Contents ▋ 爭點隨身書引導講堂 ▋ 第壹編
總則
Ch.1 法例 ···································································· 003 Issue01 法律變更的法律效果? ·················································· 003 Issue02 在哪裡犯罪我國管得到? ·············································· 005
Ch.2 刑事責任 ····························································· 009 Issue01 間接故意與有認識過失之區別及過失犯之成立。 ········· 009 Issue02 相當因果關係與客觀歸責。 ·········································· 012 Issue03 不作為犯。 ···································································· 013 Issue04 錯誤-客體錯誤、打擊錯誤、因果歷程錯誤。 ············· 016 Issue05 正當防衛與緊急避難之差異與要件。 ··························· 019 Issue06 阻卻違法情狀之主客觀不一致。 ··································· 022 Issue07 照命令做就對了?無牌醫生救活人? ··························· 024 Issue08 被害人的承諾與同意。 ·················································· 026 Issue09 原因自由行為。 ····························································· 027 Issue10 禁止錯誤及其法律效果。 ·············································· 029 Issue11 對於人民抗爭公民不服從的評價。 ······························· 031
Ch.3 未遂犯 ································································ 033 Issue01 未遂犯的著手、不能未遂、中止未遂。 ························ 033
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Contents Ch.4 正犯與共犯 ························································· 037 Issue01 共同正犯之概念及逾越共犯決意時怎麼處理? ············· 037 Issue02 教唆犯的要件及教唆未遂與未遂教唆。 ························ 040 Issue03 幫助行為的時刻? 幫助行為與結果間的因果關係與貢獻性。 ················ 041 Issue04 純正特別犯及不純正特別犯。······································· 043
Ch.5 刑 ········································································ 045 Issue01 沒收。············································································ 045 Issue02 法院沒收並諭知「於全部或一部不能沒收或不宜執行沒 收時,追徵其價額」時,該追徵之價額若干,應否一併 於主文為諭知? ····························································· 049 Issue03 被告於累犯規定修正前,經舊法不適用累犯規定之軍事 法院與普通法院判決確定,合併執行完畢後,又故意犯 其他犯罪,是否得逕論予累犯? ··································· 050 Issue04 沒收立法後從新審視罰金刑。······································· 052 Issue05 原判決以刑法第 19 條第 1 項規定,係屬不罰,而判決 無罪,並依同法第 87 條第 1 項之規定,諭知令入相當 處所,施以監護之處分(下稱監護處分)。被告不服, 得否以「不能證明被告犯罪」、「無施以監護必要」提 起上訴? ········································································ 053 Issue06 關於自首之適用。 ························································· 054 Issue07 關於追訴權時效之適用及計算。 ··································· 054 Issue08 遞奪公權的適用。 ························································· 056
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Contents Ch.6 數罪併罰 ····························································· 057 Issue01 行為數與競合關係。 ····················································· 057 Issue02 接續犯-投票行賄與施用毒品之罪數認定。 ················ 059
▋ 第貳編
分則
Ch.1 瀆職罪 ································································ 063 Issue01 公務員之定義及公立大學教授是否為公務員之爭議。·· 063 Issue02 普通賄賂罪與職務賄賂罪。 ·········································· 065 Issue03 圖利罪之構成要件及共同正犯爭議及不純正瀆職罪。·· 068 Issue04 廢弛職務釀成災害。 ····················································· 070
Ch.2 妨害公務罪 ························································· 071 Issue01 妨礙公務罪之相關問題。 ·············································· 071
Ch.3 妨害投票罪 ························································· 073 Issue01 議長選舉之提前賄選行為應如何評價。 ························ 073 Issue02 亮票行為應如何評價。 ·················································· 075 Issue03 關於投票行賄罪之沒收。 ·············································· 076 Issue04 虛偽遷徙戶籍。 ····························································· 078
Ch.4 脫逃罪 ································································ 081 Issue01 逃脫罪之爭點。 ····························································· 081
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Contents Ch.5 藏匿人犯及湮滅證據罪 ······································· 083 Issue01 藏匿人犯及湮滅證據罪。 ·············································· 083
Ch.6 偽證及誣告罪 ······················································ 085 Issue01 妨害司法公正-偽證罪與誣告罪。 ······························· 085
Ch.7 公共危險罪 ························································· 089 Issue01 因「火」致生的公共危險。 ·········································· 089 Issue02 酒醉駕車是什麼危險? ·················································· 092 Issue03 肇事逃逸罪之要件上爭議。 ·········································· 094 Issue04 以爆裂物引爆方式造成公眾運輸翻覆,是否該當致生交 通工具危險罪中之他法? ·············································· 097 Issue05 「添加未經中央主管機關許可之添加物」罪,其成立與 否之判斷,僅需行為人有構成要件行為既該當本罪,抑 或仍須以行為本身之一般情況或一般的社會生活經驗 認該行為應存在危害國民健康之抽象危險,始該當本 罪? ··············································································· 098
Ch.8 偽造貨幣罪 ························································· 101 Issue01 偽造與行使偽造貨幣罪之意義與競合。 ························ 101
Ch.9 偽造有價證券罪 ·················································· 103 Issue01 偽造與行使偽造有價證券罪之意義與競合。 ················ 103
Ch.10 偽造文書印文罪 ················································ 107 Issue10 偽造私文書。 ································································ 107
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Contents Ch.11 妨害性自主罪 ···················································· 111 Issue01 性交、猥褻、性騷擾。 ·················································· 111 Issue02 加重妨害性自主、擬制妨礙性自主。 ··························· 114 Issue03 乘機妨礙性自主、利用權勢妨礙性自主、 詐欺妨礙性自主 ····························································· 118
Ch.12 妨害風化罪 ······················································· 121 Issue01 散布猥褻物品罪之要件與爭議。 ··································· 121
Ch.13 妨害婚姻及家庭罪 ············································ 125 Issue03 和誘與略誘罪。 ····························································· 125
Ch.14 殺人罪 ······························································ 127 Issue01 殺人罪與其他生命身體法益罪章之關係。 ···················· 127 Issue02 殺人罪之特殊規定。 ····················································· 129
Ch.15 傷害罪 ······························································ 133 Issue01 加重結果犯與重傷害。 ·················································· 133 Issue02 聚眾鬥毆與妨害幼童發育。 ·········································· 136
Ch.16 墮胎罪 ······························································ 139 Issue01 墮胎罪之爭議。 ····························································· 139
Ch.17 遺棄罪 ······························································ 143 Issue01 遺棄罪之性質及適用。 ·················································· 143
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Contents Ch.18 妨害自由罪 ······················································· 147 Issue01 妨害自由、強制、恐嚇危安、侵入住居、 違法搜索。 ···································································· 147
Ch.19 妨害名譽及信用罪 ············································ 151 Issue01 誹謗罪與公然侮辱罪的區別。······································· 151
Ch.20 妨害秘密罪 ······················································· 153 Issue01 妨害書信秘密罪是否包含電子郵件。 妨害秘密罪之保護法益。 ·········································· 153
Ch.21 竊盜罪 ······························································ 157 Issue01 竊盜罪跟搶奪罪及侵占罪學說及實務見解之差異。 竊盜罪之著手與所有意圖。······································· 157 Issue02 加重竊盜罪之要件。 ····················································· 159
Ch.22 搶奪強盜及海盜罪 ············································ 163 Issue01 強盜罪與搶奪罪、準強盜罪及恐嚇取財罪之區別。 ····· 163 ssue02
準強盜罪既、未遂之判斷標準。 ··································· 166
Issue03 意圖勒贖而擄人,在未取得贖金前,因經談妥條件(尚 未履行),而釋放被害人,有無刑法第 347 條第 5 項 前段減輕其刑規定之適用? ·········································· 167
Ch.23 侵占罪 ······························································ 169 Issue01 侵占罪之要件。 侵占罪與背信罪之不同。 公務、業務侵占罪之不同。······································· 169
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Contents Ch.24 詐欺背信及重利罪 ············································ 173 Issue01 詐欺罪之成立要件。 ····················································· 173 Issue02 背信罪之保護法益及成立背信罪 ··································· 176
Ch.25 恐嚇及擄人勒贖罪 ············································ 179 Issue01 擄人勒贖罪與其他犯罪之判斷。 擄人勒贖罪之既、未遂判斷及三面關係和兩面關係。 ···················································································· 179
Ch.26 贓物罪 ······························································ 183 Issue01 贓物罪的意義及與侵占罪的不同。 ······································· 183
Ch.27 毀棄損壞罪 ······················································· 185 Issue01 毀棄損壞罪之重要概念。 ·············································· 185
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第1章 法 例
Issue 01
重要度:■■■□□
法 律變更的法律效果? *自我評估:□非常熟悉
□一知半解
□毫無印象
□閱讀次數
問 題 於新舊法交替時,有法規適用的時候應該如何適用? 意 識 第 1 條: 行為之處罰,以行為時之法律有明文規定者為限。拘束人身自 由之保安處分,亦同。
關 第 2 條: 鍵 Ⅰ行為後法律有變更者,適用行為時之法律。但行為後之法律有 法 利於行為人者,適用最有利於行為人之法律。 條 Ⅱ沒收、非拘束人身自由之保安處分適用裁判時之法律。
Ⅲ處罰或保安處分之裁判確定後,未執行或執行未完畢,而法律 有變更,不處罰其行為或不施以保安處分者,免其刑或保安處 分之執行。 現行法基於罪刑法定原則及法律不溯及既往原則,行為之處罰及 拘束人身自由之保安處分,於行為時與行為後之法律均有處罰規
實 定時,應適用行為時之法律,但若新舊法相較,新法較有利於舊 務 法時,即應適用新法。至非拘束人身自由之保安處分,仍適用裁 見 解 判時之法律。易言之,處罰及拘束人身自由之保安處分,以新舊 法適用上對被告最有利者為基礎再適用行為時(舊法)之法律。 其中行政法令縱可認為具有等同法律之效力,但因其並無刑罰之
│Chapter 1
法例│
003
規定,應難解為刑罰法律,故事實變更及刑罰法律外之法令變更, 均不屬本條所謂法律變更範圍之內,自無本條之適用。(51 台非 76 判例、97 台上 4022 判決參酌)而就新舊法比較時應就罪刑有 關之共犯、未遂犯、想像競合犯以及累犯加重、自首減輕等其他 法定加減原因(如身分加減)與加減例等一切情形,綜其全部罪 刑之結果為比較(95 年第 8 次刑庭決議)。
破 當題目出現: 題 在審判過程中若出現「法律變更」,或是出現變更「行政解釋」, 關 鍵 即涉及此爭點。 事件簡析: 「安建計程車客運服務公司」,因登記經營保險業務,違反保 險法(100 金重訴 1),被告林○錫 84 年創辦安建公司,設立 「車碰車聯保互助理賠」,以聯保互助會經營保險,透過車行 吸收會員,月繳保費、事故派人處理並迅速理賠,公司登記營 業項目為汽車零售業、非屬依保險法規定向行政院金融監督管 理委員會申請核准設立及經營保險業務之機構,而安建公司自 84 年 10 月 26 日起至 98 年 7 月間止,即經營保險及類似保險 業務。
時 事 考點解說: 聯 上開案件於最高法院判決中顯然涉及保險法修正之規定。最高 結
法院爾就該案認為,修正保險法第 136 條第 2 項、第 167 條第
1 項刪除原規定「類似保險」之文字,並非將「非保險業經營 類似保險業務」之行為除罪化,而係強調非保險業所經營者是 否為「保險業務」,應以所兼營業務之性質及內涵判斷之,並 避免外界誤解尚有所謂「類似保險」業務存在。準此,被告行 為後,修正保險法第 136 條第 2 項、第 167 條第 1 項雖刪除「類 似保險」之文字,惟同法第 167 條第 1 項之法定構成要件實質 上並無不同,應依一般法律適用原則,適用裁判時即修正保險 法第 167 條第 1 項規定。(106 台上 791 判決)
004
第壹編
總則
例題: 服役中之義務役男張某,假期中與好友聚餐,在不勝酒力後,仍
經 駕車欲至 KTV 續攤,經警方臨檢發現張某飲酒過量,遂將張某 典 移送軍事檢察署偵辦。軍事檢察官以張某犯陸海空軍刑法第 54 試 題 條第 1 項之罪起訴,審理中張某因服役期滿退伍而喪失現役軍人 身分,乃主張本案應屬法律變更,而有刑法第 2 條第 1 項之適用, 試問張某之主張有無理由?【97 軍法官】
Issue 02
重要度:■■■□□
在 哪裡犯罪我國管得到? *自我評估:□非常熟悉
□一知半解
□毫無印象
□閱讀次數
問 題 當犯罪地涉及國外時,我國刑事法有無適用? 意 識 第 3 條: 本法於在中華民國領域內犯罪者,適用之。在中華民國領域外 之中華民國船艦或航空器內犯罪者,以在中華民國領域內犯罪 論。
關 第 4 條: 犯罪之行為或結果,有一在中華民國領域內者,為在中華民國 鍵 法 領域內犯罪。 條 第 5 條: 本法於凡在中華民國領域外犯下列各罪者,適用之: 一、內亂罪。 二、外患罪。 三、第一百三十五條、第一百三十六條及第一百三十八條之妨
│Chapter 1
法例│
005
害公務罪。 四、第一百八十五條之一及第一百八十五條之二之公共危險 罪。 五、偽造貨幣罪。 六、 第二百零一條至第二百零二條之偽造有價證券罪。 七、第二百十一條、第二百十四條、第二百十八條及第二百十 六條行使第二百十一條、第二百十三條、第二百十四條文 書之偽造文書罪。 八、毒品罪。但施用毒品及持有毒品、種子、施用毒品器具罪, 不在此限。 九、第二百九十六條及第二百九十六條之一之妨害自由罪。 十、第三百三十三條及第三百三十四條之海盜罪。 十一、第三百三十九條之四之加重詐欺罪。 第 6 條: 本法於中華民國公務員在中華民國領域外犯左列各罪者,適用 之: 一、瀆職罪。 二、脫逃罪。 三、偽造文書罪。 四、侵占罪。 第 7 條: 本法於中華民國人民在中華民國領域外犯前二條以外之罪,而 其最輕本刑為三年以上有期徒刑者,適用之。但依犯罪地之法 律不罰者,不在此限。 第 8 條: 前條之規定,於在中華民國領域外對於中華民國人民犯罪之外 國人,準用之。 台灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例第 2 條第 2 款: 大陸地區:指台灣地區以外之中華民國領土。
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台灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例第 75 條: 在大陸地區或在大陸船艦、航空器內犯罪,雖在大陸地區曾受 處罰,仍得依法處斷。但得免其刑之全部或一部之執行。 按刑法(下同)第 3 條,刑法效力採屬地主義,國家就其「主權」 所及之範圍享有刑罰權,該範圍包括真實及虛擬領域,前者如領 土、領海及空軍,後者如在我國領域外之我國船艦及航空機與我 國駐外外交使節之辦公處所等。其中第 3 條後段,就我國駐外使 領館內犯罪者並未規定,其管轄權之有無按國際法上對於任何國 家行使的管轄權,並無嚴格之限制,應依國際法慣例,以駐在國 是否同意放棄其管轄權為斷。若行為人基於故意或過失為犯罪行 為時,有一地在我國領域時,我國即享有管轄權。
實 務 除屬地主義外,另有基於保護我國人民嚴重利益,不論犯罪人為 見 本國或外國人,而採保護原則者;有基於法益保護的必要性與重 解
要性之屬人原則;以及基於不論犯罪人國籍與犯罪地均有管轄權 犯罪類型之世界原則。 另依照第 9 條,基於複勘原則,若同一行為經外國裁判確定,仍 得依我國法規處斷,並無一事不再理之違反,其免執行與否及應 免其全部或一部之執行,應由法院裁量。另外參酌台灣地區與大 陸地區人民關係條例第 2 條第 2 款及第 75 條,大陸地區現在雖因 事實上之障礙為我國主權所不及,但在大陸地區犯罪,仍應受我國 法律之處罰(104 台上 3021 判決) 。 當題目的行為地或是結果地涉及:「外國」、「外國人」、「外國判 決」、「大陸地區」時,即可能涉及此爭點之適用。
破 題 答題上依序就: 關 所涉及之罪為第 4、5、6 條之罪嗎? 鍵 不是的話,行為地、結果地,跟我國有無關係?以上兩點思考, 即可順利作答。
│Chapter 1
法例│
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96 司、100 地法、102 地法、103 律、105 律、106 司四
經 典 試 題
例題: 甲為本國人,於本國領域外設置詐騙總部,從國外利用轉接電 話打回國內,向國內民眾行騙,被騙民眾從國內將款項匯至國 外之指定帳戶,甲實行詐騙行為數次,騙得為數相當可觀的鉅 款。請論述甲之詐騙行為,本國刑法是否得以適用? 【100 地法】
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第2章 刑事責任
Issue 01
重要度:■■■■■
間 接故意與有認識過失之區別及過失犯之成立。 *自我評估:□非常熟悉
□一知半解
□毫無印象
□閱讀次數
問 題 間接故意定義為何? 意 有認識過失與過失的定義及審查標準。 識 第 12 條: 行為非出於故意或過失者,不罰。過失行為之處罰,以有特別 規定者,為限。 第 13 條:
關 Ⅰ行為人對於構成犯罪之事實,明知並有意使其發生者,為故意。 鍵 Ⅱ行為人對於構成犯罪之事實,預見其發生而其發生並不違背其 法 本意者,以故意論。 條 第 14 條: Ⅰ行為人雖非故意,但按其情節應注意,並能注意,而不注意者, 為過失。 Ⅱ行為人對於構成犯罪之事實,雖預見其能發生而確信其不發生 者,以過失論。 按刑法第 12 條原則上行為必具有犯罪之故意,始能構成犯
實 務 見 解
罪,若無此意,僅於系爭犯罪就過失犯有規定時,始可科予處 罰。又所謂故意可分為直接故意與間接故意,前者係指行為時 就構成犯罪事實,明知並有意使其發生;而後者則指有預見其 發生而容任其發生者(100 台上 915 判決參酌)。又間接故意
│Chapter 2
刑事責任│
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與有認識過失二者於條文上雖均有「預見」二字,然前者對於 構成犯罪事實除認識外,尚有容任其發生之意欲,後者則僅具有 確信其不發生之輕忽(100 台上 3890 判決參酌) 。若以殺人未遂 與傷害為例,既以加害人有無殺意為斷,而於犯意之審究,下 手之情形如何,當為重要參考資料,故認定行為人是否有殺人 犯意,自得審酌當時情況,視其手段、所用器具、被害人是否 難以防備、加害部位、次數、攻擊是否猛烈足使人死亡等,以 為判斷之準據。 (106 台上 1377 判決、106 台上 375 判決參酌) 刑法上所謂過失,指無犯罪故意而欠缺注意致生犯罪事實,且 其過失行為與結果間,在客觀上有相當因果關係者。易言之, 行為人就該結果之發生,主觀上有預見及結果避免可能性而客 觀上違反注意義務者。 過失犯罪行為之不法不僅在於結果發生之原因,尚在於結果乃 基於違反注意要求或注意義務所造成者;故於行為人無注意義 務之違反且對於他人違規行為所導致之危險亦無可預見,因此 而生交通事故,則得以信賴原則為由免除過失責任(74 台上 4219 判例、84 台上 5360 判例參酌)。若現實上行為人雖有注 意義務之違背,但縱符合注意義務要求,構成要件該當結果仍 會發生者,則此結果即係客觀不可避免,而無結果不法,行為 人即不成立過失犯(92 台上 4164 判決)。 另刑法上就反覆實施者認其應負擔較高之注意義務,故設有 「業務過失」之加重規範,而刑法上所謂業務,係指個人基於 其社會地位繼續反覆所執行之事務,包括主要業務及其附隨之 準備工作與輔助事務在內。此項附隨之事務,並非漫無限制, 必須與其主要業務有直接、密切之關係者,始可包含在業務概
學 說 見 解
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念中,而認其屬業務之範圍(89 台上 8075 判例)。 就故意之概念,論者有認為當被害客體係不特定多數人時,其 故意不因其主觀些許的認識上誤差而生阻卻,只要行為人認識 其行為的本身,亦認識其行為之利益侵害可能性,當然具備故 意。如放火罪僅需認識到其燒毀者為現供人使用之建築物,
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