Conferencia Pedro Etxenike Symposiun Bordeaux

La sublime utilidad de la ciencia in煤til Cooperaci贸n internacional: el camino P.M. Echenique. Bordeaux, November 19, 2014

“La respuesta es la ignorancia. El remedio es todavía desconocido” -1899-

Henry A. Rowland 1er Presidente de la Sociedad de Física Américana

One day, Henry August Rowland was called to give expert testimony in a court of law. The questioning attorney asked him,

“Professor Rowland, who in your opinion is the best physicist in the United States?

To which he replied

“I am, sir.”

The next day his enraged colleagues took Rowland to task about his lack of modesty.

“But I was under oath” a sincere but defensive Rowland replied.

Triunfo

Ciencia y TecnologĂ­a

Siglo XX

La ciencia es griega Hito- Triunfo racionalidad

Thales of Miletus

Ionian enchantment

La ciencia es cultura

La escuela de Atenas Rafael, 1509-1510

EVOLUCIÓN del UNIVERSO ?

Complejidad de la información

thinking living

Materia

organized condensed divided

Tiempo

EVOLUCIÓN hacia MATERIA COMPLEJA EVOLUCIÓN de la MATERIA bajo la PRESIÓN de la INFORMACIÓN

European Policy Economy

Asymmetry

Psychology

Sociology

Fascinating by their complexity and richness Biology Fascinating byChemistry their unity, simplicity, and symmetry Particle Physics

Materials Physics

Complexity

g

?

Simple symmetric laws produce complex asymmetric outcomes

Philip W. Anderson “More is different”, Science 1972

… the ability to reduce everything to simple [The] workings of all the fundamental laws … does not animate and inanimate matter imply the ability to start from of which we have any detailed those laws and reconstruct knowledge are … controlled the universe. … At each level by the same set of of complexity entirely new fundamental laws [of physics]. properties appear. … … [W]e must all start with Psychology is not applied reductionism, which I fully biology, nor is biology applied accept. chemistry. … [T]he whole becomes … very different from the sum of its parts.

ÁTOMO Nanotecnología

Visible Matter

5% The MATTER That MATTERS !

J.M. Lehn

Física Cuántica

Time scales Molecule vibration

Ne(1s) H(1s)

10-18

10-15

10-12

Computer clock period

10-9

10-6

Aviation engine

Year Day

Heartbeat

10-3

1s

103

106

Humanity Solar system

Life

109

1012

1015

1018

Structure and Dynamics in Microscopic Systems atoms in

electrons in

space (m)

nanostructures

molecules &solids

10-9 molecules ∆Welectron/hole~ sub-eV atoms

∆Wvibr~ milli-eV ∆Wvalence»1eV

nuclear distance

10-12 ∆Wcor»10 eV nuclear structure & dynamics

time (s)

10-18

10-15

10-12

10-15 attosecond physics

femtosecond chemistry *Courtesy of R. Kienberger

Question How long an electron (hole) in a quantum state retains its “identity� before moving to another state of the same energy (Charge Transfer. Elastic lifetime) or of different energy (Inelastic lifetime)?

fs and as phenomena CAN BE MEASURED CAN BE CALCULATED

proof of principle: attosecond streaking of core-level (4f) attosecond spectroscopy in solids? & conduction-band (Fermi-edge) electrons in tungsten

EL(t)

energy

800

electrons from Δτ = 110 ± 70edge as 4f band Fermi

energy shift [eV]

400

la de

delay [fs]

0

y

1

Fermi 91 edge 89 87

0.5 0

20

40

60

80

100

65 0 5.0 63 61 4.5-0.5 59

τx = 300 as ħωx = 95 eV

57 3.0 55 -1 1.5 -6 -6 -4 -4

EX (t)

τL = 4f 5 fs band λL = 750 nm -2 -2 0 0 delay [fs] [fs] delay

2

2

0 valence core-level Auger photoAuger -1.5 photo- from emission photo-electrons decay decay the 4f band reach 0 20 the40surface 80 100 120 60 & & emission emission ~ 110 as later than those from photoelectron energy [eV] shake up shake up the Fermi-edge +1

+1

+2

+1

140 85 83

120

4

4

140

+2

Cavalieri et al., Nature 449 (2007) 102

Electron microscopy

Electron microscopy: X-ray production depends on electron beam orientation

100 keV electrons traversing thin foils

The orientation effect in X-ray production only builds up gradually with crystal thickness.

Maximum reached just after ~3nm (20 attoseconds for 100 keV electrons).

D. Cherns, A. Howie, and M. H. Jacobs, Z. Naturforsch. 28a, 565 (1973)

“Thanks to the great velocity of the electrons we use, some of us had unwittingly stumbled into the attosecond realm via real space measurements some time ago�

A. Howie

δne (r) v φ (r)

r

Energy loss of charged particles in 3D systems

TDDFT calculation of the energy loss (rs=2)

antiproton (q=-1) crossing a 3D jellium cluster

radius R

Wake potential in the vicinity of a surface

F. J. GarcĂ­a de Abajo and P.M.E., Phys. Rev. B 46, 2663 (1992)

Chemistry is driven by electrons.

Chemical dynamics is often determined by electron dynamics.

Understanding and control of charge transfer times and electronic excitation survival times

Understanding, control, and design of physical and chemical processes at surfaces.

hĎ… electrons

CaracterĂ­sticas de la Ciencia

Largo plazo Colectivo Progreso

No tendríamos la Gioconda sin Leonardo da Vinci‌

…pero era cuestión de tiempo descubrir la estructura del ADN

“Si he visto más lejos que los otros hombres es porque me he aupado a hombros de gigantes” Sir Isaac Newton

Todas las olas del mar deben la belleza de su perfil a las que las preceden y se retiran AndrĂŠ Gide

an example… … From what is light to what is life

“Scribbles that change the course of human affairs” Amand A. Lucas, Classe des Sciences – Académie royale de Belgique

LA RIQUEZA DE LAS NACIONES se deberรก cada vez mรกs a LA RIQUEZA DE LAS NOCIONES

BUROCRACIA

REPORT AT A MUSICAL CONCERT DATED The story ATTENDANCE is told of a company chairman who was given 14 1989of demi-quavers. a ticketeffort to awas concert inNovember which UnfinishedThis • Much absorbed in the Schubert´s playing •Symphony seems excessive refinement, and is recommended that Item 3.anSchubert’s Symphony. was toUnfinished be played.

Asithe was unable to goall •himself, notes should to theon nearest If this considerable periods time the 4 oboe players had he be passed theupof ticket to is semi-quaver. colleague, the InFor research, asrounded in music, blind bureaucracy has were itcharge should be to use trainers and nothing toin do.

Their number should be reduced and low-grade their workis director of possible administration and personnel. effectdone of the destroying imaginative creativity.

If that operatives. spread over the whole orchestra, thus eliminating peaks of truly valued, it must remain free from bureaucratic •activity No useful purpose is served byasked, repeating withyou horns passages The next day the chairman “Did enjoy the •excesses. that already been handled by the strings. allwill such All have 12 violins playing identical notes, andIfthe staff this concert?”

Hiswere colleague replied, “My report beof on redundant passages were eliminated the concert be section should drastically cut. If a large volumecould sound your desk thisbeafternoon”.

This puzzled the of chairman, reduced from 2 hours to 20 be minutes. really is required this could obtained through an electronic who laterit received following:that if Schubert had • Finally, should bethe appreciated amplifier. attended to all matters he would certainly have finished his symphony.

Unfinished Symphony Franz Schubert, 1822

More important and even more profitable than regulations and fixing targets to science is to create an atmosphere, an environment in which creativity can freely flourish.

FLORENCIA

La sublime utilidad de la ciencia inĂştil

¿A dónde han llevado los estudios detallados acerca de la vela…?

…ciertamente no a la bombilla

La investigación básica fue necesaria para descubrir la electricidad! *Courtesy of R. Heuer

The 2014 Nobel Prizes “For the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources�

Isamu Akasaki of Meijo University Hiroshi Amano of Nagoya University Shuji Nakamura of the University of California, Santa Barbara

White light in an entirely new manner to the benefit of us all LED history

1907 First report of light from semiconductors 1920 1930s, Closer studies without understanding phenomenom Theoretical description of electroluminiscence 1950s Red light emiting diodes 1992 First blue emitting diode

25% Consumo eléctrico mundial en ILUMINACIÓN Electricidad  Calor + Luz

Lámpara de aceite

Bombilla 1000h

≈ 15000 B.C.

Siglo 19

Lámpara Fluorescente

Electricidad  Luz

LED

10000h Siglo 20

100000h Siglo 21

Absorption coef. (cm-1)

Wavelength (nm)

Plasmonic therapy for cancer

Yo Yo no no construí construí la la presa, presa, pero pero se se basaron basaron en en una una idea idea mía mía

Presa Hoover Río Colorado 1936 3 35,2 km 2078 MW

Desarrollo arm贸nico

Aplicaciones tecnológicas

Aplicaciones tecnológicas

Ciencia básica

Ciencia básica

“Si quieres tener un trébol de 4 hojas, te conviene plantar muchos tréboles”

El momento de la verdad para AmĂŠrica

EL MOMENTO DE LA VERDAD PARA AMÉRICA

Extracto de la carta “El momento de la verdad para América” dirigida al Congreso de los Estados Unidos por los responsables de quince de las compañías de más fuerte base tecnológica del país (13 de marzo de 1995)

“...Nuestro mensaje es simple. Nuestro sistema educativo y sus programas de investigación juegan un papel crítico y central en el avance de nuestro conocimiento. Sin el apoyo federal adecuado el nivel de la investigación universitaria se deterioraría. La industria americana dejaría de tener acceso a tecnologías básicas y a científicos e ingenieros bien educados que han servido tan bien a los intereses de América. Por lo tanto, respetuosamente, solicitamos que mantengan el apoyo a un vibrante programa de investigación universitaria con visión de futuro.”

Personas Vivero ideas Osmosis

A recipe for success Best Minds

Creative Atmosphere

Long term thinking and funding

“Selflessly sharing good ideas while endlessly searching for better ideas became a natural act.�

Jack Welch

Merci beaucoup!