Flash on English Advanced

Step-by-step teaching notes, tips and background notes on cultural issues Wide offer of photocopiable testing materials Editable tests in the Multi-ROM Test Maker FLIP BOOK An interactive, IWB-compatible version of the Coursebook containing all recordings, links, reference materials and extras.

ADVANCED STUDENT ’S BOOK

For the Teacher

FL ASH on English

Clearly-structured units Double linguistic input in each unit Focus on authentic real-world language Clearly structured grammar presentations Extensive recycling and review of language Exploitation of different learning styles and mixed-ability features Culture lessons in every unit Grammar reinforcement with extensive explanations and practice in the Workbook

Richard Chapman Laura Clyde

FLASH on English is a motivating, easy-to-use, six-level course which takes learners from Beginner through to Advanced level.

The comprehensive syllabus provides thorough grammar, vocabulary and skills work, builds students’ language awareness and encourages fluency and self-confidence. The combination of printed, digital and online material enhances the learning experience and helps teachers respond to students’ needs.

Course components Student’s Book Workbook with Audio CD Teacher’s Resource Pack Class Audio CDs Multi-ROM Test Maker Teacher’s FLIP BOOK Flash on English Online Resources Common European Framework

pre-A1 A1

A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

ONLINE RESOURCES

Welcome to Flash on English Flash on English is your new English language course. On these two pages you will find some information to help you learn to use your textbook.

Flash on English contains 10 units, organised in this way: Double linguistic input Each unit opens with a first presentation text which can be in various formats (article, email, report).

The second presentation offers extracts from listenings (interviews, dialogues, reports) which aim at introducing topics, activity types and listening techniques you will need at advanced level.

Examples of grammatical structures and functions are presented in the Grammar and the Functions boxes, in a concise and clear form to allow the student full autonomy in carrying out the activities.

Flash Forward activities keep fast finishers busy.

The Use of English page focuses on the language knowledge structures and patterns you will need to produce written texts. It includes vocabulary and morphology activities, offering genuine practice of the Reading and Use of English paper of the Advanced exam.

The Flash on Grammar page is dedicated to presenting the grammar structures.

CAE Cambridge English: Advanced

The Flash on Skills section helps the students to develop the four language skills. Placed at the end of each unit, it alternately presents two types of text material.

CULTURE AND CIVILISATION Focuses on social and cultural aspects of the English-speaking world.

LITERATURE Texts aimed at familiarising students with literary genres.

The main grammar items are presented schematically in the Grammar Reference at the end of the book, with information about grammar rules and extensive examples.

A complete Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) practice test which includes useful tips as a guidance to the different parts and tasks you are expected to produce at C1 level.

Contents Unit

1

Trailblazers

Presentations

Grammar

Vocabulary

Reading Contemporary explorers

Present perfect simple and continuous Past simple and continuous Past perfect simple and continuous be used to + -ing / noun used to + infinitive

Achievements Weather and temperature

Third and mixed conditionals (past action and present consequence) Modals for possibility, impossibility and probability

Words and expressions to describe what people are like Phrasal verbs for family and relationship

Future simple Future perfect tenses Present continuous for future be going to, be about to

Words and expressions to describe the body and physical problems Common collocations

Comparatives and superlatives and other ways of comparing so ‌ such, as‌

Words and expressions dealing with technology and information Expressions connected with political campaigns

wish and if only let sb do sth and make sb do sth Obligation and lack of obligation (present and past) Conjunctions that introduce conditional clauses

Expressions for family and friends University and first job

Verb patterns Verbs of perception Adjectives + preposition + infinitive/gerund Verbs + infinitive Verbs + object + infinitive

Words and expressions describing people and interpersonal relations

Listening A conversation about a travel experience in France

p. 8

2

People Close to Us

Reading Nature versus nurture Listening People talking about non-traditional ways of meeting people

p. 16

Flashback 1-2

3

p. 24

The World of Sport

Reading Find out about the Cybathlon Listening People talking about the future

p. 26

4

Modern Communication p. 34

Flashback 3-4

5

Reading A magazine report about technonews Listening A talk about campaigning with new media

p. 42

Education and Jobs

Reading Regrets that five older people have Listening Radio programme about higher education

p. 44

6

Language and Communication p. 52

Flashback 5-6 4

p. 60

Reading A special kind of language learning Listening Five people talking about accents

Functions

Use of English

Skills

Expressing interest and asking follow-up questions

Phrasal verbs and expressions with set Multiple-choice cloze

Culture and civilisation

Sharing your experiences Telling a story about yourself

Phrasal verbs and expressions with down and up Phrases with fact Open cloze

Culture and civilisation

Ways to introduce your opinion

Phrasal verbs with on Connecting words: albeit, eventually, whenever, meanwhile Word formation cloze

Culture and civilisation

Discussing preferences and opinions

Complex phrasal verbs with get Sentence transformation

Sympathising and showing understanding (I’m sorry to hear that. / I don’t blame you. / That’s awful.)

Expressions with let Words and expressions with fancy Multiple-choice cloze

Saying you are going to do something

Impressions and opinions Collocations with gerunds Multiple-choice gap-fill

Reading An article about a foreign correspondent for the BBC Listening People talking about risk Speaking Asking each other questions about unusual/interesting

travel experiences Writing An essay about why young people don’t act to change the world

Reading Article about a woman who claims to have lived with

monkeys as a child Listening A talk by a student about a research project for a course in psychology Speaking Comparing pictures of people and animals doing things together Writing A review of a book or film

Reading The issue of doping in sport Listening Discussing the first Indigenous Games Speaking Suggestions to prevent people from cheating in examinations Writing A proposal for a new activity / a report of a sports event Culture and civilisation Reading Listening Speaking Writing

Gun laws in the US People talking about the first time they used Twitter Asking each other questions about social media Review of a computer game

Literature: Mrs Dalloway Reading Listening Speaking Writing

A passage from the book A talk by a student about some research for a course Comparing pictures about people feeling sad or regretful A letter

Culture and civilisation Reading Listening Speaking Writing

Future forms of English A talk on automatic translation Preparing for an interview An essay about becoming an interpreter

5

Contents Unit

7

Money and Business

Presentations

Grammar

Vocabulary

Reading A successful entrepeneur

Expressing yourself rhetorically in English Inversion and emphasis so and such

Words and expressions with business/money Phrases for emphasis Interview concepts

Relative clauses Participle clauses and other uses of -ing form

Describing art and entertainment Location and places to live

Introductory it Passive forms Causative have and get

Wildlife and climate change Health and medicine

Reported speech Main reporting verbs

Crime and punishment Words and expressions connected with frightening situations

Listening Digital profile talk

p. 62

8

Art and Entertainment p. 70

Flashback 7-8

9

Reading An article about a performance artist Listening People living in unusual places, on a houseboat or in a small house

p. 78

Weird Science

Reading Climate change and hybrid animals Listening The importance of vaccinations

p. 80

10

Detective Fiction

Reading A review of a non-fiction book about a crime in Victorian England

p. 88

Flashback 9-10

6

Listening People talking about their strange experience

p. 96

Flash on CAE

p. 98

Grammar reference

p. 118

Phrasal verbs

p. 126

Irregular verbs

p. 129

Audioscripts

p. 130

Functions

Use of English

Skills

Doing an interview

Phrasal verbs and expressions for business, job and interviews Word formation cloze

Literature: The Adventure of the Speckled Band

Responding to opinions

Phrasal verbs and expressions with over Words and expressions with house and home Open cloze

Saying you don’t understand Asking for clarification Confirming that you understand

Collocations with adverbs Expressions with make Sentence transformation

Reporting what people said Recounting unlikely events

Phrasal verbs Expressions connected with fear Open cloze

Reading A passage from the book Listening Ways of learning new information Speaking Asking each other questions about job interviews Writing Essay on how to get funds for non-governmental organisations Culture and civilisation Reading Listening

Speaking Writing

A blog by a traveller about his visit to Bikini Atoll Three conversations about survivalism, alternative schools and gaming competitions An alternative education system A review of an unusual event or alternative way of life

Literature: The Island of Dr Moreau Reading A passage from the book Listening People talking about human embryo research Speaking Scientific and medical developments Writing An essay about issues around human-animal embryo research Culture and civilisation Reading Listening Speaking Writing

An article about an unexplained occurrence Different conversations about school and education Questions on general topics Review of a TV documentary

7

1

Trailblazers Contemporary explorers

1

Work with a partner. Look at the photo of the people in the desert and answer the questions.

What do you think the people are doing?

What do you think drives people to do something like this?

2

1.02 Read and listen to the article about contemporary explorers. Which of them impresses you most and why?

3 CAE

Choose from the explorers (A-F) to answer the questions. Explorers may be chosen more than once.

Which explorer…

1 doesn’t use a bicycle for exploring, as far as we know?

2 has made money to help people through her adventures?

3 proved that exploring doesn’t need to be expensive?

4 chooses destinations where she can get away from other people?

5 encourages all kinds of people of all ages to be adventurous, too?

6 has had the longest adventure, both in distance and time?

7 had a completely different kind of job before becoming an explorer?

8 is leaving it to other people to decide her travel plans for her latest adventure?

4 Match the definitions with the words and

8

phrases in bold in the article.

1 for very little money (idiom) ________________ 2 lacking resources and opportunities (adj) ________________ 3 the ability to keep doing something difficult for a long period of time (n) ________________ 4 captain of a boat or ship (n, informal) ________________ 5 the daily routine of activity, necessary to earn a living (n, informal) ________________ 6 the most basic and necessary things (n) ________________ 7 to stay overnight in someone else’s home free of charge or at a low cost (v, informal) ________________ 8 to try to persuade someone to do something (v, formal) ________________ 9 very tiring, requiring a lot of effort (adj) ________________ 10 when you try to do or to get something difficult (n, formal) ________________

A Anna McNuff Just start; that’s the best way to get going on an adventure, according to Anna McNuff who urges people to leave their fears at home and get outside. She would know. In 2013, she cycled seven months and 11,000 miles on a pink bike taking in every state in the US. Last year she ran 1,911 miles along New Zealand’s Te Araroa trail. She recently walked out of her back gate with a backpack and an open European itinerary to be decided by votes from her followers on social media. McNuff is also on a mission to get children outdoors and exploring.

Through her endurance challenges, she’s raised awareness, as well as more than £20,000 for the charities Right to Play and The Outward Bound Trust.

B Belinda Kirk Kirk’s quest is to get people to live more adventurously. She has walked across Nicaragua, searched for camels in China’s Taklamakan desert, the so-called Desert of Death, discovered rock paintings in Lesotho and was skipper of the first female crew to row non-stop around Britain, in a punishing 2,101-mile, 51day voyage. She launched Explorers Connect, a social enterprise connecting people to adventures in the UK and overseas in 2009. It’s now a community of 25,000 from total beginners to experienced explorers who can link up with adventures, teammates and adventure industry jobs. Currently, she’s establishing Britain’s first national day of adventure, Wild Night Out, to help disadvantaged kids get outdoors. ‘I’ve seen adventure change people’s lives, by giving inspiration and building confidence, creativity and a reconnection with nature,’ she says.

C Sarah Outen Outen set out from Tower Bridge in April 2011 on her global expedition London2London via the World. Her body was her only engine. Four and a half years and 25,000 miles later she had rowed, cycled and kayaked her way around the northern hemisphere. Nothing stopped her; not even hurricanes, typhoons or loneliness. Outen’s first major expedition was a solo row across the Indian Ocean in 2009, where she set records as the first woman and youngest person to accomplish such a feat.

FLASH FORWARD With your partner, make a list of the different sports and physical activities mentioned in the article. Then tell your partner which ones you have done and which ones you would – and wouldn’t – like to do and why.

1

Vocabulary: Achievements

6 Match these words to make expressions to talk

D Sarah Williams She is a runner, skydiver, bungee jumper, climber, cyclist and world traveller … and a former banker. In 2013 she swapped the rat race for marathons and other gruelling challenges and is currently training for the world’s toughest footrace, the 200-mile Marathon des Sables across the Sahara. Now an adventure aficionado, Williams’ new vocation is to motivate and inspire women and girls to challenge themselves. She’s the founder and host of the Tough Girl podcast, weekly interviews where female adventurers share their journeys first-hand.

E Emma Timmis Timmis is a runner, cyclist and climber, she was honoured in the 2015 National Adventure Awards for physical endeavour. At 32, she has already tackled some of the world’s toughest challenges, but takes it all in her stride. Last May, Timmis discarded her running shoes and rollerskated across the Netherlands in seven days with a friend. Thanks to couchsurfing and imaginative budgeting, they only spent £245 each – proving that adventures can be created on a shoestring.

7

F Dervla Murphy A travel legend, Murphy has always blazed her own trails.

Now in her 80s, she continues to journey around the world as she has for more than five decades – usually alone and mostly on a bicycle. She travels with the bare minimum, counting on the hospitality of local people. Her daughter Rachel and three grand-daughters live in Italy and join Murphy on her journeys when possible. ‘Choose your country, use guidebooks to identify the areas most frequented by foreigners – and then go in the opposite direction,’ says Murphy.

GRAMMAR

Past simple and Past perfect Last year she ran 1,911 miles along New Zealand’s Te Araroa trail.

Four and a half years and 25,000 miles later she had rowed, cycled and kayaked her way around the northern hemisphere.

Grammar reference p. 118

5 Choose the correct option.

1 By the time she was/had been twenty, she ran/ had run ten marathons and rowed across the Atlantic.

2 In January 2016, he left/had left his job and began/had begun a two-year journey around the world.

3 They never went/had never been out of the United States before they went/had been on their trip to Europe last year.

4 I was/had been late getting out of the meeting and by the time I got/had got to the station the train just left/had just left.

about achievement. Find them in the article and check that you know what they mean.

1 blaze a awareness 2 be on b endeavour 3 raise c your stride 4 set d a trail 5 accomplish/perform e a/the challenge 6 physical/human/artistic f a mission 7 take sth in g a/the feat 8 tackle h a record Complete the sentences with an expression from exercise 6 in the correct form.

1 Barack Obama ____________ for people of colour by becoming the first black president of the USA. 2 The Dutch sailor Laura Dekker ____________ of sailing solo around the world when she was only sixteen and succeeded – she was very young to ____________ like that.

3 Online pressure groups like Avaaz.org and Change.org are committed to ____________ worldwide about social and political issues – they’re ____________ to make the world a better place.

4 During the 2016 US election campaign, Donald Trump seemed to ____________ all the criticism of him ____________ – incredibly, it didn’t seem to affect him much at all!

5 Serena Williams has ____________ as the highest-earning female athlete of all time in terms of prize money.

6 When you’re a top athlete, you have to train for hours every day – it’s a real ____________.

Say it!

8 Work with a partner. Talk about what these

people and organisations have achieved and/or are achieving by using expressions from exercise 7. Add other people and organisations to the list if you want to.

J.K. Rowling Simone Biles Hillary Clinton Rafa Nadal Christine Lagarde Cristiano Ronaldo

Medecins sans Frontieres Friends of the Earth Beyoncé Felix Baumgartner Amnesty International The Red Cross

9

1

Intrepid holidaymakers 1

Work with a partner. Look at the photos of places in the region of Provence in France. What makes an area like this so popular for holidays?

FLASH FORWARD

2

1.03 Listen to Liz talking to her friend Rick about a recent holiday she went on in France with a friend. How did they travel around?

3

10

1.03 Listen again and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1 Liz managed the cycling easily.

2 Liz hadn’t done any training for the trip.

3 Liz did a lot of cycling in the past, but doesn’t do so much anymore.

4 They managed to cycle to their destination each day.

5 On the second day of the trip, the weather went from one extreme to another.

6 They didn’t have protective clothes to keep themselves dry.

7 They couldn’t find anywhere to get out of the rain.

8 Getting to Avignon was expensive.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Imagine you could go on a cycling holiday.

Plan the trip by answering these questions.

Where would you go?

How long would you go for?

Who would you go with?

How many kilometres would you be able to cycle each day?

Where would you stay?

How would you train for the trip?

Is there anything else that you would need to plan?

Work with a partner. Find out about each other’s cycling holidays.

GRAMMAR

Present perfect simple and Present perfect continuous I haven’t done anything since we got back.

I’ve been recovering ever since!

Grammar reference p. 118

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verb in brackets – the Present perfect simple or the Present perfect continuous.

1 I ________ (cook) for the party since early this morning. Now, I’m so tired, I don’t feel like partying at all!

2 You ________ (fail) the course? I don’t believe it! What ________ you ________ (do) all year? ________ you ________ (not study)?

3 He ________ (not play) a match since last December, when he injured his leg. He ________ (recover) ever since.

4 We ________ (work) on this project for the past year, and there ________ (be) so many problems with it that I ________ (really have) enough!

5 British citizens who ________ (live) outside of the UK for more than 15 years can’t vote in UK elections or referendums.

6

Correct the mistakes with used to + infinitive and be used to + -ing/noun in the sentences.

One sentence is correct.

1 I used to go to the cinema a lot, but I never seem to have time anymore.

2 She’s got three young kids and a full-time job, so she used to multitask!

3 A Did you use to have long hair when you were younger?

B Yeah, it was really long. It was used to coming down to the middle of my back!

4 He didn’t use to like living in London, but now he does – after ten years, he used to live there.

Vocabulary: Weather and temperature 7

GRAMMAR

Past continuous, Past perfect simple and Past perfect continuous So, anyway, we were sitting there…

But I thought you’d done loads of training for the trip, hadn’t you?

I’d been thinking that we could find a café.

Grammar reference pp. 118-119

I used to do a lot of cycling in the past.

I’m not used to cycling up hills.

I’m just not used to such an intense pace anymore.

Grammar reference p. 119

baking (adj) blow (v) breeze (n) brighten up (v) clear up (v) cloud over (v) cool down (v) cool (aj) drenched (adj) drizzle (n and v) heat wave (n) overcast (adj) pour down (v) set in(v) shower (n) soaked (adj) squelching (adj) sweltering (adj) freezing (adj) downpour (n) clear (adj) cold spell (n) die down (v)

Expressing interest and asking follow-up questions So, how did it go?

When did you…?

Oh, really?

What happened?

Yeah, I know what you mean.

It sounds (really) amazing/ grim/awful etc.!

No? Why/Why not?

Oh, right.

So what did you do?

I can imagine.

Say it!

8 Think of a time when you have experienced

extreme weather. What happened? Work with a partner and tell each other your stories using vocabulary from exercise 7 and expressions from the Functions box.

Critical thinking

9 Work with a partner. Read about a trip that a

GRAMMAR

used to + infinitive, be used to + -ing/noun

Put the weather and temperature words from the box under rain, wind, sky, hot, wet or cold in your notebook. Add any others that you know.

FUNCTIONS

5

Underline the correct alternative.

1 By the time the concert started, it was raining/ had been raining for hours and the field was badly flooded.

2 I hadn’t waited/hadn’t been waiting very long before she arrived.

3 We had stood/were standing there, wondering how we had ended up/had been ending up in this situation, when Lucy finally arrived with the key.

4 Tim Why do you think they didn’t win?

Sara I don’t think they had had/had been having enough practice in such high

temperatures, that was the problem.

5 She said that she had worked/had been working all day and that she wasn’t having/ hadn’t had time to eat anything.

6 He asked us if we were calling/had been calling him, as he’d received/had been receiving lots of missed calls from an unknown number.

1

group of students is planning and make a list of a) what could go wrong, and b) what they could do to prevent things going wrong.

Five university students plan to go on a week’s walking tour in a remote hill area in late October. They have tents and supplies of dried food, but assume that there will be places to buy more food. None of them have walking boots, only trainers. They don’t take a map with them, as they intend to rely on maps on their mobile phones.

11

1

Use of English Phrasal verbs and expressions with set

1 Underline the phrasal verbs and expressions

with set in the sentences, then match them with their meaning in definition a-h.

1 I’m all set. Are you ready?

2 They set the company up in 2004, and it’s been doing really well ever since.

3 I set him straight on a thing or two – I was really fed up with him thinking that about me.

4 Failing the exam is a real setback. It means I can’t start university this year.

5 We set off/out really early this morning, around 6 a.m., as we had a long journey ahead of us.

6 She’s really set on going to Australia next year.

She’s working hard to save money for the trip.

7 He’s dead set against going to university. He wants to leave school and start work.

8 She set up the cameras and computers ready for the video meeting.

a b c

d e f g

h

2

Work with a partner. Tell them about: a setback that you’ve had; something that you’re (dead) set against; something that you’re really set on; a time that you set someone straight on something; something that you, or someone you know, has set up.

to prepare and/or put together equipment to be ready to go prepared for a situation to be very sure that you don’t want to do something a delay caused by something going wrong to have that thing as your target or focus to start a journey when someone has the wrong idea about you and you correct the misinformation to start a business or organisation

Vocabulary: Travel and exploring

3 Match the words to make collocations and

12

expressions about exploring and travel. Check that you know what they mean. a 1 follow in story 2 head into b the unknown 3 history came c challenge 4 an inhospitable d an expedition 5 an inspiring e tribute to sth or sb 6 a momentous f the footsteps of sb 7 pay g alive 8 replicate h place

4 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the

following questions.

1 Who would you like to follow in the footsteps of?

2 Have you ever had a history teacher that has made history come alive for you?

3 Have you heard an inspiring story in the news recently?

4 What’s the most inhospitable place that you’ve ever been to?

5 Can you think of an expedition that you’ve heard about that you’d like to replicate?

5 CAE

For questions 1-8, read about two more contemporary adventurers and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Justine Gosling is a time traveller: she fuses all the things she loves best – history, exercise and (1) _____ stories – into momentous (2) _____ that reignite the past.

She had never been on an expedition when she (3) _____ in August 2015 to travel 5,000 miles on foot and bicycle along the 15 countries bordering the iron curtain separating western Europe from the former Soviet Union.

Postwar history came (4) _____ for her, a physiotherapist, who was four years old when the Berlin Wall came down.

Jacki Hill-Murphy has travelled to inhospitable places to recreate the journeys of daring female adventurers from the past. In tracking four valiant women who left inhibition at home and (5) _____ into the unknown, she pays tribute to their spirit and achievements. She has (6) _____ in the footsteps of Victorian explorers Isabella Bird, who travelled by yak across the Digar-La Pass in India, and Mary Kingsley – who pioneered the route to the summit of the volcano Mount Cameroon; and also Kate Marsden, who trudged from Moscow to Siberia in search of a cure for leprosy.

Hill-Murphy also braved piranha-infested waters in a canoe to (7) _____ the 1769 expedition of Isabel Godin, the only survivor of a 42-person, 3,000-mile expedition along the Amazon. Hill-Murphy’s (8) _____ and those of her heroines come to life in her recent book, Adventuresses.

1 A uninspiring

B inspiring 2 A challenges

B difficulties 3 A set up

B set on 4 A up

B alive 5 A headed

B lead 6 A traced

B followed 7 A duplicate

B repeat 8 A travelling

B travel

C accomplished D gruelling C endurance D endeavour C set against D set off C true D live C fell D happened C wandered D chased C revise D replicate C travels D traveller

Flash on Grammar Past simple and Past perfect

1 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in the box, Past simple or Past perfect.

already close always want arrive be love miss never try not realise spend you not go

1 A By the time we ________ at the airport, the check-in desk ________ and we ________ our flight.

B What bad luck!

2 I ________ bungee jumping before going on holiday to New Zealand.

3 I ________ the whole evening speaking to Maria – I ________ before how interesting she is.

4 A How ________ your trip to Paris?

B Wonderful! I really ________ it!

A ________ there before?

B No, never. I ________ to, though.

Present perfect simple and Present perfect continuous

2

Underline the correct alternative.

1 He’s worked/’s been working from home for the past six months, and he says his life has really changed/has really been changing for the better.

2 OK, we’ve shopped/’ve been shopping since 10 o’clock this morning and I’ve had/’ve been having enough! It’s time to go home.

3 I’ve been/’ve been being ill and haven’t managed/haven’t been managing to do much revision over the past few days. I hope I don’t fail the exam.

4 You look nice and relaxed. What have you done/been doing?

used to + infinitive, be used to + -ing/noun

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to and a word from the box.

do go not live play see not sit work

1 We ________ a lot of each other when we were younger, but then somehow we lost touch.

2 A ________ quite a lot of sport?

B Yeah, I ________ tennis at least twice a week, and I ________ running regularly, but I just don’t have time now, what with work and the kids.

3 I ________ in the country. I find it too quiet and isolated. I want to move back to the city.

4 She didn’t like the job at first – she ________ at a computer all day – but now she doesn’t mind it.

5 My parents ________ in Barcelona. That’s where they met.

Round up!

5

Complete a blog post about an experience while flying, by choosing the best option (A or B).

Past continuous, Past perfect simple and Past perfect continuous

3 Complete the sentences with the Past

continuous, Past perfect simple or Past perfect continuous form of the verb in brackets.

1 For years, he ________ (say) that he wanted to study Engineering at university, but then he failed Physics and had to rethink his plans.

2 My mum ________ (live) in Berlin at the time that the wall came down, in 1989.

3 He said that he ________ (have) a really good time at the party, but then his ex-girlfriend arrived.

4 A You’re here at last! I thought you ________ (miss) the bus.

B No, but the police stopped the bus and arrested the driver. Apparently he ________ (drink).

The best way to travel for me is by plane. I (1) _____ it ever since I first (2) _____ on a plane, when I was four.

I (3) _____ all over the world, for holidays and for my job, and there (4) _____ one time when I (5) _____ a bit scared. It was on a flight from Madrid to New York and we were about halfway there, flying over the Atlantic. The plane (6) _____ around a bit due to turbulence, but it (7) _____ me, really – I (8) _____ it. But then, suddenly, we (9) _____ what seemed like hundreds of metres. Lots of people (10) _____, me included! The captain (11) _____ an announcement, explaining that we (12) _____ an air pocket, and that this (13) _____ the plane to drop, but that everything was OK. What a relief that was! Generally, though, I (14) _____ on a plane now that I find it quite relaxing and usually fall asleep quite soon after take off.

1 A ’ve been enjoying 2 A went 3 A had been flying 4 A ’d only ever been 5 A felt 6 A has been moving 7 A hadn’t bothered 8 A used to 9 A had just fallen 10 A had been screaming 11 A has made 12 A had hit 13 A had caused 14 A so used to be

B ’ve enjoyed B had been B ’ve flown B ’s only ever been B used to feel B had been moving B didn’t use to bother B ’m used to B just fell B screamed B made B hit B have been causing B ’m so used to being 13

1

1

Flash on Skills Life at risk Before you read

1 You’re going to read an article about John

Simpson, a foreign correspondent for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).

Before you read, work with a partner and make a list of risks that you think the job of foreign correspondent could involve.

Reading

2 Read the article. Are any of the risks from your list in exercise 1 mentioned?

3 CAE

Read again. For questions 1-6 choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

1 The words ‘the doctor’s dire warning’ mean that the doctor thought that Simpson…

A was seriously ill.

B needed to stay in hospital for several days.

C would never work again.

D was about to die.

2 Which sentence best describes Simpson’s situation at the time the article was written?

A He surprised his doctors by recovering so quickly, and they have declared him fit for work.

B He is fully recovered from his illness and has already returned to work.

C He is keen to return to work after his illness and is following the advice of his doctor.

D He is keen to return to work after his illness, but is not following the advice of his doctor.

3 In relation to the job of a foreign correspondent, Simpson says that…

A the job as he has known it is dying out due to new technologies and lack of money to fund it.

B in 20 to 30 years’ time, there won’t be any foreign reporting due to lack of money to pay for it.

C his book will help train people to become foreign correspondents in the traditional sense.

D foreign correspondents can’t do such a good job if they’re not reporting from the scene of the action.

4 We get the impression from the article that Simpson…

A has never liked working for the BBC. B has criticisms about how the BBC is run, but feels that it is part of his identity.

C would like to be a BBC manager or a government minister himself.

D has used his new book to complain about his life spent working for the BBC. 14

John Simpson, has survived gunfire in Baghdad, Belgrade and Tiananmen Square; but the BBC’s intrepid world affairs editor almost died from eating some dodgy haddock far closer to home.

Three days after coming out of hospital, Simpson sits nursing a glass of red wine in an Oxford hotel still looking mildly surprised that some Monday morning kedgeree could have led to a doctor predicting his imminent demise. ‘I’ve been close to death a lot, but I’ve never been close to death through natural causes,’ he says.

With his face still a shade darker than his trademark linen jackets, the only sign of the near-fatal illness is a slightly weaker voice. Yet the fish combined with some pills he’d been taking for decades ended in a ‘kind of storm’, blood poisoning and kidney failure. He spent 10 days in hospital and confounded the doctors by sitting up in bed within two days of the doctor’s dire warning.

‘I’ll be back working soon,’ says the 72-year-old, before admitting that the doctors have advised him neither to rush back, nor drink.

Set to celebrate 50 years working for the BBC this year, Simpson is not meant to be talking to the Guardian about his brush with death (he is saving that for a piece in a rival newspaper) but about his latest book.

A potted history of foreign reporters interspersed with accounts from his own illustrious career – from travelling with Ayatollah Khomeini to Tehran in 1979 to entering Afghanistan in a burqa for wars in the 1980s and 1990s – Simpson describes the book as a ‘training manual for a job that’s virtually disappearing’.

He has no doubt that financial constraints combined with the rise of the smartphone has done for the sort of eyewitness, dustyshoe reporting he and the heroes in his book have enjoyed.

‘The money’s gone,’ he says mournfully. ‘I’m sure that there’ll be foreign news, of course ... But the grand tradition which goes back hundreds of years, it ain’t going to go forward more than 20 or 30.’

He may agree that the book is a bit of a requiem and yet, his tales of midnight dashes and near misses during a conversation that lasts for two and a half hours is much more of a celebration Rude about both government ministers and BBC management, he is too entertaining to pass for either. Yet he is BBC to the core.

When he mentions how moved he was by his grown-up children (he also has a 10-year-old from his second marriage) weeping round his bedside, he admits: ‘They would have perfect right to feel I haven’t put them first.’ What did he put first, I ask.

5 Simpson realises that…

A his commitment to his job has affected his family negatively over the years.

B that his family would be justified in feeling that he has prioritised his job over them.

C the danger that he put himself in with his job made his family very upset.

D he was right in putting his job before his family.

6 As an employee, Simpson could be best described as…

A obedient and faithful.

B hard-working and tough.

C independent and fearless.

D questioning and cautious.

Culture and civilisation ‘The bloody BBC! Nothing else. I certainly haven’t put my wives or girlfriends first, God knows I haven’t.’

Simpson, who comes alive talking about being bustled across Syria with the Russian army this July (‘it was tremendous, enjoyable, difficult!’), cannot be easy to manage. Whenever the BBC have told him not to go places he has ‘always ignored them’ and tells the tale of being held in Syria for 24 hours after pretending to be an academic.

He uses his Irish passport for all the ‘wild and woolly places’ where the UK is an enemy or where there is a risk of kidnap. The Irish government would be much more likely to ‘see a PR advantage in trying to get me out,’ he says. ‘I think the UK government would be glad to demonstrate their toughness and then no doubt send a junior minister to my funeral.’

I ask if there are any no-go areas, and immediately regret it.

‘There’s nowhere I wouldn’t go! That’s the job.’

6 The father’s attitude to eating fugu in the future…

A is the same as his daughter’s.

B is much the same as it was in the 1980s.

C changed after he found out about the fatalities at a nearby restaurant.

Speaking 5

Listening 4

1.04 CAE You will hear two different extracts where people are talking about risk.

For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear.

Extract 1 You hear a man called Fred telling a friend about a time in his life when he was at risk.

1 What impression is given from the conversation of the relationship between Fred and his stepmother?

A They tolerated each other, but didn’t have a great relationship.

B He had a good relationship with her and they enjoyed doing things together.

C She tried her best to develop a good relationship with him, but he rejected all her efforts.

2 Which sentence best describes the situation of risk that Fred was in?

A He brought it on himself.

B It was unavoidable due to the circumstances.

C Another person put him at risk.

3 How did Fred react to the situation of risk?

A He realised the full impact of his situation at the time that the event happened.

B He felt bad at the time of the event, but the full impact didn’t hit him until later.

C He felt uncomfortable in the situation, but understood the need for it.

Extract 2 You hear a father telling his daughter about a time that he took a risk.

4 How does the father respond to his daughter’s question about risk?

A He isn’t sure how to answer the question.

B He jokes about it before getting to the point.

C He gives various true examples of his risktaking experiences.

5 Before he ate the ‘fugu’ fish, the father…

A didn’t have any idea about the risks of eating it.

B was fully aware of the risks.

C had some idea of the risk, but didn’t know about it fully until later on.

CAE Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.

1 What’s the riskiest thing you’ve ever done?

2 What’s the most unusual thing that you’ve ever eaten?

3 What has been your most interesting travel experience?

4 Which countries would you consider too “highrisk” to go to? Why? 5 Which politician or political activist do you admire the most? Why?

Writing 6

CAE You have been to a talk led by a wellknown foreign correspondent and political activist in your country. She argued that most young people today don’t do enough to change the world compared to people of her generation – she thinks they are apathetic and afraid of taking risks.You have made the notes below:

Reasons young people don’t take action prefer to spend time in a virtual world on screen, not in real world scared to get involved fatalistic about future

Some opinions expressed in the discussion ‘Social media is an effective way of mobilising people for a cause.’

‘It’s a fact that there is more to be frightened of today – the world is a scarier place than it used to be.’

‘Governments and big businesses have control of everything. What can I as an individual do?’

Write an essay of 220-260 words in an appropriate style discussing two of the reasons in your notes that young people don’t act to change the world. You should explain which is more to blame, giving reasons to support your opinion.

You can make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion if you want to, but you should use your own words as far as possible.

15

1

2

People Close to Us Nature versus nurture

The ‘nature versus nurture’ debate is never far from your mind when you’re an adopted child. While most children spend their formative years being told they have their mother’s brains, their father’s looks, and a host of other inherited traits, adopted children often find themselves wondering who they get their characteristics from, both physical and psychological, and just how different they’d be if they’d grown up with their birth parents.

I was adopted at six months from an orphanage in Eritrea, north-east Africa, by a British academic and his American wife. By the time I was seven, my mum had died and I was living with my dad in Manchester.

1 Work with a partner. Look at the photos and

answer the questions.

What do you think the relationship is between the people in each photo?

What do you understand by the concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ in relation to someone’s personality?

How do you think this relates to the photos?

1 When people came to our front door looking for my dad, they always assumed they’d got the wrong house. But if they stayed for a cup of tea, they too would realise we are similar in many ways. It’s the same with my brother and sister (my dad remarried and had two more children). There is a way of being that makes us identifiable as a family.

2 When I ask my 21-year-old brother Tom if I’m at all like my dad, he bursts out laughing: ‘Yeah, you’re getting more and more like him with every day,’ he says. This is both alarming and comforting. ‘You’re both very moral, non-judgmental and easy to talk to. You’re similar in conversations, even your houses are similar: there’s lots of wood everywhere and books on every surface. Oh, and you’re messy, too, and you’re really into your food - but then both of those last two are a given in our family,’ he adds. My sister Lydia, 16, agrees: ‘You’re both quite snobby about food and you’ve both got very strong points of view. Dad’s stubborn and so are you. And when you get angry you both go very quiet and have a moody face.’

2 CAE

You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article about one woman’s experience of nature versus nurture. Four paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs (A-E), the one which fits each gap (1-4). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

3 Read the article again and decide if the

sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1 Hannah Pool believes that her personality was the result of the nature that she was born with.

2 Other members of Hannah’s adoptive family think that Hannah is very similar to her adoptive father.

3 Hannah didn’t know that she wasn’t an orphan until she was already grown up.

4 Hannah gives the impression that she doesn’t have a high opinion of her biological father.

5 Hannah felt that she was similar in various ways to members of her family in Eritrea.

3

___ ___

___

___

4 Match the definitions with the words and phrases in bold in the article.

1 brothers or sisters (n plural)

2 a chemical in the body containing genetic information (n)

3 features of somebody’s character (n plural)

4 a large number of things or people (phrase) 16

Ten years later I walked into a room to meet my birth father, my sister and three brothers. Suddenly the nature/nurture debate became more real. Instead of being an abstract concept, it had a face; five faces to be precise. Would I have any similarities to my birth family, beyond the physical?

After all, DNA aside, they were strangers.

___

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

5 shocked (adj) ___________ 6 something that is certain (phrase) ___________ 7 the biological mother and father of a child (n plural) ___________

8 very annoyed (adj) ___________

9 to think that something is wrong (phrase) ___________ 10 a feeling of excitement (n) ___________

FLASH FORWARD Work with a partner. Make a list of the different people and things that can affect a child as they grow up. Compare your list with another pair, then discuss which you think has the greatest influence.

Adopted at six months, Hannah Pool was naturally curious about nature versus nurture. Here, she relives the day the debate came to life ...

5 Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs in brackets.

1 If he had made more effort at school, he _______ (get) a place at university last year.

2 If she hadn’t missed the deadline for applications, she _______ (be) at university now.

3 I think I would be a very different person if I _______ (born) in a different country.

4 We _______ (be) there by now if you _______ (not take) so long to get ready!

5 If I _______ (adopt), I would definitely want to try and find my birth parents.

6 We _______ (not live) in this lovely house now if we _______ (not get) such a good price for our old one.

4 It took a few more meetings with my birth family before I had any sense of their personalities. Gradually I discovered that my birth father is a kind, calm, clever man. He is both traditional and liberated in his outlook: he took issue with the length of my skirt (too short), but he never questioned why it took me so long to trace them (too scared). All of my birth siblings are full of energy, excitable even; we all have high-pitched voices and loud laughs.

One of my favourite moments in Eritrea was an argument I had with my sister, Timnit, over whether or not I should visit the village in which I was born. My sister didn’t think I could manage the difficult three-hour walk (I was convinced I could). Despite the fact she was speaking Tigrinya and I was speaking English we were both standing up, talking over each other, pointing our fingers in the other’s faces and refusing to back down. Eventually both of us fell about laughing. ‘I just saw what it would have been like if I’d grown up with both of you,’ said my exasperated birth brother, Medhanie.

A My dad is white and I am black, so there was never a moment when I did not know that I was adopted. However, due to the fact that I am as stubborn as an ox, incredibly cynical and have a filthy sense of humour, I was also aware from an early age that, in many ways, I take after my adoptive father.

B There was much crying, hugging and kissing (them) and a fair bit of stunned silence (me). Later, in the same room, my siblings and I compared everything from skin colour to foot size. But while this was a thrill, I’d come looking for more than just physical similarities.

C Ever since, I’ve wondered whether my detached reaction to

Vocabulary: Expressions describing people’s character

6

Match these words to make expressions to describe people’s character. Find them in the article and check that you know what they mean.

1 be as stubborn a about (food) 2 have a filthy b as an ox 3 have a relaxed c energy attitude d into (your food) 4 be easy to e points of view 5 be (really) f sense of humour 6 be snobby g talk to 7 have got very h to (tidiness) strong i your/his/her 8 be traditional in outlook 9 be liberated in j your/his/her 10 be full of outlook

7

such an intensely emotional experience was because, thanks to my dad, when it comes to public displays of emotion, I am inherently British.

D So that’s nurture taken care of. What about nature? When I was adopted, my mum and dad were told I had no immediate family; I was an orphan. Then, at 19, I got a letter that informed me that my birth father was still alive, and I had siblings.

E There are the obvious external similarities, such as our love of good food, music and the fact we all have what can best be described as a relaxed attitude to tidiness. Then there are the elements of my personality that may or may not have anything to do with the way I was brought up.

GRAMMAR

Third and mixed conditionals (past action and present consequence) ‘I just saw what it would have been like if I’d grown up with both of you.’

Adopted children often find themselves wondering just how different they’d be if they’d grown up with their birth parents.

Grammar reference p. 119

2

Complete the sentences with an expression from exercise 6.

1 He’s _______ food – he’ll only eat at the most expensive restaurants.

2 Once he’s made up his mind about something, he won’t change his opinion. He’s as _______.

3 She never seems to get tired. She’s absolutely _______.

4 They’re quite _______. They’re not going to live together before they get married.

5 She’s really _______ her food. She loves cooking and is always watching cookery programmes.

6 I’ve got a pretty _______. I really don’t care if the house is a bit messy, as long as it’s clean and warm!

7 We ended up chatting for ages. She was surprisingly _______.

8 What a _______ she’s got – I couldn’t believe some of the things she said! I’m glad my parents weren’t around to hear!

Say it!

8

Work with a partner. Talk about the traits that you have in common with the other members of your family and how you are different to them.

17

2

Meeting people 1 Work with a partner. Match the following ways of meeting people (1-5) with their definitions (a-e).

1 speed dating

a

2 online dating

b

3 find-a-friend apps

c

4 blind dates

d

5 social networking

e

a social meeting with someone that you’ve never met before, usually organised by a mutual friend, with a view to starting a romantic relationship an event where you talk to a lot of people for a short time to see if you’re interested in them for a possible romantic relationship the activity of communicating through websites for people with shared interests when you look for new platonic friendships through exchanging information with people on your mobile phone when you start a romantic relationship through exchanging information with people over the Internet

2

1.05 Listen to two speakers, Mark and Ruth, each talking about an event that involved meeting people. Which of the ways of meeting people from exercise 1 do they talk about?

3

1.05 Listen again and answer the questions.

1 How did Mark feel initially about the idea of meeting Lucy’s friend?

2 If he didn’t get on with Lucy’s friend, what did Mark plan to do?

3 How many different excuses for Lucy’s friend being late did Mark think of?

4 What did Mark realise in the end?

5 How did Mark’s evening end?

FLASH FORWARD 6 Why did Ruth decide to try a different way of Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. meeting people?

7 What impression do we get of the age that Would you like to try speed dating? Why/Why not?

Ruth would like her partner to be?

Have you ever been on a blind date? If so, what

8 What does Ruth say in relation to the age of happened? one of the men at the event?

Would you ever use a find-a-friend app? Why/Why

9 How many people were taking part in the event not? that Ruth talks about and how long did they Do you know anyone who has met their partner have to speak to each other? through internet dating? Do you think it is a 10 Was the event a success for Ruth? successful relationship? Why/Why not?

18

GRAMMAR

Modals for possibility, impossibility and probability As you get older, it can be quite difficult to meet someone.

It could be great.

She could have got stuck in traffic.

She may have just misjudged how much time it would take to get there.

She couldn’t have been held up for that long – the traffic wasn’t that bad.

She really should have arrived by that point if she was going to come.

There was one guy there who must have been at least 40.

It might have been different with a different set of people.

Grammar reference WB pp. 14-15

4 Complete the sentences by choosing the

correct option (A, B or C).

1 Let’s try it. It ___________ lots of fun!

A can be

B could be

C might have been 2 Mum Why hasn’t he arrived yet?

Dad Who knows? He ___________ missed

the train.

A might have

B must have

C could be 3 It ___________ difficult for people to start a new relationship after a bad break up – to trust someone again.

A can be

B might have been

C should have been

4 They said they were definitely coming.

Something ___________ to stop them.

A can have happened

B should have happened

C must have happened 5 Speaker 1 I think I saw Neil as I was driving

through town today.

Speaker 2 You ___________ – he’s on holiday

in Spain at the moment.

A couldn’t have done

B must have done

C may have done 6 There ___________ some milk in the fridge – I bought three litres yesterday.

A can be

B might have been

C should be

2

Vocabulary: Idiomatic expressions 5

Complete the phrases from the audio script with words from the box. come give have (x2) make might take

1 What _______ I got to lose?

2 Why not _______ it a go?

3 I could always _______ an excuse and leave early!

4 I thought I _______ as well try it.

5 I was feeling a bit nervous, even though I didn’t _______ particularly high expectations of the evening.

6 You get their contact details and _______ it from there.

7 Nothing long-term has _______ of it.

FUNCTIONS

Sharing your experiences and telling a story about yourself so anyway I mean you know well in fact

mind you still actually to be (quite) honest I must admit that...

Say it!

6

Work with a partner. Follow the stages below and tell each other your stories. Use language for sharing experiences and telling a story about yourself from the Functions box above.

Imagine that you’ve been on a blind date,

or to a speed dating event, or have had your first face-to-face meeting with someone that you’ve met online or through a find-afriend app. Where did you go? What was the person like? What was the best part of the experience? Did anything go wrong?

Plan your story. Use phrases from exercise 4 where appropriate.

Critical thinking 7

Work with a partner. Make a list of the pros and cons of meeting people online and offline.

You may want to consider the following:

number of people doing it geographical area honesty about personal details, e.g. appearance, marital status

availability chemistry between people Which one has more pros?

19

2

Use of English Phrasal verbs with down and up

1 Complete the sentences below with words

from the box, checking the meanings of the phrasal verbs in bold as necessary. children herself me (x2) someone things we work

1 __________ were talking over each other, pointing our fingers in the other’s faces and refusing to back down.

2 He always tries to play __________ down, pretend it’s not serious, even when something could actually be really bad.

3 Looking after three __________ under the age of five, day in, day out, is wearing me down.

4 Can we please just get down to some __________ and not waste any more time?

5 It’s rained every day for two weeks.

I haven’t seen the sun at all. It’s really getting __________ down.

6 I know that my parents-in-law look down on __________ because I didn’t go to university, like their daughter did.

7 Her self-esteem must be really low – she’s always running __________ down, saying what she can’t do rather than what she can do.

8 I waited for him for an hour, but then went home. I was stood up by __________ that I’d never even met!

2 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the

following questions.

1 Do you ever back down in arguments?

2 Do you tend to play things down, even when they’re serious?

3 What tends to get you down?

4 Would you ever stand anyone up?

5 Are you good at getting down to work, or do you tend to procrastinate?

6 Is there anyone that you feel looks down on you?

7 What would you say to someone that you felt was running you down?

8 What wears you down in life?

Expressions with down and up

3

20

Complete the expressions with down or up, then match each one with an alternative way of saying the same thing.

1 It’s _____ to you.

2 I don’t think he’s _____ to (doing) it.

3 I’m not really _____ for (doing) it.

4 What are you _____ to?

5 It’s _____ to you.

6 I put my foot _____.

7 She’s _____ there with the best.

8 He’s always _____ on me.

a b c

d

e f

g h

He’s always criticising me.

He’s not capable of (doing) it.

I insisted that something was done in the way I wanted.

I’m not willing to do it, I don’t feel like doing it.

It’s your decision.

It’s your responsibility, there’s no one else to do it.

She’s equal in ability to the best.

What are you doing?

Phrases with fact

4 Complete the sentences with the phrases with fact from the box.

In spite of/Despite the fact (that) Due to the fact that as a matter of fact The fact is (that) It’s a fact that

1 __________________ every year, thousands of marriages end in divorce.

2 __________________ I have many of the same traits as my adoptive father, I believe that nurture has a lot to answer for.

3 __________________ I just don’t love him anymore and there is nothing that I can do about it.

4 __________________ we were speaking different languages, we were behaving in a very similar way.

5 I met my current partner through a speed dating event, __________________.

5

CAE Read the blog post and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

It’s (1) ________ fact that some people are brilliant at getting down (2) ________ the task in hand. No ‘I’ll just make a quick cup of coffee before I start’, or ‘I must just phone X to talk about X before I get going’, for them! There’s no putting things off at (3) ________. These lucky people just start – and finish, and then go on to the next thing.

And then there are the rest of us – the ones who procrastinate, the ones who are capable of going to any lengths, of (4) ________ any kind of excuse, to avoid getting on with the job. In my own case, I can’t blame it (5) ________ nurture.

As a matter of (6) ________, my parents were great role models in this respect. They always got on with what they needed to do without the kind of avoidance tactics that I routinely use in my adult life (I’m not running myself (7) ________, just being honest). And they brought me (8) ________ to be like them.

So what went wrong?

Flash on Grammar Third and mixed conditionals (past action and present consequence)

1 Use the information to write third or mixed

conditional sentences.

1 He didn’t go to university. He hasn’t got a very good job now.

_________________________________________

2 I went to the party. I saw my ex-girlfriend and we got back together.

_________________________________________

3 I stopped having guitar classes when I was younger. Now I can’t play very well.

_________________________________________

4 We didn’t put our house on the market last year. We still haven’t sold it.

_________________________________________

5 She took the job that she was offered last year.

She’s living in Italy now.

_________________________________________

6 I was adopted when I was six months old.

I wasn’t brought up in an orphanage.

_________________________________________

2

Write at least six third and mixed conditional sentences about the topics in the box and/or any others that you can think of. your school/university life your work situation your family your friends your country the last election in your country a famous sportsperson or actor your last holiday your pet

Modals for possibility, impossibility or probability

3 Complete the sentences with a suitable modal

verb for possibility, impossibility or probability in the correct form.

1 He ____________ be very moody, especially when he’s hungry.

2 That ____________ be right. It says it’s 7, not 8, in the Answer Key. 3 You ____________ be right – I don’t know, there’s no Answer Key to check!

4 She ____________ arrived yet. She called me earlier to say that she’s running late.

5 She ____________ be here. I can smell that perfume that she always wears.

6 Do you think they ____________ forgotten that we’re having a party? It’s not like them to be so late.

7 A seven-hour delay on your flight?

You ____________ been really fed up waiting all that time!

8 Growing up as an adopted child?

I ____________ know. I was adopted when I was a month old.

4 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Some

of the sentences are correct.

1 She musn’t have been very happy if she’s broken up with him after all that time together.

2 A Why isn’t he answering his phone?

B He could eat dinner, or perhaps he’s having a shower?

3 The concert should be good. The band’s apparently great live.

4 A I wonder why Jane just walked past me without saying hello.

B She might not see you. You know how bad her eyesight is!

5 Oh dear, I think I may have left the front door unlocked. I need to go back home and check.

Round up!

5 Complete the email with the verbs from the box.

might have been hadn’t thrown must have can’t have hadn’t had can’t be easy could be had been may sound must be feeling should get would have

Hi Suzy, I’m so sorry to hear the news about David.

It (1) ________ to split up with someone after so many years. You (2) ________ really down, you poor thing. Mind you, to be honest, I’m not really surprised that it’s happened.

This (3) ________ a bit insensitive, though I hope not, but living with someone who’s got such strong opinions on absolutely everything (4) ________ been easy. In fact, if I (5) ________ in your place, I (6) ________ left him years ago. The fact that you didn’t means that you (7) ________ a lot more patience and tolerance than me, without doubt!

Anyway, looking on the bright side, without David around we (8) ________ to see lots more of each other! I know he never liked me. If we (9) ________ that argument at that party, years ago, and I suppose if I (10) ________ that glass of water at him, then things (11) ________ different, but, hey, what does it matter now?

I was thinking that some retail therapy (12) ________ just what you need to take your mind off things. What about this Saturday? Are you up for it?

Lots of love, Jules

21

2

2

Flash on Skills Living with monkeys Before you read

1 You’re going to read an extract from an article about a woman who claims to

have lived in a rainforest with monkeys as a child. Before you read, work with a partner and make a list of things that the monkeys might have taught her.

Reading 2 CAE

Read the extract. Six paragraphs have been removed. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Marina Chapman says she isn’t as mobile as she once was. It’s not so easy to climb trees these days, let alone swing from them. Well, she is about 60 or 62 years old – maybe older. She’s not sure. Chapman is tiny, sinewy, bendy. At times she doesn’t look quite human – a bit simian, a bit feline and quite beautiful.

A Did she think much about her human family? It’s

1

B Eventually, Marina came across an extended family

By the time Marina was rescued by hunters, she says, she had lost her language completely. And that’s when life really got tough. She claims she was sold into a brothel in the city of Cúcuta, lived as a street urchin and was enslaved by a mafia family, before being saved by a neighbour and eventually moving to Bradford, Yorkshire. Which is where we find her today.

2 Marina is married to John, a retired scientist, and has two grown-up daughters.

She has lived in Yorkshire for 30 years and speaks in a wonderful, ColombianBradford hybrid. While John prepares macchiatos and double espressos, Marina talks about her first memory, from shortly before her fifth birthday.

3 She thinks the hanky must have been soaked in chloroform. In her book, she says the next thing she knew she was being driven deep into the Colombian rain forest, where she was dumped. She describes how she thought the kidnappers would return for her, but they didn’t. She thought she would be rescued by passers-by, but nobody passed by. She says she wept and screamed and still nobody came. She walked and walked and walked, looking for a way back or signs of human life – but none was to be found.

4 The monkeys went about their business, scavenging for food, grooming each other, playing, and ignored Marina. She didn’t know it at the time, but this was a blessing – they could easily have rounded on her. Marina was envious of the monkeys: they were close, and had fun together. She wanted to be part of the family. But they weren’t interested.

5 After that, she says, the young monkeys befriended her. Marina observed them closely, and learned from them: how to climb trees, what was safe to eat, how to clean herself. She soon discovered that if she stood underneath monkeys carrying armfuls of bananas, they would inevitably drop a couple, and if she was quick enough she could grab them for herself. Over time, she says, the monkeys allowed her to sit in the trees with them. When they were away looking for food, she’d become lonely and would anxiously await their return.

6

strange, she says: she has no memory of anything before the kidnap. God knows, she’s tried to remember. ‘I keep working at it, but there is nothing.

I’ve tried to imagine it so many times.’ of small monkeys. She says she was relieved – they weren’t human, but they looked humanish. She decided to settle in that part of the jungle.

C In one of the most memorable sections of the book, she describes how she got terrible food poisoning and thought she was going to die. She was writhing in agony when an elderly monkey led her to muddy water. She drank the water, vomited and began to recover.

D It’s an unbelievable story, and many have chosen not to believe her. Most publishers refused to touch her forthcoming book because they thought she was a fake. The Girl With No Name certainly raises interesting questions about authenticity and memory.

Is Marina Chapman a fantasist who has embellished her past or a childlike woman trying to make sense of a remarkable childhood?

E Marina says she loved living with the monkeys, but she craved human contact. She saw hunters come into the jungle occasionally; they terrified her with their guns and machetes, and yet there was still an attraction, something she recognised in them as inescapably human.

F Perhaps it’s not surprising that Marina Chapman seems different from the rest of us. In her formative years, she says, she grew up with monkeys. Only monkeys.

For around five years (again, she’s unsure – there is no reliable means of measuring) she says she lived deep in the Colombian jungle with no human company. She remembers learning to fend for herself – eating berries and roots, nabbing bananas dropped by the monkeys, sleeping in holes in trees and walking on all fours.

G She was playing close to her home when she was

Marina’s account asks a lot of her readers, and leads us to examine the nature of memory. If she cannot remember her pre-jungle childhood, how can we trust what happened afterwards? Might she be suffering from false memory syndrome?

Perhaps she unconsciously invented the story of the monkeys as a means of coping with a traumatic childhood? Or maybe she is simply telling the truth.

aware of two adults creeping behind her. ‘I saw a hand cover my mouth – a black hand wrapped in a white hanky. Then I realised there were two people taking me away. There were children in the background – I could hear them crying.’

3 Read the extract again. Are any of the things from your list in exercise 1 mentioned? Check with your partner. Find out if your partner believes that Marina really did live with monkeys when she was a child. Why/Why not?

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Culture and civilisation Listening 4

1.06 CAE You will hear part of a talk given by a student called Sylvia Bayley about a research project that she is doing for her university course in psychology. For questions 1-8, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

Sylvia’s project was inspired mainly by (1) __________.

The basic aim of Sylvia’s project is to find out more about the (2) __________ between animals and humans.

Sylvia’s talk draws on the work of Dr Vint Virga about what humans can (3) __________ from animals.

In the first point that Sylvia mentions, she says that humans would benefit from living more in the (4) __________, like animals do.

The second point that Sylvia mentions is that, if we follow the example of animals, humans should rationalise things less and follow their (5) __________ more.

Sylvia goes on to say that, just as animals rely on non-verbal communication, the way humans communicate without (6) __________ can also have an impact.

Sylvia is keen on the idea that we should follow the example of animals when it comes to (7) __________.

Sylvia is doubtful about whether animals have the capacity to consciously (8) __________; she thinks it’s more that they just forget.

Speaking 5

1

CAE Work with a partner. One of you is Student A, the other Student B. Follow the stages below:

Student A, look at photos 1 and 2, which

show people and animals doing things together. Why might they be doing these things? How do you think the people might be feeling? Tell Student B. Student B, tell Student A which of the activities in photos 1 and 2 you think is the most useful and why.

Student B, look photos 3 and 4, which show younger and older people doing things together. What might they be doing?

How do you think they might be feeling.

Tell Student A. Student A, tell Student B how successful you think the younger people might have been in helping the older people.

2

3

Writing 6

CAE You see the following announcement on a website, Amazing Lives:

Reviews wanted film that focuses Send us a review of a book or or experienced on somebody who has done l. something amazing or unusua son’s life from per the ut abo n lear you What did or k the book or film? Did the boo this person did why and erst und you film help naged to survive what they did, or how they ma their experience?

4

Write your review in 220-260 words in an

appropriate style.

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2

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Flashback GRAMMAR

Present simple, Present continuous and Present perfect simple

1

Past continuous, Present perfect continuous, Past perfect continuous

4 Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

Complete the blog post about a student’s travel experiences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

I (1) __________ (not travel) very much, I’m sorry to say, and there (2) __________ (be) so many places I (3) __________ (want) to go to. I (4) __________ (be) to a few countries in Europe, and to North Africa – I had a great holiday in Morocco with my family a few years ago – but I (5) __________ (never be) to the US, or to Canada, or anywhere in Asia, and I’d really love to go. I (6) __________ (try) to save up some money at the moment for a trip to New York with my girlfriend next spring. I (7) __________ (not do) it very well, though, as I (8) __________ (have) a lot of other expenses recently, so (9) __________ (not manage) to save very much so far, but, right now, I (10) __________ (look for) a job over the holidays to earn some money to fund the trip. If anyone out there can offer me anything, let me know!

1 I didn’t have a break at the weekend, because I __________ (prepare) my presentation for the meeting next week.

2 Paul sounded stressed when I spoke to him earlier. He said he __________ (try) to solve a computer issue for the past two hours.

3 He __________ (talk) on the phone for over an hour.

4 He was extremely tired because he __________ (travel) for 24 hours.

5 I cut myself this morning while I __________ (shave).

6 Our car broke down on the motorway yesterday. It __________ (run) perfectly well up to then.

Third and mixed conditionals (past action and present consequence)

5 2

Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Some are correct.

1 I live here since I was a child. I really like it.

2 He’s learning to drive at the moment. He aims to pass his driving test by Christmas.

3 ‘This party’s great! We have a really good time!’

4 They never went to Prague, but they really want to go.

5 She’s got her headphones on – she isn’t listening to you.

6 She’s incredible. She takes part in three triathlons and a 200km bike race in the past year!

Past simple, Present perfect and Past perfect

3

Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in the box.

Is it all down to fate?

If I (1) __________ (not have to) work late the day before, I (2) __________ (have) time to go shopping, and I (3) __________ (not wake up) the next morning to find that there was no milk for my coffee, and so I (4) __________ (go) out to the corner shop to buy more. Then, I (5) __________ (not bump into) my friend Celia, so (6) __________ (not know) about her party that evening – the one that she (7) __________ (forget) to invite me to! If I (8) __________ (find out) about it later, I (9) __________ (still be)upset with her now for not inviting me. Anyway, if I (10) __________ (not go) to the party, I (11) __________ (not meet) Alex, or at least not then, and he (12) __________ (not be) my boyfriend now!

speak move leave forget miss out have

1 He __________ several relationships before he settled down.

2 Your essay is very good on the whole, but you __________ some important points.

3 I sent the contract this morning, but then I realised I __________ to sign it.

4 Somebody stole her car because she __________ it unlocked.

5 It’s hard to believe it’s been three years since we __________ to this country.

6 __________ you __________ to Max this week?

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Complete the blog post with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

6

Complete the third and mixed conditional sentences so that they are true for you, then compare your sentences with a partner.

1 If I hadn’t been born in ____________________.

2 If I had been able to do anything I wanted last weekend ____________________.

3 I would be a different person if ____________________.

4 I would be living in ____________________.

5 If I hadn’t ____________________.

6 I would have been able to watch that film, if ____________________.

Flashback Modals for possibility, impossibility and probability

7

Extreme weather conditions

10 Read part of an email from a woman called

Anne to a friend telling him about a recent walk where she experienced extreme weather conditions. Underline the correct alternative.

Underline the correct alternative.

1 It should/must start when you press the button and it definitely shouldn’t/can’t make that noise!

There can/must be something wrong with it.

2 I can’t find my phone. I think it might/should have fallen out of my pocket on the train.

3 The staff might/can be very unfriendly in the tax office – it depends who you get and if they’re in a good mood or not!

4 I’m not sure what’s happened, but there must/ should be a problem of some kind – the message just said to pick her up at the station as soon as possible. She can/could have missed the train, or she might/couldn’t have lost her ticket. Who knows?

There’d been a bit of a (0) heat-wave/cold spell – it had been absolutely (1) sweltering/squelching, with temperatures getting up to 40º in the city. But, it had been gradually (2) blowing up/cooling down over the previous few days, and the day we went for the walk, it was probably around 25º. It was sunny and there was a gentle (3) breeze/gale – perfect walking weather. Anyway, we’d been going for about two hours, when, suddenly, the sky (4) clouded over/ brightened up and the wind (5) died down/blew up and it started raining, just (6) drizzling/pouring down a bit at first, but it was soon (7) pouring down/ brightening up. And it wasn’t just a summer (8) shower/gale, lasting just a few minutes, either – it really (9) died down/set in. You could see by how (10) overcast/clear the sky was that it wasn’t going to (11) brighten up/die down anytime soon – the sky was just one big, black cloud. And I didn’t have any waterproof gear with me, like Jane did, so I got completely (12) drenched/cool – my shoes were so full of water that they were literally (13) squelching/ baking as I walked! And the temperature dropped by about 10º in a matter of minutes, so I was (14) freezing/soaked, as well as wet.

VOCABULARY

Achievements

8

Complete the sentences with a word from the box. awareness endeavour feat stride trail

1 She takes everything in her __________ – she never gets stressed about anything.

2 What a __________ you’ve accomplished – full marks in all your exams, the highest-scoring student ever!

3 The suffragettes fought in early twentieth century Britain to raise __________ of women’s rights, especially their right to vote.

4 The greatest human __________ ever? Hard to say – there have been so many amazing things!

5 In the late nineteenth/early twentieth century, Maria Montessori blazed a __________ in teaching young children – her methods were very different to traditional ones of the time.

Idiomatic expressions

11 Complete this story of an online dating experience with a word from the box.

excuse go high lose nothing well

Expressions describing people’s character

9

Complete the sentences with a word from the box. outlook relaxed snobby stubborn into

1 They can be quite __________ about cars. They won’t travel in mine – they say it’s too old and dirty!

2 She won’t change her mind. She’s as __________ as an ox.

3 I used to be really __________ running, but stopped when I hurt my knee.

4 My great-grandmother wasn’t at all traditional in __________ despite her traditional upbringing – she had very modern ideas about everything.

5 There’s too much pressure in my job for me to have a __________ attitude to work.

So I thought to myself, why not give it a (1) __________ , what have you got to (2) __________ ? I could always make an (3) __________ , after all, and leave early, if I didn’t like it. I spoke to a friend about it and he agreed that I might as (4) __________ try it. So, without any particularly (5) __________ expectations of the evening, I went along. I thought it went well, but (6) __________ has come of it, I’m sorry to say.

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