourced either as seedlings or transplants. For large scale plantings, notch planting is fast and effective”.

Reference: British Hardwood Tree Nursery, ‘Woodland Planting Guide’. Available [online] at: https://www. britishhardwood.co.uk/woodland-planting-guide

Image Reference (Above): https://ufi.ca.uky.edu/treetalk/treeplanting-hole Image Reference (Right): https://www.portsmouth-dailytimes. com/opinion/36651/planting-too-deep-can-kill-your-tree

Balled & Burlapped (B&B)

Container

Bare Root

Perennial Seed Mix Choosing Seed Mix:

Low Maintenance Solution:

Sun tolerent perennial meadow seed mix for clay soils is used. This best suits the local conditions on site in Newark. Seed mix is selected to reduce costs as the meadow will cover a large surface area. What would improve the mix, is if it consisted of a higher percentage of forbs and low grasses as it is better for biodiversity and pollinators.

My perennial meadow follows Nigel Dunnetts low input, high impact ideas. My seed mix selected is low maintenance and requires little managent. This reduces cost and creates avisualkly stimulating envionment that benefits biodiversity all year round.

Piet Oudolf discusses the practical and easthetic reasons for his planting design in ‘Planting: A New Perspective’. His designs have a reduced maintenance cost and serve an ecological function, from handling stormwater to providing habitats for birds and insects. Species are self supporting and resitant to weeds.

9 perennials per square metre is the industry standard.

The species circled thrive in full sun but tolerate partial shade. I have used Primula veris in the woodland edge to create a gradual transition from meadow to woodland edge.

Seed Heads: Oudolf explores the structural roles of planting.

He states “a plant is only worth growiung if it looks good when its dead”.

Litrature: These three key books, listed below, influenced my decision making when selecting a seed mix.

Reference: Dunnett, Nigel, ‘Naturalistic Planting Design: The Essential Guide’, Filbert Press, March 2019

Reference: Hitchmough, James, ‘Sowing Beauty: Designing Flowering Meadows from Seed’, Timber Press, April 2017

Reference: Oudolf, Piet & Kingsbury, Noel, ‘Planting A New Perspective’, Timber Press, April 2013

Emorsgate Seeds - EM4 Meadow Mixture for Clay Soils. Available [online]at: https://wildseed.co.uk/mixtures/view/5/meadow-mixture-for-clay-soils

Final Reflection Materials of Landscape: Detailed Design

Planting: Contractors Plan MIX A Woodland Tree Mix

MIX B Woodland Shrub Mix

MIX C MIX A, B, E & F

MIX C & E

Woodland Tree Mix, Woodland Shrub Mix, Shady Perennial Mix & Bulb Mix

Woodland Edge Mix & Shady Perennial Mix

Area: 50m2

Density (no./m2): 0.2

Canopy Layer

Area

*2m spacing between trees

Density (g/m2) 4

25m2

100

Botanical Name

% of Mix

Alnus glutinosa

40

4

Salix caprea

40

4

Mix E - Shady Perennial Mix

Ulmus ‘New Horizon’

20

2

Area: 75m2 Density (no./m2): 9

TOTAL

100

10

Shrub Mix B Density (no./m2): 0.5

Prunus spinosa

100

TOTAL

100

25

Woodland Shrub Mix C: Density (no./m2): 0.5

Botanical Name

% of Mix

Shady Perennial Mix:

Bareroot

Botanical Name

% of Mix

Epimedium x perralchicum ‘Frohnleiten

15

Geranium phaeum ‘Morning Widow’

15

Primula veris ‘Cowslip’

30

Total no.

101

4 1

Leucanthemum vulgare

2

MIX E

Plantago lanceolata

202

% of Mix

Total no.

Athyrium filix-femina ‘Frizelliae’

25

169

Polystichum setiferum

15

101

Cornus sanguinea

30

4

Shady Bulb Mix F

Crataegus monogyna

25

3

Area: 50 m2

Prunus spinosa

25

3

Rosa arvensis

20

2

TOTAL

100

12

Density (no./m2): 30

Botanical Name Anemone blanda

8-10cm

1.75-2.00

3.0-3.5

Bareroot

Selected Standard (Multi-stemmed: 3 stems)

NA

NA

3.0-4.0

Ulmus ‘New Horizon’

Bareroot

Regular Standard (Single Stem)

8-10cm

1.75-2.00

3.0-3.5

Botanical Name

Perennials Type for Purchase

Total no. 1500

% of Mix 100

Total no.

1500

Form

Height at Purchase (cm)

Cornus sanguinea

Bareroot

Selected Standard

40-60cm

Crataegus monogyna

Bareroot

Selected Standard

30-40cm

Prunus spinosa

Bareroot

Selected Standard

40-60cm

Rosa arvensis

Bareroot

Selected Standard

40-60cm

Bulbs Botanical Name

Size for Purchase Bulb

Notes for Contractor:

1

Primula veris

1.5

Prunella vulgaris

0.4

Ranunculus acris

0.7

Rhinanthus minor

1

Rumex acetosa

1.4

Silaum silaus

0.7

Silene flos-cuculi

0.8

Taraxacum officinale

0.8

Vicia cracca

0.1

TOTAL

20

Grasses Agrostis capillaris

Shrubs

Anemone blanda ‘White Splendour’

Bulb Mix:

Total No.

Clear Stem Height (m) Height at Purchase (m)

Regular Standard (Single Stem)

3

Leontodon hispidus

Salix caprea

101

Ferns Botanical Name

Girth (cm)

0.5

Centaurea nigra

Meadow Perennial Mix (EM4)

Total no. 674

25

Woodland Edge Mix: Area: 25m2

Alnus glutinosa

Form

Total No.

Woodland Shrub Mix: Area: 50m2

Type for Purchase

0.5

Betonica officinalis

0.5

Planting Schedule: Botanical Name

Total (g)

Achillea millefolium

Galium verum

MIX D

Trees

Mix D - Meadow Mixture for Clay Soils

% of Mix

Galium album

Meadow Perennial Seed Mix (EM4)

Bulb Mix

Tree Mix A

Botanical Name

0.1

Woodland Edge Mix

MIX F

Meadow Perennial Seed Mix (EM4):

Wild o e s

Filipendula ulmaria

MIX D

Shady Perennial Mix

Resilient Woodland Mix:

Perennial Seed Mix (EM4)

Botanical Name

Sizes For Purchase

Epimedium x perralchicum ‘Frohnleiten

9cm pot

Geranium phaeum ‘Morning Widow’

9cm pot

Primula veris ‘Cowslip’

9cm pot

Ferns

1

Anthoxanthum odoratum

3

Briza media

1

Cynosurus cristatus

16

Festuca rubra

24

Hordeum secalinum

1

Phleum bertolonii

4

Poa pratensis

20

TOTAL

80

Type For Purchase

Botanical Name

9cm pot

Athyrium filix-femina ‘Frizelliae’

9cm pot

Polystichum setiferum

9cm pot

10

Alopecurus pratensis

Size For Purchase

Meadow Mixture for https://wildseed.

Clay Soils co.uk/mixtures/ view/5/meadow-mixture-for-clay-soils

1. Cornus Sanguinea (Dogwood) to be planted in groups of 3 2. Ground layer planting up to base of coppiced Salix caprea (Goat Willow) 3. Mix D - Meadow Perennial Seed Mix (EM4) to be planted right up to Woodland Shrub Mix. 4. Shady Bulb Mix to be planted in an informal pattern at transition from woodland mix to woodland edge mix.

5. Meadow mixture - Mix A to be mown as informal path twice annually.

The planting plan has made it easy for the contractors for the planting to be carried out simply and efficiently.

The planting schedule outlines all the necessary information to obtain and plant the mixes shown.

Location Plan of Detailed Area Note: Planting design shown @ year 1 of establishment

Planting Notes:

In summary, the planting plan and schedule reflects a resilient, dynamic and thought provoking landscape that has multiple benefits for biodiversity.

The use of mixtures as the basis for setting out plantings lays out a naturalistic woodland and meadow typology. The vegetation is in randomly arranged groups of each species within the total planting area with specific instructions regarding to the placement of certain species, such as Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood) – planted in groups of 3. Through further research, I learnt that for the best biodiverse and climate resistant woodland edge it should be at least 5 metres in width, and so my plan shows an area of 25m2 for this typology.

University of Sheffield

Module Code: LSC333

Site Location: Newark

Date: 4/06/2020

Drawing at 1:50 @ A2

North

Sheet Title: Planting plan for Resilient Woodland to Perennial Meadow Anna Egerton-King 170182979

Sheet 2 of 2

I originally selected a 50m2 area for my planting plan, however I later changed it to 100 m2 to better represent my concept of a transitional space. By doing this I am able to explore a larger ecotone from woodland, to woodland edge and then to perennial meadow.