Epoch Fit 5-27-2016

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B1 May 27–June 2, 2016

Fitness Apps to Boost Your Workout on B2

SALT

THE ONLY MINERAL YOU NEED TO REPLACE DURING EXERCISE Rafael Nadal during the Italian Open in 2014. People who are going to exercise vigorously for more than three hours continuously should take some salt while they are exercising.

By Gabe Mirkin

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he only mineral that you need to replace during exercise lasting longer than three hours is sodium, found in common table salt. You do not need to take extra potassium, magnesium, or any other mineral during exercise.

The definitive studies on minerals and exercise were done during World War II. Dr. James Gamble of Harvard Medical School paid medical students to lie on a raft in his swimming pool, take various amounts of fluids and salt, and have blood drawn to measure salt and other mineral levels. He showed that you have to take a lot of salt when you

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exercise for several hours, particularly in hot weather. For many years after that, every student at Harvard Medical School heard Dr. Gamble give his lectures on minerals and exercise, and today, most serious medical students still read the Gamble lectures published in 1958, since nobody has improved on his research.

Taking extra salt just prior to competition can help you exercise longer and harder.

Salt but Not Salt Tablets After Dr. Gamble published his studies, people who worked or exercised in the heat were given salt tablets. Then doctors became concerned because they thought that a person could have his blood pressure raised by taking in too much salt. Some people would vomit from the high concentration of salt from salt pills in their stomachs. However, salt restriction can cause people to suffer heat stroke and dehydration during hot weather exercise.

See Salt on B6

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May 27–June 2, 2016 TheEpochTimes.com/EpochFit SYDA PRODUCTIONS/SHUTTERSTOCK

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Fitness Apps to Boost Your Workout

By Kate O'Leary

Offers cannot be combined. Excludes previous purchases. Call for details. Offer expires 5/31/16.

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1212 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1 420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 315 1776 Broadway, Suite 902 16 New York Area Centers including White Plains, Bronx, Island Centers.

www.hearusa.com

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Simple to use and easy to navigate, you can set interval times, your rests, and how many cycles you want to complete. You can even save specific intervals to use later, which gives you more time to get out and get to it. (Also available in a Pro version.)

1.Interval Training Platform: iOS only Price: Free If you're a regular visitor to this blog, you know that interval training can yield impressive results in a short amount of time. The only problem is that you don't always have the option of keeping a timer in front of you. That's why we love the Interval Timer from Deltaworks Limited.

2. Diet Bet Platform: iOS only Price: Free There's nothing worse than dieting alone, but finally there's an app that feels our pain. Diet Bet is a new app that looks to turn dieting on its head, making it as inclusionary as possible via what they call "social dieting." Users looking to lose weight join an existing game or set one up among their friends, with each person contributing to the shared pot of prize money.

itness apps are to today what diet fads were to the 1980s: There are a million choices, and very few will give you results. To aid in the search, we waded through the sea of software to pick out some of our favorites that will keep you motivated and burning through those extra calories.

Amy Safran-Henderson, Au.D., CCC-A, F-AAA Doctor of Audiology

© 2016 HearUSA, All Rights Reserved.

BETTER HEALTH With Dr. Samadi

By David Samadi

Direct Intravenous Ozone Therapy (DIV) has successfully treated Herpes I and II, HIV, all forms of Hepatitis, Diabetic ulcers/ neuropathy, Dr. Howard Robins, D.P.M. Allergies, Chronic Fatigue, Candidiasis, MS, RA, Lyme Disease, Arthritis, Shingles, Acne, Psoriasis, HPV and now RSD/ CRPS just to name a few diseases and conditions. Dr. Howard Robins, D.P.M. has been helping people using Medical Ozone Therapy for over 25 years and is considered by many to be the foremost clinical expert in North America on Bio-oxidative Therapies for the SAFE treatment of diseases and illness with over 185,000 treatments performed. Please call and speak to Dr. Robins, D.P.M. to find out more about this amazing treatment or go to www.OzoneDoctor.net

When all else has failed, DIV Ozone Therapy may be your only hope and the answer!

Move over raspberries and blackberries. Your smaller, less well-known cousin, the black raspberry, appears to show greater health benefits than either one of you. Black raspberries, also known as “blackcaps” and grown in central Europe and parts of the United States, have often been overshadowed by red raspberries and blackberries due to having a less pleasant taste than red raspberries. But that may all change, as a Korean study found an extract in black raspberries can sig-

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nificantly lower arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness is a key component for the development of cardiovascular disease and of metabolic syndrome. This study discovered that when black raspberries are eaten, higher levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were found. EPCs are important for repairing and regenerating damaged arteries. The randomized, controlled trial followed two groups of patients with metabolic syndrome by giving one group 750 milligrams a day of black raspberry extract while the second group received a placebo for 12 weeks. At

Large-Scale Study Says Exercise Can Lower Risk of 13 Types of Cancer By Denisse Moreno | Epoch Times Staff

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Exercise can lower the chances of getting cancer, suggests a study by JAMA Internal Medicine published on May 16. Scientists studied 1.44 million participants in the United States and Europe—57 percent of them female and 43 percent male. The individuals were between ages 19–98; the median age was 59. Those studied exercised in a “moderate to vigorous intensity,” with a median level of about 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week. The study suggests exercise lowers the risk

The results show that the associations were broadly generalized among different populations. of 13 types of cancers: esophageal adenocarcinoma, liver, lung, kidney, gastric cardia, endometrial, myeloid leukemia, myeloma, colon, head and neck, rectal, bladder, and breast.


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May 27–June 2, 2016 TheEpochTimes.com/EpochFit Then, all participants submit a picture of themselves and their current weight reading on a digital scale. After that, it's game on for the next 28 days. Those participating are given access to expert workout tips and can share their fitness activity via social media. All who succeed in losing 4 percent or more of their body weight split the pot. Let the games begin! 3. Runtastic Platform: Android and iOS Price: Free Though initially a runner's app, Runtastic has since become a useful tool for all manner of sportsmen and women. Featuring a GPS workout mapper; a personal workout diary; and graphs that chart your run's elevation, pace, and heart rate, there isn't much you won't be able to track. And while GPS tracking isn't anything new to the world of fitness apps, there are few that make for as smooth an experience as Runtastic. 4. Fitocracy Platform: Android and iOS Price: Free If you like the idea of a little friendly competition with your workouts, but don't want to put down any money, Fitocracy could be the app for you. Created out of the developers' love of video games, Fitocracy is all about game-ifying your workout. With every routine you complete, you receive points that help you "level up," providing a little extra incentive to do just a few more reps. It comes loaded with a number of set routines for all levels of fitness, with the developers promising that no matter what your goal, it can help you reach "the next level." 5. Zombies, Run! Platform: Android and iOS Price: $1.99, $3.99 for 5K training version What better incentive is there to get moving than being chased by hordes of the undead? Part horror story, part survival game, and all fitness, this app gives you a rich story (co-created by award-winning novelist Naomi Alderman) told via voiceovers as you run for supplies in a post-apocalyptic wasteland.

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And if you enjoy interval running, you can turn on "Zombie Chase" mode, which has random groups of ghouls "appear" behind you, urging you to sprint to safety. If you're a fan of spooky stories and running from danger (like me), give this app a chance. 6. Yog Platform: iOS only Price: Free Wouldn't it be cool to have a race with someone on the other side of the planet? The people behind Yog thought so. With runners in 89 countries and races every 30 minutes, you'll never be too far from a head-to-head race to take your workout up a notch. You can see how you stack up against your fellow competitors via an onscreen display, as well as check your stats or schedule a match for later. It's also a great substitute if your running buddy is out of town. 7. SoFit Platform: Android and iOS Price: Free If you have a hard time finding the motivation to work out consistently, check out SoFit. "Improve the world while improving your health," it promises, allowing you to compete in fitness challenges against friends, athletes, and celebrities, while also giving you the opportunity to raise money for charities during your regular run. Each run can also earn you points toward real world rewards, including music, videos, and games. And, of course, it tracks and records your fitness level.

Raw Brownie Bites Recipe By Josh Axe It’s the common afternoon dilemma—you or your little ones want a snack with some sweet in it. Oh, you also want it to be healthy and kind of filling so it doesn’t just propel nonstop munching. That’s why this is the perfect snack. It’s delicious, healthy, easy to make, and a favorite of kids. Grab them when you’re on the run today.

RECIPE RAW BROWNIE BITES Total Time: 15 minutes Serves: 6

8. FLOW Competitive Sports Platform: Andorid and iOS Cost: $11.99 to $19.99 If you're curious about your fitness strengths and weaknesses, look no further than the FLOW Competitive Sports app. Using an easy selfassessment, the app will analyze your results, tell you where you could improve, and create a customized training plan for you. It also includes HD videos of every exercise and can also be used by trainers to track their athletes' performance.

• • • • •

2 cups whole walnuts 2 1/2 cups medjool dates 1 cup cacao powder 1 cup raw, unsalted almonds, roughly chopped 1/4 teaspoon sea salt

DIRECTIONS Place walnuts in a food processor and blend on high until the nuts are finely ground. Add the cacao and salt. Pulse to combine. Add the dates one at a time. The consistency should be like cake crumbs except that when pressed, the mixture will easily stick together. If the mixture does not hold together well, add more dates.

Visit the Life Fitness blog for more health and fitness information: LifeFitness.com/Blog

In a large bowl, combine the walnut-cacao mix with the chopped almonds. Press into a lined cake pan or mold. Place in the freezer of fridge until ready to serve. Store in an airtight container. Dr. Josh Axe, DNM, DC, CNS, is a doctor of natural medicine, clinical nutritionist, and author with a passion to help people get well using food as medicine. He recently authored “Eat Dirt” and “Gut Repair Cookbook,” and he operates one of the world’s largest natural health websites at DrAxe.com

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the end of the study, those patients receiving the extract from black raspberries had significantly reduced arterial stiffness compared to the placebo group. Black raspberries have been known for their potential to improve vascular functioning. When you look at the nutritional breakdown of this fruit, it is loaded with health-boosting components such as flavonoids, tannins, phenlic acids, tyrosol, ellagitannins, and resveratrol. All of those valuable components are known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. But it’s the black raspberry flavonoid content that particularly shines in being effective for blood pressure and in improving arterial stiffness. It is believed that the flavonoid content of this berry is responsible for improving vascular functioning. Flavonoids also increase the availability of nitric oxide, which helps to relax coronary arteries. Black raspberries’ powers do not stop there. They also have astonishingly high anti-oxidant levels. Anti-oxidant levels are a measure of a substance’s ability to absorb oxygen-free radicals, which can damage DNA, cause cellular change, oxidize LDL cholesterol, and cause premature mental aging. The deep, dark color of black raspberries is due to its content of anthocyanins, which also have anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties. Research has linked them with improving vision, cardiovascular health, memory retention, and reduced risk of hypertension.

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The nutritional profile of 1 cup of black raspberries is as follows: • • • • •

Calories: 64 Fiber: 8 grams Potassium: 186 milligrams Vitamin C: 32 milligrams Vitamin A: 41 International Units

The peak season for black raspberries is typically from July 1 through July 21. An interesting side note on black raspberries: Their extremely dark pigment can be used as a coloring agent. In fact, years ago, the USDA stamp on meat was made with black raspberry dye. Dr. David Samadi is the chairman of the urology department and chief of robotic surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital. He is a medical correspondent for the FOX News Channel’s Medical A-Team. Learn more at RoboticOncology. com and visit Dr. Samadi’s blog: SamadiMD. com. Follow him on Twitter and Facebook.

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• Dental implant bridges • Implant supported dentures • Full mouth implant supported bridges The results show that the associations were broadly generalized among different populations, including those who are overweight or obese and those with a history of smoking. “These findings ... confirm and extend the evidence for a benefit of physical activity on cancer risk and support its role as a key component of population-wide cancer prevention

and control efforts,” the National Cancer Institute said in a statement about the study. “Health care professionals counseling inactive adults should promote physical activity as a component of a healthy lifestyle and cancer prevention,” said the lead author of the study, Steven C. Moore, an investigator with the National Cancer Institute.

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May 27–June 2, 2016 TheEpochTimes.com/EpochFit

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Here’s Why Your

EARS RING According to Chinese Medicine

Individual, Couples, and Family Therapy Dr. Michael Mongno MSC, MFT, Ph.D, LP Leading holistic psychotherapist and relationship expert in Midtown, Manhattan

By Lynn Jaffee

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ast month I caught a head cold. It was the kind of cold where my nose ran continually, to the point that I felt like I was losing brain matter. Then for a couple of days my right ear plugged up, making everything sound like my head was trapped in a tin. I could handle the runny nose and gravelly voice without too much drama, but the ear thing made me a little crazy and very irritable. It’s human nature not to think too much about things until something goes wrong, and ears are no exception. Lately, I’ve seen a number of patients in the clinic with issues either directly or indirectly related to their ears. While all things ear-related may seem pretty straightforward, there’s a lot to know about ears from the realm of Chinese medicine, including the following:

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Kidney Depletion. As acupuncturists, we think of ear-related symptoms as having to do with your Chinese kidney system. Your kidney is the organ that’s responsible for your overall body constitution and the home to vital substances such as yin and yang. Each organ system has a sensory component, and for the kidney that component is hearing and your ears. The kidney is also associated with growth, development, fertility, and even how well we age. When your kidney is depleted, one common sign that often shows up is a loss of hearing or ringing in your ears (tinnitus). So, if you were to come into the clinic with tinnitus or hearing loss, we would always want to talk about the health of your kidney system.

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When your kidney system is depleted, one common sign that often shows up is a loss of hearing or ringing in your ears.

Dr. Gonzalez

Each organ system has a sensory component, and for the kidney that component is hearing.

Age and Stress. As you age, tinnitus and hearing loss may become a fact of life. It’s a sign that the steady decline of your kidney essence, or body constitution, has aected your ears. Tinnitus may be alleviated through Chinese medicine, but it can take a long time—mostly

Pinched Nerve? Carpal Tunnel? Migraines?

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FDA Changes Nutrition Label for First Time in 20 Years

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Adds Sugar Levels, Changes Serving Size, and More

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ew nutrition facts labels were revealed on May 20, but we won’t be seeing them on packaging until 2018, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA said the new label, which is replacing the current 20-year-old label, is designed to reflect new scientific information—including the link between diet and chronic diseases such as obesity and heart disease. The agency said the new label will make it easier for people to make informed food decisions. The label will feature a larger type size for “calories,� “servings per container,� and “serving size,� while bolding the number of calories. The list of nutrients required to be stated on the label has also changed. Vitamin D and potassium will be added to the label—the FDA said Americans don’t get enough of those nutrients. Calcium and iron will remain on the label, while vitamins A and C will be removed. Serving Sizes The new label will also update serving sizes.

What was considered a single size serving has changed over the past two decades, according to the FDA. The new serving sizes on labels will reflect what people are typically eating at one time—some may decrease and others will increase. By law, the serving sizes must reflect the amount people usually consume, not how much they should ideally consume, the FDA said. Peter Nickless, head of the Applied Clinical Nutrition program at the New York Chiropractic College, welcomed the label changes, but said the FDA could have gone further. “Overall I think this is a good healthy step in the right direction, but it does not go far enough,� he said. “It will help people looking to reduce calories, and may be beneficial for those looking to get certain nutrients into their diets, but food labeling is not truly an indicator of nutritive value.� The serving size part of the label may confuse consumers, said Nickless. “Many will be able to note the increased ‘realistic’ servings but may be under the false


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May 27–June 2, 2016 TheEpochTimes.com/EpochFit DAISY DAISY/SHUTTERSTOCK

THRIVE WITH ADVANCED CANCER

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because you need to undo years of burning the candle at both ends and working under unrelenting stress—both of which deplete your kidney system.

ple of days if it’s caused by a cold or flu, but if you’re suffering from chronic ear or sinus problems, it’s likely that digestive issues are causing your body to build up phlegm and dampness.

Brain Compensation. From a Western perspective, tinnitus is your brain’s way of compensating for hearing loss; it’s working overtime to help you hear. Think of it as turning on your stereo system and turning the volume onto high, but without any music. You can hear a buzz, because your speakers are ramped up, but no sound is coming out.

Wind. Also part of the sensory system of the ear is your inner ear, which is responsible for maintaining your balance and proprioception (your sense of where you are in space). Dizziness and vertigo are inner ear problems that tend to be diagnosed as internal wind in Chinese medicine. Essentially, wind is considered to be movement where there should be none, and beyond dizziness and vertigo, may include lightheadedness, tremors, twitches, and even numbness and tingling. In most cases, internal wind is caused by a kidney yin depletion, which is a little like being down a quart of moistening yin, which causes active yang to rise upward triggering your symptoms.

Noise. It’s natural to experience some hearing loss as you age. However, that loss can be accelerated from exposure to loud noises. Loud traffic, living near the airport, and sitting in the front row at too many rock concerts can all damage your hearing. Medications. Taking too much aspirin can also make your ears ring. That’s because the salicylates in aspirin are excreted through the kidneys, and stress to your kidneys can make your ears ring. The good news in this case, is when you stop taking aspirin and it’s been completely excreted from your body, the tinnitus should stop. Jaw Issues. Ear problems can also arise from other causes. Clenching your jaws at night and temporalmandibular joint problems (also known as TMJ, which is the joint right in front of your ears) can affect your hearing and cause ear pain. Blocked Tubes. Blocked eustachian tubes can plug up your ears and affect your hearing. This kind of blockage should resolve within a cou-

New serving sizes on labels will reflect what people are typically eating at one time.

FDA

The new label will include for the first time an “added sugars” section.

Fortunately, my ear symptoms were shortlived. I got over my cold, clogged ears, and irritability within a couple of days. And while you may not think much about your ears and hearing until something is goes wrong, good preventative measures to keep in mind are: avoid really loud noises and keep your kidney system as healthy as possible. Getting enough rest, avoiding long-term stress, and eating many darkly colored foods that you prepare yourself are good ways to start. Your kidneys will thank you!

oltan, a European who works in the U.S. division of a large German engineering company, had stage IV kidney cancer with multiple metastases in both lungs. Both his oncologists in the United States and Europe thought he would die in a few months. He came to me and asked what Chinese medicine could do for his cancer. I told him that with appropriate treatments, most patients are able to survive with tumors. Surviving with tumors means no more growth or spreading, and common cancer symptoms, such as bleeding, pain, coughing, and difficulty swallowing disappear after therapy. Patients remain in stable condition long-term. The therapy I use, called whole body constitution therapy, strengthens the immune system so it prevents tumors from growing and proliferating, by putting cancer cells into long-term “hibernation.” As of summer 2015, it has been almost three years since Zoltan first started this therapy. His cancer has remained stable, and scans done in July showed a very significant decrease in the size of his lung tumors with no evidence of spreading. My treatments are based on a bitter-tasting herbal formula I developed after two years of research in the department of pharmacology at Yale University. While I was there I researched nearly 200 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines and studying them is what allowed me to understand the keys treating cancer. In Chinese medicine theory, the body is seen as a microcosm of the universe. Just like the earth has seasons so too does the body have different climates. In nature, spring and summer foster growth; autumn and winter are a time of death. Tumors are cells that grow excessively, which means they belong to the spring and summer category. Accordingly, if we make the climate of the body produce the killing forces of autumn or winter, the body is no longer suitable for the growth of tumors. In Chinese medicine, cancer is regarded as a systemic disease, meaning that the growth of cancer tumors is the local manifestation of system-wide problems. Accordingly, instead of focusing on only the

mutated cells, Chinese medicine provides comprehensive therapy for the whole body. This concept is obviously different from chemo and radiation. Current modern cancer treatments aim at eliminating cancer cells—the seeds of cancer—just like a farmer who constantly kills his weeds, but nothing he does prevents new weeds from growing. Chinese herbs on the other hand, are equivalent to organic fertilizer, while chemical medicine can be considered like chemical fertilizer. Human bodies can be compared to the soil. Too much chemical fertilizer makes the land barren and not able to be replanted. This is partly why people suffer from numerous different diseases today. To solve a momentary pain, people use chemical drugs, which destroy the soil system of the human body. As the body becomes less and less organic, epigenetic changes begin to take place, making it more suitable for cancer growth. Herbal medicines help the body restore its natural cycles, like the ancient farming practices used in China for thousands of years, which maintained a true harmony between nature and man. Dr. Yuguang Jiang is a NY state-licensed acupuncturist, who specializes in cancer care. He graduated from the China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, has a doctorate in integrative medicine with Chinese medicine and modern oncology, and did post-doctoral training in pharmacology at Yale University where he studied herbal hormone-receptors and conducted anti-cancer research. Dr. Jiang also specializes in treating psychological issues and all kinds of pain conditions with Chinese medicine and acupuncture.

Read more at: ept.ms/ThriveWithCancer

Herbal medicines help the body restore its natural cycles.

Dr. Jiang

Active Acupuncture Manhattan Office

119 W. 57th St., Suite 212 New York, NY 10019

Queens Office

41-61 Kissena Blvd., Suite C30 Flushing, NY 11354 347-786-4994 JiangYuguang @hotmail.com

Lynn Jaffee is a licensed acupuncturist and the author of “Simple Steps: The Chinese Way to Better Health.” This article was originally published on AcupunctureInThePark.com

impression that this is the appropriate serving size,” he said. “Having the new serving size compared to a recommended serving size may help combat this,” he said. Added Sugars The new label will also include an “added sugars” section. “The FDA recognizes that added sugars can be a part of a healthy dietary pattern,” said the agency. “But if consumed in excess, it becomes more difficult to also eat foods with enough dietary fiber and essential vitamins and minerals and still stay within calorie limits.” “The updates to the label will help increase consumer awareness of the quantity of added sugars in foods,” stated the FDA. People in the United States get about 13 percent of their total calories from added sugars on average. But Nickless said labels should have more information about the type of sugar in foods and drinks they are buying. “The added sugars are all lumped together, indicating no difference in sugar type,” he said. Nickless said the updated labels are more transparent than they were but could go still further by including information about allergens and genetic modifications. He also noted the new label does not mention food processing. “It think that these changes will give the consumer who is paying attention to nutrition labels—yet lacks a formal education on the subject—a more accurate depiction of what they are eating,” he said. But, he said, although the label changes may help, it’s not as much as hoped. The FDA said manufacturers have until July 26, 2018, to update their labels, while those with less than $10 million in annual food sales will have until 2019. Summary of Label Changes 1. Servings = larger, bold type 2. Serving size = updated 3. Calories = larger type 4. Daily values = updated 5. Nutrients = actual amounts declared 6. Vitamin D and potassium = added 7. Vitamins A and C = removed 8. Added sugars = new 9. Footnote = added

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Salt continued from B1

A low-salt diet does not lower high blood pressure for most people. A high-salt diet causes high blood pressure usually only in people with high blood insulin levels: those with protruding bellies, excess weight, and high blood sugar levels. Eating salty foods and drinks when you exercise for more than three hours is unlikely to raise blood pressure. Doctors do not recommend salt tablets today because they can burn holes in your stomach and cause nausea and vomiting. When You Need Extra Salt If you don’t take salt and fluids during extended exercise in hot weather, you will tire earlier and increase your risk for heat stroke, dehydration, and cramps. The rule is that people who are going to exercise vigorously for more than three hours continuously should take some source of salt while they are exercising. Salty drinks taste awful, so it is easier to meet your needs with salted foods. If you plan to exercise for more than a couple hours in hot weather, drink 1 or 2 cups of the liquid of your choice each hour and eat a salty food such as salted peanuts, potato chips, or any other salty food. Salt Needed to Feel Thirst Not taking in enough salt when you exercise for more than three hours in hot weather can prevent you from retaining the water that you drink. It can also block thirst, so you may not know that you are dehydrated. Thirst is a late sign of dehydration. You lose water during exercise primarily through sweating, and sweat contains a far lower concentration of salt than blood. So during exercise, you lose far more water than salt, causing the concentration of salt in the blood to rise. You will not feel thirsty until the concentration of salt in the blood rises high enough to trip off thirst osmoreceptors in your brain, and it takes a loss of two to four pints of fluid to do that. Salt Needed to Retain Fluids In one study, female competitive distance runners took in drinks with different concentrations of salt during a four-hour run. Ninetytwo percent of those who took in plain water with no additional salt developed low blood levels of salt. Taking in fluid without also taking in adequate amounts of salt dilutes the bloodstream so that the concentration of salt in the blood is lower than that in brain cells. This causes fluid to move from the low-salt blood into the high-salt brain, causing the brain to swell, which can cause seizures and death. This is called hyponatremia, the low-salt syndrome that can kill. It is usually caused by taking in far too much fluid, rather than from not taking in enough salt. Salt Can Improve Performance Taking extra salt just prior to competition can help you exercise longer and harder. Fatigue during hot-weather exercise is caused by lack of water, salt, sugar, or calories. Of the four, exercisers are most ignorant of their salt needs. Always replace fluids, salt, sugar, and protein

THE ONLY MINERAL YOU NEED TO REPLACE DURING EXERCISE

after you exercise in hot weather. Just salting your food to taste should replace the salt you lose through heavy sweating. If your kidneys are normal, you should be able to rid yourself of any excess salt that you may take in.

Salt deficiency causes tiredness, lethargy, and cramps. It also weakens muscles, causing you to slow down and lose strength.

Do You Need More Salt? Salt deficiency causes tiredness, lethargy, and cramps. It also weakens muscles, causing you to slow down and lose strength. If you suffer any of these symptoms, you can get a blood test for sodium and chloride on the day after a hard workout. Low blood levels of sodium are most likely to occur on the morning after you have replaced fluid lost from heavy exercise. If your blood sodium level is below 135, you are deficient and need to add more salt to your food. Salt Deficiency and Low-Meat Diets Vegetarians and people who limit meat are at increased risk for salt deficiency because plants are naturally low in salt. Meat, fish, and chicken naturally contain far more salt. Most processed foods are high in salt because manufacturers know that salt makes food taste good and is also a preservative. The North American diet typically contains up to 10 times the minimal daily salt requirement. If you doubled or tripled your salt losses through sweating, you may still not be deficient because you probably take in far more salt than you need. My Recommendations If you do not exercise, you do not sweat very much, and you do not need very much salt. Too much salt can increase blood volume, which may raise systolic blood pressure. Being fat is the primary cause of elevated diastolic blood pressure. On the other hand, if you exercise vigorously, you sweat tremendously and lose a lot of salt. Without extra salt during prolonged, vigorous exercise, you will not perform at your best, you will not recover from your hard bouts of exercise, and you will be more likely to be injured or tired all the time.

Just salting your food to taste should replace the salt you lose through heavy sweating.

Gabe Mirkin, M.D., has been a practicing physician for over 50 years. He is board-certified in sports medicine, allergy and immunology, pediatrics, and pediatric immunology. This article was originally published on DrMirkin. com. Subscribe to his free weekly Fitness & Health newsletter on DrMirkin.com/weekly-ezine

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SALT

If you don’t take salt and fluids during extended exercise in hot weather, you will tire earlier.

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HEALTH & FITNESS DIRECTORY Discover distinguished local establishments with great reviews Integrative Medicine

Oncologist Dr. Colette Pameijer advises to make sure sunscreen sprays are actually hitting the skin and not blowing away in the breeze.

The Medical Minute: Good Sun Protection Comes in Many Forms Just as most people know there is no such thing as safe smoking, there is also no such thing as safe sunbathing or tanning. Exposure to UVA and UVB rays can cause more than just a sunburn or tan—it can lead to everything from wrinkles to skin cancer. “My general sense is that people are much more savvy about sun exposure,” said Dr. Colette Pameijer, a surgical oncologist and associate director of translational research at Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center. But how do you know which sunscreen is right for you? And are there alternatives to slathering it on every couple of hours? Sunscreen comes in lotions, sprays, and different chemical formulations—some with and some without fragrance. Unlike women, who are used to applying lotions, creams, and moisturizers to their skin, many men shy away from sunscreen

The SPF number indicates how much longer, in minutes, that a product should allow you to stay in the sun without getting burned than you would without using it. because they don’t like putting gooey or scented stuff all over themselves, Pameijer said. She suggests that guys try one of the many products that are designed for men and are now available. Although sunscreen sprays make the process of protecting wriggling children easier, Pameijer advises adults to make sure the spray is actually hitting the skin and not blowing away in the breeze. “You want to make sure you are getting the coverage and

protection you need,” she said. Most sunscreens on the market offer broad spectrum protection from both UVA (ultraviolet A) and UVB (ultraviolet B) rays, but SPF (sun protection factor) values—which range from 2 to 100—can be confusing. The SPF number indicates how much longer, in minutes, that a product should allow you to stay in the sun without getting burned than you would without using it. “I think what a lot of people don’t realize is that SPF is really a personal number,” Pameijer said. “The amount of protection that I get from an SPF 30 is different than what someone else with a different skin type would get.” Minimum sun protection recommendations for the general population have increased from SPF 15 to SPF 30 in recent years, but Pameijer cautions against paying extra for SPFs beyond 55. “You may end up paying a lot of money for diminishing returns, and it may lead to a false sense of security,” she said. “The product needs to be used correctly—reapplied every two hours—in order to work. If you pay a lot of money for a sunscreen and then use it sparingly, you’re not really getting the SPF you think.” The bottom line? “The best sunblock is one that you will wear, so find one you like,” Pameijer said. “If you have a reaction to one, try a different one.” A great alternative for anyone who shies away from sunscreen is UV clothing, which has become available at mass retailers such as WalMart, Target, Costco, and many sporting goods stores. While a standard white T-shirt has an SPF of 3, most of the UV clothing on the market has an SPF between 30 and 50. Unlike sunscreens, which need frequent reapplication—and which expire after a season or two—the clothing offers protection for as long as you are wearing it. Because much of the UV clothing on the market is made from bathing suit material, it can be worn in water. From Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center via Newswise

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Yeast Infection

Linked to Mental Illness

Fungal pathogens have so far not been extensively evaluated in studies of psychiatric disorders.

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n a study prompted in part by suggestions from people with mental illness, Johns Hopkins researchers found that a history of Candida yeast infections was more common in a group of men with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder than in those without these disorders. They also found women with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder who tested positive for Candida performed worse on a standard memory test than women with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder who had no evidence of past infection. The researchers caution that their findings, described online on May 4 in npj Schizophrenia—a new publication from Nature Publishing Group—do not establish a causeand-effect relationship between mental illness and yeast infections but may support a more detailed examination into the role of lifestyle, immune system weaknesses, and gut-brain connections as contributing factors to the risk of psychiatric disorders and memory impairment. “It’s far too early to single out Candida infection as a cause of mental illness or vice versa,” says Emily Severance, Ph.D., assistant professor of pediatrics and member of the Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. “However, most Candida infections can be treated in their early stages,” she says, “and clinicians should make it a point to look out for these infections in their patients with mental illness.” She adds that Candida infections can also be prevented by decreased sugar intake and other dietary modifications, avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics, and improvement of hygiene. Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus naturally found in small amounts in human digestive tracts, but its overgrowth in warm, moist environments causes burning, itching symptoms, thrush (rashes in the throat or mouth) in infants and those with weakened immune systems, and sexually transmittable genital yeast infections in men and women. In its more serious forms, it can enter the bloodstream. In most people, the body’s own healthy bacteria and functioning immune system prevent its overgrowth. Severance says she and her team focused on a possible association between Candida susceptibility and mental illness in the wake of new evidence suggesting that schizophrenia may be related to problems with the immune system, and because some people with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to fungal infections. Also, she says, patients and parents of patients had shared personal stories and testimonials with the researchers about their experience with yeast infections, and these discussions prompted the investigation into possible links between mental illness and the microbiome—the body’s natural collection of bacteria. The researchers, she adds, chose to focus on Candida because it is one of the most common types of yeast in the body. For the study, colleagues from the Shep-

Environmental exposures related to lifestyle and immune system factors may be linked to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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pard Pratt Health System took blood samples from a group of 808 people between the ages of 18 and 65. This group was composed of 277 controls without a history of mental disorder, 261 individuals with schizophrenia, and 270 people with bipolar disorder. The researchers used the blood samples to quantify the amount of IgG class antibodies to Candida, which indicates a past infection with the yeast. After accounting for factors like age, race, medications, and socioeconomic status, which could skew the results, they looked for patterns that suggested links between mental illness and infection rates. Significantly, the team says, it found no connection between the presence of Candida antibodies and mental illness overall in the total group. But when the investigators looked only at men, they found 26 percent of those with schizophrenia had Candida antibodies, compared to 14 percent of the control males. There wasn’t any difference found in infection rate between women with schizophrenia (31.3 percent) and controls (29.4 percent). The higher infection rate percentages in women over men likely reflects an increased susceptibility for this type of infection in all women. Men with bipolar disorder had clear increases in Candida as well, with a 26.4 percent infection rate, compared to only 14 percent in male controls. But after accounting for additional variables related to lifestyle, the researchers found that the association between men with bipolar disorder and Candida infection could likely be attributed to homelessness. However, the link between men with schizophrenia and Candida infection persisted and could not be explained by homelessness or other environmental factors. Many people who are homeless are subjected to unpredictable changes in stress, sanitation, and diet, which can lead to infections like those caused by Candida. Severance says the data add support to the idea that environmental exposures related to lifestyle and immune system factors may be linked to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and that those factors may be different for each illness. Similarly, specific mental illnesses and related symptoms may be very different in men versus women. This Johns Hopkins research group, led by Robert Yolken, M.D., director of the Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, had previously shown that toxoplasmosis infection could trigger schizophrenia, and this could lead to neurocognitive problems. The organism that causes toxoplasmosis is a parasite that uses cats as its primary host, but it can also infect humans and other mammals. To determine whether infection with Candida affected any neurological responses, all participants in the new study took a 30-minute assessment of cognitive tasks to measure immediate memory, delayed memory, attention skills, use of language, and visual-spatial skills.

Each of the five skills tests are scored based on an adjusted 100-point system. Results showed that control men and women with and without prior Candida infection had no measureable differences in scores in the five neurological responses. However, the researchers noticed that women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who had a history of Candida infection had lower scores on the memory portions of this test compared to those women with no prior infection. For example, women with schizophrenia and the highest Candida antibody levels scored about an average of 11 points lower on the test for immediate memory than the controls, from a score of 68.5 without infection to 57.4 with infection. And the women with schizophrenia and the highest Candida antibody levels scored almost 15 points lower on the test for delayed memory, from a score of 71.4 without infection to 56.2 with infection. The effect of Candida infection in women with bipolar disorder on memory test scores was smaller than that seen in women with schizophrenia but was still measureable. “Although we cannot demonstrate a direct link between Candida infection and physiological brain processes, our data show that some factor associated with Candida infection, and possibly the organism itself, plays a role in affecting the memory of women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and this is an avenue that needs to be further explored,” Severance says. “Because Candida is a natural component of the human body microbiome, yeast overgrowth or infection in the digestive tract, for example, may disrupt the gut-brain axis,” Severance says. “This disruption in conjunction with an abnormally functioning immune system could collectively disturb those brain processes that are important for memory.” Severance says they plan to take their studies of the gut-brain connection into mouse models to test for a cause-and-effect relationship with Candida and memory deficits. The researchers emphasized that the current study design had limitations. For example, they were unable to tell where in the body the infection was located and whether or not participants had a current or past infection of Candida. The researchers were also not able to account for every possible lifestyle variable that might contribute to these results. The researchers in the Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology are investigating whether pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, may contribute or trigger certain mental disorders. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, about 1 percent of people in the United States have schizophrenia, and about 2 percent have bipolar disorder. Although these diseases have a genetic component, there is evidence that they may also be triggered by environmental factors and stress. From Johns Hopkins Medicine via Newswise


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