Beowulf by ELI Publishing

YOUNG ADULT

READERS

STAGE 3

Eli Readers is a beautifully illustrated series of timeless classics and specially-written stories for learners of English.

Beowulf

BEOWULF

This epic poem tells the story of Beowulf, a warrior who becomes famous by helping Hrothgar, King of the Danes. Beowulf kills first Grendel, a horrible demon who terrorizes the Danes every night, and then Grendel’s vengeful mother. Beowulf returns to his own country to become king. Late in life he decides to fight a dangerous dragon and… In this reader (a prose traslation) you will find: – Background information about this poem – Culture and society in the Middle Ages – Glossary of difficult words – Comprehension and grammar activities – Final test Tags Adventure

BEOWULF

Fantasy

Elementary

600 headwords

STAGE 2

Pre-Intermediate

800 headwords

Key (KET)

STAGE 3

Intermediate

1000 headwords

Preliminary (PET)

STAGE 4

Upper Intermediate

1800 headwords

First (FCE)

STAGE 5

Advanced

2500 headwords

Advanced (CAE)

STAGE 6

Proficiency

Unabridged Texts

Proficiency (CPE)

Classic

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YOUNG ADULT ELI READERS

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ELT B 1

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ELT B1

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YOUNG ADULT

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Beowulf Retold and Activities by Claire Moore Illustrated by Matteo Berton

YOUNG ADULT

READERS

Beowulf Retold and Activities by Claire Moore Language Level Consultant Lisa Suett Illustrated by Matteo Berton ELI Readers Founder and Series Editors Paola Accattoli, Grazia Ancillani, Daniele Garbuglia (Art Director) Graphic Design Airone Comunicazione - Sergio Elisei Layout Airone Comunicazione Production Manager Francesco Capitano Photo credits Shutterstock © 2018 ELI s.r.l. P.O. Box 6 62019 Recanati MC Italy T +39 071750701 F +39 071977851 info@elionline.com www.elionline.com Typeset in 11,5 / 15 pt Monotype Dante Printed in Italy by Tecnostampa – Pigini Group Printing Division – Loreto – Trevi (Italia) – ERA 334.01 ISBN 978-88-536-2481-9 First edition: March 2018 www.eligradedreaders.com

Contents 6

Main Characters

Before you read

10 Chapter 1 18

Terror in Heorot Hall

Activities

20 Chapter 2

Brave Beowulf arrives

28 Activities 30 Chapter 3

Beowulf confronts Grendel

38 Activities 40 Chapter 4

A Celebratory Banquet

48 Activities 50 Chapter 5

Grendel’s Mother’s Revenge

58 Activities 60 Chapter 6

Beowulf confronts Grendel’s mother

68 Activities 70 Chapter 7

Beowulf leaves Denmark

78 Activities 80 Chapter 8

The Dragon

88 Activities 90 Chapter 9

Beowulf’s End

100 Activities 102 Focus on...

Beowulf

104 Focus on...

Medieval Denmark

106 Focus on...

Medieval Navigation

108 Focus on...

Daily Life in Medieval Times

110 Test yourself 111 Syllabus

These icons indicate the parts of the story that are recorded start stop

MAIN CHARACTERS

PRE-READING ACTIVITIES

PET – Reading Comprehension 1

Look at the picture on the front cover of this book. Write a short description of it.

Read the description of the story below and choose the correct word for each space (A, B, C or D).

Beowulf is an Old English Anglo-Saxon epic poem (1) _______ tells the story of a young Geatish warrior who (2) _______ Hrothgar, the King of the Danes, whose kingdom is being terrorized by a monster called Grendel. Along (3) _______ 14 of his strongest men, Beowulf bravely kills Grendel and later Grendel’s mother, as a way of thanking Hrothgar (4) _______ helping his own father many years before. He (5) _______ to Hrothgar with the monster’s head. He goes back to his (6) _______ home, Geatland, a hero and later becomes king of the Geats and (7) _______ for 50 years. In his last battle, Beowulf kills a dragon which is threatening Geatland, but is (8) _______ in the battle and dies. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A A A A A A A

who B which helps B aid by B at to B for returned B return a B own living B spends defeat B won

C C C C C C C C

where looks with by returning an rules wounded

D D D D D D D D

whose wants on in returns owns admires hurting

Read the first two paragraphs of page 10 and complete the family tree with the Danish kings and their children. (1) __________

(2) __________

(3) __________

(4) _________

(5) _________

(6) _________

(7) _________

= (8) _________

Discussion point 4a Look at the pictures of Grendel and the dragon on pages 6 and 7. Describe them.

4b How do you think Beowulf felt during his battles with Grendel and the dragon? Write five adjectives to describe his feelings.

4c How do you think life was different in Beowulfâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s times? Think about: a Houses and homes

b Transport

c Food and drink

Chapter One

Terror in Heorot Hall

2 The stories about the brave kings of the Danes starts with the very first

king, Shield Sheafson, who arrived alone in Denmark as a baby on a boat filled with gold and jewels. He was a good king and a courageous warrior*. When he died, his beloved subjects put his body in another boat and sent him back to sea with weapons*, treasure and jewels. They pushed the boat out to sea and said goodbye to their great leader. Shield Sheafsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s son, Beow, then became king. He too was a wise* and good king who ruled his land for a long time. When he died, the next king was his son Healfdene, who had three sons, Heorogar, Hrothgar and Halga, and a daughter Elan, who became Queen of Sweden when she married the Swedish king Onela. It was Healfdeneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second son Hrothgar, a great warrior and leader of men, who succeeded his father to become the next king. As a sign of his power and strength, Hrothgar ordered his men to build a great mead-hall, a place from where he could rule but also a place of celebration. Heorot Hall was built quickly and then every night there were banquets*. Hrothgar gave jewels and gold to his subjects, who came to Heorot Hall to eat and drink, sing and listen to stories of heroes and battles in far away places. warrior a soldier weapons an object used to kill or hurt people

wise a person with experience and good judgement banquets big meal for many people

beowulf

The joy and celebration, however, only lasted for a short time because of an evil creature called Grendel. Living alone on the cold, dark hills, Grendel was an angry and envious* monster who hated the music, singing and good cheer coming from Heorot Hall. So one night, Grendel left his dark home and decided to go to Heorot Hall. When he got there, he found everyone sleeping after a long evening of feasting*, drinking and singing. He was so angry to find these sleeping men, unaware of hardship* or sadness, that he quickly took thirty men and ran home to his miserable lair*. Here he too feasted… on the thirty men, who he later took back to Heorot Hall for all to see. The next morning, as people woke from their night’s sleep, they screamed in horror at the sight of their friends’ dead bodies. King Hrothgar too was horrified and shocked to find his trustworthy men dead, and he was scared of what was to come. The very next night, Grendel returned to Heorot Hall and killed more men. Once a place of laughter and joy, Heorot Hall suddenly became a place of horror and fear. Hrothgar’s people were too scared to sleep in Heorot Hall anymore, so they went to sleep in other houses and buildings and Heorot Hall was closed at night. But even here Hrothgar’s subjects were not safe. The evil, strong, enormous Grendel came out of the dark night and killed whoever he found in his way, young or old, man or woman. He was now the real ruler of Heorot Hall. Grendel’s reign of terror went on for twelve very long years, as he wickedly* murdered Hrothgar’s people with his hate and evil. Grendel envious unhappy because you want something that somebody else has feasting eating

hardship difficulty lair a place where a wild animal lives wickedly to do something that is wrong and will hurt others

chapter one

accepted no attempt at peace or agreement from King Hrothgar, and soon stories of Grendel’s horror were spreading around the middleearth*. King Hrothgar was sad and heartbroken at the terror Grendel was bringing to his people. He often met with his council of men to discuss what to do about Grendel. They tried to find a way to kill Grendel and stop his horror and murder, but nobody ever succeeded. So, this was the story that a bard* told in another king’s mead-hall in Geatland. King Hygelac of the Geats and his subjects lived over the sea from Denmark and they listened in silence to the horror Grendel was bringing to King Hrothgar’s people. Then, suddenly, a man called Beowulf shouted ‘I will kill Grendel!’ Everyone in the meadhall clapped and cheered at Beowulf, who was a brave and strong man. King Hygelac was happy that Beowulf, his nephew, wanted to help King Hrothgar. King Hygelac ordered a boat for Beowulf and the fourteen men he chose to go with him to Denmark. The brave men were ready to kill Grendel. They said goodbye to their families and got onto the boat, which was full of their battle weapons. The warriors sailed across the sea in their boat to Denmark. Then on the second day, they saw the coast of Denmark and headed towards some cliffs. Here they got out of the boat and walked up the shore. They all thanked God for their safe journey. middle-earth old English word for the world of humans

bard a poet

beowulf

chapter one

From the high cliffs, a Danish soldier saw the boat arrive on the shore. He wondered who these fifteen warriors were, so he left the cliffs and took his horse to the beach where he met them. ‘Who are you? Why are you here?’ he shouted to them. Beowulf answered ‘We come from Geatland. We are King Hygelac’s men and we are here to help King Hrothgar, Healfdene’s son. I am Beowulf. My father, Ecgtheow, is famous across the middleearth. We heard about the horror of the monster raging terror over your land. We will kill this monster, Grendel!’ ‘You are a brave man,’ answered the soldier, ‘I see you have good intention and I will take you to my king. My men will guard* your ship until those who survive* return to the great land of the Geats.’ So Beowulf and his men followed the Danish soldier, leaving behind their anchored* ship on the Danish shore. As they marched over the hills, the gold and silver of their battle dress shone brightly in the sunlight. Then they saw Heorot Hall, famous across all the middle-earth. They were amazed at how big it was and at just how beautiful it was too. The Danish soldier left Beowulf and his men at Heorot Hall. As he started his journey back to the cliffs, he said ‘I must go now back to my watch over the seas. But I wish you luck in your battle with this evil monster.’ In the stone street outside Heorot Hall, Beowulf and his men put down their shields* along the wall. Then they sat down on a bench to rest. guard to look after a place or person survive to stay alive

anchored to stop a boat from moving by dropping a heavy object into the water shields objects that soldiers carried to protect themselves

beowulf

As they waited outside Heorot Hall, one of King Hrothgar’s servants asked the Geats ‘Who are you? Why are you here? Where did you get your magnificent shields and weapons?’ Beowulf answered, ‘We are King Hygelac’s men. My name is Beowulf. I want to speak to your king, Hrothgar, son of Healfdene.’ Then Wulfgar, the brave and wise Wendel chief, said ‘I will tell King Hrothgar, king of the Danes, that you are here and want to speak to him. I will tell him about your journey here and then bring you his answer.’ Wulfgar went quickly to speak to King Hrothgar. He found the Danish king, white-haired and old, with his warriors inside Heorot Hall. He stood in front of the king and said, ‘Some men are here. They are Geats from King Hygelac’s land across the sea. Their leader is called Beowulf and he wants to speak to you. Please listen to them, my great king, Hrothgar. They are brave warriors with a good leader.’ After some time, King Hrothgar smiled and finally spoke, ‘Yes, I know Beowulf! I knew his father, Ecgtheow, too. He was married to Hrethel the Geat’s daughter. Beowulf is their son. I knew him when he was a little boy. Beowulf is a great warrior, strong and brave. Beowulf is here to help us fight the monstrous Grendel. Thank God! Quickly, bring Beowulf to me now! He and his men are welcome here in Denmark!’ So Wulfgar went to the door of Heorot Hall and shouted to Beowulf and his men, ‘Beowulf, my King sends you a message. He knows

chapter one

who you are and welcomes you to his land. Now go and greet King Hrothgar!’ Beowulf and some of his men stood up; the others stayed to watch over their weapons. Then they followed Wulfgar into Heorot Hall and standing in front of King Hrothgar, Beowulf said, ‘Greetings King Hrothgar! We are King Hygelac’s men. I am Beowulf, son of Ecgtheow, and I am famous for my bravery and strength in war. I heard stories of Grendel’s terror in my homeland and how this magnificent hall is empty at night. I am here to help you. My people saw me return from battle covered in my enemy*’s blood. I have killed monsters and beasts* at night. I will kill Grendel with my bare* hands for I hear that this terrible monster does not use weapons. So I will leave behind my sword, my armour and my shield. If I win, I’ll be even more famous and bring honour to King Hygelac too. If the evil Grendel wins the fight, he’ll surely kill all my men right here in Heorot Hall, as he did your noble men, and he’ll take away my bloody body and feast on it in his lair. If this is the result, please King Hrothgar, I ask you to send my armour to King Hygelac.’ After listening carefully to Beowulf, King Hrothgar finally spoke, ‘My dear friend Beowulf, I am honoured that you have come to help us in this difficult time. I remember your brave father well.’ King Hrothgar continued, ‘When he killed Heatholaf of the Wylfings, he started a great feud*. He couldn’t stay in his homeland, he wasn’t safe there. So he came to Denmark for help. This was when we were both young and I became king of this magnificent land when my dear enemy someone who is opposed to someone else beasts wild animals

bare nude feud a battle

beowulf

elder brother, Heorogar, died suddenly. To stop the feud, I sent jewels and gold across the sea to the Wylfings and your father was saved.’ King Hrothgar looked sad and continued, ‘And now this monster Grendel is bringing horror to my land. Twelve years of death and terror! The people in Heorot Hall, my great warriors are all victims of his terror. So many times, I have seen my brave warriors try to kill Grendel here in Heorot Hall, only to find them the next morning dead and bloodied. No one is strong enough to kill Grendel but you, my great Beowulf! Thank you for coming…but now, I see you are tired after your long journey over the sea to Denmark. Come with your men and dine with us.’ Then King Hrothgar stood up and led Beowulf into the banquet. Beowulf and his men were tired and hungry. They were happy to sit at King Hrothgar’s table and talk of how they would kill Grendel and rescue the Danes from his terror.

AFTER-READING ACTIVITIES

Reading 1

Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

King Healfdene had five children. King Hrothgar didn’t want to build Heorot Hall. Grendel killed thirteen men on his first visit to Heorot Hall. None of King Hrothgar’s men succeeded in killing Grendel. Beowulf arrived by boat in Denmark. The Danes knew why he was there. King Hrothgar didn’t know who Beowulf was. Ecgtheow was Beowulf’s son. King Hrothgar stopped a feud many years ago. King Hrothgar invited Beowulf to dine in Heorot Hall.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Vocabulary 2

Match the correct definition to each word. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

jewels wise banquet battle horror brave cliffs sword

a b c d e f g h

formal meal feeling of shock or fear not frightened a weapon with a long, sharp point valuable, coloured stones an area of high land sensible a fight between two groups

Writing 3

Write a short paragraph describing Beowulf. Answer the following questions: – where is he from? – who was his father? – what do you imagine he looks like? – describe Beowulf’s personality and strengths.

_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

PRE-READING ACTIVITY 3

4 Read these phrases, then as you listen to the first part of Chapter 2, tick the ones you DON’T hear. – The minstrel sang songs of joy and celebration. – Unferth was drinking lots of beer. – He was jealous and envious of these Geats. – Nobody could persuade you to stop. – You swam in the rough sea… – The night was cold and rainy. – Breca arrived at the shore before you… – There were many treasures and gifts – He will kill you just like everyone else… – Grendel is stronger than the sea monsters

FOCUS ON...

Beowulf Old English The epic poem Beowulf is written in Old English and is over 3,000 lines long. Old English is the language that the Anglo-Saxons spoke in England before the Norman Conquest in 1066. The story takes place in Denmark and Sweden and it tells the story of the warrior hero Beowulf and his battles with Grendel the monster, Grendelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s evil mother and finally with a dragon. Nobody knows for certain when Beowulf was written but there are references to 6th century Scandinavia. Nobody knows either who wrote Beowulf. The author is a mystery. It is believed, however, that the poem was told orally by bards over many years and each time it was modified a little until the existing copy of the manuscript was made in Anglo-Saxon England.

The only surviving medieval manuscript of Beowulf is now at the British Library in London. It has no date on it. However, researchers who analysed the handwriting think that it was made at the end of the 10th century or very beginning of the 11th century, so it is probably about 1,000 years old. Many people have owned the Beowulf manuscript over the centuries. The first recorded owner was Laurence Nowell who lived in the 16th century, then it passed to the Cotton family who gave it to the British Library.

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Modern Day Beowulf Although Beowulf is a story from Anglo-Saxon times, it continues to be very popular in the modern world. There are many different translations of the poem, including Dutch, Greek, Japanese, Italian and Russian versions, and the poem is studied around the world by students at school and university. One translation was by the Irish poet Seamus Heaney who won the Nobel Peace Prize for Literature in 1995.

There are also many films, novels, plays and even computer games inspired by the story of Beowulf. Among the most recent film versions are ‘Beowulf and Grendel’ (2005) starring Gerald Butler and ‘Beowulf’ (2007) starring Angelina Jolie as Grendel’s mother and Anthony Hopkins as King Hrothgar. Although its origins are unknown, Beowulf continues to attract modern audiences with its story of bravery and heroism. 103

FOCUS ON...

Medieval Denmark Danish Kings Denmark was one of the most powerful countries in Europe in the Medieval period. With the end of the prehistoric period, the Danes were then known as The Vikings between the 8th and 11th centuries. Viking explorers went on to discover Iceland, The Faroe Islands and Greenland. Viking raids were also very common. The first historically recognised ruler of Denmark was Gorm the Old, who was king from about 936 until 958. He ruled from Jelling and it is thought to be the real start of the Danish monarchy. It was his son, Harold Bluetooth, who united the Danes and officially recognised Christianity in the country. This story is recorded in the Jelling Stone, which remembers his parents, Gorm and Thyra, and also tells of his achievements. The Danish church eventually became very rich and powerful. By the end of the 13th century, the king and church controlled the majority of Danish land.

104

War and Union Medieval Denmark was largely an agricultural country and there were many large families with lots of land. A civil war broke out between these noble families and the king in the early 14th century, meaning King Christopher II had to give many things to these families in order to maintain royal power. Being located on the northern border of Germany, there was always the constant threat of attack and diplomatic activity was frequent during the Medieval period. There was always a special relationship with the other Scandinavian countries. In 1363, the 10-year old daughter of the Danish king Valdemar Atterdag, married Haakon VI of Norway. As a result, Margaret managed to unite the Nordic kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the Kalmar Union in 1397. Although Sweden broke from the union soon after, Norway and Denmark remained independent states with the same royal family and king until 1814. By the late Medieval period, there was more social divide, agriculture was still the principal industry and Danish towns were prospering in trade. 105

FOCUS ON...

Medieval Navigation Times of Discovery Transportation at sea flourished in Medieval times. Most Viking journeys followed rivers or coasts but they were also able to sail across the sea to discover new land. This was an amazing achievement at this time, as sailing was both dangerous and difficult. Towards the end of the Medieval period, courageous adventurers like Christopher Columbus excelled in sailing and navigation to discover even more distant lands. One of the things that helped navigation and sea transportation was the compass, which was first used by Europeans during this period. There were also many advances in shipbuilding.

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Knarrs The most commonly used sailing ship in the early Middle Ages was the Knarr. The Vikings used knarrs and they were cargo ships. They were powered by oars, and were usually about 16 metres long and could carry up to 24 tons. They carried goods like wool, timber, wheat, armour and weapons, and also often crossed the North Atlantic Sea carrying sheep, horses and stores to settlements in Greenland and Iceland. One well-preserved knarr was found in Denmark in 1962. Beowulf probably made his voyage to Denmark on a ship similar to the knarr. Later, two types of ships were used: the Cog and the Hulk. The Cog was often used for military transportation and as warships because they had steep sides that made it difficult for enemies to get onboard. The Hulk, however, was more of a river or canal boat and wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t used for ocean voyages. In the later Middle Ages, the Caravel and Carrack ships appeared in Europe. The Portuguese developed the Caravel for explorations. Perhaps the two most famous Caravel ships were the Nina and the Pinta, used by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage in 1492.

Compasses and Charts In order to navigate their boats, the Vikings often used their senses and practical knowledge of the sea. They may also have used Sunstone or a sun compass to locate the sun. There is evidence of this special crystal in 13th and 14th century Icelandic writing. By the late 15th century, however, nautical charts and compasses began to appear in Europe. 107

FOCUS ON...

Daily Life in Medieval Times Lord of the Manor The lives of the rich and poor in Medieval times were dominated by the feudal system, which was a social triangle with the rich at the top and the poor at the bottom. Until towns began to grow, most people lived on manors in rural areas. The manor included a manor house, farmland and a village, and there was a lord of the manor.

Banquets and Feasts Life on the manor was hard work for the poor, who worked in the fields, and their food was simple and boring. Life for the nobles was very different. The nobles often had feasts on important days or to celebrate weddings or tournaments. Feasts or banquets involved lots of elaborate food, such as wild game, fish, vegetables, fruit and desserts. There was also lots of singing, music and storytelling. Feasts were jovial events and people drank lots of beer. People wore elaborate, brightly coloured gowns and robes to banquets. They often wore silk clothes and sometimes their clothes were decorated with gold or silver thread. Beowulf attended banquets both in Heorot Hall and when he returned to his homeland. 108

Freetime Activities Medieval society also had many pastimes, including chess, bowling and swimming. When knights and warriors werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t at battle, they often challenged each other to tournaments or duels. These were mock battles and were usually used for military training. Jousting, where two knights challenged each other on horses, also took place and was a very popular spectator sport in the 13th century. A knight won when he hit his opponentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s helmet or shield, and often took the loserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s horse or armour as a prize.

Health and Hygiene Disease, however, was a constant concern in Medieval times. Hygiene was not a priority and medieval diets lacked vital vitamins and nutrients. Science progressed slowly and treatment was often impossible for the poor. The Black Death swept through Medieval Europe from about 1347 to 1351 and killed about 25% of the population. Originating in Asia, it arrived in Europe along the trading routes and was spread by rats and fleas. Medieval Europe was a difficult time for many but also colourful and vibrant as trade and discovery progressed.

109

TEST YOURSELF Read the sentences and decide if they are true (T) or false (F). 1 Beowulf was the King of Denmark’s son. ___ 2 Beowulf took six men with him to Denmark to help King Hrothgar. ___ 3 King Hrothgar didn’t want Beowulf in his country. ___ 4 Unferth was jealous of Beowulf and wasn’t happy to see him in Heorot Hall. ___ 5 Beowulf and Unferth both killed sea monsters with their swords. ___ 6 Heorot Hall was locked when Grendel arrived. ___ 7 Beowulf pulled Grendel’s leg off in their fight. ___ 8 King Hrothgar’s people cleaned Heorot Hall after Grendel and Beowulf’s fight. ___ 9 King Hrothgar had three sons and two daughters. ___ 10 Grendel’s mother wanted to retrieve her son’s arm. ___ 11 She killed King Hrothgar’s scribe. ___ 12 When Beowulf jumped into the lake, the water was very hot. ___ 13 Hrunting the sword helped Beowulf attack Grendel’s mother. ___ 14 Beowulf spoke to Unferth before he returned home. ___ 15 King Hrothgar expected to see Beowulf again soon. ___ 16 Beowulf disturbed the dragon and its hoard of jewels. ___ 17 The dragon knew immediately that something was missing from its hoard. ___ 18 Wiglaf ran away with the other men when he saw the dragon. ___ 19 Beowulf killed the dragon on his own. ___ 20 When Beowulf died, Wiglaf became the next king. ___

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SYLLABUS Verb Tenses Present Continuous: future plans and activities Past Perfect Simple: narrative, reported speech Future with will: offers, promises, predictions, etc Modal Verbs could: possibility should (present and future reference): advice might (present and future reference): possibility used to + infinitive (past habits)

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YOUNG ADULT

READERS

STAGE 1

Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe

STAGE 2

Charles Dickens, Great Expectations William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet Bram Stoker, Dracula William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Robert Louis Stevenson, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat John Buchan, Thirty-Nine Steps

STAGE 3 Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray William Shakespeare, Macbeth Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol Anonymous, Beowulf Robert Louis Stevenson, Kidnapped STAGE 4

James Joyce, Dubliners Mary Shelley, Frankenstein Henry James, The Turn of the Screw Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights Edgar Allan Poe, Stories of Mystery and Suspense Charles and Mary Lamb, Tales from Shakespeare Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities Anthony Hope, The Prisoner of Zenda Hermann Melville, Moby Dick George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss Jane Austen, Emma

STAGE 5

Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway Francis Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair

STAGE 6

Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness J. Borsbey & R. Swan, Editors, A Collection of First World War Poetry Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest

YOUNG ADULT

READERS LIGHT

Edgar Allan Poe, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket Natsume Soseki, Botchan