BIOPHILIC DESIGN FOR FUCTURE URBAN ABPL90117_2020_SM2 21ST CENTURY ARCHITECTURE
MANIFETO
XIEYI ELLEN ZHANG-882928 TUTOR: DR. JONATHAN LOVELL TUTORIAL: 18
CONTENTS
4-5
INTRODUCTION
6-9
WHAT IS BIOPHILIC DEISGN
10-23 12-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23
APPLICATIONS OF BIPPHILIC DESIGN A natural Scene Bring Sunshine and Breathe inside Nature as colleague Biomimicry ‘My philosophy is to respect places”
24
CONCLUSION
27
WORK CITED
4
Architecture used to play a functional and rigid role as human’s habitation in my life, since my very beginning impression of it. Since World War II, the building environment trend nowadays has stuck on isolating people from nature. Especially people working and living in an urban environment. In recent years, people started to become urban dwellers, and more people choose to live in cities for fast living style consideration, instead of the country side. It is also been projected that 70% of the world population will remain in cities.1 Reconnecting people to the nature experience is getting more and more important and necessary. As well as sustainability, because of the limitation of nature resources. Urban residents are tired from the daily pressure and long for a place where can be relaxed and reconnection turns to nature. So the pursuit is to seek inner joy, release their won nature, and become one with nature.
1.
Bright Green,14 Patterns of Biophilic Design (Journal of the American Medical Association,2014), 52.
5
Biophilia “passionate love of life and of all that is alive…whether in a person, a plant, an idea, or a social group” 2 Erich Fromm (The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness ,1973)
Fig.1. Martin Heemskerck. 16th century depiction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
²Enrich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness ( Ukown: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973 ), 15.
6
Fig.2. Chin
B
iophilia, is the human affinity for nature. It is the love and respect to an living individual or entity. Nature is the source for lives, and I would like to compare the relationship between nature and humans to mother and children While architecture is the invisible umbilical cord that connect us with nature. We all have the genetic connection to natural world. It is not a new phenomenon, instead, the very indicator of biophilic design can be traced back to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, that how human increased occupant connectivity to natural environment. It is excited to see, so many architects have introduced biophilic design back to our lives. Hanging Garden of Shanghai is the project under progress that shown the idea of contributing vertical garden into housing complex in a dense urban context I firmly believe, not only for human well-being or aesthetic reason, but also for environmental sustainability, biophilic design will replace the current building system, redefining modern architecture, living and working style for humans, and become the mainstream and a crucial role in future.
na Visual. Hanging Garden of Shanghai, c. 2019.
7
S
ince the birth of architecture, With the rapid development of design and construction technology, modern architecture has reached the requirement. Stability and practicality as the most basic hurdle. Aesthetics aspects for facade or interior space can also be satisfied. Architectures should be more than just a service element. The building is often considered as the object, while the users are subjects. However, to living in a more harmonious way, humans and architecture should be symbiotic. Biophilic design is an innovative concept, trying to promote the harmonious relationship, between human’s living habitation and nature, rather than pursuing efficiency and practically blindly, the task of future architecture is to make the world touches users. 3 This should be designers’ responsibilities, it is a new potential towards a more healthy living style, instead of staying in a concrete box.
“S element
Fig.3. Rajitha Amarasiri. Jewel
Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad, Zaki Khalil Abdushaik and Salih Khalil, Biophilic Design, An Alternative Perspective for Sustainable Design (Geneva: The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 2006), 2, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287940355
3
8
Biophilic design can emphasizes that use of nature in the building environment is significant. As well as improve the citizens knowledge about environmental behaviour modification, and the attitudes of green lifestyle, thus achieve the goal of environmental sustainbility. Or in other word, biophilic design is a sustainable approach, which incoporates more than vegetation, natural light, views, as well as the experiences of natural world. Biophilia in sustainability is not only for environmental consideration but for economical benefits and social benefits. Users’ spatial experience is also important, physically, or mentally. Not only for sustainability aims but also encouraging emotional attachment to the surrounding environment or culture to certain users. Bring users back to nature, and cultivate innate and love to nature, developing users’ responsibilities to the environment and life as well.4
Sustainable is not just a sculpturet, it should be blended into nature and culture.”5 Kengo Kuma ( 2020)
Changi Airport, Singapore, c.2019.
4
9
Duncan Duhiu, Organic, Biomimetic and Biophilic Design (NA), 10, https://www.academia.edu/23461058/Organic_Biomimetic_and_Biophilic_ Design_Institution_Affiliation_
5
Patrizia Scarzella, “Kengo Kuma, sustainable architecture isn’t sculpture on a podium but blends into nature and culture,” Lifegate, published 10th January, 2020, https://www.lifegate.com/kengo-kuma-sustainable-architecture-interview
APPLICATIONS OF BIAOPHILIC DESIGN
B
iophilic design is used to satisfy the deficiencies of modern cities, aim yo create an organic and sustainable environment for health, fitness and wellbeing. In a short term, biophilic design can modify the environmental requirements for certain building or landscape, however, it also takes the responsibilities to support sustainable society with nature, as well as ecological healthy. I also believe, to further the mission of future biophilic design, combining sustainability with health is a valuable approach. Health is the new green. Biophilic City is the new future
Fig. 4. Tristan, Tan.
10
The success of biophilic design also needs to adherence to relevant principles, as well as involving different strategies and framework. Many urban architectures have already been using biophilic design. 6 elements are been set to guide the design process 6. While in urban context, these Biophilic design strategies are been addressed in work place, hospitals,retail spaces, education, and residential space.7 1. Environmental nature features 2. Light, air and space 3. Incooperate nature with human relationships and actions 4. Natural shapes and form 5. Natural pattern and processes 6. Local environment-based connection These elements can be divided into 2 different categories, based on what kind of connection, and experience of nature that each one of these will have. Including direct, indirect experience of nature.
Singapore City, c. 2012.
6
Bruno Duarte Dias, Beyond Sustainbility-Biophilic and Regenerative design in Architecture (Portugal: Lusiada University, 2015), 150. 7
11
Dias, Beyond Sustainbility-Biophilic and Regenerative design in Architecture, 152.
DIRECT NATURE EXPERIENCE A NATURE SCENE
ENVIRONMENTAL NATURE FEATURES
F
or the environmental sustainable reason, benefits of green architecture largely based on the environmental features been used. Including water, soil, animals, vegetation, natural landscape, ecosystem and so on. Natural colour that will invisibly affect users’ space experience is also included. When mentioning environmental features in organic buildings, normally means those architecture are well-designed that kind to the environment. However, it increases, the implement of natural features been used in biophilic design nowdays are mostly vegetations. The most frequent use and definition became a literally green facade. Vegetation shades or facades have the benefits of covering the hard surfaces of urban buildings. Physically and environmentally, it can be used for aesthetic reason, as well as reducing the microclimate temperature. The vegetations can be used as a soft material of insulation for roof and wall, as well as absorbing carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen for filtering the air pollutions. These natural features are used as new material, which is recyclable, and reproductive. Psychologically, natural features have the benefits of reducing human stress, no matter because of the colour or texture. Contributing to physical health and human comfort, is also a source of productivity suitabilities for humans, especially in office buildings and educational buildings.
12
13
The Urban Farm at Pasona Group Offices in Tokyo designed by
Architect Kono Designs, is a great example that shows the combination of environmental features, the soft material, with the concrete box, the office building itself. Having life features both interior and exterior. It provided the employees opportunities to grow and harvest their own vegetables and food while working inside the building, Over 200 species of fruits, vegetable, and other plants are been grown inside the building. Aim at creating a better working place, and sustainable consideration. At the same time, integrate with aesthetic improvement by having natural species, instead of artificial elements.
Fig.5. John Lander.
14
From scientific aspect, with the abundant plants in interior space,can also improve the air quality, where can cause the reduction of Carbon Dioxide, which may also decrease the illness and discomfort for staff. At the same time improving the working productivity. The exterior green facade is another affect on urban aesthetic aspect contribution, as well as the aborbing Carbon dioxide and air pollutants. As well as improving the noise mitigation.
. Pasona Farm, c. 2015.
15
DIRECT NATURE EXPERIENCE BRING THE SUNSHINE AND BREATH INSIDE
LIGHT,AIR AND SPACE
N
atural light is also an important element in biophilic design. The design of lighting and spatial features can also be the elements that evoke users’ sense of being in nature.By using natural light nad sense of spaciousness , to combine the light, space and mass. It is also the first preference choice in a building environment. Instead of using artificial light which would have energy costing, natural light is energy sustainable, healthy, and able to enhance comfort and productivity. Sustainability aspect, daylighting can reduce energy consumption and electricity bill. Making the most use of energy to remaining population efficiently. From human health aspect, it can limit the hazards to body health.
16
Air as an element, is also defined as the natural ventilation. A nice ventilated building environment can effectively improved by well-designed airflow, temperature, and humidity. Mostly by using operable windows, and stack effect. Especially in an urban context, stack effect has been well used in high rise buildings, to achieve result of cool in summer, and warm in winter. Then reducing the utility costs for sustainability impact. Health aspect, natural ventilation can improve concentration or productivity, as well as the wellbeing for users. Both of light and air have their bond with the space of the building, the seuential linking of the spaces, that integrate with nice lighting and ventilation design would achieve a better green building result for urban context.
Fig.6. F.I.R.E. Stack effect in tall buildings-seasonal variations.
17
DIRECT NATURE EXPERIENCE NATURE AS COLLEAGUE
INCOOPERATE NATURE TO HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS & ACTIONS
B
iophilia has the meaning to love and respect towards nature, it reminds humans that, we have a basic and inborn inclination that will affiliate with nature. Nowadays, human has realized that the lack of connection with nature, has reduced the tolerance of respecting the natural environment. The essence of sustainability is to minimize the consumption of resources. We achieve resource from nature as a gift, we also need to contribute. Aim to find the balance within the ecological system. Biophilic interventions can have positive effects on users’ creativity, and increasing creativity for having natural elements.8 So, biophilic design can be not only for addressing the building’s performance towards sustainability, introducing the human actions and incorporate with nature can also be a contribution to health, well-being, productivity, and sustainability.
Fig.7. John Lander.Urban Farm
8 Jie Yin, Nastaran Arfaei, Piers MacNaughton, PauL J. Catalano, Joseph G. Allen and John D. Spengler, Effects of Biophilic Interventions in office on stress reaction and cognitive function: A randomized crossover study in virtual reality (MA: Harvard University, 2019), 10, https://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/abs/10.1111/ina.12593
18
The Pasona Office that mentioned above is a great example to show this strategy as well. Encouraging office employees to plant and harvest their own plant and food, is not only bringing agriculture life essence into the modern environment, at the same time, engaging the users into educational programs of the lifecycle. Participating in harvesting and maintaining is also the activity that can encourage interactions between employees, since nowadays most of us have spent our lives integrating with the technology virtual environment, instead of communicating. This could cause psychological illness as well. Among employees, social interaction, teamwork can also be developed through participating agriculture work. The sense of responsibility, ownership and belonging can also be driven. And this has been well considered in the biophilic design in Pasona Office as well.
m at Pasona Group Offices. c. 2015.
19
INDIRECT NATURE EXPERIENCE BIOMIMICRY
NATURAL SHAPES AND FORM & NATURAL PATTERN AND PROCESSES A visual connection towards the architecture, is a indirect connection with nature. It’s an innovative way to embrace nature by simulation to show the love and respect. For example the shape of leaves, or honey combs. Not only immitate the form, as well as their actions, behaviors or statememt within a living system. Natural Pattern and pricesses inspired by the theories from nature. The structure or characteristic will affect and contribute to human developemnt, as well as contribute into architecture design.
Fig.8. Biomim
A nauralistic shape , existences or theiroes have the ability to change the static space, into another ‘eco-system’, biomimicry, is the approach that relate to biophilc design, as well as sustainbilty, and have the link with natural shapes and form. Creating products and a new way of living. It also lift and expand the horizon of designing for future generations. In-cooperating with new technology and materiality, to open a new era for design.
Fig.9. Christopher Groenhout. Beijing
20
The Beijing National Stadiym- Bird’s nest,designed by Herzog and de Meuron is inspired by a natural element in nature. Constructed by using steel for a sustainable reason, as well as the ETFE panels for the facade, which can protect the users from inside, as well as providing insulation for acoustic. At the same time, it also allows the penetration of sunlight into the interior. Openings on facade provide nice ventilation between interior and exterior. It has the same form and theories of an actual birds nest.
micry-Bird’s Nest
National Stadium-Bird’s Nest. c.2016.
21
INDIRECT NATURE EXPERIENCE
“MY PHILOSOPHY IS TO RESPECT PLACES” 9-KENGO KUMA
A LOCAL ENVIRONMENT-BASED CONNECTION “ A biophilic city, is a city that seeks to foster a closeness to nature, it can protect and nurtures what it has, as well as finding the creative way to insert nature into urban living environment” 10(Tim Beatley,2013) It is important that the reflection of the local environment should have a connection with the local architecture. The characteristic is the essence. A close relationship and integration with nature and the environment is the philosophy for reminding urban residents that, harmony between local culture and modern environment should be inherited. Between the building and the cultural characteristics, geographical, landscapes and so on, shows the connection and representing through particular historic and local context. Is a representative and consideration for the current situation and future development.
9
10
Fig.10.Karen Cilento. Namba P
Scarzella, “Kengo Kuma, sustainable architecture isn’t sculpture on a podium but blends into nature and culture. ”
Tim Beatley, Biophilic Cities Are Sustainable ( US: University of Virginia, 2013), 8, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277377188_ Biophilic_Cities_Are_Sustainable_Resilient_Cities\
22
Pasona Office has engaged the hydroponic and soil-based farming system in the building, for planting and harvesting. This also based on Japan’s local context and well-considered. The farming job opportunity in Japan are limited now, so it aims to offering education and cultivating the future generation. The programs also would like to promote urban and traditional farming, fro business opportunities and lucrative professions. At the same time, having a city-based farming headquarter, is to make sure sustainable food production for the future. Respect from local and cultural context relation, another example in Japan, Namba Park, in Osaka. also integrated with Biophilic Design, but based on the local landscape and the local city environment, which is lack of green space, because of the harsh and dense urban condition in Osaka, the designers designed a rooftop city park with sloping park lane, combined with commercial, with openair “Canyon� Path. Roof green space floating between each city blocks with levels rising gently. Reinforcing the connection between nature.
Parks/The Jerde Partnership. c.2009.
23
CONCLUSION
Architecture has to move forward, to a biocentric view, instead of stick-on human require and aspect of space. Biophilic design is an attribute which also drove us back to where we from. It is also able to teach us the lesson that, a long-term sustainable living environment that keeps the harmony between us and nature, is important. Showing love and respect for nature is the contribution to our future generation as well. Instead of biophilic is a new way to design, I would like to describe it as restoring our bond with nature. We, humans, have the responsibilities of taking care of our home. I believe the development and encouragement of biophilic design would bring a new revolution in the future architecture field. We should inject new vitality into architecture design and construction, which bring the close relationship between users and nature back. Love of nature may not only exist exterior but can be interior as well, physically or mentally. It can be a win-win situation. Connecting human and nature back together would make a positive change to living style or system. It’s not only a re-establish to future architecture or human self-healing but may also affect the self-healing capability of earth. Moving forward, I believe the sustainable biophilic city, would be a promising future.
24
25
26
WOKR CITED SOURCES: 1. Green, Bright. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2014. 2. Fromm, Enrich. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. Unknown: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973. 3. Almusaed, Amjad, Asaad Almssad, Zaki Khalil Abdushaik and Salih Khalil. Biophilic Design, An Alternative Perspective for Sustainable Design. Geneva: The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 2006. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/287940355 4. Duhiu, Duncan, Organic, Biomimetic and Biophilic Design. NA. https://www.academia.edu/23461058/Organic_ Biomimetic_and_Biophilic_Design_Institution_Affiliation_ 5. Scarzella, Patrizia. “Kengo Kuma, sustainable architecture isn’t sculpture on a podium but blends into nature and culture.” Lifegate. published 10th January, 2020. https://www.lifegate.com/kengo-kuma-sustainable-architectureinterview 6. Dias, Bruno Duarte. Beyond Sustainbility-Biophilic and Regenerative design in Architecture. Portugal: Lusiada University, 2015. 7. Yin, Jie, Nastaran Arfaei, Piers MacNaughton, PauLj. Catalano, Joseph G. Allen and John D. Spengler. Effects of Biophilic Interventions in office on stress reaction and cognitive function: A randomized crossover study in virtual reality. MA: Harvard University, 2019. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ina.12593 8. Beatley, Tim, Biophilic Cities Are Sustainable. US: University of Virginia, 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/277377188_Biophilic_Cities_Are_Sustainable_Resilient_Cities\ FIGURES Fig.1. Heemskerck, Martin. 16th century depiction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. NA. https://www.ancient.eu/ uploads/images/77.jpg?v=1605286810 Fig.2. China Visual. Hanging Garden of Shanghai. c.2019. https://medium.com/shanghaiist/look-shanghais-veryown-hanging-gardens-are-really-starting-to-take-shape-95c3bce12d6c Fig.3. Amarasiri, Rajitha. Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore. c.2019. CNTraveller. https://www.cntraveller.com/article/ biophilic-architecture Fig.4. Tan, Tristan. Day view of The Supertree Grove, Cloud Forest & Flower Dome. c.2012. 36.3 × 24.1 cm. Shutter Stock. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/singaporeaug-5-day-view-supertree-grove-109771886?src=ppphoto-110340779-TEl6gp71Hw5xvmjLqlh8Vw-2 Fig.5. Lander, John. Pasona Farm.c.2015. 42.33x28.22 cm. Getty Images. Tokyo. https://www.avrions.com/index. php/2019/05/08/vertical-farming-for-post-smart-interior-design/ Fig.6. F.I.R.E. Stack effect in tall buildings-seasonal variations. N.A. https://guides.firedynamicstraining.ca/g/fa204fire-assessment-sd/120050 Fig.7. Lander, John. Urban Farm at Pasona Group Offices. c.2015. 42.33x28.22 cm.Dezeen. https://www.dezeen. com/2013/09/12/pasona-urban-farm-by-kono-designs/ Fig.8. N.A. Bird’s nest. N.A. 5616x3744px. DreamsTime. https://cn.dreamstime.com/%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%98%E5% 9B%BE%E7%89%87-%E9%B8%9F%E5%B7%A2-image37901774 Fig.9. Groenhout, Christopher.Beijing National Stadium-Bird’s Nest. c.2016. AD.https://www.architecturaldigest. com/gallery/herzog-and-de-meuron-architecture Fig.10. Cilento, Karen. Namba Parks/The Jerde Partnership. c.2009. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/36987/ namba-parks-the-jerde-partnership
27
28